【英语】2019届二轮复习阅读理解四种题型解题分析及指导（19页word版）

【英语】2019届二轮复习阅读理解四种题型解题分析及指导（19页word版）

‎2019届二轮复习阅读理解四种题型解题分析及指导 阅读是我国考生学习和使用外语的最主要途径，因此，“四选一”阅读理解在试卷中占权重较大。该部分要求考生读懂熟悉的有关日常生活话题的简短文字材料，例如公告、说明、广告以及书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文章。在阅读测试时，考生应能：‎ ‎1. 理解主旨要义 ‎ 每篇文章都会有一个主旨要义。有时从文章的第一个段落，甚至第一个句子即可得出文章的主旨要义，读者由此可以知道文章描述的是谁或什么(即文章的主题)，亦会了解作者希望读者了解主题方面的哪些内容。有时，文章的主旨要义则需从文章的字里行间进行归纳和概括。这类试题主要考査考生略读文章、领会大意的能力，它对考生的归纳、概括能力有一定的要求。‎ ‎2. 理解文中具体信息 ‎ 文章主题和中心思想的阐述往往需要大量细节信息的支持，这些细节信息对于理解全文内容至关重要，同时也是归纳和概括文章中心思想的基础。命题人员往往会要求考生根据不同的要求，阅读文章以获得某些特定的信息或准确地寻求所需的细节。这类试题有时比较直接，理解字面意思即可答题；有时则较为间接，需要归纳、概括和推理才能答题。‎ ‎3. 根据上下文推断单词和短语的含义 ‎ 正确理解文章中单词或短语的含义是理解文章的第一步，也是理解文章的基础，不懂单词含义根本就谈不上理解文章。但英语单词的含义并非完全等同于词典中所标注的汉语意思，其含义随不同的语境会有所不同。能根据上下文正确理解灵活变化的词义才算是真正初步具备了一定的阅读理解能力。因此，阅读文章时，考生要在不使用词典的情况下通过上下文来推断生词含义，这是一个合格的读者必须具备的能力，也是阅读测试中经常检测的一种能力。‎ ‎4. 根据所读内容作出判断和推理 ‎ 阅读文章的主要目的是获取信息，即作者所要传达的信息。在实际的阅读活动中，常常需要根据文章提供的事实和线索进行逻辑推理或推测作者未明确提到的事实或某事件发展的趋势等。‎ ‎5. 理解文章的基本结构 ‎ 英语文章讲究使用主题段和主题句。主题段通常在文章开头，简要概括文章的中心思想；主题句可能在一段的开头，也可能在中间或末尾，作用是交代该段的中心思想，然后全段围绕该中心展开描述或讨论。各个段落通常由某些起连接作用的词语连接，以使行文连贯。如果希望准确、深刻地理解一篇文章，必须把握住全篇的基本结构，理清上下文的衔接关系，即句与句、段与段之间的逻辑关系。‎ ‎6. 理解作者的意图、观点和态度 ‎ 每篇文章都有一个特定的写作目的，或是向读者传递某个信息，或是愉悦读者，或是讲授某个道理。而这些信息通常并不是明确表达出来，而是隐含在文章之中。因此，这类试题要求考生在理解文章总体内容的基础上，去领会作者的言外之意。‎ 在高考英语试卷中，“四选一”阅读理解属于第二部分的第一节，共15小题，每小题2分。要求考生根据所提供的4篇短文内容(不少于900词)，从每题所给的4个选项中选出最佳选项。主要测试考生阅读理解书面英语的能力。‎ ‎ 2015－2017全国卷Ⅰ阅读理解(四选一)双向统计细目表 年份 顺序 体裁 题材 题型题量 总用词量 ‎(文长＋题长)‎ ‎2017‎ A 应用文 参观指南 B 记叙文 野生动物保护 C 说明文 保护爵士乐 D 说明文 自制便携式蒸馏器 ‎,细节题——8‎ 推断题——3‎ 主旨题——1‎ 词义题——2‎ 意图、观点和态度——1,1623＝‎ ‎1173＋450‎ ‎2016,‎ A,说明文,四位美国的伟大女性 B,说明文,美国老人角色在“反转”‎ C,记叙文,干细胞运输者的“独白”‎ D,说明文,沉默的文化差异,细节题——9‎ 推断题——4‎ 主旨题——1‎ 词义题——1‎ 意图、观点和态度——0,1517＝‎ ‎1114＋403‎ ‎2015,‎ A,应用文,伦敦运河博物馆讲座广告 B,记叙文,亲近西红柿，感受异样冬天 C,说明文,艺术作品展览 D,说明文,法国的精神主题咖啡馆,细节题——9‎ 推断题——5‎ 主旨题——0‎ 词义题——1‎ 意图、观点和态度——0,1537＝‎ ‎1113＋424基于上表，不难看出近几年全国卷Ⅰ的阅读理解具有以下命题特征：‎ ‎1. 文章体裁多样，题材丰富，体现了高考的思想性和教育性 ‎ 语言是知识与文化的载体，也是思维方式的体现。近几年高考英语试题的所有语篇和材料围绕人与自我、人与社会、人与自然三大主题，题材涉及故事、科普、人文、社会现象、文化活动等，体裁包括记叙文、说明文、应用文等。试题内容丰富、时代感强，充分体现了高考的思想性和教育性。‎ ‎2. 深度发掘文章思想内涵，引导考生关注人类命运共同体 ‎ ‎2015－2017三年的全国卷Ⅰ阅读理解分别选取了野生动物保护、干细胞传递的志愿者工作、亲近植物等话题设置相关试题，引导考生在理解文章内容和作者观点态度的基础上关注中国和世界发展大势，深入思考人与社会、自然的关系，体悟和谐发展之道。‎ ‎3. 介绍报道科学知识，引导考生养成科学精神和人文情怀 ‎ ‎2017全国卷Ⅰ阅读理解选取的科普文章介绍如何自制便携式太阳能蒸馏器在野外获取饮用水；2016全国卷Ⅰ选取沉默在不同文化里代表的含义；2015全国卷Ⅰ选取法国艺术中心举办的艺术品展览。这些文章和题目不仅能让考生体会到科学的无限趣味和实际功用，还能促使考生感受各国文化艺术氛围，有利于引导考生养成科学精神和人文情怀。‎ ‎4. 考点稳定，细节理解重点考，散点考点有微调 ‎ 高考英语阅读理解着重检测考生对语篇的整体把握能力，根据所提供的语境进行语篇分析的能力，以及综合利用有效信息解决实际问题的能力。在近几年的高考中，阅读理解题的高频考点为细节理解题(8题左右)，常考考点为推理判断题(4题左右)和词义猜测题(1题左右)，主旨大意题(1题左右)和观点态度题(1题左右)为散点考查。‎ 细节理解题在高考“四选一”阅读理解中占了非常大的比重，主要考查学生对文章某一段落的某些特定细节或重要事实的理解能力。它一般包括可在文中找到明确答案的直接信息题，以及需要将有关信息进行整合加工的题，如：排序、计算、比较等。‎ ‎1. 常见设题方式 ‎ From this passage/text, we know that ________.‎ According to the passage/text, who/where/when/how much…？ ‎ Which of the following is mentioned in the passage/text?