专题33阅读理解之猜测词义-2017年高考英语二轮核心考点总动员

专题33阅读理解之猜测词义-2017年高考英语二轮核心考点总动员

专题 33 阅读理解之猜测词义 关键词：阅读理解,猜测词义,上下文推理,语境 难度系数：✱✱✱✱ 推荐指数：✱✱✱✱✱ 【基础回顾】 考点归纳： 根据上下文推断生词的词义 正确理解文章中单词或短语的含义是理解文章的第一步，也是理解文章的基础，不懂单 词含义根本就谈不上理解文章。但英语单词的含义并非完全等同于词典中所标注的汉语意思， 其含义随不同的语境会有所不同。能根据上下文正确理解灵活变化的词义，才算是真正初步 具备了一定的阅读理解能力。此外，阅读文章时，常常会遇到一些过去未见过的词，但许多 这类生词的词义可以通过上下文 推断出来。这种不使用词典而通过阅读上下文来推断生词 含义的能 力，是一个合格的读者所必须具备的能力，因此也是阅读测试中经常检测的一种 能力。 考点 1 猜测词义题 考点 2 猜测短语题 考点 3 猜测指代题 考点 4 猜测句意题] 基础必读： 高考中词义推断可以是一个单词的意义推断，也可以是一个短语或句子的意义推断，既可以 是生词意义，也可以是熟词新意；还可以是对替代词所替代内容的判断。在阅读理解题中， 所考查的词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上，要根据短文提供的语境，通过阅读上下文， 根据已知的信息或常识来推测尚不熟悉的词或词组的含义。 A．词义猜测主要的设题方式有： （1）The underlined words "took off " in paragraph 2 mean "_____". （2）What does the underlined word "them" in the last paragraph refer to?] （3）The underlined sentence in the second paragraph implies that_______. （4）Which of the definitions is closest in meaning to the word "exotic" in the third paragraph? （5）The underlined phrase " turn his back on" (paragraph 6) most probably mean _______. （6 ）By saying " We need them yesterday "(paragraph 7), Stover means that snakelike robots _______. B．词义猜测主要的解题策略有：语境猜测、语法猜词和常识猜词。 语境既上下文。由于上下文中的生词不是孤立存在的，其词义与句中其它词的词义或具体的 语境有着密切的联系。因此在阅读过程中，许多生词的词义可以充分利用上下文中相关的词 汇，短语并结合具体的语境来推测。命题者为了考查学生的这种猜词能力，常采用以下几种 命题策略： ] 策略（1）：依据标点符号猜测词义 标点符号是词义猜测的最直接，最简单的信号词。比如，破折号（--- ）、冒号 ( ： ) 常常起解释说明的功能，引号（‘'）和（ ( ) ）有时也起到相同的作用。 【例 1】Morning noon, and night, her tongue was endlessly going, so that he was forced to escape to the outside of the house-------the only side which, in truth, belongs to a henpecked husband. 问题： The underlined words " henpecked husband." probably means a man who _______. A. likes hunting B. is afraid of hens C .loves his wife D .is afraid of his wife 策略（2）：依据反义词和对比关系猜测词义 运用对比手法描述事物或现象是文章写作的一种常用的修辞手法。在这种修辞手段下，作者 常借用一些信号词来提供相反信息，从而表明一个词与前面的另一个词互为反义。常用的信 号词有： but/yet/however/nevertheless; while/whereas; otherwise/or else; unlike/instead/ rather than; by contrast/compared to; on the contrary/ on the other hand 等。 【例 2】The Lucy on exhibition at the Ethiopian National Museum in the capital, Addis Ababa, is a replica while the real remains are usually locked in a secret storeroom. 问题：What do the words “a replica” i refer to? A．A painting of the skeleton. B．A photograph of Lucy.] C．A copy of the skeleton. D．A written record of Lucy. 【 解 析 】 C 。 词 义 猜 测 题 。 结 合 “while the real remains are usually locked in a secret storeroom”中的 real，可知这个词的含义是“复制品”。A“骨骼的绘画”；B“露西的照片”；D“露 西的书面记录”，均与上下文语境不符。本题是利用对比关系猜测词义。While 是一个很好 的信息提示词。 策略（3）：依据下定义，作解释、打比喻等猜测词义 ] 在说明文，科技文中运用下定义或解释概念的方法来定义或诠释某一名词或概念是文章 写作的又一特点。在写作方法上常采用先总后分（即先定义后解释）或先分后总（即先说明 后结论）的叙述方式。常用的定义信号词有： be defined as/be termed( 被定义为 ) ， be called ( 被称为 ) ， mean/ refer to/be( 意指，是 ) 。 【例 3】 2015·江苏卷] Some 2，500 years ago Greece discovered freedom. Before that there was no freedom. There were great civilizations, splendid empires, but no freedom anywhere. Egypt and Babylon were both tyrannies,_one very powerful man ruling over helpless masses. 问题：65. What does the underlined word “tyrannies” in Paragraph 2 refer to? A. Countries where their people need help. B. Powerful states with higher civilization. C. Splendid empires where people enjoy freedom. D. Governments ruled with absolute power. 