2020届二轮复习短文语法填空分类解题指导之八：定语从句

2020届二轮复习短文语法填空分类解题指导之八：定语从句

‎2020届二轮复习短文语法填空分类解题指导之八：定语从句 语法填空常考点 短文改错常考点 写作常用句式 ‎1.关系代词who，whom, whose, which, that, as的用法；‎ ‎2.关系副词where, when, why的用法；‎ ‎3.“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句。‎ ‎1.引导非限制性定语从句该用which而误用其他关系词(如that)；‎ ‎2.关系代词who, whom, whose, which, that的缺失；‎ ‎3.关系代词who, whom的错用；‎ ‎4.先行词是人或物时，关系代词who, which的错用；‎ ‎5.关系代词as的错用；‎ ‎6.关系副词和关系代词的误用；‎ ‎7.人称代词与关系代词的误用。‎ ‎1.As we all know .../As is known to all ...‎ ‎“众所周知……”‎ ‎2.such ...as ...‎ ‎“像……这样的……”‎ ‎3.the same ...as .../the same as ...‎ ‎“像……一样的”‎ ‎4.one of the＋复数名词＋定语从句“……中的一个”‎ ‎5.the only one of the＋复数名词＋定语从句 ‎“……中唯一的一个” ‎ ‎6.由which引导的非限制性定语从句。‎ ‎..., which ...(which代替上文整句话，译为“这一点”)‎ 分清句子成分，巧辨定语从句中抽象或具体(人与物)‎ ‎(一)寻找先行词，辨别人与物 先行词指人时常用who, whom, that；指物时常用that, which。‎ I've become good friends with several of the students in my school who/whom/that I met in the English speech contest last year.‎ 我与好几位去年在英语演讲比赛中遇到的同校同学成了好朋友。‎ The little problems that we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great inventions.‎ 我们在日常生活中遇到的小问题有可能是伟大发明的灵感。‎ ‎(二)判断所缺成分，选择关系词 当定语从句部分缺少主语、宾语、定语时，要想到分别采用who(指人)，whom(指人)，that(指人或物)，which(指物)，whose(指人或物)；当定语从句部分缺少时间状语、地点状语、原因状语时，要想到分别采用when, where, why。‎ ‎(2018·6月浙江高考)Many westerners who come to China cook ‎ much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap it can be to eat out.‎ 许多来到中国的西方人一旦意识到在外面吃饭是多么的便宜，他们做饭的时间就会大大少于在他们自己国家的次数。‎ The annual campus book fair aims to provide a platform where students can have a chance to exchange and make use of their books. ‎ 每年一度的校园书展目的是提供一个平台， 在这个平台里学生有机会交换利用他们的书籍。‎ The reason why most people like traveling is that they can feel the beauty of the nature and breathe the fresh air at the same time.‎ 许多人喜欢旅游是因为他们可以感受大自然的美景，同时也可以呼吸新鲜的空气。‎ Our school will hold an activity whose theme is “Foreigners Tell Chinese Stories” next week.‎ 下周，我们学校将举办主题为“外国人讲中国故事”的一项活动。‎ ‎(三)识别特殊定语从句，分清限制性、非限制性定语从句 ‎1．先行词those后常用who引导定语从句。‎ She is warmhearted, so it is no surprise/wonder that she always helps those who are in trouble.‎ 她是一个热心肠的人，因此她经常帮助那些处于困境中的人们就不足为奇了。‎ ‎2．as引导非限制性定语从句。‎ as“正如，正像”，既可位于句首也可位于句末 ‎(1)As the old saying goes, ...‎ 常言道，……‎ ‎(2)As we all know, .../As is known to us all ...‎ 众所周知，……‎ ‎(3)As is often the case ...‎ ‎……是常有的事 Just as the saying goes，“One tree doesn't make a forest.”‎ 正如谚语所言：“独木难成林。”‎ ‎3．“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句，如果先行词指人，用whom指代人且不能省略，指物用which且不能省略。‎ Many traditional arts are losing nowadays, some of which are being replaced by modern products.‎ 如今许多传统艺术正在消失，其中一些正被现代产品所取代。‎ ‎4．非限制性定语从句，指人时用who, 指物时用which；牢记that不能用于非限制性定语从句。‎ The boy was away from home for a week, which worried his parents very much.‎ 这个男孩离家一个星期了，这使他父母很担心。‎ ‎5．定语从句中用that不用which的情况：‎ ‎(1)当先行词是all, any, anything, everything, nothing等不定代词或被它们修饰时。‎ ‎(2)当先行词被形容词的最高级或序数词修饰时。‎ ‎(3)当先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last等修饰时。‎ ‎(4)当先行词既有人又有物时。‎ The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill.‎ 他们在桂林参观的第一个地方是象鼻山。‎ This is the very book that I want to read.‎ 这正是我想读的书。‎ 　‎ Ⅰ.语法填空题点全练 ‎1．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)Now Irene Astbury works from 9 am to 5 pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield，which she opened with her late husband Les.