‎ What is the example of… as described in the passage/text?‎ The reason for… is ________. ‎ What do/can we know/learn about…？‎ ‎2. 题目选项特点 ‎ 正确选项一般都会在原文基础上进行改造。常用方法就是同义词替换或释义，‎ 即对文中语言 (词汇和结构)改头换面来表达相同的意思。‎ 干扰选项的设置有如下几种常用方法：‎ ‎(1)无中生有：凭空捏造原文不存在的细节，以迷惑和干扰答题。‎ ‎(2)常识干扰：干扰项是一些基本常识和我们对社会、生活问题的一般认识，虽然符合客观现实，但并非文章所提及的。‎ ‎(3)偷梁换柱：干扰项是原文信息，但不是题目要求的内容；干扰项与原文的内容极其相似，只是在程度上有略微变动；干扰项在意思上与原文大相径庭，甚至完全相反。‎ ‎3. 解题策略 ‎ 一般来说，细节理解题通常具有以下特点：对应性、准确性、区分性和完整性。所以在解答该类题目时，首先应从问题中找到关键词，然后以此为线索，运用略读和查阅的技巧在文中迅速寻找与关键词相关的细节，再仔细阅读这部分内容，分析比较所给选项与文中细节的异同，将所设问题的信息与原文中的相关信息结合起来并进行归纳、概括和推理，最后在准确理解细节的前提下，选出最佳答案。另外，解题要忠实于原文及全篇的逻辑关系，决不能主观臆断。同时要注意逐项排除选项中的干扰信息，将“无此细节”和“与此细节相反”的选项排除。‎ 下面针对常考题型，举例作出具体分析：‎ ‎(1)直接信息题 解答细节理解的直接信息题时，由于其普遍较容易，不必通篇细读全文，一般是先通过题干信息来选择定位关键词。关键词主要是题干中的名词、动词和数词，即问题的核心信息。在题中找出关键词后，再运用略读及寻读的技巧快速定位至原文中的相关信息，得出正确答案。‎ ‎　(2017全国卷Ⅰ，A篇)‎ Pacific Science Center Guide ‎◆Visit Pacific Science Center's Store Don't forget to stop by Pacific Science Center's Store while you are here to pick up a wonderful science activity or souvenir to remember your visit. The store is ‎ located(位于) upstairs in Building 3 right next to the Laser Dome.‎ ‎◆Hungry?‎ ‎ Our exhibits will feed your mind, but what about your body? Our café offers a complete menu of lunch and snack options, in addition to seasonal specials. The café is located upstairs in Building 1 and is open daily until one hour before Pacific Science Center closes.‎ ‎◆Rental Information Lockers are available to store any belongings during your visit. The lockers are located in Building 1 near the Information Desk and in Building 3. Pushchairs and wheelchairs are available to rent at the Information Desk and Denny Way entrance. ID required.‎ ‎◆Support Pacific Science Center Since 1962, Pacific Science Center has been inspiring a passion(热情) for discovery and lifelong learning in science, math and technology. Today, Pacific Science Center serves more than 1.3 million people a year and brings inquiry－based science education to classrooms and community events all over Washington State. It's an amazing accomplishment and one we cannot achieve without generous support from individuals, corporations, and other social organizations. Visit pacificsciencecenter.org to find various ways you can support Pacific Science Center.‎ ‎21. Where can you buy a souvenir at Pacific Science Center?‎ ‎　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　‎ A. In Building 1. B. In Building 3.‎ C. At the Laser Dome. D. At the Denny Way entrance.‎ ‎22. What does Pacific Science Center do for schools?‎ A. Train science teachers. B. Distribute science books.‎ C. Inspire scientific research. D. Take science to the classroom.‎ ‎　21. B. 题干中有明显定位词，适用于直接定位法。根据题干中关键词 souvenir可定位到第一段中的第一句话，第二句为设题点指出商店的位置在Building 3。‎ ‎22. D. 利用题干中schools的下属范畴词classrooms定位到最后一段，由Today, Pacific Science Center… brings inquiry－based science education to classrooms…可知，太平洋科学中心把基于探究的科学教育带入课堂。