【英语】2018届二轮复习：动词和短语动词学案（11页）

【英语】2018届二轮复习：动词和短语动词学案（11页）

‎2018届二轮复习 动词和动词短语 动词 一. 动词的分类方法 ‎1. 根据词汇意义可将动词分为以下两类：‎ 状态动词：be，love，think，stay，remain，stand，sit，lie等 动作动词：work，stay，sleep，arrive，finish，lend，open等 ‎ 温馨提示：动作动词又可分为延续性动词（动作可以持续一段时间）与非延续性动词（表示短暂的动作，不能持续）。‎ ‎2. 根据动词的语法功能，动词的分类情况如下：‎ 行为动词 work，study，swim等 系动词 be，seem，become等 助动词 do，have，shall，will等 情态动词 can，may，must等 ‎ 温馨提示：‎ 其中行为动词可根据其后是否带宾语，将其分成及物动词与不及物动词两类。有时同一动词既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词。‎ 二. 动词的语法功能及基本用法 ‎ 动词在句中起两种作用，即：作谓语和非谓语。动词作谓语，必须与主语在人称和数上保持一致，具有表示时态、语态、语气等方面的语法特征。 ‎ She sings very well. She wants to learn English well. ‎ Seeing is believing. We’re thinking of making a new plan for the next term.‎ 三. 连系动词的用法 ‎1. 状态系动词 只有be一词。如He is a teacher.‎ ‎2. 持续系动词 ‎ 继续保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep，rest，remain，stay，lie，stand。‎ ‎ 如He always kept silent at meeting. This matter rests a mystery.‎ ‎3. 表像系动词 “看起来像”，主要有seem，appear，look。‎ ‎ 如He looks very tired. He seems (to be) very sad.‎ ‎4. 感官系动词 feel，smell，sound，taste。‎ ‎ 如This kind of cloth feels very soft. This flower smells very sweet.‎ ‎5. 变化系动词 become，grow，turn，fall，get，go，come，run。‎ ‎ 如He became mad after that. He grew rich within a short time.‎ ‎6. 终止系动词 表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove，turn out，表达“证实，变成”之意。‎ ‎ 如The rumor proved false. The search proved difficult. His plan turned out a success.‎ 四. 助动词 ‎ 英语中助动词主要有be，do，have三个，它们的功能主要是帮助句中的谓语动词构成时态、语态、否定、疑问等形式。‎ ‎1. 助动词be的用法 ‎ 助动词be主要用来构成进行时和被动语态，即：They are singing happily.‎ A. be + 现在分词构成进行时态。如The wall is painted blue.‎ B. be + 及物动词的过去分词构成被动语态。如 ‎2. 助动词do的用法 ‎ 助动词do主要用来构成否定句、疑问句句式，或对谓语动词进行强调。‎ 如Do you feel like going to the party on Friday night? (形成疑问句)‎ ‎ Air does weigh something, and you can prove it. (加强语气)‎ ‎3.助动词have的用法 A. 构成完成时态（have + v. –ed形式）‎ ‎ 如She hasn’t bought a new pair of shoes since 1996.‎ B. 构成完成进行时态。如He has been working in this factory for twenty years.‎ ‎4. 助动词shall（should）和will（would）的用法 ‎ 助动词shall（should）和will（would）构成一般（过去）将来时态shall（should）/ will（would）+ v.。如Will they have anything to do tonight? ‎ The secretary said that the talk would begin at eight o’clock.‎ 五. 情态动词的用法（参见情态动词和虚拟语气部分）‎ 六. 及物动词和不及物动词 ‎1. 不及物动词：本身意义完整，后面不需要接宾语，无被动语态。‎ ‎ 如The rain stopped. What happened yesterday?‎ ‎2. 及物动词：后面必须接宾语，有的后面接一个宾语，有的可以接两个宾语。‎ A. 单宾语。如He’s reading a magazine.‎ B. 双宾语。如Mr Zhang teachs us English.‎ C. 复合宾语：在接一个宾语的同时再接一个补语。如We often hear him sing in the park.‎ 七. 延续性动词和非延续性动词 ‎1. 延续性动词 ‎ 延续性动词表示行为或过程能持久地继续下去或能产生持久的影响。这类动词有：contain，have，hold，lie，live，make，sit，rain，sleep，stand，study，wait，wear，work等。此外，还有表示状态、感情、思维等的动词，如believe，consider，hate，hope，know，like，love，respect，think，understand，wish等也属延续性动词。‎ ‎ 如This book has been put on the desk for a week. (×)‎ ‎ This book has been lying on the desk for a week. (√)‎ ‎ Men put on suits when they attend meetings. (×)‎ ‎ Men wear suits when they attend meetings.(√)‎ ‎2. 非延续性动词 ‎ ‎ ‎ 非延续性动词表示行为或过程是短暂的或瞬间完成的。这类动词有：add，admit，answer，arrive，ask，attack，begin，break，bring，buy，catch，close，come，die，discover，fall，do，leave，open，put on，sell，start，stay，stop，return，take off等。‎ ‎ 如When did she know my e-mail address? (×)‎ ‎ When did she get to know my e-mail address? (√)‎ 动词短语 ‎ 动词短语指英语中有相当多的动词常和其他词类一起连用，构成一个固定词组，可看成一个整体，同一般实义动词一样使用。常见的动词短语的构成：‎ ‎1. 动词 + 副词：break out，carry on，put forward，give up ‎2. 动词 + 介词：look after，care for，break through，look through ‎3. 