2020届二轮复习三步解读阅读理解中事实细节型理解题

2020届二轮复习三步解读阅读理解中事实细节型理解题

‎2020届二轮复习三步解读阅读理解中事实细节型理解题 ‎　　细节理解题主要考查考生对文章事实细节的理解，主要有直接细节理解题和间接细节理解题等几种形式，在解答这类题时，可采用“一找二定三比对”的方法。‎ ‎[解题步骤]‎ ‎ [选项特征]‎ 做细节理解题时务必要树立回原文定位的意识，每一题、每一选项都要回到原文中的某一处进行定位，然后画出相关语句，并与选项仔细比对，找出正确选项的理由和错误选项的理由。‎ ‎1.正确选项的特征 ‎(1)同义替换：对原文句子中的关键词进行同义替换。如把lose one’s job换成了be out of work。有时候词性或者语态有所变化。把原文中的一些词变换一下词性，如把important改成of importance；改变原文中句子的语态，即主动语态与被动语态的转换。‎ ‎(2)语言简化：把原文中的复杂语言现象进行简化，设置为答案。‎ ‎(3)正话反说：把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项。‎ ‎2.干扰选项的特征 ‎(1)是原文信息，但不是题目要求的内容。‎ ‎(2)无中生有，虽然符合常识，但不是文章的内容。‎ ‎(3)与原文的内容极其相似，只是在某个细节处有些变动。‎ ‎(4)在意思上与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反。‎ ‎(5)部分正确，部分错误。‎ ‎[示例]　(2019·全国卷Ⅰ阅读B)‎ For Canaan Elementary’s second grade in Patchogue，N.Y., today is speech day, and right now it’s Chris Palaez’s turn.The 8-year-old is the joker of the class.With shining dark eyes，he seems like the kind of kid who would enjoy public speaking.‎ But he’s nervous.“I’m here to tell you today why you should...should...” Chris trips on the “-ld，” a pronunciation difficulty for many non-native English speakers.His teacher, Thomas Whaley, is next to him, whispering support.“...Vote for...me...”Except for some stumbles，Chris is doing amazingly well.When he brings his speech to a nice conclusion，Whaley invites the rest of the class to praise him.‎ ‎24.What made Chris nervous?‎ A.Telling a story. B.Making a speech.‎ C.Taking a test. D.Answering a question.‎ 分析：Step 1：找词，题干中的关键词为 Chris nervous。‎ Step 2：定位，查找原文，根据题干关键词直接定位到第一段中的“...today is speech day，and right now it’s Chris Palaez’s turn.”和“...he seems like the kind of kid who would enjoy public speaking.”。‎ Step 3：比对，比对原文和选项可知，今天是演讲日，现在轮到了Chris，虽然他看起来像那种喜欢在公共场合讲话的孩子，但是他很紧张。由此可知，演讲使Chris紧张。‎ ‎[主要类型]‎ ‎1.直接信息题 解答细节理解的直接信息题时，由于题目普遍较容易，不必通篇细读全文，一般是先通过题干信息来选择定位关键词。关键词主要是题干中的名词、动词和数词，即问题的核心信息，再进行信息定位，运用略读及寻读的技巧快速在文章中寻找与题干有关的关键词，找出相关的句子，得出正确答案。‎ ‎[示例]　(2019·全国卷Ⅰ阅读A)‎ Summer Employment Opportunities (机会)‎ Through the Summer Employment Opportunities program，students are hired each year in a variety of summer positions across the Provincial Public Service, its related agencies and community groups.‎ Who is eligible：Students aged 15 or older.Some positions require students to be 15 to 24 or up to 29 for persons with a disability.‎ ‎23.Which program favors the disabled?‎ A.Jobs for Youth.‎ B.Summer Company.‎ C.Stewardship Youth Ranger Program.‎ D.Summer Employment Opportunities.‎ 分析：本题属于直接信息题。根据题干中的关键词disabled，迅速在文中找到最后一段的persons with a disability，通过分析这句话可知，与题干中的the disabled属于典型的同义词替换，故选D项。‎ ‎2.间接信息题 考查间接信息题时，正确选项一般都会在原文基础上进行改造。常用方式是同义词替换或释义，即把文中语言(词汇和结构)改头换面，来表达相同的意思。因此在做细节理解题时，要根据所找信息，分析选项，对比其中所用词汇，避免误选答案。命题人主要从以下两个角度命制正确选项。‎ ‎(1)同义替换 ‎ 同义替换是指命题人利用同义词或近义词对原文的关键信息进行解释。解题时，同学们应该根据题意，快速跳读全文，找到关键信息，然后在选项中寻找与原文信息最接近的同义词或近义词，这样就可确定正确答案。‎ ‎(2)归纳信息 归纳信息是指命题人用精炼的语言来概括原文中比较分散或复杂的信息，这是命题人设计细节理解题时经常使用的手段之一。同学们首先应抓住该题所涉及的重要信息去理解、提炼其中的关键信息，可尝试用自己的语言去归纳文中的信息或事实，然后再看选项，挑选出和自己所归纳的信息最接近的选项作为正确答案。‎ ‎[示例]　(2018·全国卷Ⅱ阅读B)‎ Of the common berries，strawberries are highest in vitamin C，although，because of their seeds，raspberries contain a little more protein (蛋白质)，iron and zinc (not that fruits have much protein).Blueberries are particularly high in antioxidants (抗氧化物质).The yellow and orange stone fruits such as peaches are high in the carotenoids we turn into vitamin A and which are antioxidants.As for cherries (樱桃)，they are so delicious who cares? However，they are rich in vitamin C.