2020届二轮复习阅读理解中主旨大意题课件（47张）

2020届二轮复习阅读理解中主旨大意题课件（47张）

　主旨大意题 2020届二轮复习　阅读理解 A.方法帮·题型全突破 目录 CONTENTS 方法1 精确归纳标题的方法 方法2 概括文章大意的方法 方法3 总结段落大意的方法 B.考法帮·考情全揭秘 A.方法帮·题型全突破 题型突破 方法1 精确归纳标题的方法 方法2 概括文章大意的方法 方法3 总结段落大意的方法 一、题型概述 主旨大意题在阅读理解试题中所占比例及难度都相当大。主旨大意是 文章要表达的主要内容,是全文的核心,是作者在文章中努力通过各种细节 信息来阐明的中心话题。把握主旨大意对正确理解全文具有重要意义。 主旨大意题旨在考查考生对文章主旨大意的理解和概括能力。考题中 往往出现下列词语:subject,topic,theme,title,main idea等。 主旨大意题的设问特点可以大致归纳为以下两个: 1.就全文或某段的中心思想或主题提问。 2.就文章的标题提问。 英语 第三部分：阅读理解 题型突破 二、 选项特点 1.正确选项的特点 (1)通常不含细节信息和表示绝对意义的词。 (2)能概括文章或段落的主要内容。 2.干扰项的特点 (1)以偏概全。概括的范围过于狭窄,只阐述了文章的一部分内容(也就是文 章的局部信息)或文章主题的一个侧面。 (2)断章取义。以文章中的个别信息或个别字眼作为选项的内容,或者以次要 的事实或细节冒充全文的主要观点。 英语 第三部分：阅读理解 (3)主题扩大。归纳、概括的范围过大,超过文章实际所讨论的内容。 (4)似是而非。关键词好像在文章中提到了,但认真分析之后会发现它与文章 的内容毫无联系。 (5)张冠李戴。命题者有意把属于A的特征放在B上。 英语 第三部分：阅读理解 三、解题方法与步骤 做这类题时常用略读法。略读法是抓段落要点的捷径。找出各个段落 的主题句,然后把它们联系起来就很容易概括出文章的中心思想。 文章的标题是中心思想最精练的表达,标题要能概括文章的主题,范围 既不能过大也不能太片面。此外,在选择文章标题时,还应注意语言方面的 特点:精练、醒目、含义深刻等。 做题时要注意以下步骤: 1.先看问题,看题目是否和主旨、标题相关。 2.略读各个段落,找出主题句,要特别注意首尾两段。 3.联系主题句,概括主旨或标题。 英语 第三部分：阅读理解 方法1 精确归纳标题的方法 1.归纳标题类题目的常见设问形式 ①Which is the best title for this passage? ②Which of the following can be the best title for this passage? ③The title that best expresses the idea of the passage is 　　　. ④The most suitable title of this passage is 　　　. ⑤What would be the most suitable title for the text? ⑥The suitable headline of this passage may be　　　. 2.做题方法 (1)要想正确解题,首先要了解标题的基本特点:浓缩性强,多为一个短语;涵盖 面广,一般要求能覆盖全文;精确度高,不能随意改变文章的内容及要点信息。 (2)选定标题的基本原则 ①要在阅读原文的基础上,仔细考虑所给选项与文章主题是否有密切的联系。 ②看它对文章的概括是否准确,覆盖面是否够广。 注意避免下列三种错误: a.概括不够(多表现为以部分代替整体,从而导致范围太小); b.过度概括(多表现为刻意扩大范围); c.以具体细节代替主旨大意。 英语 第三部分：阅读理解 (3)选定标题的四大标准: 精——概括文章中心思想的语言要精练。 准——注意文章的内涵和外延,作者的观点表达得要准确。 统——标题要能统领文章的细节信息。 新——标题要新颖,对读者有吸引力,能激发读者的阅读兴趣。 英语 第三部分：阅读理解 典例1　[2016上海,C]Enough "meaningless drivel". That’s the message from a group of members of the UK government who have been examining how social media firms like LinkedIn gather and use social media data. The House of Commons Science and Technology Committee’s report, released last week, has blamed firms for making people sign up to long incomprehensible legal contracts and calls for an international standard or kitemark (认证标记) to identify sites that have clear terms and conditions. "The terms and conditions statement that we all carelessly agree to is meaningless drivel to anyone," says Andrew Miller, the chair of the committee. Instead, he says, firms should provide a plain-English version of their terms. The 英语 第三部分：阅读理解 simplified version would be checked by a third party and awarded a kitemark if it is an accurate reflection of the original. It is not yet clear who would administer the scheme, but the UK government is looking at introducing it on a voluntary basis. "We need to think through how we make that work in practice," says Miller. Would we pay any more attention to a kitemark? "I think if you went and did the survey, people would like to think they would," says Nigel Shadbolt at the University of Southampton, UK, who studies open data. "We do know people worry a lot about the inappropriate use of their information." But what would happen in practice is another matter, he says. 英语 第三部分：阅读理解 Other organisations such as banks ask customers to sign long contracts they may not read or understand, but Miller believes social media requires special attention because it is so new. "We still don’t know how significant the long- term impact is going to be of unwise things that kids put on social media that come back and bite them in 20 years’ time," he says. Shadbolt, who gave evidence to the committee, says the problem is that we don’t know how companies will use our data because their business models and uses of data are still evolving. Large collections of personal information have become valuable only recently, he says. 