2012届高考英语语法精品学案：专题十 定语从句

2012届高考英语语法精品学案：专题十 定语从句

‎ ‎ 定语从句一直是高考的热点和焦点，考点主要集中在以下几个方面：定语从句的关系代词和关系副词的选择；非限制性定语从句中as和which的选择；以抽象地点、抽象时间名词作先行词的定语从句中关系词的使用；定语从句和强调结构的综合考查。‎ 一、定语从句的基本概念 ‎ 定语从句中繁多的术语、复杂的关系一直困扰着很多学生，考试时也常为此出错。因此我们首先要理解定语从句的三个基本概念及它们之间的关系。‎ ‎ 定语从句：修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句，它实际上起了形容词的作用。定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。‎ 先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。‎ ‎ 关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as 等；关系副词有when, where，why等。‎ 由示例可知，关系代(副)词是定语从句的连接枢纽，在定语从句中起了三层作用：①引导定语从句，②替代先行词，③在从句中作成分。因此我们可以得出：关系代词代替先行词在从句中作主语、宾语等；关系副词代替先行词在定语从句中作状语。‎ ‎ 关系词代替先行词在定语从句中作什么成分是判断该用关系代词还是关系副词的依据。因此把先行词正确还原到定语从句中是做定语从句题很重要的一个技巧。‎ 专题十 │ 正面解读 二、关系代词、关系副词一览表 ‎ ‎ 关系词 先行词 从句成分 例句 备注 关系代词 who 人 主语、宾语 ‎①Do you know the man who/ that is talking with your mother？②Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am working. ③The boy (whom/who/ that) she loved died in the war.④I like those books whose topics are about history. ‎ ‎①who, whom, which和that在从句中作宾语时，常可以省略，但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略，也不能用that或who，应构成“介词＋whom/which”引导定语从句。‎ whom 人 宾语 whose 人，物 定语 ‎ ‎ 关系词 先行词 从句成分 例句 备注 关系代词 that 人、物 主语、宾语 ‎⑤A plane is a machine that/ which can fly. ⑥Tomorrow I will bring here the magazine for which you asked. ⑦He was late again, which made his teacher angry. ‎ ‎②which可以指代整个主句引导非限制性定语从句，放在主句的后面。which意为“这一点，这”。‎ which 物，句子 主语、宾语 ‎ ‎ 关系词 先行词 从句成分 例句 备注 关系代词 as 人、物、句子 主语、宾语、表语 ‎⑧As you pointed out, I made a mistake. ⑨He is such a person as is respected by all of us. ‎ ‎③as引导非限制性定语从句时，指代整个主句的内容，放在句首、句中、句末均可。as意为 “正如，就像”。④名词前有such和the same修饰时，关系代词用as。‎ 注意：that和which的用法区别 ‎1． 只用which不用that的情况 ‎(1) 在非限制性定语从句中，which既可代表先行词又可代表前面的一整句话，译成“这一点，这一件事”。‎ ‎(2) 在介词后面。‎ ‎(3) 先行词是代词that或those时。‎ ‎2． 只用that不用which的情况 ‎(1) 当先行词是all, everything, anything, nothing, much, none等不定代词时，只用that。‎ ‎(2) 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时，只用that。‎ ‎(3) 如果出现两个或两个以上的先行词，并同时兼指人和物时，关系代词用that。‎ ‎(4) 先行词被the only, the last, the way等修饰时用that。‎ ‎(5) 在疑问词who, which, what开头的特殊疑问句中，为了避免重复只用that。‎ 三、“介词 ＋ 关系代词”引导的定语从句 ‎ 作介词宾语的关系代词一般是which和whom，“介词＋which/whom”既可以引导限制性定语从句，又可以引导非限制性定语从句。常见的有以下几种结构：‎ ‎1． 介词 ＋ 关系代词 ‎ Mandela was the black lawyer to whom I went for advice. ‎ ‎＝ Mandela was the black lawyer whom I went to for advice. ‎ ‎ 曼德拉是我寻求建议的一位黑人律师。‎ ‎2． 名词/代词/数词＋介词＋关系代词 ‎ Last Sunday I bought some books from the bookstore, three of which were English novels. ‎ ‎＝ Last Sunday I bought some books from the bookstore, of which three were English novels. ‎ ‎ 上个星期天，我从书店买回几本书，其中三本是英文小说。‎ ‎3． 形容词最高级 ＋ 介词 ＋ 关系代词 ‎ China has thousands of islands, the largest of which is Taiwan. 中国有成千上万的岛屿，其中最大的是台湾。