‎ ‎(2)间接信息题 ‎ 考查阅读理解细节题的间接信息题时，正确选项一般都会在原文基础上进行改造。常用方法就是同义词替换或释义，即用文中改头换面的语言 (词汇和结构)‎ 来表达相同的意思。因此在做此类细节理解题时，首先要根据所找信息分析选项，对比其中所用词汇，懂得变通，避免误选答案。‎ ‎　(2017全国卷Ⅱ，B篇)I first met Paul Newman in 1968, when George Roy Hill, the director of Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, introduced us in New York City. When the studio didn't want me for the film — it wanted somebody as well known as Paul — he stood up for me. I don't know how many people would have done that; they would have listened to their agents or the studio powers.‎ ‎24. Why was the studio unwilling to give the role to the author at first?‎ A. Paul Newman wanted it. B. The studio powers didn't like his agent.‎ C. He wasn't famous enough. D. The director recommended someone else.‎ ‎　C. 根据第一段第二句When the studio didn't want me for the film — it wanted somebody as well known as Paul — he stood up for me.可知，电影制片厂一开始不想选用作者是因为他没有Paul出名。注意选项中用famous替代了原文中的well known。‎ ‎　(2017全国卷Ⅲ，B篇)The film classic The Last Picture Show was the last movie shown in the old theater. Though the movie is 30 years old, most of the 250 seats were filled with teary－eyed audience wanting to say good－bye to the old building. Theater owner Ed Bradford said he chose the movie because it seemed appropriate. The movie is set in a small town where the only movie theater is preparing to close down.‎ ‎5. Why was The Last Picture Show put on?‎ A. It was an all－time classic. B. It was about the history of the town.‎ C. The audience requested it. D. The theater owner found it suitable.‎ ‎　D. 根据第二段第三句…he chose the movie because it seemed appropriate.可知，影院选择放映这部电影是因为影院老板认为电影合适。命题人在选项中用suitable来表述文中出现的appropriate。‎ 推理判断题是指在理解原文字面意义的基础上，分析语篇逻辑关系以及根据文中细节暗示等做出推理判断，从而得出文章的深层意义及隐含意义。推理判断题属于主观性较强的高层次阅读理解题。做这类题时，‎ 考生应在理解全文的基础上，从文章本身所提供的信息出发，运用逻辑思维，同时借助一定的常识进行分析、推理、判断。推理判断题常从逻辑推理、知识推理等角度考查问题，题干中常含有表示“表明、暗示、推论”的词汇，如infer, imply, suggest, conclude, learn, intend, mean, show等。有时提问中含有表示推测的情态动词，如can, could, might, would等和其他表示可能性的词，如probably, most likely, seem等。‎ ‎1. 常见设题方式 ‎ What can we conclude from this text? ‎ We can infer from the passage/text that ________.‎ Where can you read this passage/text? ‎ From the passage/text, we can draw the conclusion that ________.‎ From the last paragraph we can infer that ________. ‎ The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that ________.‎ What would the author probably discuss in the paragraph that follows? ‎ What's the author's attitude towards…？ ‎ ‎2. 题目选项特点 ‎ 正确选项不是文中直接或明确说明的内容，而是间接表达出来的，除符合文章主旨外，还符合逻辑，让考生有推敲的余地。另外，正确选项大多含义深刻，不是常识选项。‎ 干扰选项要么夸大事实，在一定程度上夸大了原文中的细节或论断的某方面； 要么无中生有，捏造原文并不存在的信息； 要么掺入常识，但不是基于文章的推断； 要么推理过头，引申过度，使结论过于绝对化。‎ ‎3. 解题技巧 ‎ 做推理判断题时一定要从整体上把握语篇内容，在语篇的表面意义与隐含意义、已知信息与未知信息之间架起桥梁，透过字里行间，去体会作者的“弦外之音”和“言外之意”。由表入里，由浅入深，从具体到抽象，从特殊到一般，切勿断章取义，以偏概全。立足原文，只推一步，切勿主观臆断。特别注意那些描写环境气氛的语言，以及表达感情色彩和态度观点的词语。