【例 4】2013·新课标全国卷Ⅱ] And for chocolate_snobs，who think that they have a better knowledge of chocolate than others, the Connoisseur Series uses cocoa beans from Togo, Cuba, Venezuela, and Ghana, among others. 问题：The words “chocolate snobs” in Paragraph 3 probably refer to people who ________． A. are particular about chocolate B. know little about cocoa beans C. look down upon others D. like to try new flavors 【解析】A。词义猜测题。根据最后一段中的“…who think that they have a better knowledge of chocolate than others…”可以推知，该词组指自以为对巧克力很有研究的人。本句是运用定语 从句补充说明猜测词义。 策略（4）：依据逻辑推理猜测词义 运用逻辑推理猜测词义是使用最广考查最多也最易失分的猜词方式。要求考生具备整合分散、 复杂信息的能力，充分利用上下文中相关的词汇并结合具体的语境，从形式和内容上把握语 言之间的内在联系，理顺语言之间的逻辑关系，进而达到猜词的目的。常见的逻辑关系有： 因果关系，同位关系，对比关系，转折关系等。 ] 【例 5】2015·新课标全国 I 卷] The fine selection of the major works was done in close collaboration(合作) with the Museo Nacional Reina Sofia in Madrid, Spain, and with contributions from other institutions like the Salvador Dali Museum in St. Petersburg, Florida. 31. What does the word “contributions” in the last paragraph refer to? A．Artworks. B．Projects. C．Donations. D．Documents. 策略（5）：依据例证猜测词义 采用事实说理（即例证）以加强观点的说服力或使观点更加明朗清楚是文章写作的常用 手法。借助例证获取更多信息，即可实现猜词的目的。常用的例证信号词有： like/for example/for instance/such as; include/consist of 等。 【 例 6 】 There are no obvious limits to the escalation of demands for quality. For example, Porsche, a famous car producer, has a model which was considered perhaps the best sports car on the market. Priced at over $120,000, it handles perfectly well and has great speed acceleration. But in 2004, the producer introduced some changes which made the model slightly better in handling and acceleration. People who really care about cars find these small improvements exciting. To get them, however, they must pay almost four times the price.] 问题：. What does the underlined word “escalation” probably mean? A. Understanding. B. Increase. C. Difference. D. Study. 【解析】B。词义猜测题。从该段材料对保时捷的改进及人们对此改进趋之若鹜的追求来看， 人们对质量需求是不断提高的。因此可断定该词含义为“提高”。本题是运用后文的例证猜测 词义，For example 是一个典型的信息提示词。 2015·陕西卷] Parents who help their children with homework may actually be bringing down their school grades.Other forms of parental_involvement，including volunteering at school and observing a child's class，also fail to help，according to the most recent study on the topic. 58. The underlined expression “parental involvement” in Paragraph 1 probably means “________”． A. parents' expectation on children's health B. parents' participation in children's education C. parents' control over children's life D. parents' plan for children's future 【技能方法】] 运用语法和常识以达到猜词的目的也是词义猜测策略的另一种表现形式。英语构词法给 英语语言创造了丰富的词汇源泉，因此掌握构词规律是达到猜词目的有效捷径。这种猜词策 略的主要表现在： 策略（1）：依据词性变化猜测词义 英语语言的词性变化是非常活跃的，如名词动化，动词名化，形容词动化等，阅读时要 充分抓住这一特点，从而准确地猜测词义。 策略（2）：依据词义变化 ( 词义引申 ) 猜测词义 ] 英语语言除了词性活跃的特点外，其词义的变化也是非常活跃的。同一个词在不同的语 境中其词义也会发生相应的变化，即所谓的词义引申。] 策略（3）：依据词的派生和合成猜测词义 派生法是英语构词法中最主要的构词方法，它由词根，前缀，后缀组成。如：前缀 dis-, im-, ir-, un- 可以构成反义词；后缀 less- 也以构成反义词。遇到合成词时在正确理解两词的 基础上结合原文来把握两词之间的关系，从而准确地猜测词义。 