‎ 四、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 ‎ 定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句与其先行词之间不用逗号隔开，非限制性定语从句与其先行词之间一般用逗号隔开。‎ ‎ 限制性定语从句是主句不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句起补充说明作用，去掉了不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。‎ 如：‎ ‎ People who take physical exercise live longer.进行体育锻炼的人活得更长些。(限制性定语从句，若把从句去掉句子的意思就不完整。)‎ ‎ His daughter, who is in Boston now, is coming home next week.他女儿现在在波士顿，(她)下星期回来。(非限制性定语从句，若把从句去掉句子意义仍然完整。)‎ 五、必须注意的几个问题 ‎1． 定语从句与状语从句、同位语从句及强调句的辨析 比较 例句 区别 与where引导的地点状语从句的区别 ‎①Years later, he went to New York, where/in which he made great success.‎ ‎②The tree should be planted where there is plenty of rain.‎ ‎①where引导的是定语从句，修饰先行词，在从句中作状语，where可以转化为“介词＋ which”。 ②句中where引导的从句前无先行词，因此引导的是地点状语从句，where本身在从句中作状语，不能转化为“介词＋关系代词”。 ‎ 比较 例句 区别 与同位语从句的区别 ‎①This is the suggestion(that) he put forward. ‎ ‎②He gave me a suggestion that we should start at 5 o'clock. ‎ ‎①that引导的是定语从句，that代替先行词在从句中充当宾语。②同位语从句中连接词that 在从句中无意义，不作成分但不可省略。‎ 与强调句的区别 ‎①It was last night that I saw the accident.‎ ‎②It was a time when there were still slaves.‎ 判断强调句的方法是把it is/ was和 that (who) 去掉，如果句子仍然完整，则是强调句。(①句去掉it was…that 成为I saw the accident last night.) ‎ ‎2. “使用where而非真实‘地点’”型定语从句 ‎ 定语从句的先行词是situation, case, point, scene等名词而且从句缺少状语时，要使用where表示“一种特定的……情况”或“一个特定的……场合”。如：‎ ‎ I have come to the point where I can't stand him. ‎ ‎ 我已经到了无法容忍他的程度。‎ ‎ He's got himself into a dangerous situation where he is likely to lose control over the plane. ‎ ‎ 他发现他到了有可能会失去控制飞机的地步。‎ ‎1． 关系代词的误用及漏用 ‎(1) 【误】 I've read all the books which you lent me. ‎ ‎ 【正】 I've read all the books that you lent me. ‎ ‎ 【解析】 定语从句的先行词被all，some，any，no，few等修饰时，关系代词用that。‎ ‎(2) 【误】 The student is standing there is our monitor. ‎ ‎ 【正】 The student (who/that is) standing there is our monitor. ‎ ‎ 【解析】 定语从句中关系代词作主语时不能省略；此处也可把定语从句改为现在分词作定语。‎ ‎(3) 【误】 Dinner starts with a small dish，that is often called a starter. ‎ ‎ 【正】 Dinner starts with a small dish，which is often called a starter. ‎ ‎ 【解析】 用which引导非限制性定语从句，而不用that引导。‎ ‎(4)【误】 He lives in the room，the window of that faces the south. ‎ ‎ 【正】 He lives in the room，the window of which faces the south. ‎ ‎ 【解析】 “介词＋关系代词”中的关系代词用which不用that。‎ ‎(5) 【误】 The man with who I worked has left. ‎ ‎ 【正】 The man with whom I worked has left. ‎ ‎ 【解析】 “介词＋whom”引导定语从句。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎2. 定语从句主谓不一致 ‎ ‎ 【误】 This is one of the rooms that is free now. ‎ ‎ 【正】 This is one of the rooms that are free now. ‎ ‎ 【解析】 在one ‎ of…结构中，先行词为of后的复数名词或代词，从句谓语用复数。先行词是the only/very one of＋复数名词时，从句谓语用单数。‎ ‎3． 关系词与被替换词重复 ‎ 【误】 This is the jacket which I bought it last month. ‎ ‎ 【正】 This is the jacket which I bought last month. ‎ ‎ 【解析】 which在从句中作宾语，it多余。‎ ‎4． 