【英语】2019届二轮复习考点理清(四--)从划分句子成分上找到语法填空、短文改错的解题突破口（12页word版）

【英语】2019届二轮复习考点理清(四--)从划分句子成分上找到语法填空、短文改错的解题突破口（12页word版）

从划分句子成分上找到语法填空、短文改错的解题突破口 ‎[编者按]　目前的英语教学往往存在对句子成分不够重视的问题，以至于不少考生在这方面比较薄弱。殊不知正确划分句子成分和判断句子结构是学好英语的必备基础，这不仅对语法填空和短文改错等题型的解答有直接的影响，而且对写好作文、理解完形填空和阅读理解中出现的长难句也有重要意义。所以在此很有必要给考生们补上这一课。‎ 句子由各个组成部分构成，这些组成部分叫作句子成分。句子成分可分为主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语和同位语等。‎ ‎ 习惯于发号施令，偶尔也会被赶下台(用“—”标注)‎ 在句子中，主语是谓语所表示动作的发出者。主语一般位于句子开头，且不能省略。但在某些特定的句式里，如疑问句、倒装句、祈使句、感叹句等，句子主语也可以“下台”位于谓语动词之后或省略。能够充当主语的词和短语主要有名词(短语)、代词、数词、动名词(短语)、动词不定式(短语)和从句等。当主语为从句等时，为避免头重脚轻，可用it作形式主语。‎ The_most_obvious_example is probably Christmas, which is celebrated around the world.‎ 最明显的例子可能就是圣诞节了，它被世界各地的人们庆祝。(名词短语作主语)‎ Mastering_a_foreign_language will be of great help in our life.‎ 掌握一门外语对我们的生活非常有帮助。(动名词短语作主语)‎ Whether_she_will_be_able_to_come remains a question.‎ 她是否能来仍然是一个问题。(从句作主语)‎ ‎[典例1]　(2016·全国卷Ⅱ语法填空)Recent __66__ (study) show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks regularly.‎ 分析：分析句子结构可知，that引导宾语从句，if引导状语从句，空格处应为主句的主语，主句的谓语动词是show，故应填study的复数形式。‎ 答案：studies ‎[典例2]　(2013·全国卷Ⅱ短文改错)Have tea in the late afternoon ‎ provides a bridge between lunch and dinner, which might not be served until 8 o'clock at night.‎ 分析：分析句子结构可知，逗号之后为非限制性定语从句，逗号之前为主句；在主句中，provides为句子的谓语动词，它之前的部分是句子的主语，因此句首的动词原形Have使用错误，应使用动名词形式。‎ 答案：Have→Having ‎ 坚决服从主语“领导”，执行命令雷厉风行(用“”标注)‎ 谓语用来描述主语的行为动作、状态或特征，常位于主语之后。谓语可由动词和动词短语、系表结构以及“助动词/情态动词＋实义动词”充当，有时态、语态和语气的变化，同时又受到主语人称和数的制约。判断的依据是看主语和动词之间的关系，如果两者之间是主动关系就用主动语态，如果是被动关系就用被动语态。‎ When he got up at 7：00 am, a big plan occurred to him.‎ 他早上七点起床时，脑海里突然有了个大计划。(动词短语和动词作谓语)‎ The watch is necessary in our daily life, but its function is too simple and dull.‎ 手表在我们日常生活中是必要的，但它的功能太简单呆板了。(系表结构作谓语)‎ We may have different opinions in organizing class activities.‎ 对于组织课堂活动，我们可能有不同的观点。(“情态动词＋实义动词”作谓语)‎ ‎[典例1]　(2018·全国卷Ⅱ语法填空)Since 2011, the country __61__ (grow) more corn than rice.‎ 分析：分析句子结构可知，此处为谓语动词。由时间状语“Since 2011”可知句子用现在完成时；主语“the country”是第三人称单数，故谓语动词用has grown。‎ 答案：has grown ‎[典例2]　(2017·全国卷Ⅲ短文改错)About one month after this photo was taken, I entered my second year of high school and become a new member of the school music club.‎ 分析：分析句子结构可知，and连接并列谓语entered和became。‎ 答案：become→became ‎ 一直受到压制，有时“翻身农奴把歌唱”(用“”标注)‎ 宾语表示谓语动作的对象，一般位于及物动词和介词的后面，受到主语的限制和制约，宾语一般由名词、宾格代词、动名词(短语)、动词不定式或从句充当，根据需要也可用it作形式宾语。宾语在被动结构中才会“翻身农奴把歌唱”。‎ I managed to persuade my classmates into accepting my idea.‎ 我设法说服我的同学接受我的想法。(不定式作宾语)‎ Suddenly he thought of seeing the beautiful views of the city again before setting out.‎ 他突然想在启程之前再看看这座城市的美景。