英语 第三部分：阅读理解 The shock and anger when a social media firm does something with data that people don’t expect, even if users have apparently given permission, show that the current situation isn’t working. If properly administered, a kitemark on terms and conditions could help people know what exactly they are signing up to. Although they would still have to actually read them. 77. Which of the following is the best title of the passage? A. Say no to social media? B. New security rules in operation! C. Accept without reading? D. Administration matters! 英语 第三部分：阅读理解 解析　考查标题归纳。在现在的网站或者社交媒体软件中,我们注册用户名 或安装时,总会有一些合同或条约让我们签署。很多人从来都没有详细阅读 这些合同条款就签名了。文章就此话题展开讨论,作者提出我们应该仔细阅 读条款内容,然后签名。故C项"Accept without reading?"符合文章中心思想。 其余三项与文章内容不贴切。 答案　C 英语 第三部分：阅读理解 方法2 概括文章大意的方法 1.文章大意类题目的常见设问形式 ①Which of the following best states the theme of the passage? ②The main purpose of this article is to show that 　　　. ③Which is the main topic/idea of this passage? ④What does this passage mainly deal with? ⑤The main/general idea of this passage is 　　　. ⑥The writer wants to tell us that　　　. ⑦The passage is mainly about/mainly focuses on 　　　. ⑧What is mainly described in the text? ⑨Which of the following can best summarize this passage? ⑩What’s the subject discussed in this passage? 2.做题方法 每篇文章都会有一个中心,获取文章中心思想的有效方法就是辨认主题句。 主题句具有简洁、概括性强等特点,起着统领全文的作用,文中的所有事实、 细节都是为主题句服务的。主题句常出现在文章的首段或结尾段。因此,我 们要特别注意文章的首段和结尾段。有的文章没有主题句,中心思想隐含在 文章中,比如故事类题材的文章,这需要我们对文章的事实细节进行分析、 归纳和推断,从而概括出文章大意。 英语 第三部分：阅读理解 易错警示： 主题句定位法 "主题句定位法"是解答主旨大意题的一种行之有效的方法。有些文章 有明确的主题句,对于这类文章,寻找主题句多采用浏览法。浏览时,一般不 用逐句细看,只要选读文章的首段、尾段,或每段的首句和尾句等,重点搜索 与主题相关的信息。主题句的位置一般有以下几种: 英语 第三部分：阅读理解 1.主题句出现在文首。文章开门见山,给出了主题句,随之用细节对其进行解 释、支撑。 2.主题句出现在文末。文章先表述细节,之后在文末归纳概括出主题。 3.主题句首尾呼应。为突出主题,作者先提出主题,结尾时再次升华主题。 4.主题句出现在文章的中间。文章首先提出问题,对问题进行描述,讨论之后 在文章的中间部分给出主题句,而后又做进一步的解释。 英语 第三部分：阅读理解 典例2　[2017丙卷(全国III),C]After years of heated debate, gray wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park. Fourteen wolves were caught in Canada and transported to the park. By last year, the Yellowstone wolf population had grown to more than 170 wolves. Gray wolves once were seen here and there in the Yellowstone area and much of the continental United States, but they were gradually displaced by human development. By the 1920s, wolves had practically disappeared from the Yellowstone area. They went farther north into the deep forests of Canada, where there were fewer humans around. The disappearance of the wolves had many unexpected results. Deer and elk 英语 第三部分：阅读理解 populations — major food sources (来源) for the wolf — grew rapidly. These animals consumed large amounts of vegetation (植被), which reduced plant diversity in the park. In the absence of wolves, coyote populations also grew quickly. The coyotes killed a large percentage of the park’s red foxes, and completely drove away the park’s beavers. As early as 1966, biologists asked the government to consider reintroducing wolves to Yellowstone Park. They hoped that wolves would be able to control the elk and coyote problems. Many farmers opposed the plan because they feared that wolves would kill their farm animals or pets. 英语 第三部分：阅读理解 The government spent nearly 30 years coming up with a plan to reintroduce the wolves. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service carefully monitors and manages the wolf packs in Yellowstone. Today, the debate continues over how well the gray wolf is fitting in at Yellowstone. Elk, deer, and coyote populations are down, while beavers and red foxes have made a comeback. The Yellowstone wolf project has been a valuable experiment to help biologists decide whether to reintroduce wolves to other parts of the country as well. 