【英语】2018届人教版必修一一轮复习：Unit2Englisharoundtheworld教案设计（72页）

【英语】2018届人教版必修一一轮复习：Unit2Englisharoundtheworld教案设计（72页）

Unit 2 English around the world(共7部分)‎ The First Period Warming up and Reading ‎ ‎●从容说课 This is the first period of this unit.This period focuses on reading.In this lesson，there are a warming up and a passage of reading “The Road To Modern English”.This warming up attracts students’ attention to the phenomenon of world English.The reading passage tells us the present situation in which English is used and the development of English.To let students to form a good habit of reading and have proper reading strategies are one of the main tasks for senior middle school English teaching，so in this period，we should teach according to this aim.‎ In this lesson，students will have a general idea of the conception of world English by guessing some words on American English and Britain English.To arouse students’ interest，I’ll present them some typical funny stories about different kinds of English.This is to get the students ready for the reading part.Before reading the passage，students should first get familiar with the new words in the text to remove the barrier in reading.Then students are asked to guess what the text will tell us.This step is designed to train students ability to predict the content of a passage according the title.The next step is to ask students to have a general idea of the structure of the text with the purpose of improving the skill of skimming.After that，detailed reading follows.In the step，students will be asked to deal with the passage paragraph by paragraph in which they will have different tasks to finish such as true-or-false exercise，filling a form with information in the text and retelling.This step trains students’ scanning skill and conclusion skill.The last step for students is to discuss the topic “It is not necessary for we Chinese to learn English since we have our own elegant language”.This is to train students to read critically.Besides，it can arouse students’ interest in learning English.‎ ‎●三维目标 ‎1.Knowledge：‎ Master the words and phrases and get a view of the road to modern English.‎ ‎2.Ability：‎ Train students’ reading skill.‎ ‎3.Emotion：‎ Let students know more about English and inspire students to study English hard.‎ ‎●教学重点 The understanding and comprehension of the passage.‎ ‎●教学难点 ‎（1）How to get to master the useful words and expressions.‎ ‎（2）How to improve students’ ability to read an article.‎ ‎●教具准备 cassette recorder，some pieces of slide ‎●教学过程 Step 1 Greetings T：Good morning，boys and girls!‎ S：Good morning，teacher!‎ Step 2 Warming up T：English is a widely used language.Do you know in which countries English is spoken as their native language？‎ Sa：The US，the UK，Australia，Canada...‎ T：（a slide：Nancy：Oh，there you are.Now then，did you have a good flight？‎ Joe：Sure，we flew all the way direct from Seattle to London.‎ Nancy：You must be very tired.Did you sleep at all on the plane？‎ Joe：No，not really.I’m very tired.Could I use your bathroom？‎ Nancy：Why，of course.You don’t need to ask，just make yourself at home.Let me give you a clean towel.‎ Joe：A towel？‎ Nancy：Yes.Here you are.The bathroom is upstairs.It’s the second door on the left.‎ ‎（After a while）‎ Nancy：Have you found it？‎ Joe：Well，eh，yes，I mean no.I mean，I found the bathroom，but I didn’t find what I was looking for!） ‎ Here is a short dialogue.Read it and discuss with your partner：What is it that Joe can’t find in the bathroom？Why can’t he find it？‎ Sb：It is the toilet.‎ T：And why？‎ Sc：Perhaps when Joe says “bathroom”，he means a place，where there is a toilet.But in Nancy’s eyes，it is a place where people can only have a bath.‎ T：You are right.Do you know why there’s a misunderstanding between them？‎ Sd：Because they speak different kinds of English.‎ T：Great.There’s more than one kind of English in the world.In some important ways they’re different.They’re called world English.Can you guess what they include？‎ Se：Canadian，British，American，Australian and Indian English.‎ T：Right.So you know even two native speakers of English may still not speak the same kind of English.Look at the examples on P9.Now try to guess which of the following words are British English and which are American English.‎ Suggested answers：Am.English：mom；on a team；rubber；gas Br.English：mum；in a team；eraser；petrol Step 3 New Words T：From today on，we’ll learn something about English around the world.First of all，let’s get familiar with the new words.Yesterday I asked you to read the new words and look up the meaning of them.Now let’s have a game in which one of you tells us the meaning or the explanation of the words and the others guess which word it is.Let’s go!‎ Suggested explanation：‎ ‎1.include：have something or somebody as one of a group.‎ e.g.：The tour included a visit to the Science Museum.‎ ‎2.play a role in：have a part in ‎ ‎3.international：connected with two or more countries ‎4.native：（1）connected with the place where you have always lived or have lived for a long time ‎（2）a person who lives in a particular place，especially sb. who has lived there a long time ‎5.elevator：lift ‎6.flat：（1）having a smooth surface （2）（Br. E） a set of rooms for living in ‎7.apartment：（Am. E） a set of rooms for living in ‎8.modern：of the present time or recent time ‎9.come up：to move toward ‎ ‎10.culture：the customs and beliefs，art，way of life and social organization of a particular country or group ‎11.actually：really；in fact ‎12.present：（1）existing or happening now （2）being in a particular place ‎13.rule：control ‎14.vocabulary：all the phrases and phrases you learn ‎15.usage：the way in which words are used in a language ‎16.identity：who or what sb./sth. is ‎17.government：the group of people who are responsible for controlling a country or a state ‎18.rapidly：fast T：That’s great!You’ve made a good preparation.Now please read the words together.（show words and explanations on the slide）‎ Step 4 Pre-reading T：Just now，we’ve known that there’re many kinds of English in the world.Then why are there so many kinds？‎ Ss：We don’t know.‎ T：Anyway，we’ll find out the cause today.Now read the title of the passage “the road to modern English”.What do you think it will tell us？‎ Sf：I guess it will tell us the development of English.‎ Step 5 Skimming T：Now let’s find out whether your answer is right.So please read the passage fast in silence and find out the main idea of each paragraph.‎ Suggested answer：‎ Para.1：Brief introduction of the change in English.‎ Para.2：An example of different kinds of English.‎ Para.3：The development of English.‎ Para.4：English spoken in some other countries.‎ Step 6 Scanning T：You’ve mastered the structure of the passage.Now please read para.1 and 2 loud in detail.‎ T：（several minutes later） Have you finished？Here’re some statements of which some are right while some not.Read them and then tell whether they are true or false.If false，please find out the mistake and correct it.‎ ‎（slides：1.Most of the English speakers in the 16th century lived in England.‎ ‎2.More and more people use English as their first or 2nd language.‎ ‎3.The US has the largest number of English speakers.[来源:学+科+网]‎ ‎4.Native English speakers can understand everything because they speak the same kind of English.）‎ Sg：The first one is true.‎ Sh：The second one is true.‎ Si：The third one is false.China has the largest number of English speakers.‎ Sj：The fourth one is false.Native English speakers may not be able to understand everything because they do not speak the same kind of English.‎ T：You did a very good job.Now please read para.3 after the tape.And then fill in the form on the screen.‎ The Road To Modern English The cause：‎ Cultures communicate with one another Time Things that happened Between AD 450 and 1150‎ Based on German[来源:学科网ZXXK]‎ ‎1150 to 1500‎ Less like German； more like French→why？→because Frenchmen ruled England then In the 1600’s Shakespeare broadened the vocabulary.‎ A big change in English，giving its own identity→why？→caused by “American Dictionary of the English language” written by Noah Webster Later[来源:学,科,网Z,X,X,K]‎ British people brought English to Australia T：We know culture communication brings about changes in English.Can you think of any effect that Chinese has on English？‎ Sk：In English there are some Chinese words such as gongfu，long time no see，...‎ T：Great!With more closely communication of culture，English is changing more frequently.‎ T：As we all know，English is spoken as the native language mostly in western countries.Then what about English in some other parts of the world？After reading the last paragraph，would you please say something about the present situation of English in your own words？‎ Sl：It is also spoken as a foreign or 2nd language in many other countries.For example，in India，it is used for government and education.In some African and Asian countries，it is also spoken，such as in South Africa，Singapore and Malaysia.While in China，the number of English speakers is increasing fast.‎ T：Quite good.‎ Step 7 Discussion T：So far，we’ve known that English is becoming more and more important in China.It has been an important subject for Chinese students.But someone say that Chinese is a much more elegant language.So it is more important for us to master it and it is not so necessary for us to master a foreign language.Do you agree with this opinion and why？‎ Suggested answer：‎ I don’t agree with it.With the cultural communication becoming more and more frequent，the chance to contact foreigners，exported goods，international conferences，and so on，is more and more.As the most widely used language，English is regarded as the language used in most international situations.Thus，if we want to keep up with the times，we’d better master English and use it as a tool.‎ Step 8 Summary and homework T：Today we’ve learned an article on “the road to modern English”.After class，you should read it again and again to get the idea of the text further.Do the exercises of comprehending and try to tell your partner something about English in our own words.That’s all for today.Class is over.‎ ‎●板书设计 Unit 2 English around the world ‎ The First Period New words：Main idea of each para-graph：‎ ‎... ...‎ ‎... ...‎ ‎●活动与探究 This activity is to make research into differences between different kinds of world English and some words from other languages in English.‎ Divide students into two groups to do research and fill the following table in their free time.‎ Differences Pronunciation Spelling Meaning Usage ‎...‎ Words from other languages Chinese Japanese French Spanish German ‎...‎ ‎●备课资料 Soon There Will Be No Such Thing As “Wrong” English In this article：Senior Indian journalist Gautaman Bhaskaran says that English is so flexible that one day there will be too many variations around the world.‎ English is a victim of its own success.The other day The Times in London displayed a cartoon showing an excited schoolboy flaunting his test scores：“I done good in ‎ English.”Days later，editors of the Oxford Dictionary of English rued the spread of what they termed “greengrocer’s English”.Grammar and syntax，they regretted，were going out of fashion.‎ Others in England—in the Oxford University Press，the BBC and so on—said the incorrect use of cliches were marring the smooth flow of a great language whose ability to imbibe and absorb has been one important reason for its success.‎ This success also stems from the language’s unique position of being the only one spoken in most parts of the world.Really，English has no boundaries.Even in countries such as Japan and China，which were not colonized by Britain，English is making a determined “conquest”.‎ Unfortunately，such a conquest is not always welcome because a language sometimes doubles as a political weapon.At some point it ceases to be just a means of communication and English is a classic example of this.‎ It has always led a troubled life.It has been disliked，even hated，largely because the people who originally spoke English conquered，colonized and terrorized half the world，or just about.The animosity to the language continues，at least in some places.‎ The bitterness that the French，for instance，have for English is a good example of a language being giving a quasi-political role in society.‎ Fortunately，this aversion does not run as it did some years ago，and there is a growing realization that English is the lingua franca.China and Japan，among a host of other nations，have been making serious efforts to promote the language.‎ Some months ago there was a hue and cry in Singapore over the spread of “terrible English” which the authorities called “Singlish”.