正确选项一般需要经过推理得出，而不是文中直接出现的原话。正确选项中一般不出现绝对概念，‎ 如only, never, all, absolutely等，而选用留有余地的词汇，如often, usually, sometimes, some, may, might, can, could, possibly, probably等。‎ 下面分别列举相应题例来分析此类常考题型：‎ ‎(1) 推断隐含意义 ‎ 推断隐含意义的这类题干中通常含有infer, suggest, imply, conclude等标志性词语，正确选项的意思必须忠实于原文，但不能照搬原文，否则就变成了直接事实，而不是通过推理判断得出的结论。此外，也不能按照自己的常识主观臆断。‎ ‎　(2017全国卷Ⅰ，C篇)Moran says one of the problems with jazz today is that the entertainment aspect of the music has been lost. “The music can't be presented today the way it was in 1908 or 1958. It has to continue to move, because the way the world works is not the same，” says Moran.‎ ‎30. What can we infer about Moran's opinion on jazz?‎ A. It will disappear gradually. B. It remains black and white.‎ C. It should keep up with the times. D. It changes every 50 years.‎ ‎　C. 根据文章倒数第二段中Moran的话，尤其是句中的关键信息点It has to continue to move可知，他认为世界的运作方式跟以前不一样了，爵士乐也应该继续发展。‎ ‎(2) 推断观点态度 观点态度题是指作者对陈述的观点是赞同、反对还是犹豫不定，对记叙或描写的人、物或事件是赞同、同情还是厌恶、憎恨。作者的这种思想倾向和感情色彩往往隐含在文章的字里行间，或流露于修饰的词语之中。‎ 推断观点态度的这类题干中通常含有think, sound, attitude, opinion, view等标志性词语。备选选项中也通常包含一些评价性的词语，如positive(积极的，肯定的), negative(消极的，否定的), approval(赞成的), disapproval(不赞成的), objective(客观的), subjective(主观的), optimistic(乐观的), pessimistic(悲观的), indifferent(漠不关心的), critical(批评的), doubtful(怀疑的), neutral(中立的)。解题时要注意文中形容词、副词、动词以及所举事例的感情色彩，要依据这些来推断作者的言外之意。‎ ‎　(2017全国卷Ⅲ，C篇)…The government spent nearly 30 years coming ‎ up with a plan to reintroduce the wolves. The U．S. Fish and Wildlife Service carefully monitors and manages the wolf packs in Yellowstone. Today, the debate continues over how well the gray wolf is fitting in at Yellowstone. Elk, deer, and coyote populations are down, while beavers and red foxes have made a comeback. The Yellowstone wolf project has been a valuable experiment to help biologists decide whether to reintroduce wolves to other parts of the country as well.‎ ‎11. What is the author's attitude towards the Yellowstone wolf project?‎ A. Doubtful. B. Positive. C. Disapproving. D. Uncaring.‎ ‎　B. 一般来说，作者的思想倾向和感情色彩往往隐含在文章的字里行间。文中最后一段讲述了灰狼回归后，鹿群和丛林狼的数量减少了，而河狸和红狐狸又回来了，再由a valuable experiment to help可推断出作者对于黄石狼项目持肯定态度。‎ ‎(3) 推断写作目的 推断写作目的的这类试题题干中通常含有purpose, intend, mean, want to, in order to等标志性词语。它考查的可能是整篇文章的写作目的，也可能是某处细节的写作意图。作者一般不直接陈述自己的意图，而是通过文章所提供的事实和形象，客观地使读者信服某种想法或意见。这种题型不但要求考生理解文章的内容，还要理解作者阐述问题的写作手法。 ‎ 不同体裁的文章写作目的不同。故事类记叙文的目的通常是娱乐读者(to entertain)；广告类应用文的目的一般是推销产品或服务(to advertise)；议论文的目的是说理或劝服(to argue/persuade)；科普、文化类说明文的目的大多是介绍知识(to inform)。‎ ‎　(2017全国卷Ⅰ，A篇)‎ ‎23. What is the purpose of the last part of the text?‎ A. To encourage donations. B. To advertise coming events.‎ C. To introduce special exhibits. D. To tell about the Center's history.‎ ‎　A. 根据文章第四部分最后一句…to find various ways you can support Pacific Science Center可知，该部分是鼓励人们以各种方式支持太平洋科学中心，也就是鼓励人们捐助。‎ ‎　(2017全国卷Ⅱ，B篇)‎ ‎27. What is the author's purpose in writing the text?