2020届二轮复习阅读理解解题技巧之细节理解解题指导

2020届二轮复习阅读理解解题技巧之细节理解解题指导

‎2020届二轮复习阅读理解解题技巧之细节理解解题指导 细节理解题是高考英语阅读理解考查的重点题型之一，其分值所占比例高达50%，所以如何拿下这“半壁江山”显得尤为重要。细节理解题主要考查考生对文章细节的理解，一般对文中已提到的事物、现象或理论进行发问，通过语句的同义或反义转换来考查考生对语篇的理解能力。它们大都是根据文章中的具体信息如事实、例证、原因、过程、论述等进行提问的。有些问题可以在文章中直接找到答案，有些则需要我们在理解的基础上将有关内容系统化才能找到，比如计算、排序、是非判断、图形比较等。‎ 常见的命题方式通常有：‎ ‎1.特殊疑问句形式。以when, where, what, which, who, how much/many等疑问词开头引出的问题；‎ ‎2. 以是非题的形式。true /false, not true / false或EXCEPT；‎ ‎3. 以According to… 开头提问方式；‎ ‎4. 以填空题的形式，如：‎ ‎（1）To avoid attracting mountain lions, people are advised________ ‎ ‎（2）By the first sentence of the passage author means that_________‎ ‎5. 就文中数字、排序、识图等提问。‎ 答题技巧和策略 做细节理解题时，大多数学生易出现的问题是阅读速度太慢，缺乏一定的快速阅读技巧，考生要培养自己快速获取信息的能力。解答此类试题时，不必通篇细看原文，而常常可采取 “带着问题找答案”的方法．先从问题中抓住关键性词语。然后以此为线索。要快速地辨认和记忆事实或细节，就要恰当地运用略读及查读的技巧快速在文章中寻找与此问题相关的段落、语句．仔细品味，对照比较．确定答案。除了运用扫读法(scanning)外，还可以兼用排除法．将“无此细节”和“与此细节相反”的选项排除。‎ 了解细节题干扰选项的特点也有助于考生提高答题的正确率。一般情况下，干扰项有如下几个特点：（1）是原文信息，但不是题目要求的内容；（2）符合常识，但不是文章内容；（3）与原文的内容极其相似，只是在程度上有些变动；（4）在意思上与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反；（5）部分正确，部分错误。‎ 有的细节理解题只要直接辨认不要求读者对客观的事实作出解释或判断，只要求从阅读材料中直接获取信息。同时还要求读者记住重要细节，在必要的时候（做判断、推断或结论的时候）能够准确而迅速地将他们回忆起来。解此类题要求考生快速抓住原文中的关键信息，直接得出答案，但要注意往往答案与原文中的语句并非一模一样，而是用不同的词语或句型结构表达相同的意思。有的细节理解题就需要通过有关词语和句子的转换。利用主要事实、图表、图形来获取信息，然后利用因果、类比、时间、空间等关系将零碎的细节经过一系列加工、整理，方能做出正确的判断．此类试题在高考中占大多数。‎ 值得一提的是，有时原文中的信息可能只是一个短语，甚至一个单词，因此需要我们在阅读中特别仔细才能捕捉到真正有用的信息。‎ 细节理解题大致有如下几种常考题型：‎ ‎【设题方式】‎ 细节理解题常见的命题方式有以下几种： ‎ ‎1．Which of the following is NOT included/mentioned in the passage? ‎ ‎2．Which of the following(sentences/statements)is NOT true according to the passage? ‎ ‎3．According to the/auther passage，all of the following are true except/but________． ‎ ‎4．The author mentions all of the following except________． ‎ ‎5．In the passage，the author states that ________． ‎ ‎6．以when ,in which year ,how many/much 等疑问词开头引出问题。According to the passage，when(where，why，how，who，etc.)．.. ‎ ‎7．Which of the following is the correct order of...?‎ ‎8． What is the right order of the events ?‎ 下面这些线索词能够反映句子间的逻辑关系。如：because，since，for，as 等表示因果关系；after，first，next，later，meantime等表示时间关系；above，below，behind，in front of 等表示方位关系；but，on the contrary，on the other hand 等表示转折或相对关系；furthermore，what’s more 等表示递进关系；for instance，for example，such as 等表示例证关系。这些表示逻辑关系的词语能为考生解答细节题提供重要的线索，考生要特别注意.‎ ‎1．利用“跳读法”和“定位法” ‎ 做细节题目，无需通篇细看全文，应带着问题找答案，通过跳读迅速定位与题目相关的信息，然后对选项与原文进行信息加工比对，准确确定答案。‎ Opera at Music Hall：1243 Elm Street.The season runs June through August, with additional performances in March and September.The Opera honors Enjoy the Arts membership discounts.Phone：241－2742.http：//www.cityopera.com. ‎ Chamber Orchestra: The Orchestra plays at Memorial Hall at 1406 Elm Street, which offers several concerts from March through June.Call 723－1182 for more information.http：//www.chamberorch.com. ‎ Symphony Orchestra: At Music Hall and Riverbend.For ticket sales, call 381－3300.Regular season runs September through May at Music Hall and in summer at Riverbend.http：//www.symphony.org/home.asp College Conservatory of Music (CCM) ：Performances are on the main campus (校园) of the university, usually at Patricia Cobbett Theater.CCM organizes a variety of events, including performances by the well－known LaSalle Quartet, CCM's Philharmonic Orchestra, and various groups of musicians presenting Baroque through modern music. Students with ID cards can attend the events for free.A free schedule of events for each term is available by calling the box office at 556－4183.http：//www.ccm.uc.edu/events/calendar.