(动名词短语作宾语)‎ Our success depends on how well we can cooperate with one another.‎ 我们的成功取决于我们彼此良好合作的程度。(从句作宾语)‎ ‎[典例1]　(2018·全国卷Ⅰ语法填空)You may drink, smoke, be overweight and still reduce your risk of __63__ (die) early by running.‎ 分析：分析句子结构可知，of为介词，其后应用动名词作介词的宾语。‎ 答案：dying ‎[典例2]　(2018·全国卷Ⅲ短文改错)Some of us were confident and eager take part in the class activity; others were nervous and anxious.‎ 分析：分析句子结构可知，此处为固定搭配be eager to do sth.“渴望做某事”，故应用不定式作宾语。‎ 答案：eager后加to ‎ 最会察言观色，就看“主子”脸色(用“[ ]”标注)‎ 表语与前面的系动词一起构成复合谓语(系表结构)，用来说明主语这个“主子”的特征、类属、状态、身份等。可以用作表语的有：名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式(短语)、分词和从句等。‎ Although the answer seemed [a little strange], nobody but I doubted it.‎ 尽管答案有些奇怪，但只有我对此产生了怀疑。(形容词作表语)‎ Several minutes passed but the whole class was [in complete silence]．‎ 几分钟过去了，但是整个班级一片寂静。(介词短语作表语)‎ The important thing is [to learn and control your temper] so that you may not do or say anything you'll regret.‎ 重要的是学会控制你的脾气，这样你可能就不会做或说令自己后悔的事或话。(不定式短语作表语)‎ ‎[典例1]　(2018·全国卷Ⅰ语法填空)Running is cheap, easy and it's always __69__ (energy)．‎ 分析：分析句子结构可知，此处应使用与其前的cheap, easy相同形式的形容词作表语。‎ 答案：energetic ‎[典例2]　(2016·全国卷Ⅲ短文改错)At one time, I even felt my parents couldn't understand me so I hoped I could be freely from them.‎ 分析：分析句子结构可知，系动词be后应用形容词作表语。‎ 答案：freely→free ‎ 鞍前马后搞服务，全心全意“勤务兵”(用“[ ]”标注)‎ 定语是用来描述名词的品质与特征的修饰语，它常和名词构成名词短语。定语服务于它所修饰或限定的名词或代词。单个词作定语时常放在被修饰词之前，而短语和从句作定语时往往放在被修饰词之后。可以用作定语的有：形容词、名词、代词、数词、副词、介词短语、不定式(短语)、动名词、分词(短语)和从句等。‎ We may have [various] ways [to deal with such a situation]．‎ 我们可能有各种各样应付此类情况的方式。(形容词和不定式短语作定语)‎ All the books [offered by the students] are reported to have been sent to the children in the countryside the other day.‎ 据报道，同学们提供的所有书籍都在几天前送给了乡下的孩子们。(过去分词短语作定语)‎ How Li Hua regretted the [valuable] time [(that) he had wasted on the computer games]!‎ 李华多么后悔浪费在玩电脑游戏上的宝贵时间啊！(形容词和从句作定语)‎ ‎[典例1]　(2018·全国卷Ⅱ语法填空)According to the World Bank, China accounts for about 30 percent of total __67__ (globe) fertilizer ‎ consumption.‎ 分析：分析句子结构可知，修饰名词短语“fertilizer consumption”应用形容词。‎ 答案：global ‎[典例2]　(2017·全国卷Ⅰ短文改错)It was a relief and I came to a suddenly stop just in the middle of the road.‎ 分析：分析句子结构可知，名词stop前应用形容词作定语。‎ 答案：suddenly→sudden ‎ 行踪飘忽不定，却对动词“情有独钟”(用“[ ]”标注)‎ 修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫作状语。一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、原因、条件、让步、程度等意义。状语可由形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式(短语)、分词、状语从句等充当。状语在句子中的位置很灵活，所以说它“行踪飘忽不定”。