‎ A. To show his love of films. B. To remember a friend.‎ C. To introduce a new movie. D. To share his acting experience.‎ ‎　B. 文章是按照时间顺序写的，从与保罗的最初相见到友谊慢慢加深，以及几个月前去看生病的保罗，由此可知作者写此文的目的是缅怀一位朋友。‎ ‎(4) 推断下段内容 涉及这类试题的相关内容在文中并没有作出明确说明，所以考生需要根据语篇预测事件可能的结局或下段可能涉及的内容等。做这类题时应把握作者的写作思路(如文章可能按事件发展的经过描写，也可能按因果关系、对比关系来叙述)，从而做出合情合理的预测。 ‎ ‎　(2015湖北卷，E篇) On the whole, Brooks's story is acceptable if uninspired. As one would expect, his writing is mostly clear and, to be fair, some chapters stand out above the rest. I enjoyed, for instance, the chapter in which Harold discovers how to think on his own. While Harold and Erica are certainly not strong or memorable characters, the more serious problems with The Social Animal lie elsewhere. These problems partly involve Brooks's attempt to translate his tale into science. ‎ ‎70. What is the author likely to write about after the last paragraph? ‎ A. Problems with the book. B. Brooks's life experiences. ‎ C. Death of the characters. D. Brooks's translation skills. ‎ ‎　A. 根据该段倒数第二句中的the more serious problems和最后一句中的These problems可知，作者对存在的问题提出了自己的疑问，由此推断文章的下一段应该围绕problems展开。 ‎ ‎(5) 推断文章出处 ‎ 推断文章出处的题目应从文章的体裁和内容着手。一般来说，报纸上的新闻前面会出现日期、地点或通讯社名称等；广告类文章因其格式特殊，容易辨认；产品说明类文章如器皿、设备的使用说明会有产品名称或操作方式，而药品的服用说明会告知服用时间、次数、药量等；来自网络的文章一般比较新颖，‎ 时效性强，含有网站名称或网址。‎ ‎　(2015广东卷，B篇) When I grew up and entered the business world, I remember hearing my first boss say, “We all need to think like salespeople.” But it didn't completely make sense. My dad never once said, “If you want to catch a fish you need to think like a fisherman.” What he said was, “You need to think like a fish.” Years later, with great efforts to promote long－term services to people much older and richer than me, I gradually learned what we all need is to think more like customers. It is not an easy job. I will show you how in the following chapters.‎ ‎35. This passage most likely comes from ________.‎ A. a fishing guide B. a popular sales book ‎ C. a novel on childhood D. a millionaire's biography ‎ ‎　B. 根据文章最后一段最后一句I will show you how in the following chapters.并结合最后一段第一句中的关键词business world可推断出，本篇文章节选自一本畅销的有关销售的书籍。‎ 词义猜测题是高考“四选一”阅读理解题中的一种常见题型，主要考查学生根据构词、定义、对比、因果、联想等方法，结合上下文语境理解或推测词义的能力。词义猜测可以是对一个单词的意义推断，也可以是对一个短语或句子的意义推断；既可以是生词生义，也可以是熟词新义，还可以是对替代词所替代内容的判断。在高考试卷中，词义猜测题考查相对比较稳定，一般有1－2题，但难度略有增加，需要在复杂的句式中通过上下文综合分析才能得出答案。‎ ‎1. 常见设题方式 ‎ What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph… refer to?‎ What does the underlined phrase… in paragraph… mean?‎ The underlined part/sentence in paragraph… means/refers to ________.‎ Which of the following can replace the underlined word… in paragraph…？‎ Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined part in paragraph…？‎ ‎2. 题目选项特点 ‎ 正确选项的特点：对于超纲词汇的正确解释，如果将它带回原文，‎ 则符合逻辑，使文章通顺易懂；对于未超纲的词或短语的正确解释，往往是熟词新义，是根据上下文推测的在一个特定场合的含义。‎ 干扰选项的特点：对于熟悉的词，干扰项会列出它的字面意思或常规含义。除了字面意思，命题人还常用凭空杜撰出来的其他意思来干扰考生。