‎ ‎2．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 that/which showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes.‎ ‎3．(2019·江苏高考改编)We have entered into an age when dreams have the best chance of coming true.‎ ‎4．(2018·天津高考改编)Kate, whose sister I shared a room with when we were at college, has gone to work in Australia. ‎ ‎5．(2018·江苏高考改编)Selfdriving is an area where China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line.‎ ‎6．(2019·天津高考改编)Their child is at the stage where she can say individual words but not full sentences.‎ ‎7．(2019·山西五地市高三联考)Among them is one community in Florida where local people and government officials are proving successful in protecting coastal cities from the dangers of rising sea levels.‎ ‎8．(2019·青岛质量检测)There are many reasons why college and university students often fail to get a full night's of sleep.‎ ‎9．(2019·临川一中等九校联考)Meanwhile, China will host the second Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation in April. At this event, the Belt and Road Initiative, which has huge potential to drive economic growth, will take greater shape.‎ Ⅱ.短文改错题点全练 ‎1．(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)I became interested in playing football thanks to a small accident. One afternoon where I was in primary school, I was walking by the school playground.where→when ‎2．(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)In the cafe，customers will enjoy themselves in the historical environment what is created for them.what→that/which ‎3．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)They also had a small pond which they raised fish. My grandpa said last summer they earned quite a lot by selling the fish.which→where或which前加in ‎4．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)In their spare time, they are interested in ‎ planting vegetables in their garden, that is on the rooftop of their house.that→which ‎5．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)Around me in the picture are the things they were very important in my life at that time: car magazines and musical instruments.they→that/which ‎6．(2019·临川一中等九校联考)We'll climb Huangshan Mountain in the morning, on which top we'll have a picnic at the noon.which→whose ‎7．(2019·甘肃第一次诊断)What's more, this event can attract more visitors to our city, where will improve our tourism.where→which ‎8．The number of smokers, which is reported, has dropped by 17% in just one year.which→as ‎[课堂应用体验]‎ Ⅰ.完成句子并改写成定语从句 ‎1．你可以寻找和你有相同兴趣的人，你可能会和他们相处得很好。‎ You can look for people with the same interest as you. You are_likely_to_get_along_with them.‎ ‎→You can look for people with the same interest as you, ‎ who/whom_you_are_likely_to_get ‎_along_with．‎ ‎2．第二，你会交到一些好朋友，他们也很喜欢打乒乓球。‎ Secondly, you'll make some good friends and they_are_also_interested_in_playing_ table_‎ tennis．‎ ‎→Secondly, you'll make some good friends that/who_are_also_interested_in_playing_table_tennis．‎ ‎3．这幅照片为我们展示了一个动人的时刻，在这一刻，一个小女孩来问候正在工作中的妈妈。‎ The picture shows us a touching moment when_a_little_girl_comes_to_greet_her_‎ working_mom．‎ ‎→The picture shows us a touching moment at_which_a_little_girl_comes_to_greet_her_‎ working_mom．(用“介词＋关系代词”改写)‎ ‎4．人们也可以选择在一个团队中工作，在团队中他们可以向彼此学习。‎ People may also choose to work in a team, where_they_can_learn_from_each_other．