常见情况为：通常在句子基本结构后，强调时放在句首；修饰形容词或副词时，通常位于被修饰词之前；表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头，强调时放在句首，地点状语一般放在时间状语之前；一些表示频度的副词(如often, almost等)作状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后，实义动词之前。高考一般考查副词修饰动词的用法，故说它对动词“情有独钟”。‎ ‎[After a week's trip], he returned home, [tired but very happy]．‎ 旅行了一周后，他回到了家，感到很累但很高兴。(介词短语和形容词作状语)‎ ‎[To compete] more effectively with others, more and more people equip themselves with a higher education.‎ 为了更有效地与他人竞争，越来越多的人用更高水平的教育来装备自己。(不定式短语作状语)‎ ‎[Time permitting], I expect to have more spare time to spend with my friends [so that we can have a better relationship]．‎ 时间允许的话，我希望有更多的业余时间和朋友一起度过，这样我们就会有更加良好的关系。 (独立结构和从句作状语)‎ ‎[典例1]　(2018·全国卷Ⅱ语法填空)Another reason for corn's rise: The ‎ government encourages farmers to grow corn instead of rice __64__ (improve) water quality.‎ 分析：分析句子结构可知，此处用不定式作目的状语，表示“政府鼓励农民种植玉米而不是水稻来改善水质”。‎ 答案：to improve ‎[典例2]　(2018·全国卷Ⅲ短文改错)Everyone was silent, wait to see who would be called upon to read his or her paragraph aloud.‎ 分析：分析句子结构可知，谓语动词为系表结构was silent，故应用waiting作状语，表示伴随。‎ 答案：wait→waiting ‎ 始终寄人篱下，永远成不了“主人”(用“[ ]”标注)‎ 补语是用来说明宾语或主语的性质、状态等的一种句子成分。补语可分为补充说明主语意义的主语补足语和补充说明宾语意义的宾语补足语，所以说它寄人篱下，成不了“主人”。可以用作补足语的有：形容词、副词、名词、介词短语、不定式(短语)、分词和从句等。‎ We'll try our best to make our country [more and more beautiful]．‎ 我们将尽全力使我们的国家越来越美丽。(形容词作宾补)‎ Popular science books can help us students [to become more interested in science and nature]．‎ 科普书能帮助我们学生对科学和自然更感兴趣。(不定式短语作宾补)‎ To learn English well, we should find opportunities to hear English [spoken] as much as possible.‎ 为了学好英语，我们应该找机会尽可能多地听别人讲英语。(过去分词作宾补)‎ They caught the boy [stealing]．‎ 他们抓住这个男孩正在偷东西。(现在分词作宾补)‎ ‎[典例1]　(2018·全国卷Ⅲ语法填空)Once his message was delivered, he allowed me __70__ (stay) and watch.‎ 分析：分析句子结构可知，这里应用stay的动词不定式形式在句中作宾补。‎ 答案：to stay ‎[典例2]　(2015·浙江高考短文改错)The position of the classroom with its view made me felt like I was dreaming.‎ 分析：分析句子结构可知，make后用不带to的不定式作宾补，构成make sb.do sth.结构，意为“使某人做某事”。‎ 答案：felt→feel ‎ 总是玩失踪，特殊场合还是“显露原形”(用“[ ]”标注)‎ 对句子中的名词或代词作进一步解释、说明，与前面的成分在语法上处于同等地位的句子成分叫作同位语。英语句子表达中一般情况下是没有同位语的，所以说它爱玩失踪，如果要对前面的名词的具体内容作进一步的说明，这时候就需要同位语，可谓“显露原形”。可以用作同位语的有：名词、代词、数词、介词短语、不定式、动名词和从句等。‎ They [three] want to travel around the world together on foot.‎ 他们三个想一起步行周游世界。(数词作同位语)‎ We are going to the local nursing home for the coming Double Ninth Festival, [a holiday] for us to show our respect for the elderly.‎ 我们打算去当地一家敬老院庆祝即将到来的重阳节，该节日展示了我们对老年人的尊重。(名词作同位语)‎ I hold the opinion [that we should go to help them (to) overcome the present difficulty]．‎ 我认为，我们应该去帮助他们克服目前的困难。(从句作同位语)‎ ‎[典例1]　We understand this lesson best __60__ we receive gifts of love from children.‎ 分析：分析句子结构可知，空格处引导的从句作lesson的同位语，应用that引导。