介词的误用 ‎ 【误】 The computer to which I paid 4,000 yuan is made in Shanghai. ‎ ‎ 【正】 The computer for which I paid 4,000 yuan is made in Shanghai. ‎ ‎ 【解析】 介词的选用既要考虑先行词，又要考虑定语从句中动词或形容词与介词的搭配习惯。此处pay…for sth.为固定短语，意为“花钱买……”。‎ ‎5． from where与from which混用 ‎ 【误】 They stood on the top of the building, from which they could see the whole city. ‎ ‎ 【正】 They stood on the top of the building, from where they could see the whole city. ‎ ‎ 【解析】 from where＝from the top of the building，from which＝from the building，显然前者比较合适。‎ ‎6． 忽视倒装结构 ‎ 【误】 The fisherman lives in an old house, in front of which a well lies. ‎ ‎ 【正】 The fisherman lives in an old house, in front of which lies a well. ‎ ‎ 【解析】 in front of…放在定语从句句首，且从句中含有动词lie, stand等，主语为名词，这时要采用倒装结构，把lie, stand等放在作主语的名词前。‎ ‎7． 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句误用 ‎ ‎(1) 【误】 Charles Smith, that was my former teacher, retired last year. ‎ ‎ 【正】 Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. ‎ ‎ 【解析】 在非限制性定语从句中，当先行词指人时，关系代词用who, whom。 ‎ ‎(2) 【误】 This novel, I have read three times, is very touching. ‎ ‎ 【正】 This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. ‎ ‎ 【解析】 在非限制性定语从句中，关系词不能省略。‎ ‎(3) 【误】 I had told them the reason, why I didn't attend the meeting. ‎ ‎ 【正】 I had told them the reason, for which I didn't attend the meeting. ‎ ‎ 【解析】 that, why通常不用于引导非限制性定语从句。‎ 专题十 │ 反面解读 ‎(4) 正如所通知的那样，我们下个月要举行期末考试。‎ ‎ 【误】 It has been announced，we shall have our final exams next month.‎ ‎ 【误】 Which has been announced, we shall have our final exams next month. ‎ ‎ 【正】 It has been announced that we shall have our final exams next month. ‎ ‎ 【正】 As has been announced, we shall have our final exams next month. ‎ ‎ 【解析】 as has been announced引导一个定语从句，放在句首，不能使用which；有时可与It is/has been… that…转换。‎ ‎(5) 我看过《金婚》这部电影，它的男主角是张国立。‎ ‎ 【误】 I have seen the film Golden Anniversary，its leading actor is Zhang Guoli. ‎ ‎ 【正】 I have seen the film Golden Anniversary，whose leading actor is Zhang Guoli. ‎ ‎ 【正】 I have seen the film Golden Anniversary, its leading actor Zhang Guoli. ‎ ‎ 【解析】 在定语从句中，whose既可指人，也可指物，往往放在从句中的某一名词前作定语；该句也可改为独立主格形式。 ‎ ‎8．定语从句的分隔 ‎ Later in this chapter cases will be introduced to readers ________ consumer complaints have resulted in changes in the law. ‎ ‎ A．where B．when C．who D．which ‎ 【误】 由于不能正确判断哪个是先行词而误选C。‎ ‎ 【正】 cases是先行词，正确答案是A。‎ ‎ 【解析】 cases在定语从句中作状语，构成in the cases，主句是cases will be introduced to readers，所以用where引导定语从句。在定语从句中有时会出现先行词与定语从句分隔的现象。要注意准确辨认。‎ ‎1． It is in this village，________Mary was born 35 years ago，________she will build her first school，________inspires everyone to help her. ‎ ‎ A．that; when; which B．where; that; which ‎ C．that; that; that D．where; when; that ‎ 【解析】 B　考查句子结构分析。第一空引导的是一个定语从句，在从句中作地点状语，所以用where，第二空构成it is…that强调结构，第三空引导一个非限制性定语从句，指代前面提到的一件事情，所以要用which。