‎ ‎1．Which number should you call if you want to see an opera?‎ A．241－2742. B．723－1182. C．381－3300. D．232－6220. ‎ 解析：A 根据第一则信息“Opera at Music Hall”及本段中的细节“The Opera honors Enjoy the Arts membership discounts.Phone：241－‎2742”‎可知答案。 ‎ ‎2．When can you go to a concert by Chamber Orchestra?‎ A．February. B．May. C．August. D November. ‎ 解析：B 根据第二则信息“Chamber Orchestra”并结合“which offers several concerts from March through June”的描述可知，四个选项中只有五月在此时间范围内。‎ ‎3．Where can students go for free performances with their ID cards?‎ A．Music Hall. B．Memorial Hall.‎ C．Patricia Cobbett Theater. D．Riverbend Music Theater. ‎ 解析：C 根据第四则信息“College Conservatory of Music (CCM) ”中的首句“Performances are on the main campus (校园) of the university，usually at Patricia Cobbett Theater”及下文中的“Students with ID cards can attend the events for free”可知答案。 ‎ ‎2．利用“顺藤摸瓜”法 ‎ 题干中的关键词为“藤”，文中的答案信息为“瓜”。“顺藤摸瓜”法，就是根据题干中的关键词 (“藤”) 到文中去找相同或相似的关键词句 (“藤”) ，然后顺着这根“藤”找到答案信息 ‎ (“瓜”) 。一般来说“瓜”多在“藤”后面，若后面的信息不是“瓜”，我们就往“藤”前去摸。‎ 短文中的“瓜”与选项中的“瓜”一般不会完全相同，而是以同义或近义表达出现。‎ A new collection of photos brings an unsuccessful Antarctic voyage back to life.‎ Frank Hurley's pictures would be outstanding—undoubtedly first－rate photo－journalism—if they had been made last week.In fact, they were shot from 1914 through 1916，most of them after a disastrous shipwreck (海难) ，by a cameraman who had no reasonable expectation of survival.Many of the images were stored in an ice chest, under freezing water, in the damaged wooden ship.‎ ‎33．What do we know about the photos taken by Hurley?‎ A．They were made last week.‎ B．They showed undersea sceneries.‎ C．They were found by a cameraman.‎ D．They recorded a disastrous adventure. ‎ 解析：D 根据第二段第二句话“In fact，they were shot from 1914 through 1916，most of them after a disastrous shipwreck (海难) ”可知，这些照片记录了一次灾难性的冒险，故选D项。 ‎ ‎3．利用加减乘除法 ‎ 此法来解决数学计算类题目，做此类题要审清题目，弄清问题，比对原文中的数字和单位，不要忽略任何信息，一般再通过简单的加减乘除便可知答案。‎ Across Britain, burnt toast will be served to mothers in bed this morning as older sons and daughters rush to deliver their supermarket bunches of flowers. But, according to a new study, we should be placing a higher value on motherhood all year.‎ Mothers have long known that their home workload was just as heavy as paid work. Now, the new study has shown that if they were paid for their parental labours, they would earn as much as$‎172,000 a year.‎ The study looked at the range of jobs mothers do, as well as the hours they are working, to determine the figure. This would make their yearly income ￡30,000 more than the Prime Minister earns. ‎ ‎38．How much would a mother earn a year if working as the Prime Minister?‎ A．￡30,000. B．￡142,000.‎ C．￡172,000. D．￡202,000. ‎ 解析：B 根据文章的they would earn as much as$‎172,000 a year.以及This would make their yearly income ￡30,000 more than the Prime Minister earns.可知，总理的工资是172000－30000＝142000。故选择B。‎ ‎4．利用“排除法” ‎ 此法用来解决正误判断题，这类题型相对信息量大，误导性强，考查学生分析问题的能力更为突出，在排除选项时一定做到准确无误。仔细揣摩文中信息与选项信息的吻合性。