2020届二轮复习阅读理解中如何解决细节理解题——定位信息巧比对

2020届二轮复习阅读理解中如何解决细节理解题——定位信息巧比对

‎2020届二轮复习阅读理解中如何解决细节理解题——定位信息巧比对 ‎(一)明考纲，懂考查方式和考查角度 ‎[考纲解读]‎ ‎(1)文章细节对于理解全文内容至关重要，同时也是归纳和概括文章中心思想的基础。‎ ‎(2)命题人员会要求考生根据不同的要求，阅读文章以获得某些特定的信息或准确地寻求所需的细节。‎ ‎(3)这类试题有时比较直接，理解字面意思即可答题；有时则较为间接，需要归纳、概括和推理才能答题。细节理解题占阅读理解总题量的60%左右。‎ ‎[考查特点]‎ Ⅰ.把握细节理解题的常见设问方式：‎ ‎(1)特殊疑问句形式：以when, where, what, which, who, how much/many等疑问词开头引出的问题。‎ ‎(2)填空题形式：通常涉及与主题有关的事实或细节。‎ ‎(3)就文中数字、排序等提问。‎ Ⅱ.明晰细节理解题的考查角度：‎ ‎(1)高频考点：直接信息题；间接信息题。‎ ‎(2)低频考点：数字计算题；正误判断题；细节排序题。‎ ‎(二)细节理解题正确选项特征 同义替换 指对原文句子中的关键词进行同义替换。如把lose one's job换成了be out of work。有些细节理解题把原文中的一些词变换一下词性，如把important变换成of importance；改变原文中句子的语态，如主动语态与被动语态的转换。‎ 信息归纳 用精炼的语言来概括原文中比较分散或复杂的信息，设置为正确答案。‎ 正话反说 把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项。‎ 原文原词 利用原文原词作为正确选项。‎ ‎(三)细节理解题干扰选项特征 张冠李戴 是原文信息，但不是题目要求的内容。‎ 无中生有 符合常识，但不是文章的内容。‎ 曲解文意 与原文的内容极其相似，只是在某个细节处有些变动。‎ 颠倒是非 在意思上与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反。‎ 正误参半 部分正确，部分错误。‎ 直接信息题 在解答直接信息题时，考生可以采取“关键词定位法”，即“带着问题找答案”的方法，通过定位找题眼。先从题干中提取关键性词语(题眼)，然后以此为线索，运用略读及寻读的技巧快速在文章中寻找与此关键词相关的段落、语句，快速定位该题与哪一段哪一句有关，然后仔细推敲，仔细比较所给选项与文中细节的细微区别，在准确理解细节的前提下，最后确定答案。解题流程图如下：‎ ‎[例]　(2019·全国卷Ⅰ阅读A节选)‎ Jobs for Youth If you are a teenager living in certain parts of the province, you could be eligible (符合条件) for this program, which provides eight weeks of paid employment along with training.‎ Who is eligible：Youth 15－18 years old in select communities (社区)．‎ Summer Company Summer Company provides students with handson business training and awards of up to $3，000 to start and run their own summer businesses.‎ Who is eligible：Students aged 15－29, returning to school in the fall.‎ ‎21．What is special about Summer Company?‎ A．It requires no training before employment.‎ B．It provides awards for running new businesses.‎ C．It allows one to work in the natural environment.‎ D．It offers more summer job opportunities.‎ ‎[解题示范]‎ 第一步：定信息区间 抓关键 题干中的关键词：Summer Company 锁信息 定位：用special about Summer Company寻读，在文中找到信息源——Summer Company provides students with handson business training and awards of up to $3，000 to start and run their own summer businesses.‎ 第二步：比对定答案 选项 选项意思 定位 A 它在就业前不需要任何培训。‎ 曲解文意 B 它为经营新企业提供奖励。‎ 原文原词 C 它允许人们在自然环境中工作。‎ 无中生有 D 它提供了更多的暑期工作机会。‎ 曲解文意 ‎[分析]　选B　比对选项和信息句可知，Summer Company的特别之处在于 “它为经营新业务提供奖励”，利用原文原词award定正确选项，为直接细节理解题。故选B。‎ 间接信息题 间接信息题相比直接信息题，命题的隐蔽性更强，正确选项一般都会在原文基础上进行改造。此类题目需要考生将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语义上的转换，有时还需要进一步的加工或整理。‎ ‎[例]　(2019·全国卷Ⅱ阅读C节选)‎ ‎“I prefer to go out and be out.Alone, but together, you know？” Bechtel said, looking up from her book.Bechtel, who works in downtown West Palm Beach, has lunch with coworkers sometimes, but like many of us, too often works through lunch at her desk.A lunchtime escape allows ‎ her to keep a boss from tapping her on the shoulder.She returns to work feeling energized.“Today, I just wanted some time to myself，”she said.‎ ‎29．Why does Bechtel prefer to go out for lunch?‎ A．To meet with her coworkers.‎ B．To catch up with her work.‎ C．To have some time on her own.‎ D．To collect data for her report.‎ ‎[解题示范]‎ 第一步：定信息区间 抓关键 题干中的关键词：prefer to go out 与 lunch 锁信息 定位：用Bechtel prefer to go out for lunch寻读，在文中找到信息源——“Today, I just wanted some time to myself，” she said.