‎ ‎2． [2010·江西卷] The girl arranged to have piano lessons at the training centre with her sister ________ she would stay for an hour. ‎ ‎ A．where B．who C．which D．what ‎ 【解析】 A　考查定语从句。关系副词where引导的定语从句，在从句中作状语。‎ ‎3． [2010·重庆卷] In China，the number of cities is increasing ________ development is recognized across the world. ‎ ‎ A．where B．which ‎ C．whose D．that ‎ 【解析】 C　考查定语从句关系词。这里是一个分割定语从句，先行词cities和定语从句被谓语is increasing分隔开，表示“城市的发展”，故应用whose作定语。‎ ‎4． [2009·江西卷] The house I grew up________ has been taken down and replaced by an office building. ‎ ‎ A．in it B．in C．in that D．in which ‎ 【解析】 B　考查定语从句。还原后应为The house (which/that) I grew up in… 主语后面紧跟的是定语从句。‎ ‎5． TVTurnoff Week，________millions of people around the world participate every year, tries to encourage people to turn on life. ‎ ‎ A．in which B．on which C．which D．when ‎ 【解析】 A　考查定语从句中“介词十关系词”的用法。句意为：关闭电视周，每年世界各地数百万的人都在做，旨在鼓励人们注重生活。从句中谓语动词participate是不及物动词，常与介词in连用表示“参与”的意思，相当于take part in，选A。‎ ‎6． [2010·江苏卷] The newlybuilt cafe，the walls of ________ are painted light green，is really a peaceful place for us，especially after hard work. ‎ ‎ A．that B．it C．what D．which ‎ 【解析】 D　本题考查定语从句。先行词为cafe，此处the walls of which可以变化成“whose walls”，在从句中作主语。‎ ‎7． Nowadays, when people talk about magicians, the first one ________comes into their mind is Liu Qian. ‎ ‎ A．where B．which C．that D．what ‎ 【解析】 C　定语从句先行词为the first one。定语从句中当先行词为序数词或是被序数词修饰时用that引导定语从句。‎ ‎8． [2009·四川卷] She'll never forget her stay there ________ she found her son who had gone missing two years before. ‎ ‎ A．that B．which C．where D．when ‎ 【解析】 D　考查定语从句的用法。her stay为先行词，可以理解为抽象的一段时间(她呆在那里期间)，when指代her stay，在定语从句中作时间状语。‎ ‎9． [2009·全国卷Ⅱ] My friend showed me round the town，________was very kind of him. ‎ ‎ A．which B．that C．where D．it ‎ 【解析】 A　考查非限制性定语从句，这里的which指代前面整句话内容。‎ ‎10．[2009·江苏卷] ________is known to us is that the old doctor, for________ life was hard in the past, still works very hard in his late life. ‎ ‎ A．As; whom B．What; whom ‎ C．It; whose D．As; whose ‎ 【解析】 B　考查主语从句及定语从句。第一空是由what引导的主语从句，what is known to us is that…也是固定结构；第二空学生很容易会错选whose，后半句还原为：life was hard for him，所以用介词＋whom。‎ ‎11．Sun Valley raised and processed about a million chickens, ________up to half went to McDonald's. ‎ ‎ A．in which B．for which C．with which D．of which ‎ 【解析】 D　在定语从句中，of which up to half ＝ up to half of which ＝ up to half of the chickens。‎ ‎12．Take an active part in the activities you enjoy ________you can make many friends. ‎ ‎ A．where B．when C．that D．what ‎ 【解析】 A　考查定语从句关系词的选择。先行词为the activities，在从句中作抽象的地点状语，所以要用where。‎ ‎13．[2010·北京卷] Children who are not active or________ diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly. ‎ ‎ A．what B．whose C．which D．that ‎ 【解析】 B　本题考查定语从句引导词。