“Down with it!” they said，and urged Singaporeans to learn correct English，the phenomenal flexibility of which has often made things difficult for those who have to use it every day.‎ Today even university graduates find it hard to pen a couple of correct sentences in it.More horrifying is that many teachers and university vice-chancellors speak and write poor and ungrammatical English.Often，they are found to be out of touch with what is called “usage” and，as we all know，this is one of the pillars the language rests on.‎ Yet，despite the mess that English is in India，the nation has—more than two centuries after Samuel Johnson wrote his English dictionary—become the hottest destination for top lexicographers.‎ The new 10th revised edition of the Oxford Concise English Dictionary includes hundreds of Indian words.Leading the list of 600 Indian English entries are “Hindutva” （Hindu identity），“dada” （older brother），“panchayat” （local administration），“chai” （tea），“pani” （water），“puri” （a dish made of wheat） and “dosa”‎ ‎ （rice pancake）.In fact，Indian words from 20 per cent of entries and rank as the third-largest component after American and Australian English segments.Other former British colonies such as New Zealand，South Africa and the Caribbean islands follow the Indian English collection of words.‎ English，despite its hiccups，is endearing to the common Indian man or woman.About 150 years after Lord Macaulay introduced the language in India to create “babus” （clerks） for the British bureaucracy，70 million Indians speak English，a number that is higher than that in Britain.‎ However，there is a sneaking fear among Puritans that with this kind of spread，English may stop being English.While the French have fanatically preserved the purity of their language，the English have liberally allowed other influences to affect their lingo.So，what is seen as its strength—the fact that people all over the world understand it—can be an undermining obstacle.‎ There might be a serious problem if every state or continent were to have its own version of English.As one writer said：“There is a risk in relentless atomization.” With too many variations of the language，a time may come when one group of English-speaking people may not be able to understand another.This is happening.Hear the way Singaporeans speak English.Listen to the Australians pronouncing “e”；it sounds like “a”.‎ A few of the films made lately by British directors Ken Loach and Mike Leigh had to have subtitles in English.Accents in the north of Britain can be hard for people in the south to understand，let alone those outside the island.‎ The point is，no language must be allowed such flexibility—anything goes in the name of functional communication—that people begin to take liberties with it.Ultimately，there may be no such thing as wrong English.The schoolboy in the Times cartoon was doing just that.He knew nobody would scold him for getting his English wrong.‎ 不久以后就没有“错误的”英语这一说了 英语成了自身成功的牺牲品，前几天，伦敦的《泰晤士报》刊登了一幅漫画，上面画了一个兴高采烈的男学生炫耀他的考试成绩：“I done good in English”（我的英语成绩不错）。 几天后，《牛津英语词典》的编辑们对他们所定义的 “菜贩子讲的英语” 的传播大为悲叹。 他们感到遗憾的是， 语法和句法都过时了。‎ 其他一些在英国——牛津大学出版社、BBC（英国广播公司）等的人说：不正确地使用陈腐辞藻损害着一种伟大语言的流畅性，英语博采众长的能力是其成功的一个重要原因。‎ 英语的成功同样源自其独特的地位，它是在世界的大多数地区都使用的惟一一门语言。的确，英语没有国界。甚至在没有被英国所殖民过的国家，诸如中国和日本，英语正进行着决定性的“征服”。 ‎ 不幸的是， 这种征服不总是受到欢迎，因为一种语言有时会被兼作政治武器。有时候，语言不再仅仅是一种沟通的工具，而英语又是这种情况的一个经典范例。‎ 英语总是摆脱不掉困扰。它曾不受人喜欢，甚至遭人厌恶过。主要是因为最初讲英语的人征服、殖民和胁迫了世界的一半地区，或者说将近一半地区。 对英语的敌意还在持续着，至少在某些地方仍是这样。‎ 语言在社会中被赋予了一种准政治的作用，比如法国人对英语的嫉恨就是一个很好的例子。‎ 幸运的是，这种对英语的厌恶不像多年前那么严重，人们越来越认识到英语其实是一种混合语。在众多国家，比如中国和日本，一直在大力推广英语的使用。‎ 几个月前在新加坡，人们大声抗议被当局称作 “新加坡式英语” 的“可怕的英语”正在到处传播。“够了！”他们说道，并督促新加坡人学习正确的英语。对于那些每天都必须使用英语的人来说， 英语异常的灵活性经常把事情搞得很困难。‎ 现在，即使是大学毕业生都会发现写几句正确的英文句子很难。更可怕的是， 许多教师和大学副校长说着和写着糟糕的不合语法的英语。人们经常会发现这些人不注重语言的“用法”，正如我们都知道的，用法是语言的支柱之一。‎ 然而，尽管英语在印度被搞得一团糟，在塞谬尔·约翰逊编写了他的英语字典两个多世纪以后， 这个国家已经成为顶级词典编纂者们最热门的词汇来源地。[来源:学科网]‎ ‎《牛津简明英语词典》新近出版的第十修订版收录了几百个印度词汇。在600条印度英语词条中最重要的词汇是“Hindutva”（印度身份），“dada”（长兄），“panchayat”（地方行政机关），“chai”（茶），“pani”（水），“puri”（用小麦做的食品），以及 “dosa”（烤米饼）。实际上，印度词汇构成了20%的词条并且在美国和澳大利亚英语条目之后，成为第三大词典词汇组成部分。从其他前英国殖民地，比如新西兰、南非和加勒比海群岛所收录的词汇都位居印度英语之后。‎ 普通的印度人都还是喜欢英语的，尽管有时会有些小问题。麦考利勋爵将英语引入到印度并为英国官僚机构创造了像 “babus”（职员）这样的词汇，150年之后，有7000万的印度人在讲英语，人数比在英国讲英语的人都要多。‎ 然而，清教徒却普遍心存恐惧，怕如此下去英语会变得面目全非了。与法国人狂热地保护法语纯洁性的做法不同，英国人很大方地接受了外界对其影响。结果是，世界各地的人都懂英语——可以说这一优势削弱了英语的纯洁性。‎ 如果每个国家或大陆都有其版本的英语的话，那么问题可能就严重了。正如一位作家所说的：“无休止使英语分化是危险的。”英语如果有太多的变种的话，会出现这样的情况：当一群讲英语的人可能听不懂另一群人所讲的英语。这种情况事实上正在发生。您来听听新加坡人说的英语。听澳大利亚人发“e”这个音的；听起来就像发“a”这个音。‎ 最近由英国导演肯·露弛和麦克·雷导演的几部电影中不得不加上了英语字幕，因为英国北部人的口音让英国南方的人很难听懂，更不用说英国以外的人了。‎ 问题的关键是，没有什么语言可以允许有如此的灵活性——以至于人们借实际沟通之名，就可以随意使用了。最终的结果是：可能不会有错误的英语这回事了。在《泰晤士报》卡通中的男学生正是这么做的。因为他清楚没有人会指责他所讲的英语不正确。 ‎ The Second Period ‎●从容说课 This is the second period of this unit which focuses on language.In this period，several exercises about language on the textbook will be dealt with.Some important language points in the warming up and reading will be explained in detail.‎ Language is the part which is tested much in any examination.Instead of remembering words and phrases inflexibly，using them correctly should be the target.So this period should be taught with this purpose.‎ At the beginning of the lesson，homework will be checked.After that，students are required to recall the information on the content of the passage.By doing so，students can get more chances to practice their spoken language.Then the exercises on language will be dealt with.In this part，students are expected to learn to use the words and phrases in the warming-up and comprehending.There are various types of exercises on words and expressions.Besides，there is an exercise about prepositions in Am.English and Br.English.And it offers a listening practice on differences between Am.English and Br.English.‎ To let students master words and phrases better，I’ll present more detailed explanations about how to use them in practice by offering some examples.After that，students should practise using them by making up sentences.With this method，students can master the words and phrases better.‎ ‎●三维目标 ‎1.Knowledge：‎ Do some exercises to master words and phrases.‎ ‎2.Ability：‎ Learn to use these words and phrases in daily life.‎ ‎3.Emotion：‎ Train students perseverance and patience by remembering new words and phrases.‎ ‎●教学重点 Explanation of words and phrases and practise using them.‎ ‎●教学难点 How to let student master them well.‎ ‎●教具准备 slides ‎●教学过程 Step 1 Greetings and revision Greet the whole class as usual.‎ T：Yesterday we learnt a passage and I asked you to finish the comprehending exercises.Who can tell me the answer？‎ S：A，D，C，D，B T：Great!Now who can retell the content of the passage to us？‎ S：Let me try.English is used more and more today.The number of the people speaking it is increasing rapidly.China has the biggest number of English speakers.However，even two native speakers do not speak the same English because there are many kinds of English.That is caused by communication of culture.So actually even they can not understand everything they say.Besides being spoken as the native tongue，English is also used as a foreign or 2nd language in many other countries.In a word，it is more and more important.‎ Step 2 Learning about language T：You did such a good job.You have mastered the text quite well.This period we will try to master the useful words and expressions in the first period.First let’s do exercise 1 in ‎ the part of learning about language.Please read the word or phrase and then match it with the right meaning.‎ ‎（Suggested answer：C D E F A B J G I H）‎ T：Keep these words in mind.And then choose some of them to fill in the blanks in exercise 2.‎ ‎（suggested answer：native，actually，vocabulary，apartment，elevator）‎ T：Now we’ll turn to a difficult one.You should fill in the blanks using the words from warming up and reading.At the same time，you’d better pay attention to the forms of the words.‎ ‎（Suggested answer：includes；culture；present；Actually；phrases；gas；international；rapidly；Actually；government）‎ T：Well done!As we all know，there’re some differences between British English and American English.Can you give me some examples？‎ S：（Ss can present their report on their research yesterday）‎ Suggested examples about differences between Am.English and Br.English in spelling：‎ American English British English neighborhood labor color honorable humor favorite theater kilometer meter somber center traveling labeling canceling controled license offense practice defense organization neighbourhood labour colour honourable humour favourite theatre kilometre metre sombre centre travelling labelling cancelling controlled licence offence practise defence organisation T：Sometimes，they even use different prepositions.Let’s move to exercise 4.‎ ‎（Suggested answers：In Am.English：on；on；of；on；from；on；In Br.English：in；at；to；into；at）‎ T：Excellent.Just now you said that British and American English use different words to express the same meaning.Let’s move to exercise 5 and find out the different words that mean the same.‎ S：sweets and candy；lorry and truck；autumn and fall T：So nice!Now please practise reading them in pairs，paying attention to the sentence stress and intonation.‎ ‎（Practice reading for a few minutes.）‎ Step 3 Language points T：Then I’ll explain some useful words and expressions in warming-up and comprehending to you.‎ ‎1.include v.（never progressive） if one thing includes another，it has the 2nd thing as one of its parts.包含，包括 e.g.The price includes dinner，beds，and breakfast.‎ Durable goods includes such items as cars computers and electrical appliances.‎ including prep.‎ Included adj.（never before nouns）‎ The bill came to $450，including tax.‎ The bill came to $450，tax included.‎ contain v.（never progressive） if sth. contain sth. else，it has that thing inside it or as part of it.包含；含有；容纳 e.g.This drink doesn’t contain any alcohol.‎ There were four or five books containing toys and books.‎ The information you need is contained in this report.‎ container n.容器，集装箱 ‎2.play a role 扮演；起作用 play （a role/part） as... in...在……中扮演……‎ e.g.Monitor plays an important role in managing a class.‎ The role he played as a hero in that movie won him many prizes.‎ ‎3.the number of... ……的数量（谓语动词为单数形式）‎ a number of...大量的；修饰可数名词 The number of homeless people has increased.‎ Huge numbers of animals have died.‎ A large number of problems have been raised.‎ 表示“许多”的词语归纳 ‎①只能修饰可数名词的有 many，a good/great many，a （large/great） number of，many a （+n.）‎ ‎②只能修饰不可数名词的有 much，a great/good deal of，a great amount of ‎③可数和不可数均可修饰的有 a lot of，lots of，plenty of，a large/great quantity of；quantities of ‎4.even if even though 即使 He didn’t take her advice，even though he knew it to be true.‎ Even though he has got a good job，he still wants to look for a better one.‎ ‎5.not everything not与every，each，both，all，everything，everybody等连用为部分否定，全部否定用no one，none，neither，nothing，nobody，not any等。‎ e.g.Not every student enjoys playing football.‎ ‎→Every student doesn’t enjoy playing football.‎ ‎→Some students enjoy playing football while others not.‎ No student enjoys playing football.‎ ‎6.come up （to）：（1）move toward 走到跟前，走近 （2）to appear above the soil破土而出 （3）被提出，被讨论 e.g.Strangers come up to him and say how much his books are.‎ The subject came up in the conversation.‎ ‎→Someone came up with the subject in the conversation.‎ The seeds are just beginning to come up.‎ ‎7.communicate：vt.&vi.（1）传达；通知；communicate + n.（to sb.） （2）communicate with 与某人联系或交流 e.g.He communicated his intention to me.‎ We communicate with each other by letter.‎ ‎8.base vt.‎ base sth. on/upon sth. 以……为基础 What are you basing this theory on？‎ The movie is based on a real story.[来源:学科网]‎ Please write a new story based on the plots of the movie.‎ ‎9.rule：（1）v.control 控制，管理 （2）n.规章，条例 （3）习惯，常规 （4）规则，定律 （5）统治，控制，管理 e.g.She once ruled over a vast empire.‎ Our country is developing fast under the rule of the Party.‎ to follow/obey/break a rule I go to bed early as a rule.‎ the rules of grammer ‎10.become closer to close to： 接近，靠近；几乎 e.g.Our house is close to the bus stop.‎ Go further away!You are too close to me.‎ Come closer to me.‎ It is close to 6 o’clock.‎ The car came close to killing the granny.‎ closely adv.紧密地；密切地 I sat and watched everyone very closely.‎ He walked into the room，closely followed by the rest of the family.‎ ‎11.make （good/full/no...） use of使用，利用 e.g.We could make good better use of our resources.‎ Every minute should be made use of to study more.‎ ‎12.Only time will tell.‎ tell：know or judge知道；判断 e.g.It’s hard to tell whether he’s telling the truth.‎ Time will tell whether he is faithful to you.‎ tell A from B区分，辨别 e.g.Can you tell Tom from his twin brother？‎ ‎13.one another 互相，通常为三者或三者以上之间的互相；each other 两者之间的互相 e.g.I think we’ve learned a lot about one another this term.‎ The couple loved each other deeply.‎ ‎14.because of 为介词词组，后跟名词性词组 because 为连词，后跟从句[来源:学.