‎ ‎3. 解题策略 ‎ 在词义猜测题中，所考查的词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上，要根据短文提供的语境，通过阅读上下文，根据已知的信息或常识来推测尚不熟悉的词或短语的含义。‎ 首先，可以通过上下文情景和关键词语来进行猜测。文中所使用的解释、阐述或突出主题的关键词语对推测词义有很大帮助，特别注意并列连词and, or, but等，这些词有助于确定某个生词的语义范围或大体意义。‎ 其次，利用下定义、同位语、定语从句、举例等方式进行猜测。如果找到并利用好这些“线索”，我们就能快而准地猜测出词语的意思。‎ 另外，通过同(近)义或反义关系等进行猜测。有时，为使表达灵活多样，富于变化，作者会变换使用不同的词语来表达同一概念，如使用同义词、近义词或反义词等。做词义猜测题时，如果能抓住这些同(近)义词，我们就可顺藤摸瓜，直接选择答案。‎ 最后，我们还可通过上下文之间的对比、转折、因果、让步等逻辑关系猜测生词的词义。譬如我们抓住文章中的but, on the contrary, while, because, therefore, if, thus, although等连词或过渡词，就可在弄清楚句意的基础上猜出生词的意思。‎ 下面针对常考题型，列举相应题例作出分析：‎ ‎(1)猜测代词指代的内容 代词指代题要求考生依据语境的逻辑关系，判断画线的人称代词或指示代词在文章中指代的对象，包括考查it, they/them, he/she等人称代词的指代意义，以及指示代词this, that, these, those等在文章中的指代意义。 这些代词都可以指代上下文中提到的人、物或事。有时它们所指代的对象就在它们附近，‎ 有时相隔较远。因此在阅读中要认真查找和分析，尤其是指代“事”时需要对前面所讲内容进行总结概括，才能得出它们所指代的内容。‎ ‎　(2017全国卷Ⅱ，B篇)We shared the belief that if you're fortunate enough to have success, you should put something back — he with his Newman's Own food and his Hole in the Wall camps for kids who are seriously ill, and me with Sundance and the institute and the festival. Paul and I didn't see each other all that regularly, but sharing that brought us together. We supported each other financially and by showing up at events.‎ ‎26. What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 3 refer to?‎ A. Their belief. B. Their care for children.‎ C. Their success. D. Their support for each other.‎ ‎　A. 根据第三段第一句We shared the belief that…以及后面对belief的具体解释可知，尽管我和Paul不是经常见面，但分享着同一信念让我们在一起。故that是指共同拥有的这种“信念”，that指代的是belief。‎ ‎(2)猜测单词或短语意思 考生在猜测生僻单词或短语意思时，要注意句中是否有定义、同位语或定语从句等结构，因为后面的内容或具体例子往往是用于解释说明前面的生词或短语。有时，还要注意表示因果、转折或对比关系的标志性连接词，如so…that, but, however, rather than, instead of, though等，因为往往可以根据这些关系正推或反推出生词词义。‎ ‎　(2017全国卷Ⅲ， C篇)Gray wolves once were seen here and there in the Yellowstone area and much of the continental United States, but they were gradually displaced by human development. By the 1920s, wolves had practically disappeared from the Yellowstone area. They went farther north into the deep forests of Canada, where there were fewer humans around. ‎ ‎9. What does the underlined word “displaced” in paragraph 2 mean?‎ A. Tested. B. Separated. C. Forced out. D. Tracked down.‎ ‎　C. 根据本段第一句可知，灰狼曾经在黄石地区随处可见，再结合下一句wolves had practically disappeared可知，灰狼逐渐消失了，所以与displaced 意思最接近的是C项“封杀出局；消灭掉”。‎ ‎　(2017全国卷Ⅰ， D篇) To construct a working still, use a sharp stick or rock to dig a hole four feet across and three feet deep. Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the_water_catcher's productivity. Place your cup in the deepest part of the hole. Then lay the tube in place so that one end rests all the way in the cup and the rest of the line runs up — and out — the side of the hole. ‎ ‎33. What does the underlined phrase “the water catcher” in paragraph 2 refer to?‎ A. The tube. B. The still. C. The hole. D. The cup.