英语 第三部分：阅读理解 8.What is the text mainly about? A. Wildlife research in the United States. B. Plant diversity in the Yellowstone area. C. The conflict between farmers and gray wolves. D. The reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone Park. 解析　考查主旨大意。纵观全文可知,本文主要讲的是将灰狼重新引入黄 石国家公园的原因以及这一举措的成效。 答案　D 英语 第三部分：阅读理解 方法3 总结段落大意的方法 1.段落大意题的常见设问形式 ①The main idea of the second paragraph probably is that 　　　. ②What is the last paragraph chiefly concerned with? ③What does the writer try to express in Paragraph 3? ④Which of the following can best summarize Paragraph 1? ⑤What’s the main idea discussed in the first paragraph? 2.做题方法 　　每个段落通常都有一个中心,段落主题句通常会出现在段落的首句或尾 句,有时也会在中间。在阅读中应尽量利用有关信息确定主题句的位置。 一般说来,采用归纳法写的段落,主题句出现在段尾; 采用演绎法写的段落,主 题句出现在段首;若段落按照"特殊 → 一般→ 特殊"的方式来写,主题句可能 出现在段落的中间。有时,段落中没有出现主题句,考生要学会根据段落的 内容概括出主题句。 典例3　 [2017江西赣中南五校高三一模,C]In 1988, a company in Ohio invented an alcohol-based hand cleaner, which was meant to be used by health- care worker, when soap and water were unavailable. Joe Kanfer, the company’s C. E. O., told me recently, "There were a couple of other alcohol products out there, but they were really ugly. Either they were greasy (油腻的) or they burned your hands white." Kanfer took a year and a half to develop this product which 英语 第三部分：阅读理解 is visually appealing and does almost no harm to one’s skin. Still, Kanfer lost money on it for more than a decade because people couldn’t get what it was for. The product was called Purell. Today, you see it everywhere. My doctor uses it several times during every office visit. You can hear it in almost every office in the U. S. and school picnics would be impossible without it. The former president Grorge W.Bush was called a racist for using hand cleaner after first shaking hands with Barack Obama, but Bush also gave some of it to Obama and recommended it as a cold preventative (预防药). What was once barely even a product is now a growing product category, worth hundreds of millions per year. ... 英语 第三部分：阅读理解 29.What does Paragraph 2 mainly talk about? A.Purell brings in lots of money for Kanfer. B.Purell has been widely used in the US. C.Purell is a cold preventative. D.Purell meets different needs. 解析　考查段落大意。由第二段中的"The product was called Purell. Today, you see it everywhere."以及下文的举例可以看出本段主要讲的是这种产品的 广泛用途。 答案　B 英语 第三部分：阅读理解 B.考法帮·考情全揭秘 　　近几年高考阅读理解中出现的主旨大意题以标题归纳题和文章大意题 为主,段落大意题偶有出现。虽然这类题目的难度较大,但一旦掌握其对应 的做题方法(前文已讲),难题便迎刃而解。 英语 第三部分：阅读理解 Passage 1[2017乙卷(全国Ⅰ),C] 体裁:说明文　话题:爵士乐　词数:325　难度:★★★　 建议时间:6分钟 Some of the world’s most famous musicians recently gathered in Paris and New Orleans to celebrate the first annual International Jazz Day. UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) recently set April 30 as a day to raise awareness of jazz music, its significance, and its potential as a unifying (联合) voice across cultures.1 英语 第三部分：阅读理解 ▶本文信息量大,长句多,语言活, 学生的背景知识支撑不足,所以 阅读障碍较大。 在此情况下,要把握文章的主旨 大意,快捷有效的办法就是梳理 文章结构。可以通过提取关键 信息,概括段落大意,初步勾勒 出全文的面貌,从而归纳出文章 大意。也可以用逆向推理法加 以验证。根据选项,设想如果以 此为题,文章内容该如何展开。 然后与文章的实际内容、结构 相比对,选出最佳选项。 ▶难句突破 1. 本句中raise awareness of意 为"提升对……的认识"。its significance, its potential和jazz music并列,三者都作介词of的 宾语。as引起的介词短语是方 式状语。 本句意为:联合国教科文组织最 近将4月30日定为爵士乐日,以 提升对爵士乐、其重要性以及 其作为跨文化的统一声音的潜 力的认识。 Despite the celebrations, though, in the U.S. the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older, and the music has failed to connect with younger generations.2 　 It’s Jason Moran’s job to help change that. As the Kennedy Center’s artistic adviser for jazz, Moran hopes to widen the audience for jazz, make the music more accessible, and preserve its history and culture. 英语 第三部分：阅读理解 2. 本句是一个由and连接的 并列句。第一个分句中的 though是副词,承接上段,表 示"不过,可是,然而"。 