‎ ‎→People may also choose to work in a team, in_which_they_can_learn_from_each_‎ ‎_other．(用“介词＋关系代词”改写)‎ ‎5．与动物照相对它们有坏的影响，这种行为打扰它们的休息。‎ Taking pictures with animals has a bad effect on the animals. It_greatly_disturbs_their__rest．‎ ‎→Taking pictures with animals has a bad effect on the animals, which_greatly_disturbs__their ‎_rest．(用定语从句改写)‎ Ⅱ.语法填空 ‎(2019·黑龙江省六校协作体一模)If you are making repairs on your home, you could take the opportunity to add some energysaving __1__ (measure) at the same time. This is often the best way __2__ (save) energy in a costeffective way. You need to look at the building __3__ a whole to make the most suitable improvements, taking account of the following：‎ The first step is to assess where and how energy __4__ (consume) currently in the building, including how and when rooms are heated. Next is your home's construction and condition. It's important to fix anything __5__ might affect your home's heating performance, such as badly fitting windows or damp walls. Lastly, understanding __6__ (exact) what is significant about the character of an older building is a key to __7__ (improve) its energy efficiency. Speak to your local authority conservation officer when making changes to a building in a ‎ conservation area.‎ Following these steps __8__ (assist) you in assessing what work might be needed in __9__ short or long term, allowing you to focus on those areas that need the most attention and will give a __10__ (reason) return.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。作者主要介绍了如何改造旧房子以节省能源。‎ ‎1．measures　考查名词的单复数。根据句中的“some”和下文介绍的多种措施以及“measure”为可数名词可知，此处用measure的复数形式。‎ ‎2．to save　考查非谓语动词。way后的定语有三种形式：to do, of doing和定语从句。根据做题要求可知，此处可用不定式结构作后置定语。‎ ‎3．as　考查介词。此处表示把建筑作为一个整体看待，故用介词as“作为”构成固定搭配as a whole“作为一个整体”。‎ ‎4．is consumed/is being consumed　考查时态和语态。根据语境和下文的“currently”“including how and when rooms are heated”可知此处可用一般现在时，也可以用现在进行时；此外，consume“消耗”与主语energy是被动关系，因此用被动语态。‎ ‎5．that　考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，从句修饰不定代词anything，且空处在从句中作主语，故只能用that。‎ ‎6．exactly　考查副词。空处修饰作主语的动名词understanding，应该用exact的副词形式exactly“准确地，确切地”。‎ ‎7．improving　考查非谓语动词。本空解题关键在于对空前的to的理解，如果考生知道名词key“关键”与介词to搭配，那么就知道本题应填improving。反之，考生如果误以为to是不定式符号，就会误填improve。‎ ‎8．will assist　考查时态。分析句子结构可知，该空的谓语和“will give”为“and”连接的并列谓语，因此此处用一般将来时。‎ ‎9．the　考查冠词。“in the short or long term”表示“短期或长期内”。‎ ‎10．reasonable　考查形容词。该空位于冠词和名词之间，因此用形容词。reasonable“不错的，还算好的”符合语境。‎ Ⅲ.短文改错 ‎(2019·临川一中等九校联考)In order to encourage the seniors to take exercise and relax them, we are going to organize a mountainclimbing activity in April 10. We were to gather at the school gate and start at 7：20 a．m. by bus and get back at 7：00 p．m. We'll climb Huangshan Mountain in the morning, on which top we'll have a picnic at the noon. In the afternoon we'll be divided into group and have a free time. Remember take photos and make notes for the photo exhibition or the essay contest to be held late at our school. Besides, taking your lunch and drinking water with you. Unless you want to join, please come to Students' Union and sign up before April 5.‎ 答案：第一句：them→themselves；第二个in→on 第二句：were→are 第三句：which→whose；去掉第二个the 第四句：group→groups 第五句：take前加to；late→later 第六句：taking→take 第七句：Unless→If