‎ ‎　B. 根据第二段中的描述可知，制作一个蒸馏器装置，需要挖一个四英尺宽、三英尺深的洞，要尽量在潮湿的地方挖洞以提高the water catcher的生产力。结合全文可知，提高的应该是整个蒸馏器装置的生产力，所以画线短语指代的是该段首句中的a working still。‎ ‎　(2017天津卷，C篇) The proposal attempts to deal with what some call the “death valley” of autonomous vehicles: the grey area between semi－autonomous and fully driverless cars that could delay the driverless future.‎ Dobrindt wants three things: that a car always chooses property(财产) damage over personal injury; that it never distinguishes between humans based on age or race; and that if a human removes his or her hands from the driving wheel — to check email, say — the car's maker is responsible if there is a crash. ‎ ‎46. What does the phrase “death valley” in Paragraph 2 refer to?‎ A. A place where cars often break down. B. A case where passing a law is impossible.‎ C. An area where no driving is permitted. D. A situation where drivers' role is not clear.‎ ‎　D. 根据第一段第二句和第二段第一句可知， death valley指的就是半自主驾驶和完全无人驾驶汽车之间的灰色地带，即：对司机角色的定义不清楚。‎ ‎(3)猜测句意 考查句意理解的试题一般出现在长难句中。对于这种试题，考生应该认真阅读原文，特别是画线句子的上下文，准确理解作者的观点，尤其是对特定的人、物、事件的褒贬观点，以准确推断语句的含义。‎ ‎　(2017江苏卷，D篇)When it comes to adaptation, it is important to understand that climate change is a process. We are therefore not talking about adapting to a new standard, but to a constantly shifting set of conditions. This is why, in part at least, the US National Climate Assessment says that: “There_is_no_‘one－size_fits_all'_adaptation.” Nevertheless, there are some actions that offer much and carry little risk or cost.‎ ‎65. The underlined part in Paragraph 2 implies ________. ‎ A. adaptation is an ever－changing process B. the cost of adaptation varies with time C. global warming affects adaptation forms D. adaptation to climate change is challenging ‎　A. 由本段This is why前面的叙述climate change is a process可知，气候变化是一个过程，所以适应也不是一成不变的，故对画线部分“没有一码通吃的适应之道”的正确理解应是A项“适应是个不断变化的过程”。‎ 主旨大意题旨在考查考生理解文章深层意义的能力，要求考生在快速浏览的过程中准确把握语篇大意，辨别主要信息和次要信息，高度概括文章标题、主旨、段落大意等。‎ 主旨大意题在阅读理解试题中考查难度相当大。把握主旨大意对正确理解全文具有重要意义。考题中往往出现subject, topic, theme, title, main idea等词。‎ ‎1. 常见的命题方式 ‎ The main topic/subject of the passage/text is ________.‎ The main idea/The general idea/The main theme of this passage/text is________.‎ What is the main idea of the first paragraph?‎ What is mainly discussed in the passage/text?‎ The main idea of the first/second/third… paragraph probably is ________．‎ What's the first/second/third… paragraph concerned with? ‎ Which of the following can be the best title for the passage/text?‎ What is the author's purpose in writing the passage/text?‎ ‎2. 题目选项特点 ‎ 正确选项往往概括性强，涵盖内容全面，含义深刻。‎ 干扰选项要么以偏概全，只涵盖文章一部分内容；要么断章取义，以细节信息冒充全文观点；要么概括范围过大，超出文章实际所讲内容；要么与文章内容毫不相干。‎ ‎3. 解题策略 ‎ 采用浏览法抓住主题句。全文主题句通常在文章开头或结尾，而段落主题句有可能在一段的开头或结尾。主题句常出现在“总结性”语言的信号词或短语后，如in summary, in a word, as a result, finally, in short, in conclusion, in brief等；或者出现在“转移话题式”语言的信号词后，如but, however, nevertheless, hence等。