科.网]‎ e.g.We went by bus because it is cheaper.‎ The first game of the season was canceled because of the snow.‎ It is really a useful book because it explains everything very clearly.‎ Because of the Asian crisis，the company’s profit fall by 15% during 1997.‎ ‎15.such as 例如，用来列举事物。一般列举几个例子。插在被列举的事物与前面的名词之间。as后不可有逗号。for example 例如，用来列举说明某一论点或情况。一般只列举一个为例，作插入语，可位于句首、句中或句末。‎ e.g.For example，air is invisible.‎ Ball games，for example，have spread around the world.‎ His spelling is terrible!Look at the word for example.‎ I like drinks such as tea and coffee.‎ ‎16.present ‎ ‎（1）adj.现在的；出席的；到场的；出现的 e.g.in the present situation在目前形势下 at the present time目前 be present at... 出席……；在场 be present in（物质）存在于……‎ Most fathers wish to be present at the birth of their child.‎ 大部分父亲都希望孩子出生时自己在场。‎ There are about 200 people present at the meeting.‎ 大约200人出席了会议。‎ Levels of pollution present in the atmosphere are increasing.‎ 大气中的污染程度正在加深。‎ 注：表示“出席的，到场的”时，不作前置定语。‎ All the guests present at my birthday party are my good friends.‎ ‎（2）n.礼物；礼品；目前；现在 e.g.birthday/Christmas/wedding present You’ve got to forget the past and start living in the present.‎ 你必须忘掉过去，开始现在的生活。‎ I’m sorry he’s out at present （=now）.‎ ‎（3）v.给；提出；展现，显现 present sb. with sth.；present sth. to sb.把...交给；颁发；授予 present sth. （for sth.）/present sth. to sb.‎ e.g.On his birthday，his friends presented him a collection of stamps.‎ 在他生日时，他的朋友们送给他一套邮票作为礼物。‎ The sword was presented by the family to the museum.‎ 这家人把宝剑捐赠给了博物馆。‎ The committee will present the final report to Parliament in June.‎ 委员会将在六月向议会提交最后的报告。‎ You need to present yourself better.‎ 你需要更善于展现自己。‎ It is essential that we present a united front.‎ 至关重要的是我们要表现得更加团结。‎ Step 4 Consolidation T：Now that we have got a general idea of these words and phrases.Lets make up some sentences using them to master them.‎ Suggested sentences：‎ ‎1.Your duties include typing letters and answering the telephone.‎ ‎2.It is one of the greatest roles that she has played.‎ ‎3.A large number of people have applied for the job.‎ ‎4.The number of the panda is declining.‎ ‎5.I’ll go there，even if I have to walk.‎ ‎6.He came up to me to ask for a light.‎ ‎7.The novel is about a family who can’t communicate with each other.‎ ‎8.He based his plan on interests of most people.‎ ‎9.Why doesn’t he make use of his singing talent？‎ Step 5 Summary and homework T：Today we dealt with several new words and phrases.After class I hope that you can read them again and again to keep them in mind.That’s all for today.You are dismissed.‎ ‎●板书设计 Unit 2 English around the world ‎ The Second Period The words and phrases：‎ ‎1.include；including；included ‎2.play a role in ‎3.the number of；a number of ‎4.even if；even though ‎5.not everything ‎6.come up ‎7.communicate ‎8.base...on...‎ ‎9.rule ‎10.close to ‎11.make use of ‎12.Only time will tell.‎ ‎13.one another ‎14.because of/because ‎15.such as/example ‎16.present ‎●活动与探究 This activity is to supply students with a chance to use the words and phrases and inspire students’ imagination.So I will ask students to create an imaginary story with at least six words or phrases in it.They can work in pairs to work on it and in some spare time they can communicate their story to others.In the end，I will judge which one will be the top 3.‎ ‎●备课资料 American English and British English Written English is more or less the same in both Britain and the USA，and in everyday speech the two peoples have little difficulty in understanding one another.In fact，the Americans have explored a large number of their words and phrases to Britain—through literature，the movies，TV，American soldiers during both world wars and tourists.The following words and phrases are of American origin：teenager，boyfriend，radio，right away，way of life，etc.‎ Some of the words that Americans now use come from the languages of their immigrants，particularly from the Germans.The basic meaning of “dumb” in both British and American English，is “unable to speak”.In the USA，it acquired a second meaning “stupid”，straight from the German “damn” （stupid），and this second meaning has now crossed the Atlantic to Britain.‎ Of course，there are some American words that are peculiar to the USA and are quite different from their equivalents in the rest of the English-speaking world.Here is a list of some of the most important.‎ British English American English taxi transport petrol main road motorway[来源:学科网ZXXK]‎ underground subway cab transportation gasoline highway interstate subway underpass pavement lorry car park secondary school university autumn holiday fortnight rubbish dustbin wardrobe flat ground floor lift term hire a car tap bath dustbin rubbish to queue sidewalk truck parking lot high school college fall vacation two weeks garbage trashcan closet apartment first floor elevator semester rent a car faucet bathtub garbage can garbage，trash to line up The words for the “toilet” can also cause confusion，although the word “toilet” itself is common to both languages Am.English Br.English comfort station restroom bathroom little boys’ room little girls’ room the john public convenience ladies/gents lavatory W.C loo lav There are complications，too，with the time，the date with numbers.[来源:Zxxk.Com]‎ Am.English[来源:学,科,网]‎ Br.English What time do you have？‎ What’s the time？‎ What time is it？‎ A quarter after four （4：15）‎ A quarter of five （4：45）‎ Monday through Friday July fourth，or fourth of July （in speech）‎ What time do you make it？‎ A quarter past four（4：15）‎ A quarter to five（4：45）‎ ‎（from） Monday to Friday July the fourth There are a number of differences between American and British English in the spelling of words，e.g.check（US）/cheque（UK），center（US）/center（UK）.Many American English words ending in “or”，e.g.honor，vigor，labor are spelt in British English with an “our”，e.g.honour，vigour，labour.In American English，“practice” is used both for the verb and noun.In British English，the verb is spelt “practise”，and the noun “practice”.In the main，American English avoids the doubling up of consonauts in nouns and verbs while British English does not.In American English，for example，one writes “travel，traveled，traveling，traveler”，while in British English one writes “travel，travelled，travelling，traveller”.‎ It was once predicated that British and American English would draw so far apart that eventually they would become separate languages.The opposite has happened.The links between the two countries are so strong that linguistically and culturally too，they are closer together than ever.‎ The Third Period ‎●从容说课 This is the third period of the unit.The lesson deals mainly with the grammar，that is，the structure which expresses commands and requests and the reversal of the indirect speech and direct speech.The second part of this period is another passage “Standard English And Dialects”.After it，there is an exercise for us to make up dialogues using the commands and requests.This part is to give students a chance to practice this kind of structure.The second part of this period is another passage “Standard English And Dialects”. ‎ In this lesson we first review the grammar we learn in last unit.So students will be asked to do some exercises about this grammar item.By doing so，students can recall some rules of the reversal between the direct speech and indirect speech.Then，students will have a task to tell the requests from commands.Then show the sentence patterns of requests and commands.Using is the aim of the language teaching，so after learning the structures，the most important one is to put them into use.After doing some exercises about reversal of direct ‎ speech and indirect speech，students will use these sentence patterns in daily life by making up dialogues according to the situation on Page 13.To make the students master the structure well，I think it is necessary to offer more practice.‎ And the passage in this part is to provide students with more information on English and improve students’ reading speed.So I think it is not necessary to treat it as an intensive reading material according to the aim.Instead，I will teach it as an extensive reading passage.‎ ‎●三维目标 ‎1.Knowledge：‎ Learn and master the sentence patterns which express an order and a request，and their different features.‎ ‎2.Ability：‎ Use these patterns to communicate with others.‎ ‎3.Emotion：‎ Help students master the points in this period.‎ ‎●教学重点 Point out the features of an order—which uses the imperative，namely “tell/order sb. to do sth.” and a request—which uses a question form or an imperative，very polite，namely “ask sb. to do sth.”[来源:Zxxk.Com][来源:学*科*网Z*X*X*K]‎ ‎●教学难点 How to change orders and requests into reported orders and requests.‎ ‎●教具准备 slides ‎●教学过程 Step 1 Greetings and revision Greet the whole class as usual.‎ Review the useful words and expressions by letting students make up sentences using these words and expressions.‎ Step 2 Grammar T：In the last unit，we have learnt something about the direct speech and indirect speech.We know while we change direct speech into indirect speech，we should change many things such as the tense，some adverbials and some verbs.‎ Now let’s first do some exercises.‎ Turn the following into Indirect Speech ‎1.“I broke your CD player，” he said to me.[来源:学|科|网Z|X|X|K]‎ ‎2.“Are you sure you didn’t do anything to this？” he asked me.‎ ‎3.“A friend in need is a friend indeed，” Mother said to me.‎ ‎4.Tom said，“I bought a book for my brother yesterday.”‎ ‎5.He said，“I shall meet her at my office.”‎ ‎6.The teacher said，“I must go now.”‎ ‎7.He said，“I can do homework myself now.”‎ ‎8.He said，“The house was built in 1965.”‎ ‎9.“Why was Jenny late for school？” Mr Baker wanted to know.‎ ‎10.They said，“will you visit the museum tomorrow？”Turn the following into Direct Speech.‎ ‎11.I said that I would try my best.‎ ‎12.He wondered （asked） how long it took to do the work.‎ ‎13.Bob asked John whether he had seen his wallet.‎ ‎14.His aunt said that she had got there five days before.‎ ‎15.I asked Tom why he had not told her the truth.‎ Suggested answers：‎ ‎1.He told me that he had broken my CD player.‎ ‎2.He asked me if I was sure I hadn’t done anything to that.‎ ‎3.Mother told me that a friend in need is a friend indeed.‎ ‎4.Tom said that he had bought a book for his brother the day before.‎ ‎5.He said that he would meet her at his office.‎ ‎6.The teacher said he had to go/must go then.‎ ‎7.He said that he could do homework himself then.‎ ‎8.He said that the house was built in 1965.‎ ‎9.Mr Baker wanted to know why Jenny had been late for school.‎ ‎10.They asked if we would visit the museum the next day.‎ ‎11.I said，“I’ll try my best.”‎ ‎12.He asked，“How long does it take to do the work？”‎ ‎13.Bob asked John，“Have you seen my wallet？”‎ ‎14.His aunt said，“I got here five days ago.”‎ ‎15.“Why didn’t you tell her the truth？” I asked Tom.‎ T：You did a very good job.Today，we’ll go on to study indirect and direct speech.But firstly，we should learn to tell requests from commands.In English，giving commands is less polite than making a request.So most of time，commands are made by those people who are bosses，teachers，leaders，officers，or some other one who has authority.Now would you please tell which of them are commands？‎ ‎（show them a slide）‎ ‎1.Close the door!‎ ‎2.Would you please help me carry the case？‎ ‎3.Get me something to drink.‎ ‎4.Could you lend me 100 yuan？‎ ‎5.Please turn off the lights.‎ ‎6.Don’t smoke here.‎ ‎7.Will you clean the blackboard？‎ ‎8.Clean the table please.‎ S：1，3，6 are commands，and others are requests.‎ T：That’s right.So we can draw a conclusion：‎ Sentence pattern for commands：Do.../Do not do...‎ Sentence pattern for requests：Do...please./Can you do...？/Could you do...？/Will you do...？/Would you do...？‎ Then if we want to change them into indirect speech，we should do like this：‎ Commands：sb. told/ordered sb. （not） to do sth.‎ Requests：sb. asked sb. else （not） to do sth.‎ According to these rules，let’s do some practice.‎ ‎1.Change these sentences into Indirect Speech.‎ He said to me，“Don’t smoke in this room.”‎ He said to me，“Please don’t smoke in this room.”‎ He said to me，“Could you please help me with my work？”‎ Suggested answers：‎ He told me not to smoke in that room.‎ He asked me not to smoke in that room.‎ He asked me to help him with his work.‎ ‎2.Change the following sentences into Direct Speech.‎ The landlady asked him to put his coat in the closet.‎ The young father told his children not to move.‎ Mother told me to lock the door after midnight.‎ Suggested answers：‎ ‎“Put your coat in the closet please，” the landlady said to him.‎ The young father said to his children，“Don’t move.”‎ Mother said，“Lock the door after midnight.”‎ ‎3.