‎ ‎(2016·四川高考A) ‎ Basketball Statistician Help Wanted ‎ The Athletic Department is looking for students to help assist staff during the Fall 2016, Winter 2016－17 and Spring 2017 semesters.Students in this position will be keeping live statistics during basketball games.Students must meet all of the following requirements： ‎ ‎•Good computer skills ‎ ‎•Available evenings and weekends ‎ ‎•Knowing basketball rules and statistics ‎ Students interested in working for the Athletic Department should contact the Athletic Coordinator at their respective (各自的) campuses. ‎ ‎•TP/SS Athletic Coordinator, Michael Simone,240－567－1308 ‎ ‎•Rockville Athletic Coordinator, Jorge Zuniga,240－567－7589 ‎ ‎•Springfield Athletic Coordinator, Gary Miller,240－567－2273‎ ‎•Germantown Athletic Coordinator, Gavri Chavan, 240－567－6915‎ ‎22．Who is more likely to get the job?‎ A．Sam，English major，member of the college basketball team.‎ B．Judy，IT staff with night classes，children's basketball team coach.‎ C．Ted，computer major, basketball fan，free on evenings and weekends.‎ D．Molly，part－time programmer，high school basketball player，new mother. ‎ 解析：C 根据文中的招聘条件“Good computer skills”；“Available evenings and weekends”；“Knowing basketball rules and statistics”可知，Ted满足条件，更有可能会得到这个工作。‎ 技巧点拨 ‎1.无论哪种细节题目，所选答案必须与原文主题保持一致。‎ ‎2．该题型正确选项与干扰项的特点如下：‎ ‎(1) 正确选项的特点 ‎ ‎①对原文句子中的关键词进行替换。把原文中的一些词换成意义相近的词，变成正确选项。 ‎ ‎②词性或者语态的变化。把原文中的一些词变换一下词性，或者改变原文句子的语态，给考生制造障碍。 ‎ ‎③语言简化。把原文中的复杂语言现象进行简化，变成正确选项。 ‎ ‎④正话反说。把原文中的意思反过来表达，变成正确选项 (适用于寻找错误选项的题目) 。‎ ‎(2) 干扰项的特点 ‎ ‎①将原文内容扩大或缩小。把原文中的限定词去掉或替换，使该选项看似正确，实际上却是错误选项。 ‎ ‎②把未然当已然。改变文中某句话的时态，如把将来时变成现在时，把未发生的事情当成已发生的事情。 ‎ ‎③无中生有。即选项内容是根据主观想像或推测得出的结论，而文中并未涉及。 ‎ ‎④偷换概念。把原来做该事的“张三”换成“李四”，而所述细节却与原文一致，一不小心就会误选。 ‎ ‎⑤文不对题。这类选项最不容易辨别，选项中的描述与原文完全一致，确实属于原文中的一个细节，这时要回到题干，看该选项是否能回答题干所提的问题。 ‎ ‎⑥符合常识，但不是文章内容。 ‎ ‎⑦部分正确，部分错误。‎ 专项训练 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中，选出最佳选项。‎ A Two years ago my grandmother was going to turn 75.My family discussed what the best way to celebrate was.Should we throw her a party？Should we take her on a trip？We remembered that she had touched so many people’s lives，and there were so many people for her to consider.Then someone got the idea that we should include everyone in the celebration by turning it into a tribute(献礼) to my grandmother.‎ We secretly sent out letters to the people in grandmother’s address book and asked them to send a letter with a memory that they had shared with her.People sent us letters with poems，stories and pictures.The deep feeling that was shared through the response surprised us.We compiled(编纂) these letters into a memory book and amazed her with it on the morning of her birthday.‎ The unusual thing about my grandmother’s friends was not the number that she had，but the connection they shared.In many ways this book of friendship was the greatest achievement of my grandmother’s life.‎ I believe that developing true friendships is one of the most important things that anyone can do in one’s lifetime.It is not a matter of the number of friends one has，but the quality of the bonds.If one has had at least one true friendship before dying，then one can say he has lived a successful life.I have made many friends and I believe I have begun to develop the same types of friendships my grandmother kept up over her lifetime.I only hope that I will be as successful as she has been.‎ ‎1．How did the author’s family celebrate the grandmother’s birthday?‎ A．They took her on a trip across the country.‎ B．They gave her a memory book of friendship.‎ C．They invited all her friends to her birthday party.‎ D．They asked all her friends to send her cards.‎ ‎2．When receiving her birthday gift，the author’s grandmother probably felt__________ .