标题的语言特点：独特新颖、概括性强、短小精悍。‎ 抓住段落大意，概括中心思想。寻找整篇文章的中心思想建立在寻找段落中心的基础上。各段落中心的整体归纳便是文章的中心思想。不能以偏概全，也不能在概括时过于宽泛，要恰如其分。‎ 抓住主线和关键，归纳文章大意。没有主题句的文章，可以分析每段的段落大意以及表现活跃的高频词汇来确定主题，最后进行归纳总结。‎ 下面就以常考题型分别举例进行说明：‎ ‎(1)标题类主旨大意题 文章的标题是文章中心思想最精练的表达，是对文章内容的高度概括。它的特点是：简短精练，多为一个短语；“包罗万象”，一般要求能够概括全文；精准到位，不能随意改变语言的表意程度及色彩；措辞醒目，具有启发性，逻辑关系严密。‎ 在拟定文章标题时，要以原文为基础，仔细考虑备选标题是否与文章的中心思想密切相关，切忌标题过大或过小。‎ ‎　(2017全国卷Ⅰ，C篇)‎ ‎31. Which of the following can be the best title for the text?‎ A. Exploring the Future of Jazz B. The Rise and Fall of Jazz C. The Story of a Jazz Musician D. Celebrating the Jazz Day ‎　A. 联合国教科文组织把4月30日定为国际爵士乐日，以此提高人们对爵士乐的认识，突出它的重要性。文章第一段提到为了让人们认可爵士乐的价值而设立了国际爵士乐日；后面描述了爵士乐的现状，‎ 指出了为什么现在的年轻人不接受它；再结合最后一段中的so I want to continue those dialogues. Those are the things I want to foster.可知，本文的主题就是探索爵士乐的未来。‎ ‎　(2017全国卷Ⅲ，D篇)‎ ‎15. What is the best title for the text?‎ A. A New Model Electric Car B. A Solution to Traffic Problems C. Driving Services for Elders D. Keeping Older Drivers on the Road ‎　D. 文章主要介绍了老年司机面临的生活挑战和压力。研究人员想通过研究，找到一套切实可行的技术方案，以延长老年人的开车时间，确保他们的开车安全。本题由第三段最后一句话中的help them to continue driving into later life可知答案选D。‎ ‎(2)段落或文章中心大意类主旨大意题 考生在做该类题型时，关键在于辨认主题句，并由此归纳出文章的中心思想。每一篇文章均由若干个段落组成，段落又由表述某一主题的一系列句子组成。而对于一篇文章来说，每一段的主题都服务于文章整体的中心思想。寻找具体段落主题的方法是：找出每一段的主题句。由于文章的结构不同，主题句出现的位置通常有四种：采用归纳法撰写的段落，表述的事例在前，概括性的观点居后，主题句则位于段末；运用演绎法撰写的段落，先提出观点，后举例论证，主题句则出现在段首；如果作者采用“事例—观点—事例”的写作方式，主题句则出现在段落的中间；如果文章没有明显的主题句，则需根据内容的提示，通过逻辑推理概括出段落大意。在找出各段主题句的基础上，通过整理归纳方能得出文章的中心思想。文中出现两种或两种以上的不同观点时，务必牢记作者的观点才是体现全文中心的。此时，要注意一些转折词，如but, yet, however, although, in spite of, by contrast, on the contrary等。当文章中表示相反的观点时，往往会用到这些词。答题时要弄清哪个是作者的观点，排除迷惑性信息，准确归纳主旨大意。‎ ‎　(2017全国卷Ⅱ， C篇)Terrafugia Inc. said Monday that its new flying ‎ car has completed its first flight, bringing the company closer to its goal of selling the flying car within the next year. The vehicle — named the Transition — has two seats, four wheels and wings that fold up so it can be driven like a car. The Transition, which flew at 1，400 feet for eight minutes last month, can reach around 70 miles per hour on the road and 115 in the air. It flies using a 23－gallon tank of gas and burns 5 gallons per hour in the air. On the ground, it gets 35 miles per gallon.‎ ‎28. What is the first paragraph mainly about?‎ A. The basic data of the Transition. B. The advantages of flying cars.‎ C. The potential market for flying cars. D. The designers of the Transition.‎ ‎31. What is the best title for the text?‎ A. Flying Car at Auto Show B. The Transition's First Flight C. Pilots' Dream Coming True D. Flying Car Closer to Reality ‎　28. A. 第一段中详细介绍了这种飞行汽车的资料：两个座位、四个轮子以及车翼、飞行速度、油耗等情况可知，该段是在介绍飞行汽车Transition的基本数据。‎ ‎31. D. 本文是一则新闻报道，介绍了一种新型的飞行汽车。新闻报道的主题句通常是第一句话，本文的第一句中提到了flying car和closer to its goal of selling the flying car within the next year，由此可知飞行汽车快要变成现实了。‎