（the teacher show the screen）‎ Don’ts Dos Come into/lab/without...‎ Touch/anything/lab Smoke Put/anything/basin Talk/so loudly Watch/teacher/carefully Dip/finger/mixture Suck finger Write/answer/blackboard[来源:学,科,网Z,X,X,K]‎ Tidy/lab/experiment Leave/books/lab Put/everything/cupboards T：Look at the screen.Let’s practise commands and requests in pairs.You may notice on the left，under the word “Don’ts”，there are three orders，under them there are three orders，under them there are three requests.On the right，under the word “Dos”，there are three orders，under them there are there requests.First we are going to practise the commands.I can give you an example.Look at the six orders.In Direct Speech，I can say “Watch the teacher carefully.Don’t come into the lab without a teacher.” In reported order.I can say “She told us to watch the teacher carefully.She told us not to come into the lab without a teacher.” After you practise the orders，you may practise the requests.Are you clear？Now let’s begin.（give students several minutes to practise them，then teacher may check）‎ Suggested answers：‎ Direct Speech：‎ ‎1.Don’t come into the lab without a teacher.‎ ‎2.Don’t touch anything in the lab.‎ ‎3.Don’t smoke.‎ ‎4.Watch the teacher carefully.‎ ‎5.Dip your fingers into the mixture.‎ ‎6.Suck your fingers.‎ ‎7.Will you please not put anything in the basin？‎ ‎8.Don’t talk too loudly，please.‎ ‎9.Don’t leave the books in the lab，please.‎ ‎10.Write your answers on the blackboard，please.‎ ‎11.Could you please tidy the lab after the experiment？‎ ‎12.Put everything in the cupboards please.‎ Indirect Speech：‎ ‎1.He told us not to come into the lab without a teacher.‎ ‎2.He told us not to touch anything in the lab.‎ ‎3.He told us not to smoke.‎ ‎4.He told us to watch the teacher carefully.‎ ‎5.He told us to dip our fingers into the mixture.‎ ‎6.He told us to suck our fingers.‎ ‎7.He asked us not to put anything in the basin.‎ ‎8.He asked us not to talk so loudly.‎ ‎9.He asked us not to leave the books in the lab.‎ ‎10.He asked us to write our answers on the blackboard.‎ ‎11.He asked us to tidy the lab after the experiment.‎ ‎12.He told us to put everything in the cupboards.‎ ‎4.Now let’s use these patterns to make up some dialogues.Please turn to the exercise on P13.‎ Suggested dialogues：‎ ‎（1）A：Excuse me，could you please close the door？It’s so windy.‎ B：Of course.‎ ‎（2）A：Excuse me，please make some room for me.I have to get off the train now.‎ B：Sure.‎ ‎（3）A：Look out!A bear is approaching you!‎ B：Help!I’m so scared!‎ A：Don’t move!Keep calm.A bear won’t attack someone who is not to offend it.‎ Step 3 Reading ‎ T：As we all know，China is a very big country where different dialects are spoken.Can you list some of them？‎ S：Guangdong dialect，Shanghai dialect，Sichuan dialect...‎ T：Is there anybody who can speak a dialect from other place？‎ S：（some students act it out）‎ T：Thank you!Do you think that it is easy for people to follow those speaking different dialect？‎ S：No.Some dialects are really difficult to understand.‎ T：Then how can we solve this problem？‎ S：We can communicate in Putonghua.‎ T：Yes.The difference between Chinese dialects are so big that it’s really hard for people to communicate in it.So now most students are taught in school in Putonghua.Then do you think that it is the same case with the US？‎ S：I think so.‎ T：What is it that makes you think so？‎ S：I think that the US is a big country just like China.Besides，it is a country in which many people are from different places.So I think that people may speak dialects.‎ T：Let’s try to find it out whether it is the case.Now read it fast and then answer these questions.‎ ‎1.Is there the same case？Can you list some examples？‎ ‎2.Why are there so many dialects in the US？‎ ‎3.What is the standard English？‎ ‎4.Do you think there’s the standard English？‎ ‎5.Can you tell an interesting or funny story that shows great difference between dialects in Chinese？‎ Suggested answers：‎ ‎1.Yes.It has many dialects，such as Midwestern，southern，African American and Spanish dialects.‎ ‎2.Because people have come from all over the world.Geography also plays a part in making dialects.‎ ‎3.It is believed to be the English spoken on TV and the radio.‎ ‎4.No.‎ ‎5.Keys or Kiss？‎ One friend of mine was giving an English lesson to a class of adults who had recently come to live in the United States.After placing quite a number of everyday objects on a table he asked various members of the class to give him the ruler，the book，the pen and so on.The class went very smoothly，and the students seemed interested and serious about the work that they were engaged in until my friend turned to an Italian and said，“Give me the keys.” The man looked surprised and somewhat at a loss（有点手足无措）.‎ Seeing this，my friend thought that the student hadn’t heard him clearly，so he repeated，“Give me the keys.” The Italian shrugged his shoulders.Then，he threw his arms around the teacher’s neck and kissed him on both cheeks.‎ Step 4 Summary ‎ T：Today we have learnt some patterns which express commands or requests.And we have dealt with the reversal of the sentence patterns.After reading the passage，we have known that American English has different dialects.Though there is no standard English，we should learn to pronounce the English words correctly.‎ Step 5 Homework T：Today’s homework is to recite words and phrases and make a dialogue using sentence patterns of expressing commands and requests.‎ ‎●板书设计 Unit 2 English around the world ‎ The Third Period commands request Direct Speech Do...‎ Do not do...‎ Do...please Will you do...？‎ Would you do...？‎ Can you do...？‎ Could you do...？‎ Indirect Speech sb. told/ordered sb. to do...‎ sb. told/ordered sb. not to do...‎ Sb. asked sb. to do/not to do...‎ ‎●活动与探究 ‎1.One aim of this activity is to give students a chance to practice the sentence patterns in practice.So students are requested to make a research of the situations in which requests and commands are used.The other aim is to make research on dialects in China.They are asked to look into which dialect is the most popular in China and what causes this situation.‎ ‎2.将下列对话改成间接引语 The following dialogue is an excerpt from Mark Twain’s The Million-Pound Bank Note.‎ Henry found that there was a million-pound note in the envelope.He thought the two brothers had made a mistake.He hurried to their house and rang the bell.The servant appeared.Henry asked for the brothers.‎ Servant：They are gone.‎ Henry：Where？‎ Servant：To the Continent.‎ Henry：The Continent？‎ Servant：Yes，sir.‎ Henry：When will they be back？‎ Servant：In a month，they said.‎ Henry：A month!Tell me how to get word to them.It’s of great importance.‎ Servant：I can’t，indeed.I’ve no idea where they’ve gone.[来源:学科网]‎ Henry：Then I must see some member of the family.‎ Servant：Family is away，too—in Egypt and India，I think.‎ Henry：There’s been an immense mistake made.They’ll be back before night.Tell them I’ve been here，and that I’ll keep coming till it’s all right，and they needn’t worry.‎ Servant：I’ll tell them，if they come back，but I’m not expecting them.They said you’d be here in an hour to make inquiries，but I must tell you it’s all right，they’ll be here on time to meet you.‎ ‎●备课资料 English Teaching in the USA The United States of America is mainly an English-speaking country.The majority of the population speak English as their native language.Business，education，social activities，etc.are conducted in English.Across the country，people pronounce many English words in several different ways，but for the most part，Americans speak one common language.This language is sometimes called American English.‎ However not everyone in the U.S.A. is a native speaker of English.Most immigrants（移民） are speakers of other languages.There are hundreds of communities（社区） around the U.S.A.where English is not the most commonly used language.Chinese，Italian，German，Greek，Spanish，and French are all spoken in various communities in the U.S.Spanish is the second most commonly spoken language after English.It is widely spoken in New York and across the southern part of the country.For speakers of other languages，learning English is important，but teaching people to speak English as a second language ‎ was given little attention.Non-English speakers were expected to “pick up” the language by meeting with others in public.Recently，this has changed.‎ Today，most large public schools and community colleges have ESL（English as a Second Language） programs：American English teachers feel that English students should learn the language the way they will use it.Therefore，ESL programs offer different English lessons to different students.Some programs teach students to communicate in English in public.Other programs teach the kind of English people will need for their jobs.American ESL instructional methods do not lay emphasis（强调） on grammar or translation，but on the importance of communication.The goal is to get the English learners to learn by using the language.‎ Multiple choices：‎ ‎1.People in the United States____________.‎ A.are all native speakers of English B.speak English in various ways C.all speak American English D.are immigrants from English-speaking countries ‎2.In the past the non-English immigrants____________.‎ A.didn’t know how to learn English B.found that English was not important C.learned English through books D.paid special attention to teaching English ‎3.____________is the most widely used language except English in the U.S.‎ A.ESL B.French C.Spanish D.Chinese ‎4.The phrase “pick up” in the second paragraph means “____________”.‎ A.try to master B.repeat again and again C.go to school sometimes D.learn without studying or taking lessons ‎5.ESL programs teach the students____________.‎ A.only grammatical rules and idioms B.to use English through practice ‎ C.different languages D.to learn English by translating their own native languages into English Answers：1.B 2.A 3.C 4.D 5.B Words and Idioms To break your neck 美国人在讲话和写文章的时候经常用一些和人体各部分有关系的成语或俗语。本文介绍的两个习惯用语就是和脖子（neck）有关的。在美国英语里有一些习惯用语都和neck 这个词有联系，但是它们的意思却各不相同。例如to break your neck，它的意思并不是指你的脖子真的断了，而是尽一切力量努力去做某件事的意思。‎ I wish Sam would study harder，because I am breaking my neck to scrape up the money to keep him in college.我希望萨姆念书再用功一些，因为我一直在想尽办法凑足钱好让他继续念大学。‎ 美国人的生活是很紧张的，节奏很快，人人感到压力很大。可是，下面这个例子说的是那个修电视机的工人当天运气比较好，碰到了一个好顾客。这位顾客对他说：‎ You don’t have to break your neck fixing this TV set：I really don’t need it next week.你不必赶紧修这个电视机，我下星期并不需要它。‎ ‎“To stick your neck out”有时把脖子伸得太长是很危险的。中国话里有“枪打出头鸟”的说法，在英文里就是“to stick your neck out.”据说，“to stick your neck out”这个说法是用来形容乌龟的处境的。当乌龟的头缩在乌龟壳里的时候，一切都很安全。可是，一旦它们把头伸出来，那可就危险了。现在，“to stick your neck out”已经成为美国人在日常生活中常用的表达形式了，它的意思是不顾一切地硬来、担风险。‎ I think my boss is dead wrong about hiring his son-in law，but I’m not going to stick my neck out and tell him!我认为我的老板雇用他的女婿是绝对错误的，但是我才不去冒那风险告诉他呢！‎ 可是，不怕担风险的人还是有的。下面这个人就是在称赞他们州的国会议员：‎ I admire our congressman—he’s one politician who’s not afraid to stick his neck out and say what he really thinks，even if it costs him some votes.我很钦佩我们的国会议员。他是一个敢于冒风险说自己心里话的政治家，即使那样做会使他失去一些选票。‎ The Fourth Period ‎●从容说课 This is the fourth period of Unit 2 which focuses on listening.In this lesson，there are two parts.One of it is to consolidate the sentence structure of indirect speech and direct speech.The other part concerns listening in which two passages are included.Both of them are about the topic of English.‎ Listening is becoming more and more important.Teaching students to listen in proper way is the aim of this part.A good listener should be able to predict according to some hints such as the topic，the questions listed，etc.，to listen with the purpose of finding useful information and to summarize.So this part should be taught according to the aim.‎ In it，we’ll first have a revision.It deals with the exercise talking on page 48.Thought the usage of the sentence patterns in daily life，students can master this grammar part much better.Their ability of using language will be practiced as well in this part.And then we’ll listen to two passages.In this part，to train students’ listening skills，I will design some questions about the passage so that students can listen on purpose of finding useful information.Besides，students can practice the ability of predicting what will be heard in this part.At last，a discussion will be organized.This is to train students’ ability of using language and reading critically.‎ ‎●三维目标 ‎1.Knowledge：‎ Review the sentence patterns by using them.‎ ‎2.Ability：‎ Get more information on English dialect.‎ ‎3.Emotion：‎ How to help students improve listening skill.‎ ‎●教学重点[来源:学科网]‎ Use the sentence patterns in life.‎ Understand the listening material.‎ ‎●教学难点[来源:学.科.