‎ A．disappointed and lonely B．sorry and sad C．surprised and pleased D．nervous and excited ‎3．The underlined word “bonds” in the last paragraph probably means “ ”.‎ A．connections B．works C．successes D．celebrations ‎4．According to the passage，the author probably agrees that__________.‎ A．the more friends you have，the better B．friends are more important than family C．understanding leads to greater success D．true friendship is very important to us ‎【答案解析】‎ ‎1．B [细节理解题。根据第二段中的“We secretly sent out letters to the people in grandmother’s address book...”和“We compiled(编纂) these letters into a memory book...”可知，B项正确。]‎ ‎2．C [推理判断题。根据第二段最后一句“We compiled(编纂) these letters into a memory book and amazed her with it on the morning of her birthday.”可推知，作者的奶奶在收到礼物时，既惊讶又开心。]‎ ‎3．A [词义猜测题。根据文章第三段第一句话“The unusual thing about my grandmother’s friends was not the number that she had，but the connection they shared.”可推知。connection联结，符合题意。]‎ ‎4．D [观点态度题。根据最后一段中的“I believe that developing true friendships is one of the most important things that anyone can do in one’s lifetime.”可推知，D项正确。]‎ B Americans think that travel is good for you.Some even think it can help with one of the country’s worst problemscrime(犯罪)．Crime worries a lot of people.Every year，the number of crimes is up and up.And many criminals are young.They often come from sad homes，with only ‎ one parent or no parents at all.‎ There are many young criminals in prison.But prison doesn’t change them.Six or seven in ten will go back to crime when they come out of prison.‎ One man，Bob Burton，thought of a new idea.In the old days，young men had to live a difficult life on the road.They learned to be strong and brave，and to help their friends in time of danger.This helped them to grow into men.So Bob started “Vision Quest”．He takes young criminals on a long，long journey with horses and wagons(马车)，3,000 miles through seven states.They are on the road for more than a year.‎ The young people on Vision Quest all have had problems.Most of them have already spent time in prison.This is their last chance.‎ It’s hard work on the road.The day starts before the sun comes up.The boys and girls have to feed the horses.Some of them have never loved anyone before.But they can’t love their horses enough.They also begin to love their partners.That love can help them to live a new life.‎ Not all the young people on Vision Quest will leave crime behind them.Three or four in ten will one day be in prison again.Bob Burton is right.Travel can be good for you.Even today，Americans still say，“Go west，young man.”‎ ‎5．In the last paragraph，the underlined phrase “leave crime behind them” means “ ”．‎ A．no longer do a crime B．leave people who do a crime C．do all the crimes D．leave criminals behind ‎6．Why is Bob Burton right?‎ A．Because he can help with crime.‎ B．Because three or four is better than six or seven.‎ C．Because the young criminals have a hard life on the road.‎ D．Because he can stop crime in the country.‎ ‎7．From the passage we may infer that________________ .‎ A．getting up before the sun rises can help people out of crime B．love can help young people to start a new life C．traveling can help all criminals out of prison D．being strong and brave can do with crime ‎8．On “Vision Quest”______________.‎ A．young people have bad problems B．young people grow tall very fast C．