‎ 第二步：比对定答案 选项 选项意思 定位 A 去见她的同事。‎ 张冠李戴 B 为了赶上她的工作。‎ 张冠李戴 C 有自己的时间。‎ 同义替换 D 为她的报告收集数据。‎ 张冠李戴 ‎[分析]　选C　根据信息句I just wanted some time to myself可知，Bechtel更喜欢出去吃午饭的原因是想拥有自己的时间。原文中的wanted some time to myself被替换成选项中的have some time on her own，为间接细节理解题。故选C。‎ 数字计算题 数字计算题要求考生在原文中找到有关的数字信息，再对相关的信息和数字进行分析和理解，利用加、减、乘、除等运算方法进行计算，确定答案。解题流程图如下：‎ ‎[例]　(2018·全国卷Ⅰ阅读C节选)‎ At present, the world has about 6，800 languages. The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages, often spoken by many people, while hot, wet zones have lots, often spoken by small numbers. Europe has only around 200 languages; the Americas about 1，000; Africa 2，400; and ‎ Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3，200, of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800. The median number (中位数) of speakers is a mere 6，000, which means that half the world's languages are spoken by fewer people than that.‎ ‎ 30.How many languages are spoken by less than 6，000 people at present?‎ A．About 6，800.　　 B．About 3，400.‎ C．About 2，400. D．About 1，200.‎ ‎[解题示范]‎ 第一步：定信息区间 抓关键 题干中的关键词：less than 6，000 people at present 锁信息 定位：用less than 6，000 people at present寻读，在文中找到信息源——The median number(中位数) of speakers is a mere 6，000，which means that half the world's languages are spoken by fewer people than that.‎ 第二步：比对定答案 选项 选项意思 定位 A 大约 6 800。‎ 曲解文意 B 大约 3 400。‎ 信息归纳 C 大约2 400。‎ 张冠李戴 D 大约 1 200。‎ 张冠李戴 ‎[分析]　选B　根据信息句The median number (中位数) of speakers is a mere 6，000，which means that half the world's languages are spoken by fewer people than that.可知，目前全球不同语言使用人数的中位数仅是6 000，这就意味着世界上有一半的语言的使用人数不到6 000；结合At present，the world has about 6，800 languages.可知，目前大约3 400种语言的使用人数不到6 000。故选B。‎ ‎ [课堂应用体验]‎ A ‎(2019·广州综合检测一)‎ Adult Education Courses Computer Studies Technology is advancing at a rapid pace, and we rely more and more on computers for everything from cooking to organising our taxes. This sixweek course will give you an understanding of computer fundamentals, including the use of software packages (Word, Excel and PowerPoint) and how to use the Internet.‎ Start: May 2，2019‎ Time: Wed. 7 pm－9 pm Cost：＄300‎ Length: 6 weeks Place: Sydney College Woodwork Learn the basics of woodworking with simple handson projects to build your confidence and skills. Each lesson explores a different area of woodworking that will provide you with the skills needed for any woodworking project. Flexible learning allows you to choose only the lessons that interest you.‎ Start: April 15, 2019‎ Time：Mon. 5 pm－ 7 pm Cost：＄30 per lesson Length: 12 weeks Place: Adult Learning Centre 续表 Web Design This course provides advanced training in software, design, and coding for the Web. Students must have already completed a recognised basic Web design course or have at least 2 years' relevant work experience. Students completing the course will receive the Diploma in Advanced Web Design.‎ Start: June 1, 2019‎ Time: Weekdays 9 am－4 pm Cost: ＄4，990‎ Length: 40 weeks Place: University of Technology Art This practical course is intended to help established (著名的) artists take their creativity further. From sketching and colour, to composition (构图), painting and experimenting with style, you will study and explore an engaging variety of creative media and subject matter.