‎ 答案：that ‎[典例2]　It makes me have a firm belief what there are still many kind and generous people around us.‎ 分析：分析句子结构可知，belief后为同位语从句，应用that引导，that 不作成分，也没有任何含义，但不能省去。‎ 答案：what→that ‎ Ⅰ.划分下列简单句的句子成分并尝试翻译 ‎1．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ阅读A)Knowledgeable guides will entertain you with the most interesting stories about Presidents, Congress, memorials, and parks.‎ 分析：Knowledgeable_guides will entertain you [with_the memorials,_and_parks]．‎ 翻译：知识渊博的导游会讲解一些关于总统、国会、纪念碑和公园的最有趣的故事来娱乐你们。‎ ‎2．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ阅读A)This small group bike tour is a fantastic way to see the worldfamous cherry trees with beautiful flowers of Washington, D．C.‎ 分析： ‎ ‎ flowers_of_Washington,_D．C.]‎ 翻译：这种小团队自行车旅行是欣赏华盛顿樱花的极佳方式，这些樱花之美享誉世界。‎ ‎3．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ阅读B)Frozen bananas will last several weeks, depending on their ripeness and the temperature of the freezer.‎ 分析： ， ‎ 翻译：冰冻香蕉会保存几周，这取决于香蕉的成熟度和冰箱的温度。‎ ‎4．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ阅读A)Comfortable bikes and a smooth tour route (路线) make cycling between the sites fun and relaxing.‎ 分析：Comfortable_bikes_and_a_smooth_tour_route_(路线) ‎ 翻译：舒适的自行车和平稳的旅游线路使得两地之间骑自行车旅游变得有趣且令人放松。‎ ‎5．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ阅读C)He asked the workers to use traditional techniques to make the bricks into walls, roofs and corridors.‎ 分析： ‎ 翻译：他要求工人们使用传统的技术将砖砌成墙、做成屋顶、铺成走廊。‎ ‎6．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ阅读D)Because of our efforts, our daughter Georgia did decide to donate a large bag of toys to a little girl whose mother was unable to pay for her holiday due to illness.‎ 分析：， illness]．‎ 翻译：由于我们的努力，我们的女儿佐治亚确实决定了给一个小女孩捐赠一大包玩具，这个小女孩的母亲因病不能支付她度假的费用。‎ ‎7．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ阅读C)It does point out that many parents still limit electronic reading, mainly due to concerns about increased screen time.‎ 分析：It does point out that many parents still limit elec screen_time]．‎ 翻译：‎ 它的确指出：许多父母仍然限制阅读电子书，主要是由于担心增加面对显示屏的时间。‎ ‎8．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ完形填空)In his introduction, he made it clear that our credits would be hardearned.‎ 分析：， 翻译：在他的介绍中，他明确表示，我们的学分不会轻易拿到。‎ Ⅱ.分析下列复合句的句子成分并尝试翻译 ‎1．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ阅读B)The eightpart series (系列节目), Save Money: Good Food, follows in the footsteps of ITV's Save Money: Good Health, which gave viewers advice on how to get value from the vast range of health products on the market.