动词 + 副词 + 介词：look down upon，put up with，do away with，break away from ‎4. 动词 + 名词 + 介词：take care of，pay attention to，put an end to，give rise to ‎5. be + 形容词 + 介词：be fond of，be familiar with，be suitable for，be used to ‎6. 动词 + 名词：have a look，have a try，make an appointment，take place ‎7. 动词 + 宾语 + 介词 + 名词：set … in operation，take / put … into account / consideration，‎ ‎ turn … to advantage ‎8. 动词 + 宾语 + 介词 + 宾语：make …into …，combine … with …，free … from …，‎ ‎ protect … from …‎ 九. 高考高频动词短语 ‎1. break词组：break away from, break down, break into, break off“中断，折断，突然停止”， break out, break through, break up“打碎；分开”，break with“破除，和……决裂”‎ ‎2. bring词组：bring about“引起；造成”， bring down, bring forward (= put forward), bring … into operation, bring out“显示出来；出版，生产”，bring up“提出；教育；培养；呕吐”‎ ‎3. call词组：call in, call on, call out, call for, call back“回电话”，call up“令人想起，给……打电话”，call off“取消”，call at“访问（某地）”‎ ‎4. come词组：come about, come across = come on / upon, come along, come at, come back, come back to life / oneself, come back to one’s mind, come down, come from, come in, come into being, come into effect / force, come into power / office, ‎ come into use, come on, come out“出版，（花）开，出来；结果是；褪色，消失”， come over, come to, come to know, come to school, come true, come up“走近；（从土中）发芽；被提出”‎ ‎5. cut词组：cut across, cut back“削减；终止”， cut down“削减；减少”，cut in“插嘴，打断；加塞”，cut off“切断；中断，隔绝”，cut out“删掉；戒掉”，cut short“中断，打断；缩短”，cut through“穿过，穿透”，cut up“切碎，使难过”‎ ‎6. do词组：do a favour for sb, do a good deed, do away with, do good to, do harm to, do one’s best, do one’s homework / lessons, do some cleaning / cooking / shopping / washing …, do up“头发向上梳挽，收拾；整理”， do well in, do with, do without …“没有……也行”‎ ‎7. give词组：give away, give birth to, give back, give sb a hand, give in, give off“发出，放出（液体 / 气体 / 气味）”， give out“分发；用完，耗尽”，give sb a ring (phone / call), give up, give a concert, give a talk, give lessons to …, give sb some advece on …, give sb trouble, give the right time, give one’s time to …, give a shout of surprise, give permission ‎8. get词组：get along with, get away (from …), get back, get down“降下；下来；取下；吞下，使沮丧”， get down on one’s knees, get down to (doing) sth, get hold of, get in, get in a ‎ word“插话”， get in one’s way“挡路”，get in touch with, get into, get into trouble, get off, get on, get in well with …, get out, get out of, get over, get ready for, get rid of, get through, get to, get to know, get together, get up, get used to (doing) sth ‎9. go词组：go after / for, go against, go all out, go at / for, go back to, go bad, go ahead with, go ahead, go by, go down, go in for, go on, go out, go over, go through, go fishing, go shopping, go swimming, go with, go home, go out for a walk, go to sleep, go to college, go to hospital, go to school / work, go to bed, go to the cinema, go well“进行得好”‎ ‎10. have词组：have a break, have a cold, have a good laugh over, have a good time, have a letter from, have a look, have a table tennis match, have a meeting, have a rest, have a swim, have a rest, have a word with sb, have words with sb, have lunch, have one’s hair cut, have no choice but to …, have none of“不理会”， have sb doing …, have sb do …, have something / nothing to do with …, have on, have medicine, have sports ‎11. hold词组：hold up“举起……展示；支撑，继续下去；阻挡，使停顿；拦截，抢劫”， hold back“踌躇不前，抑制，阻碍，隐瞒”， hold on“（电话）别挂，等一等，坚持下去”， hold on to“抓住不放，抓牢”， hold one’s breath, hold ‎ out“坚持抵抗，维持，够用，伸出，提出”， hold to = stick to, catch hold of, get hold of, keep / lose hold of, take hold of ‎12. keep词组：keep a diary“记日记”， keep a child“抚养孩子”， keep back, keep busy doing sth, keep in touch with, keep (on) doing, keep fit, keep … from, keep … in mind“记住”， keep one’s word / promise, keep off the grass“勿踏草地”， keep a secret, keep out“不得如内”， keep … out“挡住，留在外面”， keep silent, keep the change“不用找（零）了”， keep up, keep up with, keep watch ‎13. look词组：look (a) round, look about“向四周观望”， look after, look ahead“向前看，为未来打算”， look at, look away (from …), look back, look behind, look down, look down on / upon, look for, look forward to, look into, look like …, look on, look on / upon …as …, look out, look over, look sb up and down, look through, look up, look up to ‎14. make词组：make a call, make a choice, make a decision, make a discovery, make a dive for …, make a face, make a fire, make a good effort, make a journey / trip, make a joke, make a living, make a mistake, make a noise, make a plan for …, make a promise, make a record, make a round trip“（乘车、船、飞机等）往返旅行”， make a sentence, make a speech, make a study, ‎ ‎ make a suggestion, make an answer, make an apology to, make an experiment, make enemies“树敌”， make frends with sb, make fun of, make no difference“无关重要，没有影响”， make one’s way, make out, make peace, make preparations for …, make progress, make repairs, make room for, make sense, make sure of, make sure / certain, make tea, make the bed, make the best / most of, make up, make up for …, make up of, make up one’s mind, make use of, make … from …, make … into …, make … of …, make … to one.s measure.‎ ‎15. put词组：put aside“储蓄；把……放在一边”， put away, put an end to, put back“把（钟）拨慢；推迟；阻碍”， put down“扑灭，平息，镇压；放下”， put forward, put into, put off, put on, put on weight, put out, put sb to bed“打发某人睡觉”， put sb to the trouble of, put up, put up with, put one’s heart into ‎16. run词组：run after, run across, run away, run down“撞倒，耗尽”， run at, run over“看一遍”， run off ‎17. send词组：send out, send up, send off / away, send for, send in“递送”‎ ‎18. set词组：set back“耽搁”， set forth“起程”， set out, set to“起劲地干起来”， be set in …, set about doing, set a diamond in a ring“在戒指上镶上钻石”， set off, set out to do, set …‎ ‎ doing“使……开始做”， set up, set fire (to), set sb free, set an example to sb ‎19. take词组：take A for B“把A认为是B”， take (an active) part in, take a look at …, take a message for …, take a picnic, take a picture / photo, take a seat, take an exam, take aim (at …), take away, take back, take care, take care of, take down, take great trouble to do sth, take in, take interest in, take it easy, take medicine“吃药”， take notes, take off“脱下；带走；营救；（飞机）起飞；取消；减价”， take on“雇用，招收，开始从事，呈现，具有”， take on a new look“呈现一派新面貌”， take one’s place, take one’s temperature, take one’s turn, take out, take over, take photos, take place, take pride in …, take sth by mistake, take the place of, take the side of, take turns, take up, take … as …, take … for example, take … for granted ‎20. turn词组：turn attention to“把注意力转向”， turn … into …, turn out (to be), turn away“走开；把脸转过去；把……打发走”， turn one’s back on, turn out“生产；驱逐；翻转”， turn on, turn off, turn into, turn in“转身进入；拐入；交出；上床睡觉；归还”， turn down“关小，调低；拒绝”， turn sb’s blood cold“使毛骨悚然”， turn against, by turns“轮流，交替”， take turns, on the turn“正在转变中”， turn back“（使）折回；（使）往回走”， turn around /‎ ‎ round, in turn, turn up, turn to, turn over