网Z.X.X.K]‎ How to improve students’ listening skills ‎●教具准备 cassette recorder ‎●教学过程 Step 1 Greetings and Revision Greet the whole class as usual.‎ T：Yesterday we learnt the sentence patterns which express commands and requests.Who can tell me something about it？‎ S：To express commands，we can use “Do...；Do not do...”.‎ S：To express requests，we can use “Do...please；Do not do...please；Will you do...？Would you do...？Can you do...？Could you do...？”‎ T：Yes，you are right.Then how can we change them into Indirect Speech？‎ S：If it is a command，we can use “sb. told/ordered sb. to do...；sb. told/ordered not to do...”.‎ S：If it is a request，we can use “sb. asked sb （not） to do”.‎ T：Please tell which one is the right answer.‎ ‎“____________，”Li Ming said to his teacher.‎ A.Can you buy me a new watch？‎ B.Give me that book，‎ C.Lend me your bike，‎ D.Could you help me with my English？‎ S：I think D is the right answer.‎ T：Could you tell me why？‎ S：Because A is not logical.B and C are commands.In last period we learnt that commands should be made by people who have authority.So I think here D is right.‎ T：Your explanation is perfect.‎ Step 2 Talking （Workbook P48） ‎ T：Great.Now let’s practise the sentence patterns by making up dialogues.So please turn to P48 and look at the part of talking.Please work in groups of four.And choose one situation to role-play.‎ ‎（5 minutes for preparation）‎ T：Now let’s begin.‎ Possible version：‎ Group 1：‎ A.（foreigner）：Excuse me，could you give me a hand？‎ B：Sure.You seem to be looking for someone.[来源:学科网]‎ A：Yes.My Chinese friends and I promised to meet at the exit of the subway.‎ B：Could you speak a bit slowly.I can’t quite follow you.I guess you are looking for your Chinese friends.‎ A：I’m sorry.I wasn’t noticing it just now.Yeah，we said that we would meet here—the exit of the subway at 2 p.m.And it is 2：15，but I still can not find them.‎ B：Exit 1 or Exit 2？‎ A：What do you mean？There’re 2 exits？‎ B：Yes.Here are two exits.So you should be sure which one is where you promised to meet.‎ A：I see.I am sure that they must be waiting for me at the other exit.Thank you very much!‎ Group 2：‎ ‎（P：parents；W：waitress；Y：you）‎ P：Excuse me，could you tell me where the toilet is？‎ W：Er...the restroom？Well，go straight ahead，and it will be at the end of the corridor.‎ P：But we do not need rest.We are just looking for a toilet.‎ Y：I mean we want to go the WC.[来源:Z,xx,k.Com]‎ W：WC？We don’t have one.‎ Y：No WC!How can a restaurant have no WC？‎ W：I’m sorry!But what do you really mean by saying WC？‎ Y：It’s a place where we can wash hands.‎ W：Ah，I see.Well，go up to the second floor.‎ Y：Thank you so much!‎ ‎（You and your parents go up two floors but only find empty rooms there.）‎ W：Have you found it？‎ Y：No，we went up two floors，but we didn’t find a toilet but empty rooms.‎ Group 3：‎ A：Excuse me，could you help me？‎ B：Sure？What’s it？‎ A：Our English teacher is telling us something important，but I can quite follow her.She’s speaking so fast.‎ B：Yeah，she’s really speaking fast.Then how can I help you？‎ A：Could you ask the teacher to speak a little bit slowly？‎ B：Of course I can，but why don’t you do so？‎ A：Er...‎ B：I see.‎ ‎（Student B puts up his hand）‎ T：Yes？‎ B：I’m sorry，but would you speak a little slowly？‎ Step 3 Listening （Ⅰ）‎ T：Yesterday，we have learnt something about dialects in the US.Today let us listen to the dialogue spoken with an accent.Please turn to the listening part on P14.First listen and find out how many people there are in the dialogue and who they are.‎ S：...‎ T：Great!Now please listen to it again，and answer the questions on the text book.‎ ‎（after listening） Have you got the answers？Now compare notes with your partner.‎ T：Are you sure about your answers now？Let’s check together.‎ T：You did a very good job.Now we will listen to it again.After that，you should retell the story to your partner.See？‎ S：...‎ T：So you see，there is some difficulty for people to understand the dialects.Right？So what we do while learning English？‎ S：We can learn standard English.[来源:Z.xx.k.Com]‎ S：I don’t think so，because we have learnt that there’s no standard English actually.So I think what we should do is to pronounce better，and use the correct words and grammar.‎ Step 4 Listening （Ⅱ）‎ T：By reading the passage “ the road to modern English“，we have known English is a world language which is spoken in many countries and areas.In this period we will listen to native speakers from different English-speaking countries.Please move to P51 and look at Listening Task.Now several students in an international high school in Shanghai are describing where they come from.What do you think you will hear in their introduction？‎ S：I guess they will talk about the location，climate，people，custom，specific things，and so on.‎ T：You are very clever.We are introducing some place，most of time we will give some description of the climate，people，custom，people，history，places of interests，and so on.‎ T：Listen carefully，then tell which topics are mentioned.‎ S：...‎ T：Good.Then I will play the tape again.This time you should try to guess the name of each student’s country.‎ S：...‎ T：Good job.This time，you should pay much attention to each student’s description.After listening it again，you should describe the country using your own words.‎ S：...‎ T：Well done!Now work in groups of four and discuss with your partners why English is spoken in so many places around the world.Make a list of the reasons and then report your group work with other groups.‎ Step 5 Summary This class we have review the grammar part by using it in daily life.We have practised reading as well.We learn the language in order to use it.So I advise you practise using what we learnt daily so that they can be part of your knowledge.‎ Step 6 Homework Look up the words left in the vocabulary in the dictionary.‎ ‎●板书设计 Unit 2 English around the world ‎ The Fourth Period Sentence patterns Guessing the topics mentioned in the tape ‎●活动与探究 This activity is to do some research on the listening skills.Students are required to surf the internet to search for some information on advice on improving listening.‎ ‎●备课资料 Colors Americans have used colors to create many expressions they use every day.‎ We say we are “in the pink” when we are in good health.It is easy to understand how this expression was born.When my face has a nice fresh，pink color，it is a sign my health is good.If I look gray and ashen，I may need a doctor.‎ Red is a hotter color than pink.And Americans use it to express heat.In English，the small and hot peppers（辣椒） found in many Mexican foods are called “red hots”，for their color and their fiery（火辣辣的）.We say that fast，fiery music，especially the kind called “Dixieland Jazz” is “red hot”.‎ Blue is a cooler color.The traditional blue music of American blacks is the opposite of the red hot music.It is slow，sad and soulful.Duke Ellington and his orchestra （管弦乐队） recorded a famous song，Mood Indigo（《深蓝的情调》），about the deep blue color，indigo.In the words of the song，“You aren’t been blue till you’ve had that Mood Indigo”.To be “blue”，of course，is to be sad.‎ While the color green is natural for trees，it is an unnatural color for humans.When someone does not feel well，someone who is sick for example，we say he looks green.When someone is angry because he does not have what someone else has，we say he is “green with envy（忌妒）”.‎ Some people are “green with envy” because someone else has more dollars，or “greenbacks”.Dollars are called greenbacks because that’s the color of the back side of the money.‎ The color black is often used in expressions.People describe a day in which everything goes wrong as a “black day”.A “black sheep” is the member of a family or group who always seems to be in trouble.A “blacklist” is illegal（非法的） now，but at one time，some employers shared blacklists of people who should not be given work.Not all the “black” expressions have bad meanings.A business “ in the black”，for example，is one with profits（利润）.A company “in the red” is losing money.Red ink is used to show losses in a financial report.Profits are written in black.If someone tells you to put something “in black and white”，they want you to write it down.‎ In some cases，colors just describe a situation.A “black out”，in World War Two，was when all lights were turned off to make it difficult for bomber planes to find their target（目标） at night.A “brown out” is an American expression for reduced electrical power which makes electric lights dim.‎ American women use the French word for red as the name of the colored cosmetic（化妆品） which they sometimes use to brighten their cheeks.It’s just called “rouge”.They use it especially when they are going out for the evening，or as Americans say “to paint the town red”.‎ The color yellow is sometimes used to describe a coward（胆小鬼）.A person who is “ yellow” has no courage.A person’s skin may become yellow as a result of diseases that attack the liver（肝）.Yellow fever is one.In the past，ships carrying fever victims raised a flag called the “yellow jack”.‎ In the United States，an activist organization of old people calls itself the “gray panthers”（灰豹）.The name comes from the gray hair of its members and from the panther，a fierce animal of the lion or leopard（豹） family.‎ Words and Idioms To eat crow 乌鸦肉根本没法吃，因此要一个人吃乌鸦，那肯定是非常难受的。这也正是to eat crow这个俗语的含义。to eat crow的确切意思是一个人把自己弄得很丢人，因为他犯了一个很难堪的错误，而又不得不承认：‎ That man running for mayor went around bragging he’d win the election by a big 50000 majority.But he had to eat crow when the woman running against him won by more than 60000‎ ‎ votes.那个竞选市长的人到处吹嘘，说他肯定能以5万张选票的票数赢得选举。可是，现在他很丢脸，因为那位和他一起竞选的女候选人最后以6万多票的多数当选市长。‎ 可是，爱夸口的人似乎到处都有。下面的一个例子更是可笑：‎ Our neighbor had to eat crow yesterday.He’s been telling us what a good tennis player he is.Well，he took my 12-year-old son out to play and the kid beat him three straight sets.我们的邻居真是丢尽了脸。他老是在我们面前吹嘘，说他网球打得很好。他昨天带着我那12岁的儿子去打网球，结果我儿子直落3盘把他打败了。‎ To put all one’s eggs in one basket.‎ 鸡蛋也是一些美国俗语的组成部分。要是一个人把他所有的钱都当作赌注，想冒险发财，这在中文里是“孤注一掷”，在英文里就是：to put all one’s eggs in one basket.把所有的鸡蛋放在一只篮子里，这样是很冒险的。‎ If you want to play the stock market，it’s smarter to divide your money and buy three or four different stocks instead of putting the whole amount into just one stock and putting all your eggs in one basket.要是你想玩股票，最好把你的钱分开来买三、四种不同的股票，这是比较聪明的做法。千万不要把所有的钱都用来买一种股票，把所有的鸡蛋放在一只篮子里。‎ ‎“To put all one’s eggs in one basket”不仅可以用在经济方面，还可用于其他方面，例如：‎ Going steady in high school with only one member of opposite sex is a mistake.Go out with several people—don’t put all your eggs in one basket.在中学里只交一个异性朋友是错误的。应该多交朋友，而不要把自己局限在一个人身上。‎ The Fifth Period ‎●从容说课 This is the fifth period of this unit.In this part，two items will be dealt with，that is，the words left in the vocabulary，the reading in the workbook.The first item，learning new words left in the vocabulary is to remove the barrier in the following study.And how to let students learn the words with interest is a difficult issue.I think it is better to give students the chance to learn new words by themselves.Let students look up words in the dictionary and then communicate with others in class，which can inspire students.And then let them make up some sentences.The second item is another passage on the subject “English”.It gives students much more information on English.To deal with this passage，7 steps are ‎ designed：（1）predict what will be talked （2）listen to find out answers （3）answer questions （4）scanning to fill in a table （5）summary （6）discussion （7）homework ‎●三维目标 ‎1.Knowledge：‎ Learning the rest words in the vocabulary.‎ ‎2.Ability：‎ The understanding of the reading passage.‎ ‎3.Emotion：‎ Guide students how to remember more words as soon as possible.‎ ‎●教学重点 The understanding of the reading passage.‎ ‎●教学难点 ‎（1）How to let students master words.‎ ‎（2）How to let students understand the passage well.‎ ‎●教具准备 cassette recorder；cards with words on them ‎●教学过程 Step 1 Greetings Greet the whole class as usual.‎ Step 2 New words and vocabulary T：Yesterday，I asked you to look up the words left in the vocabulary in the dictionary.Have you been prepared for it？Now，let’s have a game.Let’s divide the whole class into 2 groups.Either group chooses one student as a representative.I’ll show the representative a word or a phrase，she or he should explain it in English.If the group’s members can guess it，your group will win 10 points.Either group has 5 chances.Let’s go!‎ Possible explanation：‎ ‎1.command：（1）v.to tell sb.to do sth. （2）an order ‎2.standard：generally used or accepted as normal[来源:Z_xx_k.Com]‎ ‎3.play a part in：play a role in ‎4.dialect：a way of speaking that is used only in a particular area ‎5.request：（1）v.to ask sb.to do （2）n.an act of asking for sth. in a polite or formal way ‎6.polite：the opposite of rude ‎7.retell：to tell a story again or in a different form ‎8.accent：a way of saying words that shows what country，region or social class sb. comes from ‎9.recognize：to know who the person is ‎10.eastern：in or from the east of a country or place T：Well done!Now let’s deal with the some of the words and phrases in deal.