先行词children和diet之间是所属关系，用whose 来引导定语从句。‎ ‎14．[2010·四川卷] After graduating from college，I took some time off to go ‎ traveling，________ turned out to be a wise decision.‎ ‎ A．that B．which C．when D．where ‎ 【解析】 B　考查定语从句。这里which引导非限制性定语从句，代替整个主句。‎ ‎15．We recommend that our human beings treat the nature with the same care ________we give to our eyes. ‎ ‎ A．that B．which C．as D．what ‎ 【解析】 C　考查定语从句引导词的用法。若先行词有the same修饰，其后定语从句则用that或as引导。that表示同一个，as表示同类中的一个但不是同一个。根据题意可知应用as。‎ ‎16．[2010·浙江卷] The settlement is home to nearly 1,000 people，many of ________ left their village homes for a better life in the city. ‎ ‎ A．whom B．which C．them D．those ‎ 【解析】 A　本题考查定语从句。many 从属于nearly 1,000 people，故用of＋whom引导非限制性定语从句，在从句中作主语。‎ ‎17．The film started to get boring, at ________ point I left the cinema accompanied by my twin sister. ‎ ‎ A．this B．that C．the D．which ‎ 【解析】 D　本题考查非限制性定语从句。which引导非限制性定语从句，并在从句中作定语。‎ ‎18．After graduation I'd like to find a job ________I can use what I have learnt at school. ‎ ‎ A．whose B．which C．where D．that ‎ 【解析】 C　本题考查定语从句。根据语境可知，毕业后想找一份学有所用的工作。由于定语从句中成分齐全，故C项正确，where在句中作地点状语。‎ ‎19．I admire my English teacher. I can remember very few occasions ________ she ‎ stopped working because of her illness. ‎ ‎ A．that B．when C．who D．which ‎ 【解析】 B　本题考查定语从句。本句中定语从句的先行词是occasions，“场合”的意思。句意为：我尊敬我的英语老师。我记得没有什么时候她会因为生病而停止工作。选B。‎ ‎20．Though it is 30 years ________ we last met, I still remember the scene ________ we got separated on a rainy day. ‎ ‎ A．before; where B．before; which ‎ C．since; when D．since; where ‎ 【解析】 D　考查时间状语从句和定语从句。“it is/has been＋一段时间＋since从句”为固定句型，表示自从上次干某事到现在有多长时间了；scene作先行词且定语从句中需要的是地点状语，故用where或in which引导定语从句。‎ ‎1．(2011·天津十校联考)Patience，without________you can’t do the work well，is a kind of quality.‎ A．that B．it C．which D．what 解析：　句意为：耐心是一种品质。没有了耐心，你不能做好工作。此处考查了定语从句中“介词＋which”的情况，which指代的是先行词patience。‎ 答案：　C ‎2．(2010·江苏南京第一次调研)The owner wanted to charge $5,000 for his car，________I managed to lower to $3,500.‎ A．since B．what C．which D．that 解析：　关系代词which引导非限制性定语从句并在从句中充当lower 的宾语，而that不能引导非限性定语从句。‎ 答案：　C ‎3．(2011·安徽合肥第一次质检)I still can’t believe my eyes when I remember the ‎ scene________the best player should miss the pass.‎ A．that B．which C．where D．how 解析：　where 引导定语从句修饰先行词scene，where在从句中作状语。句意为：当我记起当时那个最好的选手没有过关时，我简直不敢相信我的眼睛。‎ 答案：　C ‎4．(2011·北京东城期末目标检测)________was reported in the paper，people in mainland China sent disaster relief materials to help the flooded area in Taiwan Island.‎ A．It B．That C．As D．What 解析：　选择定语从句的引导词的关键是：在主句中找出先行词。该句中定语从句的先行词是后面的整个句子people in mainland China sent disaster relief materials to help the flooded area in Taiwan Island.‎ 答案：　C ‎5．(2011·青岛联合模拟)China’s new food law provides for a food recall system________producers have to stop production if their food isn’t up to standards.