Despite也表示"尽管",表示 让步。第二个分句fail to do...表示"未能……"。 本句意为:不过,尽管有各种 庆祝活动,美国爵士乐听众 的数量在继续缩减并趋于 老龄化,并且音乐不能引起 年轻一代的共鸣。 "Jazz seems like it’s not really a part of the American appetite," Moran tells National Public Radio’s reporter Neal Conan. "What I’m hoping to accomplish is that my generation and younger start to reconsider and understand that jazz is not black and white anymore. It’s actually color, and it’s actually digital.“ Moran says one of the problems with jazz today is that the entertainment aspect of the music has been lost. "The music can’t be presented today the way it was in 1908 or 1958. It has to continue to move, because the way the world works is not the same," says Moran. 英语 第三部分：阅读理解 Last year, Moran worked on a project that arranged Fats Waller’s music for a dance party, "just to kind of put it back in the mind that Waller is dance music as much as it is concert music," says Moran. "For me, it’s the recontextualization. In music, where does the emotion (情感 ) lie? Are we, as humans, gaining any insight (感悟) on how to talk about ourselves and how something as abstract as a Charlie Parker record gets us into a dialogue about our emotions and our thoughts? 英语 第三部分：阅读理解 Sometimes we lose sight that the music has a wider context," says Moran, "so I want to continue those dialogues. Those are the things I want to foster.” 英语 第三部分：阅读理解 28.Why did UNESCO set April 30 as International Jazz Day?　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 A. To remember the birth of jazz. B. To protect cultural diversity. C. To encourage people to study music. D. To recognize the value of jazz. 29.What does the underlined word "that" in paragraph 3 refer to? A. Jazz becoming more accessible. B. The production of jazz growing faster. C. Jazz being less popular with the young. D. The jazz audience becoming larger. 英语 第三部分：阅读理解 30.What can we infer about Moran’s opinion on jazz? A. It will disappear gradually. B. It remains black and white. C. It should keep up with the times. D. It changes every 50 years. 31.Which of the following can be the best title for the text? A. Exploring the Future of Jazz B. The Rise and Fall of Jazz C. The Story of a Jazz Musician D. Celebrating the Jazz Day 【答案与解析】　本文是一篇有关文化现象的说明文,介绍举办爵士乐日的 宗旨、当前爵士乐面临的挑战以及如何让爵士乐重新流行的设想。 英语 第三部分：阅读理解 28.D　考查细节理解。根据第一段第二句"UNESCO( United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) recently set April 30 as a day to raise awareness of jazz music, its significance, and its potential as a unifying (联合) voice across cultures."可知,联合国教科文组织近来把4月30日设立为 爵士乐日,旨在增强人们对爵士乐价值的认识。故选D。 29.C　考查词义猜测。根据语境可知,画线词that指代上段"Despite the celebrations, though, in the U.S. the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older, and the music has failed to connect with younger generations."的内容,即 爵士乐听众的数量减少并且趋于老龄化,不受年轻人喜欢的现状。 英语 第三部分：阅读理解 30.C　考查推理判断。根据第五段的内容,尤其是"It has to continue to move, because the way the world works is not the same"可知,由于时代在改变,人们的 娱乐方式已经发生改变,所以爵士乐应该随着时代改变,这样才能吸引更多 的人。 31.A　考查主旨大意。本文介绍了为保护爵士乐,联合国教科文组织设立爵 士乐日。根据全文内容,尤其是第三至第六段中提到的Jason Moran对爵士乐 的看法及希望可知,A项"探索爵士乐的未来"作为本文标题最佳。 英语 第三部分：阅读理解 Passage 2[2016乙卷(全国Ⅰ),D] 体裁:说明文　话题:沉默在不同文化中的含义　词数:322　 难度:★★★　建议时间:6分钟 　　The meaning of silence varies among cultural groups. Silences may be thoughtful, or they may be empty when a person has nothing to say. A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness, uneasiness, or worry. Silence may be viewed by some cultural groups as extremely uncomfortable; therefore attempts may be made to fill every gap(间隙)with conversation. Persons in other cultural 英语 第三部分：阅读理解 ▶35题为标题归 纳题,做这道题 时可以根据上文 讲到的选定标题 的四大标准"精 ""准""统""新"来 解。 