‎ ‎24.What does the author seem to like about cherries?‎ A.They contain protein.‎ B.They are high in vitamin A.‎ C.They have a pleasant taste.‎ D.They are rich in antioxidants.‎ 分析：选C。本题属于间接信息题。根据第二段倒数第二句可知，应该选C项，樱桃很美味。have a pleasant taste与be so delicious表义相同，属于同义替换。‎ ‎【即时训练】　‎ A The Peony Culture Festival of Luoyang China Spring is the time for people to go out and see blossoming flowers.Luoyang in Henan，China is famous for peonies，the city’s official flower.The city’s annual Peony Culture Festival begins in early April and lasts till early May.Peonies are in full bloom during the event，which was first held in 1983.‎ You can go to the Luoyang National Peony Garden.The peonies there are known for their rich colors and long florescence.Don’t miss the 1，600-year-old “Peony King”！‎ UN Chinese Language Day Chinese is one of the six official working languages of the United Nations.The UN has set different days for these languages to promote their uses.It holds exhibitions，shows and other activities.In 2010，the first UN Chinese Language Day was held on Nov.12.But since 2011，it has been held on April 20.The date is close to Grain Rain，one of the 24 solar terms.It means “rain of millet”.People celebrate Grain Rain to remember Cangjie.Many people believe that Cangjie was the first person to write ‎ Chinese characters.When he did this，it rained millet and saved people from hunger.‎ China Space Day On April 24，1970，China’s first man-made Earth satellite—Dongfanghong Ⅰ—went into space.It was a big step for China’s space program.In 2016，the government set April 24 as China Space Day.Many events are held across the country to celebrate this special day.For example，astronauts and scientists will give talks to students.Some cities will hold exhibitions about space development.‎ Last year，China had big plans for its space program.On December 8，it launched its second lunar rover(月球车) as part of the Chang’e 4 space mission，which landed on the far side of the moon.‎ ‎【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了中国洛阳牡丹文化节、联合国中文日和中国航天日。‎ ‎1.When was the first UN Chinese Language Day held by the United Nations?‎ A.In 1970. B.In 1983.‎ C.In 2010. D.In 2011.‎ 答案　C　[细节理解题。根据UN Chinese Language Day部分中的“In 2010，the first UN Chinese Language Day was held on Nov.12”可知，第一个联合国中文日是在2010年举行的。]‎ ‎2.What does the introduction to China Space Day show?‎ A.China sent the first man-made earth satellite.‎ B.China has progressed greatly in astronautics.‎ C.Chang’e 4 consists of two lunar rovers.‎ D.Chang’e 4 is another space station built by China.‎ 答案　B　[推理判断题。根据对China Space Day部分的整体理解，尤其是“It was a big step for China’s space program” “Last year，China had big plans for its space program”可知，本部分对中国航天日的介绍展示了中国在太空航空学方面取得非常大的进展。]‎ ‎3.What do the festivals have in common?‎ A.They all take place in April at present.‎ B.They are celebrated nationwide.‎ C.All the participants are Chinese people.‎ D.Their dates were once changed for some reason.‎ 答案　A　[细节理解题。