‎ Start: April 21, 2019‎ Time: Thur. 3 pm－6 pm Cost: ＄750‎ Length: 15 weeks Place: City Art 语篇解读：‎ 本文介绍了四门针对成年人教育的课程，即计算机课程、木工手艺、网页设计和艺术。‎ ‎1．Which courses are suitable for beginners?‎ A．Web Design and Art.‎ B．Computer Studies and Art.‎ C．Woodwork and Web Design.‎ D．Computer Studies and Woodwork.‎ 解析：选D　细节理解题。根据Computer Studies部分中的“an understanding of computer fundamentals”可知，该课程提供计算机的基础内容；从Woodwork部分中的“the basics of woodworking”可知，该课程提供木工手艺的基础内容。故选D。‎ ‎2．Which course awards students an official certificate?‎ A．Art. B．Woodwork.‎ C．Web Design. D．Computer Studies.‎ 解析：选C　细节理解题。根据Web Design部分中的“Students completing the course will receive the Diploma in Advanced Web Design.”可知，该课程会给完成课程的学生颁发结业证书，另外三门课程均未提到颁发证书，故C项符合题意。‎ ‎3．How much will a student who attends only half of all the Woodwork lessons pay in total?‎ A．＄30. B．＄180.‎ C．＄250. D．＄360.‎ 解析：选B　数字计算题。根据Woodwork部分中的“Time:‎ ‎ Mon. 5 pm－7 pm”可知，该课程每周一开一次课；根据该部分中的“＄30 per lesson”可知，每次课程要花费30美元；根据该部分中的“Length: 12 weeks”可知，该课程持续12周，即12次课。由此可知，上全部课程需要＄30×12＝＄360，上一半的课程需要180美元。‎ B ‎(2019·潍坊市统一考试)When traveling on a budget, every dollar counts. Unfortunately, the cost of tickets alone can make a serious hole in your savings. Don't let that stop you from taking your dream vacation, though. According to Jeff Klee, CEO of CheapAir.com, there is a “sweet spot” to get the biggest bang for your buck.‎ ‎“The most important rule is fairly obvious: don't wait until the last minute, as that rarely works out，” he said in a statement. “But beyond that, you also want to be careful not to buy too early.”‎ Still, that's easier said than done. Finding the most costefficient time to book is tough. Luckily, somebody did the math — so you don't have to. Data crunchers from the online travel agency CheapAir.com surveyed over 917 million fares to determine the day with the cheapest rates.‎ Here's what they found: while prices tend to stay the same between 320 and 106 days before a trip, they start dropping at the 105day mark. That said, you might be tempted to book the moment prices drop. But hold on! You'll save even more money by booking precisely 70 days ‎ before your trip. According to CheapAir.com, you can save 48 percent of the ticket's total cost by using this trick. After that date, airfares will begin to increase again. And don't even think about booking any later than 20 days ahead of time, as prices will be soaring.‎ So, what are you waiting for? Start planning your next dream vacation, and book accordingly. Your wallet will thank you — guaranteed.‎ 语篇解读：本文介绍了购买便宜飞机票的方法和策略。‎ ‎4．When can we book our plane tickets to save the most money?‎ A．The later, the better. B．As early as possible.‎ C．105 days before our trip. D．70 days before our trip.‎ 解析：选D　细节理解题。根据第四段的内容尤其是第四句“You'll save even more money by booking precisely 70 days before your trip.”可知，旅行前第70天预订机票节省的钱最多，故选D。‎ ‎5．How much can the trick help us save if the ticket costs ＄400 totally?‎ A．＄48. B．＄192.‎ C．＄208. D．＄352.‎ 解析：选B　数字计算题。根据第四段第五句“According to CheapAir.com, you can save 48 percent of the ticket's total cost by using this trick.”，并结合题干可知，原价是400美元的飞机票总共可以节省：＄400*48%＝＄192，故选B。‎ ‎6．What's the purpose of the author in writing this text?‎ A．To explain what a “sweet spot” is.