groups value silence and view it as necessary for understanding a person’s needs. Many Native Americans value silence and feel it is a basic part of communicating among people, just as some traditional Chinese and Thai persons do. Therefore, when a person from one of these cultures is speaking and suddenly stops, what may be implied(暗示)is that the person wants the listener to consider what has been said before continuing. In these cultures, silence is a call for reflection. 英语 第三部分：阅读理解 ▶难句突破 句式分析:when a person from one of these cultures is speaking and suddenly stops 是时间状语从句;what may be implied是主语从句,what 在主语从句中作主语;that the person wants the listener to consider what has been said before continuing是表 语从句,表语从句中含有宾 语从句what has been said before continuing,what在宾 语从句中作主语。 句意:所以当一个来自这些 文化之一的人在讲话时突 然停住了,可能那个人是在 继续(讲话)之前暗示听众去 思考他之前说了什么。 Other cultures may use silence in other ways, particularly when dealing with conflicts among people or in relationships of people with different amounts of power. For example, Russian, French, and Spanish persons may use silence to show agreement between parties about the topic under discussion. However, Mexicans may use silence when instructions are given by a person in authority rather than be rude to that person by arguing with him or her. In still another use, persons in Asian cultures may view silence as a sign of respect, particularly to an elder or a person in authority. 英语 第三部分：阅读理解 　　Nurses and other care-givers need to be aware of the possible meanings of silence when they come across the personal anxiety their patients may be experiencing. Nurses should recognize their own personal and cultural construction of silence so that a patient’s silence is not interrupted too early or allowed to go on unnecessarily. A nurse who understands the healing(治愈) value of silence can use this understanding to assist in the care of patients from their own and from other cultures. 英语 第三部分：阅读理解 32.What does the author say about silence in conversations? A.It implies anger. B.It promotes friendship. C.It is culture-specific. D.It is content-based. 33.Which of the following people might regard silence as a call for careful thought? A.The Chinese. B.The French. C. The Mexicans. D. The Russians. 英语 第三部分：阅读理解 34.What does the author advise nurses to do about silence? A.Let it continue as the patient pleases. B.Break it while treating patients. C.Evaluate its harm to patients. D.Make use of its healing effects. 35.What may be the best title for the text? A.Sound and Silence B.What It Means to Be Silent C.Silence to Native Americans D.Speech Is Silver; Silence Is Gold 英语 第三部分：阅读理解 【答案与解析】　文章简单介绍了沉默在不同文化里所代表的含义以及沉 默的治疗价值等内容。 32.C　考查推理判断。根据第一段中的第一句和第三句"A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness, uneasiness, or worry."(某一谈话中 的沉默可能也表示倔强、不安或者担忧)可知,silence in conversations具有文 化特异性。故选C。 33.A　考查细节理解。根据第二段中的"Many Native Americans value silence and feel it is a basic part of communicating among people, just as some traditional Chinese and Thai persons do. Therefore, when a person from one of these cultures is speaking and suddenly stops, what may be implied(暗示) is that 英语 第三部分：阅读理解 the person wants the listener to consider what has been said before continuing."可知, 中国人可能认为一个人在谈话时突然停顿是希望听话人去仔细思考。故选A。 34.D　考查细节理解。根据最后一段,尤其是最后一句"A nurse who understands the healing(治愈) value of silence can use this understanding to assist in the care of patients from their own and from other cultures."可知,护士应该充分利用沉默的治 愈价值。故选D。 35.B　考查主旨大意。通读全文可知,文章介绍了沉默在不同文化里所代表的含 义,故选B。文章未谈及Sound,所以A项不对;文章虽谈到了Silence to Native Americans,但这不是文章的中心内容,故排除C项;文章未涉及Speech Is Silver的内 容,所以D项也不对。 英语 第三部分：阅读理解 找新题，组好卷！智能筛选，一键成卷！ 强区名校，新题好卷，每日更新，智能选题，模板体例，3步成卷 自动查重，一键替换，难度自定，天星原创题库，好题随选随用! 免费组卷 www.wln100.com 2019《高考帮》增值PPT课件 查看更多 >