‎ A．where B．that C．when D．which 解析：　考查定语从句。句意为：中国新的食品法规定了食品召回制度，即如果食品达不到标准，生产者就必须停止生产。先行词为a food recall system，定语从句为producers have to stop production if their food isn’t up to standards(in the food recall system)，故选A。‎ 答案：　A ‎6．(2010·南京第三次模拟)Our teacher urges us to form a good habit of learning，________we think will benefit us in the long term.‎ A．what B．that C．which D．who 解析：　本题考查定语从句。本题属于非限制性定语从句，从句意可知关系代词指代a good habit of learning，在从句中作主语，因此选择which。‎ 答案：　C ‎7．(2011·福建龙岩检测)Remember that there is still one point________we must make clear at the conference tomorrow.‎ A．where B．why C．when D．that 解析：　考查定语从句。解定语从句题的关键是：在主句中找出先行词，该句的先行词是one point，然后把先行词“代入”从句中，判断其在从句中的“地位”和“作用”，这里先行词在从句中作make clear的宾语，所以用关系代词that/which引导定语从句并在从句中作宾语，据此选D项。‎ 答案：　D ‎8．(2010·4月济南模拟)She’s in a hopeless situation，________we will keep a very close eye on.‎ A．where B．when C．which D．that 解析：　考查定语从句。定语从句的解题关键是：在主句中找出先行词，该句的先行词是a hopeless situation，然后把先行词“代入”从句中，判断其在从句中的“地位”和“作用”，此处关系词在从句中作on的宾语，同时这里又是非限制性定语从句，所以应该用关系代词which，选C项。‎ 答案：　C ‎9．(2010·南京第二次模拟)I admire my English teacher.I can remember very few occasions________she stopped working because of ill health.‎ A．that B．when C．where D．which 解析：　考查定语从句。根据语意“我记得她很少因生病而停止工作”可知，定语从句引导词在从句中作状语，故用when。‎ 答案：　B ‎10．(2011·海南五校联考)The moment________John will never forget is________Mr Smith gave him a lot of valuable advice on how to improve his writing.‎ A．that；that B．that；when C．when；that D．when；when 解析：　考查从句引导词。第一空用that 引导定语从句，修饰先行词The moment；第二空用when引导表语从句，并在从句中作时间状语，故答案为B。‎ 答案：　B ‎11．(2010·福建四地六校第三次联考)I don’t like the way________he often uses to speak to me.‎ A．in which B．how C．which D．what 解析：　考查定语从句。which引导定语从句，修饰先行词way，而且which在从句中作uses的宾语。‎ 答案：　C ‎12．(2010·南京检测)John，________money is no problem，still leads a simple life.‎ A．for whose B．of whose C．of whom D．for whom 解析：　考查定语从句。可以把定语从句部分变化成“Money is no problem for John”，这样便不难看出用介词for＋关系代词whom(指代John)来引导定语从句。‎ 答案：　D ‎13．(2010·苏州模拟)He didn’t put the things________they belonged，for________he got his punishment.‎ A．which；that B．what；this C．that；whose D．where；which 解析：　考查复合句。从句子结构看前半句中的从句是状语从句表示放东西的地方，因此使用where引导；后半句是非限制性定语从句，使用which指代前面整个句子的意思，这是which的典型用法。‎ 答案：　D ‎14．(2010·浙江嘉兴二模)All the neighbors admire this family，________the children and parents build up a friendly relationship.‎ A．why B．where C．which D．that 解析：　考查定语从句。句意为：所有的邻居都羡慕这个家庭，在这个家庭里父母和子女建立了和谐的关系。where在此处相当于in which，引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为this family。‎ 答案：　B ‎15．(2010·日照二模)As to the unemployment，the government has taken a series ‎ of measures in many areas，________，I am sure，will benefit the people out of work.‎ A．which B．that C．what D．where 解析：　考查非限制性定语从句。which引导的从句修饰前面整个句子，I am sure为插入语。‎ 答案：　A ‎ ‎