根据The Peony Culture Festival of Luoyang China部分中的“The city’s annual Peony Culture Festival begins in early April and lasts till early May”，UN Chinese Language Day部分中的“But since 2011，it has been held on April 20”，China Space Day部分中的“In 2016，the government set April 24 as China Space Day”可知，这三个节日的共同点是它们现在都在4月份举行。]‎ B ‎(2019·湖南省六校联考)The United Nations says that more than 8 million tons of plastics flow into the oceans each year.A new chemical technology could turn the world’s polyolefin(聚烯烃) waste，a form of plastic，into useful products，such as clean fuels and other items.‎ ‎“Our method is to recycle by turning polyolefin waste into a wide range of valuable products，” said Linda Wang，a professor at Purdue University and leader of the research team developing this technology.“Our technology has the potential to promote the recycling industry and a decline in the world’s plastic waste.”‎ The technology can change more than 90 percent of polyolefin waste into many different products.Wang became inspired to create this technology after reading about the plastic waste pollution of the oceans，groundwater，and the environment.Of all the plastics produced over the past 65 years (8.3 billion tons)，about 12 percent have been burned and only 9 percent have been recycled.The remaining 79 percent have gone into earth or the oceans.The World Economic Forum presages that by 2050 the oceans will hold more plastic waste than fish if the waste continues to be thrown into the water.‎ Wang said the technology could change about 90 percent of the polyolefin plastic.“Plastic waste，whether recycled or thrown away，does not mean the end of the story，” Wang said.“These plastics degrade(降解) slowly and release harmful chemicals into the land and the water.This is a disaster，because once these pollutants are in the oceans，they are impossible to remove completely.”‎ Wang hopes her technology will help the recycling industry to reduce the rapidly rising ‎ amount of plastic waste.She and her team are looking for investors or partners to apply this technology.‎ ‎【语篇解读】　本文介绍了一项新的技术，该技术能将聚烯烃废物转化成其他有用的产品。‎ ‎4.What does the underlined word “presages” in Paragraph 3 probably mean?‎ A.Describes. B.Knows.‎ C.Explains. D.Predicts.‎ 答案　D　[词义猜测题。根据画线词所在句子的后半部分“by 2050 the oceans will hold...into the water”可知，该画线词后的宾语从句讲述的是将来发生的事情。由此可推知，该词的意义与predict “预测”相近。故选D。]‎ ‎5.Where can you find the data that best supports “there will be much more plastic waste than fish in the oceans”？‎ A.In paragraph 5. B.In paragraph 4.‎ C.In paragraph 3. D.In paragraph 2.‎ 答案　C　[细节理解题。“the oceans will hold more plastic waste than fish”出现在第三段最后一句中，并且该句是世界经济论坛对未来的一种预测，而做出该预测的依据则是该段第三、四句所提供的数据。由此可知，支持该论断的数据出现在第三段。故选C。]‎ ‎6.What will the technology bring about?‎ A.An increase in a variety of waste.‎ B.Damage to ecological system.‎ C.Extinction of marine animals.‎ D.A decline in the plastic waste.‎ 答案　D　[细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句“Our technology has the potential to promote the recycling industry and a decline in the world’s plastic waste”可知，该技术能减少塑料废物。故选D。]‎ ‎7.What can be a suitable title for the text?‎ A.Turning Waste into Wealth B.No Pouring Plastics into Oceans C.Taking Action after Reading D.Changing Polyolefin into Plastics 答案　A　[标题判断题。根据第一段第二句“A new chemical technology...such as clean fuels and other items”可知，一项新的化工技术可以将世界上的聚烯烃塑料废物转化成有用的产品；文章第二至第五段具体讲述了该技术的相关内容。故A项适合作本文标题。]‎