‎ ‎1.command v.命令，指挥 command sb. to do；command sth.；博得，应得 command that-clause e.g.He commanded his man to retreat.‎ The troops were commanded by Gerneral Haig.‎ The king commanded that she （should） be executed.（建议，命令，要求一类词后从句中用虚拟语气，此类动词有suggest，advise，order，request，require，command，demand...）‎ He commanded the building （should） be torn down.‎ n.命令［C］；指挥，控制［U］‎ e.g.Are you refusing to obey my commands？‎ You must obey his command that the building （should） be torn down.[来源:学科网ZXXK]‎ Take command of；be in command；under one’s command；under the command of sb.‎ e.g.She took command of this class after the former manager left.‎ She felt in command of her life.‎ The battleship is under the command of Captain Blake.‎ ‎2.request v.request sth. （from sb.）；request sb. to do；request that-clause e.g.You can request a free copy of the leaflet（宣传单）.‎ You are requested not to smoke in the restaurant.‎ She requested that no one （should） be told of her decision until the next meeting.‎ n.request （for sth.）；request （that）‎ e.g.Requests for visas will be dealt with within 48 hours.‎ Her request that more sweets be served was refused.‎ ‎3.recognize 辨认出；意识到；承认 recognize sb./sth. （by/from sth.） 通过……认出……；‎ recognize sth. （as sth.）；把……认作是……‎ recognize that意识到；承认 e.g.I recognized the house from your description.‎ Drugs were not recognized as a problem then.‎ Nobody recognized how urgent the situation was.‎ We recognized that the task was not easy.‎ ‎4.standard n. 规格，标准［C&U］‎ raise/improve/lower standard 提高/降低标准 set （sb.） a standard 给某人定一个标准 e.g.He set himself such a high standard that he often disappoints himself.‎ of high/low standard 具高/低标准的 standards 行为标准，道德标准 a man of high standards 一个道德高尚的人 Step 3 Reading T：We have learnt English for many years.Then in your opinion，what is a very important help to your English study？[来源:学§科§网][来源:学*科*网Z*X*X*K]‎ S：teachers，books，tapes ...‎ T：Anything else？Is there anything that you can turn to for help when you are confused while learning English？‎ S：I think a dictionary is a great help.[来源:Z.xx.k.Com]‎ T：Yeah.When we meet across new words we often look them up in a dictionary.What is the most widely-used dictionary in Chinese？‎ S：Xinhua Dictionary.‎ T：Then which one do you think is used widely in English？‎ S：I’m sorry I have no idea.‎ T：It’s Longman Dictionary and the Oxford English Dictionary.Today，we’ll read a passage on the Oxford English Dictionary.Now according to the title，what do you think will be mentioned in the passage？‎ S：I think the writer，the time when was it written，why it was written，how it was written，the feature of the dictionary will be mentioned.‎ T：Now，let’s listen to it to see whether your answer is right.‎ ‎（after listening）‎ T：Do you think that your answer is right？‎ S：I think that it doesn’t mention the feature of the dictionary.‎ T：Yes.Now let’s read it aloud to answer these questions then.‎ ‎①Why was it written？‎ ‎②When did it start to be written？‎ ‎③Who is the writer？‎ ‎④How it was written？‎ S：①To encourage everybody to spell the same.‎ ‎②The idea was raised in 1857.And 22 years later，it began to be written.‎ ‎③Three men worked together on the dictionary：Samuel Johnson，Noah Webster，and James Murray.‎ ‎④It took the three men nearly all of their lives to try to collect words.‎ T：Good job!Then who first began to work on the dictionary？‎ S：Murray.‎ T：Yes.Now let’s read the last paragraph.And then finish the table about notes on James Murray’s life with your partners.‎ ‎（check together）‎ Step 4 Consolidation/discussion T：After reading it，can you say something about Murray？Let’s do a chain reaction.Each student just says one sentence about Murray.‎ T：Do you think it worth so these people’s spending so much time on？Why？Now discuss with your partner and list some reasons.（discuss for about 3 minutes） Now，it’s show time.‎ S：We think that it worth their job.If there were no dictionaries，people would have no rule to guide them while using the language，which will lead to a mess in English because different people would use different laws to use it.Then there will be more difficulty in understanding one another.With the dictionary，people have a set rule to judge whether their way of using the language is right.‎ Step 5 Summary and homework Today，we have learned the words left in the vocabulary and we’ve got some information on the large English dictionary.After class，please read the words again and again to recite them and try to use them to make up sentences.‎ ‎●板书设计 Unit 2 English around the world ‎ The Fifth Period Words ‎1.command 2.request ‎3.recognize 4.standard Understanding of the passage Guessing Questions ‎●活动与探究 This research is to do research on the concept of the Oxford Dictionary and some other kinds of dictionary in English spoken countries.So students should work in groups to study the items of the Oxford Dictionary and find out the names of other types of dictionary and tell which one is the most popular and what’s the reason.‎ names The most popular one The reason ‎●备课资料 About the Oxford English Dictionary The Oxford English Dictionary is the accepted authority on the evolution of the English language over the last millennium.It is an unsurpassed guide to the meaning，history，and pronunciation of over half a million words，both present and past.It traces the usage of words through 2.5 million quotations from a wide range of international English language sources，from classic literature and specialist periodicals to film scripts and cookery books.‎ The OED covers words from across the English-speaking world，from North America to South Africa，from Australia and New Zealand to the Caribbean.It also offers the best in etymological analysis and in listing of variant spellings，and it shows pronunciation using the International Phonetic Alphabet.‎ As the OED is a historical dictionary，its entry structure is very different from that of a dictionary of current English，in which only present-day senses are covered，and in which the most common meanings or senses are described first.For each word in the OED，the various groupings of senses are dealt with in chronological order according to the quotation evidence，i.e.the senses with the earliest quotations appear first，and the senses which have developed more recently appear further down the entry.In a complex entry with many strands，the development over time can be seen in a structure with several “branches”.‎ The Second Edition of the OED is currently available as a 20-volume print edition，on CD-ROM，and now also online.Updated quarterly with at least 1000 new and revised entries，OED Online offers unparalleled access to the greatest continuing work of scholarship that this century has produced’ （Newsweek）.To find out more about the OED Online，why not follow our free tour？‎ ‎“About the Oxford English Dictionary” invites you to explore the intriguing background and distinctive character of the OED.Here，you will find in-depth articles about the history of the OED，an inside look at the programmes used to enlarge and update the OED entries，little-known facts about its content，and much more.‎ The Sixth Period ‎●从容说课 This is the 6th period of this unit in which two gargets are set.One is to deal with the speaking part and the second one is writing.This part of speaking refers to 2 items.One is Am.English and Br.English.The other one is the sentence patterns that express orders and request.First，students will be advised to do reading in roles to find out the Am.English and Br.English and then find out the sentence pattern and then reverse them into Direct Speech or Indirect Speech.Writing is a difficult item for students.This part mainly teaches students a skill called brainstorming.I’ll let students to do some brainstorming exercise to train them.After they have mastered this skill，I’ll have students write a complete passage.‎ ‎●三维目标 ‎1.Knowledge：‎ Practice speaking.‎ ‎2.Ability：‎ Train writing skills.‎ ‎3.Emotion：‎ Get a further understanding of the importance of learning English.‎ ‎●教学重点 Show brainstorming and write a passage.‎ ‎●教学难点 How to improve students’ writing skill.‎ ‎●教具准备 slides ‎●教学过程 Step 1 Greetings and revision T：（Greet the whole class as usual）‎ Yesterday，we learnt some new words and phrases.Would you tell me your sentences that you made up using these new words？‎ Step 2 Lead-in Excellent.In this unit “English around the World”，we learnt some knowledge of English.We’ve known that English is different even in some English-speaking countries.It’s called world English.And we’ve learnt some sentence structures which express orders and requests and the reversal of Indirect Speech and Direct Speech of these patterns.This class，we’ll use these things in practice.‎ Step 3 Speaking T：So now let’s see the speaking part on P15.Go through the instructions first.（after 1 minute）‎ So it is a dialogue between Americans and Britain.So you think that they will have much difficulty in understanding each other？‎ S：No.Though there’re some differences between Am.English and Br.English，they can understand each other.[来源:学科网]‎ T：Yes.Let’s do reading in roles.Boys play as Amy and girls act as the lady.Pay attention to pronunciation and intonation.‎ ‎（students read it）‎ T：Excellent!Have you found the different words that they use which mean the same？‎ S：Amy uses subway and blocks while the lady use underground and streets instead.‎ T：Well done!Then could you find out the requests and commands in direct speech in this dialogue？‎ S：Request：Could you please tell me where the nearest subway is？‎ Command：Go round the corner on your left-hand side，straight on and cross 2 streets.‎ T：Could you change them into indirect speech？[来源:Z。xx。k.Com][来源:Zxxk.Com]‎ S：Amy asked the lady to tell her where the nearest subway was.The lady told Amy to go round the corner on her left-hand side，straight on and cross 2 streets.‎ Step 4 Writing T：Now let’s get down to another target of this class writing.This is an item most students are afraid of，because when they get a subject or topic，they don’t know what to write about.Today we’ll learn to use a way，that is，brainstorming.First go through the instructions and the example by yourselves.‎ T：Are you sure how to do brainstorming？Now let’s first practise it on an easy topic—pollution.‎ S：‎ T：Good job.Now let’s turn to a more difficult topic “ How can learning English help China in the future？First，let’s still do brainstorming.[来源:学.科.网Z.X.X.K]‎ S：‎ T：Well done!Now let’s use this skill to help ourselves write a passage.Please turn to Page 53 on the workbook.Now you should write an article on the topic “My Experience of Learning English”.First list the answers you think of to fill in the blanks.And then choose some useful information to write the article according to the settled structure.‎ Step 5 Summary This class we dealt with writing skills.We can do brainstorming to help ourselves think of as many related items as possible on the topic.It is a very good way to write an article.‎ Step 6 Homework Write a passage on the topic “How can we improve our pronunciation”.‎ ‎●板书设计 Unit 2 English around the world ‎ The Sixth Period （Writing）‎ ‎[来源:Z。xx。k.Com]‎ ‎●活动与探究 Some foreigners think that Putonghua and the Dongbei dialect are just the same.Write a passage on the comparison of Putonghua and the Dongbei dialect to show their difference to them using the way—brainstorming.‎ Sample composition：‎ People in different parts of China speak different dialects.Putonghua helps them understand each other.Some dialects，especially those that are spoken in the south，are so different from Putonghua that they sound like a foreign language to others who do not speak them.The differences between Putonghua and other dialects，including the Dongbei dialect，which is spoken in the northeast of China，are very small.‎ Written Chinese，including vocabulary and grammar，is almost the same，but there are some words in the Dongbei dialect that are not used by people who speak Putonghua.For example，Dongbei people often use “旮旯（gala）” to mean “角落（jiaoluo）” in Putonghua，and they also like using “俺们（anmen）” to refer to “我们（women）”.‎ Listening to the Dongbei dialect，it is easy to hear small differences in intonation and pronunciation.For example，“人（ren）” is often pronounced as “yin”.However，the differences are so small that people who speak Putonghua and people who speak the Dongbei dialect can usually understand each other without difficulty.