‎ 分析：句子的主语是The eightpart series (系列节目), Save Money: Good Food是主语的同位语；谓语动词为follows;_which引导的非限制性定语从句修饰先行词Save Money: Good Health。‎ 翻译：八集系列节目Save_Money:_Good_Food是仿效ITV的Save_Money:_Good_Health制作而成的，它就如何从市场上泛滥的健康产品中获益给观众提供建议。‎ ‎2．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ阅读C)According to the report's key findings, “the proportion (比例) who say they ‘hardly ever’ read for fun has gone from 8 percent of 13yearolds and 9 percent of 17yearolds in 1984 to 22 percent and 27 percent respectively today.”‎ 分析：主语为proportion，谓语动词为has gone; who引导的定语从句修饰proportion。‎ 翻译：根据这个报告的重要发现，“那些说他们几乎不以读书为乐趣的人的比例分别从1984年的13岁中的8%、17岁中的9%上升到了现在的22%和27%。”‎ ‎3．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ阅读D)Dismissing small talk as unimportant is easy, but we can't forget that deep relationships wouldn't even exist if it weren't for casual conversation.‎ 分析：本句是一个由but连接的并列复合句。第一个分句是主系表结构，动名词短语Dismissing small talk as unimportant作主语；第二个分句中包含that引导的宾语从句，作forget的宾语，宾语从句是虚拟语气，if引导的是虚拟语气中的条件状语从句。‎ 翻译：认为闲谈不重要而不予考虑很容易，但我们不要忘记，如果没有随意的聊天，就不会有深入的人际关系。‎ ‎4．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ阅读B)The city was crowded with disappointed people with no interest in settling down, and when they heard there were new gold discoveries in Alaska, they left Dawson City as quickly as they had come.‎ 分析：本句是一个由and连接的并列复合句，由两个并列分句组成。前一个分句是简单句，其中 with no interest in settling down作后置定语，修饰people；后一个分句是复合句，其中 when they heard there were new gold discoveries in Alaska是时间状语从句，主句是they left Dawson City，而as quickly as they had come是比较状语从句。‎ 翻译：城市里挤满了失望的人们，他们不想在这里定居。当他们听说阿拉斯加发现新的金矿时，他们很快就离开了道森城，就像他们当初很快就来到道森城一样。‎ ‎5．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ阅读A)Morning or Afternoon, this bike tour is the perfect tour for D．C. newcomers and locals looking to experience Washington‎, ‎D．C.‎ in a healthy way with minimum effort.‎ 分析：主句是this bike tour is the perfect tour, Morning or Afternoon作状语修饰整个句子，现在分词短语looking to experience Washington, D．C.作定语修饰newcomers and locals，介词短语in a healthy way with minimum effort作状语修饰动词experience。‎ 翻译：无论上午还是下午，无论是初来乍到还是当地居民，如果想要用一种健康舒适的方式感受华盛顿，骑自行车游览是最佳选择。‎ ‎6．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ阅读C)While famous foreign architects are invited to lead the designs of landmark buildings in China such as the new CCTV tower and the National Center for the Performing Arts, many excellent Chinese architects are making great efforts to take the center stage.‎ 分析：主句是many excellent Chinese architects are making great efforts to take the center stage; while引导时间 状语从句，在从句中用such as引出例子来解释landmark_buildings。‎ 翻译：当外国著名建筑师被邀请来设计中国地标性建筑，如央视新楼和国家表演艺术中心的时候，许多优秀的中国建筑师也在努力取得主导地位。‎