‎ B．To attract people to traveling by plane.‎ C．To show the ways of booking plane tickets.‎ D．To tell people how to buy cheap plane tickets.‎ 解析：选D　写作意图题。根据第一段第一句“When traveling on a budget, every dollar counts.”和对本文的整体理解可推知，本文的主要目的在于介绍购买便宜飞机票的策略和方法，故选D。‎ C ‎(2019·长春市质量监测一)Pangolins (穿山甲) are strangelooking creatures, covered with hard scales (鳞). They can roll up into a ball to protect themselves from enemies and have tongues that are longer than their bodies.‎ Pangolins have recently become the focus of Chinese people. A screenshot of a microblog post showing some people eating pangolins at a feast spread. A few days later, people were angered again by pictures showing people eating protected animals, including pangolins.‎ Yet this is only the tip of the iceberg. Many more pangolins have been hunted or killed. According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), more than 1 million of them have been killed or sold in the last 10 years. It also said that they are the most illegally traded mammals in the world. In September 2016, the IUCN ‎ added the pangolin to the world's “endangered animals list”. They are now more endangered than pandas.‎ A growing trade of their scales and meat is the main reason for their decline in number. Many people in Asia and Africa consider pangolin meat is delicious. Some people even think pangolin scales have medical qualities. However, their scales are made of keratin (角蛋白), the same material human fingernails are made of.‎ Luckily, the situation is getting better. World Pangolin Day is on the third Saturday of February each year. It's a day to help people know more about pangolins. The government now stops anyone from buying and eating pangolins in China. Breaking this law is regarded as a crime, and the trade of pangolins across the world is also not allowed, according to the Convention on Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章阐述了穿山甲濒临灭绝的现状，以及为保护穿山甲而采取的举措。‎ ‎7．Pangolins have caught people's attention these years because ________．‎ A．they look strange B．they appear in some movies C．they are killed and eaten by people D．they have something to do with pandas 解析：选C　细节理解题。根据题干中的关键词“attention”和“these ‎ years”，我们把答案定位在第二段。该段开头说，穿山甲近来成为中国人关注的焦点，然后提到一张屏幕截图和一些图片里，穿山甲成为人们的盘中珍馐，这与C项的描述是一致的。‎ ‎8．What can we learn from the passage?‎ A．Pangolins can roll up into a ball to attack enemies.‎ B．More than 1 million pangolins were killed or sold last year.‎ C．Pangolins were named the most endangered animal in 2016.‎ D．The pangolin is a kind of mammals.‎ 解析：选D　细节理解题。根据第三段内容，尤其是“they are the most illegally traded mammals in the world”可知，穿山甲是一种哺乳动物。故选D项。‎ ‎9．The real aim of World Pangolin Day may be to ________．‎ A．attract people to the zoo to watch pangolins B．lift people's awareness of protecting pangolins C．remind people of pangolins' medical value D．explain the law to people 解析：选B　推理判断题。根据题干中的“World Pangolin Day”，我们把答案定位在最后一段。该段主要陈述为保护穿山甲而采取的举措，而这个节日能让人们更多地了解穿山甲，从而提高人们保护穿山甲的意识，故B项符合题意。‎ ‎10．What might be the author's attitude towards the measures taken to protect pangolins?‎ A．Positive. B．Negative.‎ C．Disappointed. D．Unconcerned.‎ 解析：选A　观点态度题。根据最后一段内容可知，中国政府禁止任何人购买和食用穿山甲，世界各地也禁止买卖穿山甲，局面正在好转，由此可推知作者觉得这些措施是有效的，因此选A。‎