‎ ‎●备课资料 Methods to Improve Your Writing A.Bear in mind that writing well involves other abilities than simply being able to write correct English，especially when content and organization are concerned.‎ B.Keep in mind that your audiences are foreign users of English when considering what to write and how to express yourself.‎ C.Note that cultural differences result in stylistic differences in English and Chinese writing.‎ D.Try to overcome your special weakness in writing with the help of your teacher and correct them only one by one，starting from the easier ones such as spelling，punctuation and word division.‎ E.Learn to paraphrase.‎ F.Practice makes perfect.‎ G.Read simplified versions of English novels and English translations of world masterpieces.‎ H.Make good use of all kinds of dictionaries.‎ The Seventh Period ‎●从容说课 This is the latest period of this unit.In this part，I advise taking summing up，learning tip and project as the targets.This is a period of summary and consolidation of words and phrases，a summary of English around the world，and a summary of grammar will all be dealt with.Students are the key role of a class.So I think it is better to let students summarize by themselves.After that，if there is something missing，they will be helped by teachers.Besides the summary part，project will also be considered.This part offers students a chance to do many things by themselves，which can of course improve students’ ability.Now that it is not a course of teaching knowledge but an ability-training one，it is better to let students think more to solve the questions.Maybe group work will be good in effect.Then students report the result of their group work.‎ ‎●三维目标 ‎1.Knowledge：‎ Review all the knowledge of words，phrases，expressions，grammar，and the language.‎ ‎2.Ability：‎ Deal with the part of project to know something about code.‎ ‎3.Emotion：‎ Create some codes.‎ ‎●教学重点 The consolidation of the knowledge learnt before.‎ ‎●教学难点 How to help students sum up and master the knowledge.‎ ‎●教具准备 slides ‎●教学过程 Step 1 Greetings Greet the whole class as usual Step 2 Summing up the knowledge of ‎ English T：Today we are here having the last period of this unit.After reading this unit，what have you learnt？First what have you learnt about different kinds of English.Would you work in groups of four to discuss it？And then report it in the form of a table.‎ ‎（discuss for 5 minutes） Now exchange ideas with other group freely.‎ Possible table：‎ Different kinds of English Canadian；British；American，Australian；Indian English Reasons Cultural communication Main differences between Am.English and Br.English Pronunciation[来源:学&科&网][来源:学*科*网Z*X*X*K][来源:学#科#网]‎ ‎[来源:学#科#网]‎ Spelling Words Step 3 Summing up words and expressions T：We have got much information about the language.Then what words and expressions have we learnt？Discuss with your partner and make a list.‎ S：Noun：role，native，culture，vocabulary，usage，identity，government，phrase，command，request，standard，accent Verb：include，rule，command，request，retell，recognize Other expressions：play a role （in）；because of；come up；be present at；such as；be polite to Then please use the right forms of the words or phrases to fill in the blanks：‎ ‎1.The famous actor said he looked forward to ____________ in the movies directed by talented Zhang Yimou.‎ ‎2.The sports meet was put off ____________ the bad weather.‎ ‎3.After reading the text，we were told to ____________ the passage using our own words.‎ ‎4.He changed so much that I didn’t ____________ him at first.‎ ‎5.More than half of the people who were invited ____________ the meeting.‎ ‎6.In this vacation，I plan to do many things ____________ traveling to Hong Kong.‎ ‎7.Nobody dared to go against his ____________ that everyone （should）leave until 8 o’clock.‎ ‎8.The problem ____________ at the meeting has been solved.‎ Suggested answers：‎ ‎1.playing a role 2.because of 3.retell 4.recognize 5.were present at 6.including ‎ ‎7.command 8.coming up T：A good summary.Then would you please fill in the blanks with correct forms of words.‎ Step 4 Summing up grammar In this unit，we met across a new grammar item：request and command.Now recall the sentence patterns with your partner.‎ Command：Do/Do not do...‎ Request：Do/Do not do...please.‎ Can you do...？‎ Could you do...？‎ Will you do...？‎ Would you do...？‎ Step 5 Learning tips T：We know interest in the mother of success.If you find that the thing that you are doing is not so interesting，it’s not so likely that you will succeed.It is the same case with the study of English.So when you learn English，you’d better try to find fun in the study.For example，try to make jokes using words which have different meanings.‎ For example：‎ ‎①Don’t rock that baby on the rock while playing that rock music.‎ ‎②I wish to wish the wish you wish to wish，but if you wish the wish the witch wishes，I won’t wish the wish you wish to wish.‎ ‎③If white chalk chalks white on a black blackboard，will black chalk chalks black on a white whiteboard then？‎ Will you find out more funny things in studying English？‎ Some slang in America：‎ Beats Me 林先生刚到美国时，经常不经意间听到“Beats me”这句话，心想总不会叫人揍自己吧！例如，有人问：“When is this rain supposed to stop？” 对方可能回答“Beats me !” 若再问： “Where are your parents？”，对方回答也可能是 “Beats me!” 这句话如此管用，几乎适用于任何场合，那么到底是什么意思呢？林先生求教于人，得知其意是“I don’t know”——我不知道，我无法回答。‎ Now You Are Cooking 老吴与同事John聊天，他的女秘书敲门进来报告说，他此次开会所要的简报资料已制作完成，请John过目。John 接过资料审视后说：“Now you are cooking.”老吴听了一怔，不解地问他是怎么知道她此时正在煮东西。John笑说，他只是夸她这次干得不错而已，并不知道她在煮东西。原来，Now you are cooking此处系指“Well done”，与东西无关。‎ Food Free Zone 章先生又饥又渴地赶到了图书馆借书。一走进图书馆，看到展示区上挂了“Food Free Zone”的告示牌，心想美国公立图书馆真不错，还提供免费食物（free food），于是直奔该区寻找免费食物填肚，可怎么也找不着。此时一位好心的女馆员走过来问道：“May I help you？”章先生答说：“I am looking for the free food.”女馆员笑说：“You’ll never find it.Absolutely no food is allowed in this section.”经这一指点，章先生恍然大悟：原来 Food Free Zone是“禁食区”，不是“免费食物区”。‎ Powder Room 小段与先生一起去同事家做客。小段想上洗手间，先生指着一扇虚掩的门说：“就在那儿。”走近一看，门上挂着一块小木牌“Powder Room”，小段不知这是什么房间，又退了回去，先生肯定地说：“没错。”后来才知道Powder Room 是指带化妆室的洗手间。‎ Wildcat 给华人学生上英文课的美国老师对学生说，他家里有个wildcat。 学生听了很感兴趣，以为老师家庭生活一定很有意思，请求他什么时候带来给大家看看。老师连连摇头，知道学生没有明白他的意思，解释说，wildcat 是美国口语，指凶悍、脾气暴躁的女人，不是“野猫”。‎ Have the Ball at One’s Foot 一次聚会上，大家谈到李先生新从事的工作，吴先生说：“He has a ball at his feet.”小许脱口而出：“我没看见他脚边有球。”顿时大家都笑了 ，小许有点尴尬。 原来，这句话的意思是指对某人看好，机会就在面前，深信他会成功。‎ Out Cold 小张在纽约州立大学读书时，有次想选一门课，听说这门课不易对付，于是向一位修过这门课的美国学生打听情况，他说：“I remember that was an early class for me，and I always fell asleep during the class.I was out cold.”‎ 小张以为“out cold”就是“catch cold”的意思，对他深表同情，说“你生病还坚持上课，真不容易！”可这位美国同学却一脸的迷惑。 后来小张才知道，out cold是“昏昏沉沉什么都不知道”的意思，cold是副词，作“完全地，彻底地”解。‎ Step 6 Project T：Making jokes with different meanings of the same word sometimes can bring about humorous effect.If we use codes instead of words，maybe it is also funny.Now let’s see the passage on P53.Read it aloud，and exchange answers with partners.‎ T：In the war，codes were used to send secrets.Of course it has many other uses.For example，it can save time.Now work with your partner to create your own codes.And then share with your classmates.See if they can guess what each part of the code means.‎ Step 7 Summary T：Today we have recalled what have been learnt in this unit including words，expressions and grammar.Review them after class and keep words and phrased in mind.That’s all for today.Good-bye.‎ Step 8 Homework Recite words and phrases.‎ Finish a paper to check yourself.‎ Ⅰ.单项填空（15分）‎ ‎1.—Can I ask if you agree to my plan？‎ ‎—____________.‎ A.I’m afraid not B.No，please don’t C.Yes，you can D.Yes，please ‎2.She told Tom ____________ make the same mistake again.‎ A.he can’t B.don’t to C.to not D.not to ‎3.You ____________ him if he had seen you there that morning.‎ A.told B.said to C.asked D.asks ‎4.The number of the visitors，as we had expected，____________ well over two hundred.‎ A.is B.were C.are D.was ‎5.Would you please ____________ talk during the class？‎ A.not to B.don’t C.to not D.not ‎6.The officer commanded this man ____________.‎ A.to cut the shoes open B.don’t cut the shoes open C.to not cut the shoes open D.to cut the shoes opened ‎7.Someone is ringing the doorbell.Go and see ____________.‎ A.who is he B.who he is C.who is it D.who it is ‎8.The request made by her that ____________ was really ridiculous.‎ A.everyone left in 5 minutes B.everyone leave in 5minutes C.everyone to leave in 5 minutes D.everyone leaving in 5 minutes ‎9.The bill adds up to 25 cents，____________.‎ A.postage including B.postage included C.to include postage D.and including postage ‎10.The professor can speak ____________ five foreign languages.‎ A.so much as B.as much as C.so many as D.as many as ‎11.Do you have any difficulty ____________ the passage？‎ A.on reading B.in reading C.for reading D.to read ‎12.Housework is very tiring.____________ cleaning the house ____________.It takes you a lot of time to clean the house a week.‎ A.Take；for an example B.Use；for example C.Take；for example D.Use；for an example ‎13.—That would mean ____________ a lot of time.‎ ‎—Really？I don’t mean ____________ any time.‎ A.wasting；wasting B.wasting；to waste C.to waste；wasting D.to waste；to waste ‎14.Who can you imagine ____________ to his wedding party？‎ A.inviting B.being invited C.was invited D.to be invited ‎15.Mary asked me ____________ the mirror.‎ A.if had I broken B.had I broken C.if I had broken D.did I break Ⅱ.完形填空（30分）‎ Do you know how many languages there are in the world？There are about 1500，but many of them are not considered very 16 .English is considered one of the most important languages because many people 17 it，not only in England and America， 18 in other countries of the world.About 200000000 speak it 19 their own language，and another 230000000 use it as ‎ ‎ 20 language.It is 21 to say how many people are learning it. 22 boys and girls in schools are trying to do so.‎ Many 23 children study French.French is also a very important language. 24 ‎ children study German，Russian，Japanese and Chinese.‎ Which is the best 25 to learn a language？We know that we all learnt 26 language well when we were 27 .If we learn a second language in the 28 way，it may not seem so difficult.What does a small child do？It 29 what people say，and it tries to guess what it hears.When it wants something，it has to 30 it.It is using the language， 31 and talking in it all of the time.If people use a second language 32 ，they will learn it 33 .‎ In school，you learn to read，to write，to hear and to 34 .It is best to learn all new words through the 35 .You can read them，spell them and speak them later.‎ ‎16.A.spoken B.happy C.important D.ideal ‎17.A.like B.use C.operate D.play ‎18.A.but B.and C.too D.so ‎19.A.like B.with C.for D.as ‎20.A.distant B.a second C.the second D.a special ‎21.A.easy B.again C.difficult D.best ‎22.A.Millions of B.Hundreds of C.Tens of D.Thousands of ‎23.A.Chinese B.Japanese C.English D.Asian ‎24.A.Some B.Thousands C.All D.Much ‎25.A.time B.way C.thing D.place ‎26.A.a foreign B.our mothers’ C.other’s D.our own ‎27.A.born B.children C.grown D.boys ‎28.A.same B.different C.useful D.good ‎29.A.talks B.wants C.cries D.follows ‎30.A.ask B.want C.get D.ask for ‎31.A.speaking B.writing C.thinking D.doing ‎32.A.some time B.sometimes C.all the time D.for the time ‎33.A.fluent B.confident C.freely D.easily ‎34.A.fight B.sing C.speak D.play ‎35.A.mouth B.hands C.ears D.eyes Ⅲ.阅读理解（20分）‎ A One day Archie，the clown（小丑） went into a shop to buy a new pair of shoes.‎ ‎“Good morning，sir，” said the salesman.“What can I do for you？”‎ Archie told him，“A new pair of shoes，please.” “Brown，” he added.‎ ‎“Of course，sir，” said the salesman.“Right away.” And he went off to find some suitable shoes，which were piled so high that he could hardly see where to take.‎ ‎“Try these，sir，” said the salesman.‎ Archie tried four pairs of shoes，but he said they were too big or too small，or like boats or like pincers（钳子）.None of them satisfied him.‎ ‎“On dear，” said the salesman.“I can’t find a pair to fit you at all.”‎ ‎“Let me have a look，” said Archie，hunting among the shoes scattered on the floor.‎ ‎“Here we are，” he said.“Look，these fit me properly.”‎ ‎“But you can’t have those，sir!” cried the salesman excitedly.‎ ‎“Why not？” said Archie loudly.‎ ‎“Because they happen to be the boxes I keep the shoes in.”‎ ‎36.As a clown，he needed to buy ____________.‎ A.a common pair of shoes B.a special pair of shoes C.a big pair of shoes D.a small pair of shoes ‎37.From the story we can see ____________.‎ A.the salesman was a warmhearted man and good at business B.the salesman was a man busy all the time C.the clown was a man fond of troubling others D.the clown was a man playing jokes on others ‎38.What do you think of the salesman after the clown tried four pairs of shoes and was dissatisfied with them？‎ A.He became angry. B.He became cold.