young people often help their friends in time of danger D．young people can do anything freely ‎ ‎【答案解析】‎ ‎5．A [词义猜测题。从最后一段中的“Three or four in ten will one day be in prison again.”可知，并不是所有参加Vision Quest的人都不再犯罪了。]‎ ‎6．B [推理判断题。原来出狱的人再次犯罪回到监狱的几率是十分之六、七，现在则成了十分之三、四，因此他是正确的。]‎ ‎7．B [推理判断题。从倒数第二段最后一句“That love can help them to live a new life.”可推知B项正确。]‎ ‎8．C [细节理解题。从倒数第二段最后两句“They also begin to love their partners.That love can help them to live a new life.”可知选C。] ‎ C We offer several distinct options for you to choose the ticket that suits you best.‎ TICKET TYPE DISCOUNT NOTES standard returns ‎20%‎ return within 60 days of outward trip same day returns ‎25%‎ ticket cannot be altered or refunded children ‎40%‎ children between 4 and 11‎ students ‎25%‎ student card must be shown senior citizens ‎25%‎ senior card must be shown groups (10—25 people)‎ ‎15%‎ discount on each section of the trip globetrotter tickets according to the tickets Railpass，Tourist Card ‎*Only one discount may apply to each fare.‎ CHANGES AND REFUNDS Tickets may be refunded not later than 5 minutes before the departure of the train for a charge of 15% of the ticket price，or the journey may be changed to another day for a charge of 10% of the ticket price.(Not applicable to same day returns.)‎ CHANGES FOR SAME DAY TRAVEL You may change your ticket once without charge for a journey on the same day as the original ticket.‎ INFORMATION OF INTEREST TO TRAVELLERS ‎·When you buy your ticket it is up to you to check that the dates and times of the journey on it are exactly as you requested.‎ ‎·Ticket control and access to each train platform will be open until 2 minutes before the departure of the train.‎ ‎·Each traveller may take one suitcase and one item of hand luggage.You may also check in 15kgs of luggage not later than 30 minutes before departure，at no extra charge.‎ ‎·If you would like to charter a train，or make reservations for over 25 passengers travelling together，call the Sales Department.‎ OUR TIMETABLE IS GUARANTEED If the arrival of your train at your destination is delayed by more than 5 minutes according to the timetable，we will refund the full price of your ticket if the delay is caused by our company.‎ ‎9．If an elderly person with a valid card buys a standardreturn ticket，he/she will receive at most a discount of__________ .‎ A．20% B．25% C．45% D．50%‎ ‎10．Which of the following statements is TRUE?‎ A．Same day returns can be changed to another day for a charge of 10% of the ticket price.‎ B．You can get your ticket price refunded if you are 2 minutes late for the train.‎ C．Travelers should ensure they are ready to board the train with at least 2 minutes to spare.‎ D．Extra money will be paid on checked luggage of 15 kgs an hour before departure.‎ ‎11．This passage is mainly written to__________ .‎ A．provide some information about train travel B．describe the policies of changes and refunds C．introduce the luggage allowance on the train D．compare the discounts of different ticket types ‎【答案解析】‎ ‎9．B [推理判断题。根据票价折扣表，老年人持有效证件可以打25%的折扣，标准往返票可以打20%的折扣；又根据表格下面星号后一句“Only one discount may apply to each fare.”可知，折扣不能叠加，因此至多能得到25%的折扣。故选B项。]‎ ‎10．C [推理判断题。根据小标题INFORMATION OF INTEREST TO TRAVELLERS下面的第二点“Ticket control and access to each train platform will be open until 2 minutes before the departure of the train.”可推断，乘客应该提前至少2分钟上车。故选C项。]‎ ‎11．A [主旨大意题。本文是应用文，为乘客提供乘坐火车的一些基本信息。故选A项。]‎