‎ C.He refused to show other shoes. D.He had to say he had no others to fit him.‎ ‎39.The clown said “Look，these fit me perfectly” which means the ones ____________.‎ A.looked the most beautiful of all B.were the most expensive of all C.were the most suitable of all for performing D.were the most suitable to his feet ‎40.Why did the clown pick out not shoes but boxes which the salesman kept the shoes in？‎ A.He didn’t want to buy shoes.‎ B.He had not enough money to buy shoes.‎ C.The boxes seemed more useful than the shoes for him.‎ D.He could keep himself in the boxes.‎ B Maxie Anderson and his 23-year-old son Kris flew from California to Quebec.It was a 3100-mile trip，and it took 100 hours.But this was no ordinary flight.There was not even a plane.The pilot（飞行员） and copilot were in a balloon.‎ Maxie and Kris wanted to make the first nonstop balloon trip across North America.They started in San Francisco，California and hoped to land in Kitty Hank，North Carolina.But the Adersons had some bad luck.Strong winds blew them 1100 miles north，and they landed near the forest of Quebec.There were other problems on the trip too.While ‎ they were flying over the Rock Mountains it was cold.There was also little air，so they needed to take oxygen.‎ After the trip，Kris said he did not want any more adventures.“Man always has a dream.I’m sure I’ll think of something else to try.”‎ ‎41.Maxie and Kris ____________.‎ A.wanted to know how to be a pilot of a balloon B.wanted to know how far their balloon could fly C.had a flight adventure in their balloon D.wanted to go sight seeing across North America ‎42.____________ changed their direction during their flight.‎ A.Cold weather B.Litter air C.The Rocky Mountains D.Strong winds ‎43.It was ____________ that they wanted to fly to.‎ A.the forests of Quebec B.Kitty Hank，North Carolina C.Quebec D.North America ‎44.After this flight，____________.‎ A.Maxie and Kris wanted to have another adventure B.Kris thought he would not try the balloon adventure again C.Maxie didn’t dare to have such a balloon adventure D.The father was still interested in adventures ‎45.The best title of the passage would be ____________.‎ A.Flying Father and Son B.Dream Have Something to Try C.Dream that came true D.Plane That Succeeded in Flying across North America C Switzerland（瑞士） is famous for its watches.However，this country didn’t invent the watch.It was the British.Here is a story of how the watch was brought to Switzerland.‎ Many years ago，an Englishman was traveling to Italy.On his way，he stopped in a small town in South Switzerland.This Englishman traveled in a carriage（四轮马车） inside of which there was a carriage watch.This was the earliest kind of watch.A native shop assistant happened to see the watch.He wondered what it was and asked the Englishman about it.“It is a carriage watch，” said the man.“This machine tells the time but now it isn’t working.”‎ At once the shop assistant offered to try to repair it.So the traveler handed him the watch.The assistant was a very wise man.So it was not surprising that he managed to repair it.He even remembered how it was made.As soon as the traveler had gone on his journey，he made a watch of exactly the same type.‎ Thus the watch-making was started in Switzerland.Today，Swiss watches are sold in stores all over the world.‎ ‎46.Switzerland is famous for ____________.‎ A.making watches B.selling watches C.inventing watches D.the carriage watches ‎47.It was ____________ who first brought a watch to Switzerland.‎ A.a Swiss B.an Italian C.an Englishman D.a shop assistant ‎48.The first Swiss watch was made by ____________.‎ A.an Italian shop assistant ‎ B.an English shop assistant C.a man who was traveling to Italy ‎ D.a man who came from Switzerland ‎49.The carriage watch was a machine which ____________.‎ A.was put in the carriage B.wasn’t working C.told people the time D.had to be repaired ‎50.The earliest watches were made in ____________.‎ A.Switzerland B.England C.Italy D.a small town Ⅳ.短文改错（10分）‎ Scientists around the world have been studying the warm of waters in the Pacific Ocean 51.____________‎ being known as EL Nino.The appearance 52.____________‎ of EL Nino is knowing to affect 53.____________‎ weather around world.Now scientists 54.____________‎ still do not completely understand them.Yet they find 55.____________‎ they can use it to tell the Future in different area in the 56.____________‎ world.The scientists write about their recent work ‎ In the magazine Nature.Their computer 57.____________‎ program can hardly tell when an EL Nino 58.____________‎ will appear.They suggest this could provide for effective early 59.____________‎ warning system and could prevent much of the disasters 60.____________‎ from happening.‎ Ⅴ.书面表达（25分）‎ 山东济宁育才中学的迟正打算去英国学习，但他不知道英国中学的情况及入学条件。因此他想给英国一所中学去信咨询。请以他的名义用英语写一封咨询信。英国中学的地址：South High School，66 Cambridge Street，London w38 England咨询内容：能否得到在英入学的指导；像他这样的17岁中学生能否赴英就读；若能去，选哪种学校最合适；在英中学毕业后能否继续上学。‎ ‎1.书信格式规范，语句流畅，语法正确，不要逐字翻译 ‎2.80词左右，写信日期：2005年9月10日 ‎____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________‎ The answers：‎ ‎1.A 委婉地拒绝。‎ ‎2.D tell sb. to do；tell sb. not to do。‎ ‎3.C if引导的是一般疑问句，所以用ask，根据后面的had seen，所以用asked。‎ ‎4.D the number of 作主语，谓语动词用单数；又根据had expected，所以用was。‎ ‎5.D would do；would not do。‎ ‎6.A command sb. to do；command sb. not to do。‎ ‎7.D 此句为see的宾语从句，从句中用陈述句语序；指代不可知的人，用it。‎ ‎8.B 此that引导的从句为request的同位语从句，此从句中须用虚拟语气。‎ ‎9.B including 为介词including sth.；included 为形容词sth. included；and 引导并列句。‎ ‎10.D 修饰language，所以用many，as...as...用于肯定或否定；so...as...只能用于否定句。‎ ‎11.B have difficulty in doing sth. 为固定词组。‎ ‎12.C take ...for example为固定词组。‎ ‎13.B mean to do打算做，故意做； mean doing 有意做。‎ ‎14.B imagine doing，谁被邀请，所以用being invited。‎ ‎15.C 此题考查宾语从句，由ask推断，此从句为疑问句，所以用if引导，另外，从句中应用陈述句语序，所以选择C。‎ ‎16.C ‎ ‎17.B ‎18.A 这里but相当于but also。‎ ‎19.D as “当作”，like没有此含义。‎ ‎20.B 前面讲了多少人把英语作为母语，这里显然指“第二语言”。‎ ‎21.C 具体说有多少人使用英语，的确困难（容易则会说出具体的数字来）。‎ ‎22.A 根据逻辑推断，只有A项表示正确。‎ ‎23.C 从后一句的study German，Russian，Japanese and Chinese可知，这里指的是英语国家的学生。‎ ‎24.A 与前一句的“many”相呼应。‎ ‎25.B way指方法。‎ ‎26.D 自己的语言当然比外语学得好，而且从小孩开始就如此（见27）。‎ ‎27.B ‎28.A 从后面的“it won’t seem so difficult”可知，这里指的是用“相同的方法”。‎ ‎29.D 这里follow指“模仿”。‎ ‎30.D ask for sth.索要某物。‎ ‎31.C 根据逻辑推断，可知小孩还不能写作，“讲话”的内容后面有。‎ ‎32.C 只有常用才能较容易地学好。‎ ‎33.D ‎34.C 文章最后一句已经提到。‎ ‎35.C ‎36~40 BADCC 41~45 CDBBA 46~50 ACDCB ‎51.warm→warmth 动词后应用名词作宾语。‎ ‎52.去掉being 过去分词短语作后置定语形式。know是静态动词，无进行时，也就无被动语态的进行时，所以就无being known as ...作后置定语形式。‎ ‎53.knowing→known 被动语态中用过去分词形式。‎ ‎54.在world 前加the 世界上独一无二的东西，如太阳、月亮、地球、世界、陆地、海洋等前，都用定冠词the。‎ ‎55.them→it 这里指代的是EL Nino，应该用it。‎ ‎56.area→areas 这里表示复数。‎ ‎57.√‎ ‎58.去掉hardly 根据上下文这里是逻辑错误。‎ ‎59.for→with provide with sth.是固定结构，意为“提供某物”。‎ ‎60.much→many much不能修饰可数名词。‎ 书面表达 The Yu Cai Middle School Jining Shandong，China Sept 4th，2003‎ Dear sir，‎ I’d like to study in Britain，but I know very little about the opportunity and conditions there.I’d be very grateful if you would be so kind as to give me advice about that.In particular，what are the chances of my being admitted to a school there at the age of 17？What sort of schools are suitable？And would I be able to go on to study in a university there after finishing middle school？Thank you very much for your kind consideration.‎ Yours sincerely，‎ Chi Zheng ‎●板书设计 Unit 2 English around the world ‎ The Seventh Period Words phrase grammar codes ‎●活动与探究 Watch closely in your life，and find as many as codes as possible.List them in a form and share it with your classmates.‎ ‎●备课资料 New Zealand study Finds New Origin of English Language 新西兰研究发现英语语言的新起源 By Angela Gregory In this article：Is it possible that the roots of English can be found in Turkey 9000 years ago？本文简介：英语的根源可以追溯到9000年以前的土耳其，可能吗？‎ Researchers at New Zealand’s largest university，Auckland University，have stunned academics worldwide by tracing the origins of the English language to Turkish farmers.Using a novel approach to develop an Indo-European language tree，the researchers say they have evidence that the roots of the English language go back about 9000 years to Turkey.Associate Professor Russell Gray and PhD students Quentin Atkinson published their research in the ‎ British journal Nature.Their findings on the long-debated origins of the language have quickly spread.‎ The origin of the Indo-European language family has been the most intensively studied problem of historical linguistics，but numerous genetic studies have produced inconclusive results.For almost two centuries linguists and archaeologists debated two theories on the origins of the language family，whose members ranged from Greek and Hindi to German and English.‎ It was thought the language was spread either by rampaging Kurgan horsemen who swept down into Europe and the Near East from the steppes of Russia 6000 years ago，or by farmers from Anatolia （modern Turkey）who had tilled their way westwards several millenniums earlier.Professor Gray，an evolutionary biologist in the university’s psychology department，says that his results showed only the latter theory could be correct.‎ He had used methods derived from evolutionary biology to study the problem for the past five years.He accepted his approach to build an evolutionary tree if the Indo-European languages was controversial and subject to criticism.But Professor Gray said he thought it was a valid technique that had clearly shown the origins of the English language went back further than had been thought，excluding the Kurgan horsemen theory.It appeared that Indo-European languages had expanded with the spread of agriculture from Anatolia 7800 to 9800 years ago.‎ Professor Gray and Mr Atkinson had analyzed thousands of words from 87 languages to find out when the various branches of the Indo-European family tree started diverging.‎ ‎“We looked at words from different languages that were clearly related and grouped them in sets，” Professor Gray said a simple example was that five was cinq in French and cinque in Italian.“We built matrices of all our information，gleaned from the Internet and every obscure etymological dictionary we could find.”‎ The researchers then used sophisticated computer programs to do the analysis and build language trees.The length of he resulting branches and their various offshoots showed when each language diverged from its predecessors and developed a separate identity.‎ Professor Gray said Hittite （an extinct Anatolian language） was the first major language group to branch from the Indo-European trunk.Over subsequent millennia，the same trunk sprouted Tocharian，Armenian，Greek，Albanian，Iranian，Indic，Slavic，Baltic，Germanic，French/Iberian，Italic and Celtic language groups.‎ A Marsden Fund grant from the Government and a James Cook Fellowship from the Royal Society of New Zealand helped to pay for the research，which included the equivalent of three solid years of computer time.‎ 新西兰最大的学府奥克兰大学的研究人员将英语溯源到土耳其的农民那里，令全球的学术界瞠目结舌。研究人员使用了新奇的方法研发出印欧语言树形图，说他们有证据表明，英语的根源可以追溯到9000年以前的土耳其。罗素·格雷副教授和博士生昆廷·阿特金森在英国《自然》杂志发表了他们的研究成果。他们关于长期争论的英语起源的研究成果很快地传布开来。‎ 印欧语言的起源一直是历史语言学研究的重点课题，但是，许多关于起源的研究都没有产生确切的结果。近两个世纪以来，语言学家和考古学家对于该语族的起源有两种相持不下的理论，该语族的分枝范围可以从希腊语和北印地语一直到德语和英语。‎ 据认为，这种语言要么是由6000年以前从俄国西伯利亚大草原扫荡到欧洲和近东的野蛮的库尔干游牧民传播的，要么是由比那还早几千年向西部垦荒的安那托利亚（现代的土耳其）的农民传播的。该大学的心理学系进化生物学者格雷教授说，他的研究结果表明，只有后者的理论才可能是正确的。‎ 在过去五年中，他采用了从进化生物学衍生出的一些方法研究该问题。他承认，他绘制印欧语言进化树形图的方法会引起争论和批评。但是，格雷教授说，他认为这是一个有效的方法，它清楚地表明，除了库尔干游牧民族理论以外，英语起源可以追溯到远远早于人们现有的认识。看起来，在7800年到9800年以前，随着农业的发展，印欧语言就从安那托利亚那里扩散开来。‎ 格雷教授和阿特金森先生对87种语言的数千词汇进行了分析，发现了印欧语族树形图的各种不同分枝何时开始分离开来。‎ ‎“我们研究来自不同语言而明显相关联的字词并将他们按类分组。” 格雷教授说一个简单的例子就是“五”在法语中是cinq，而在意大利语中是cinque。“我们将所有的信息都列成矩阵，这些信息是从因特网和每本可以搞到的不起眼的词源词典里收集来的。”‎ 然后，研究员们用精密的计算机程序进行分析并建立语言树形图。图中产生的各个分叉的长度及其各种不同的支条表明了每种语言何时从它的上级语支分离并发展成单独的语体。‎ 格雷教授说，赫梯语（一种消亡的安那托利亚语言）是从印欧语系的主干上分支出来的第一种主要语群。在以后的几千年中，同一个主干产生出了吐火罗语、亚美尼亚语、希腊语、阿尔巴尼亚语、伊朗语、印度语、斯拉夫语、波罗的语、日耳曼语、法语/伊比利亚语、意大利语和凯尔特语语群。‎ 来自政府的马斯登基金的拨款和新西兰皇家学会的詹姆士·库克研究基金支付这个研究的费用，该研究花费了整整三年的计算时间。‎ Some suggested answers to the exercises on the workbook：‎ The answer to Listing Words and Expressions on page 49.‎ ‎1.（1）imagine （2）government （3）dessert （4）northwestern （5）rapidly ‎ ‎（6）eastern （7）actually （8）entertain （9）recognize （10）boss （11）standard ‎ ‎（12）usage （13）elevator ‎2.（1）played an important part ‎（2）blocks ‎（3）expects ‎（4）such as ‎（5）culture ‎（6）vocabulary ‎（7）Modern ‎（8）native ‎3.（1）He worked abroad for half year last year and came back without finishing the work because of his illness.‎ ‎（2）They have made a request for international help.‎ ‎（3）Victoria went into the house and closed the door with a polite smile.‎ ‎（4）Tim likes giving commands.However，none of us will listen to him.‎ ‎（5）Betty had said that she would come up to my home this morning.But just now he called and said that she couldn’t because she had to take her kid to hospital who happened to have an accident.‎