【基础达标】 1.Our room was on the second floor but you could still hear the roar of the ocean and see the stars at night. I used to take long walks along the water. The food in town was wonderful and the people were very friendly. The area was very quiet and peaceful, and fairly deserted. The last evening of our vacation, however, we all heard strange footsteps following closely behind us as we were walking up to our room in the holiday centre. We turned around and noticed a fairly young man moving very rapidly across the beach and getting closer to us. He was tall and wore a baseball cap. We couldn’t see his face and he was approaching us very rapidly. The man’s actions made my dad very nervous. Dad warned us that we’d better try to make it to our hotel room as quickly as possible. I didn’t like my dad’s voice; I could hear fear in it. It was late and we were all alone. We didn’t have any cell phones on us. I never saw Dad as worried as he was then and I knew that something was terribly wrong. The sense of fear started to overwhelm Mom and me. We had had such a good time in town. Now, the night was rapidly turning into a dangerous situation. The underlined word “overwhelm” in Paragraph 2 means _________. A. control B. move C. excite D. impress A 词义猜测题。根据第二段中 Dad as worried as he was then and I knew that something was terribly wrong．The sense of fear started to overwhelm Mom and me．可知母亲和作者被恐 惧感所控制。所以选 A。] 2.The next time there is a social event you feel nervous about attending, you may want to try this exercise: Spend some time with your eyes closed and breathe deeply. When you feel ready, create your own zone of comfort by visualizing yourself surrounded in a warm white light that is protective yet accepting of others. Imagine people at the event being drawn to you because of the open and warm feelings that you are showing. When you arrive at the event, take a moment to spread this same light of loving acceptance to everyone around you The underlined word "visualizing" in Paragraph 2 probably means A. introducing B. persuading C. imagining D. Forcing 3.For years people had told our founders, motivational speakers Jack Canfield and Mark Victor Hansen, inspiring stories about themselves. Jack and Mark included these stories in their talks, and their audiences repeatedly asked if they had ever been published. Eventually, Jack and Mark decided to collect the best 101 stories they’d been told and put them in a book. They called it Chicken Soup for the Soul because they wanted it to provide comfort, just like their grandmothers’ cooking.] They took the book to New York, hoping to sell it to one of the big publishers, but every single one turned them down. The project appeared to have stalled until they met Peter Vegso. Peter read some of the stories and loved them, so he decided to give the book a chance, becoming Chicken Soup for the Soul founding publisher. The underlined word “stalled” in paragraph 2 means “_________”.] A. stopped making money B. stopped following the original plan C. stopped achieving progress D. stopped attracting the attention of big publishers C 细节理解题。根据文中 every single one turned them down. The project appeared to have stalled until they met Peter Vegso. 可知，刚开始出版人都拒绝了发行这本书直到遇到 Peter 才 开始有了发展，所以这时这个计划时没有取得任何进步，成功的。所以选 C。 【能力提升】] 1.I am Peter Hodes, a volunteer stem cell courier. Since March 2012, I've done 89 trips—of those, 51 have been abroad. I have 42 hours to carry stem cells(干细胞) in my little box because I've got two ice packs and that's how long they last. In all, from the time the stem cells are harvested from a donor(捐献者) to the time they can be implanted in the patient, we've got 72 hours at most. So I am always conscious of time. Which of the following can replace the underlined word “courier” in Paragraph 1? A．Provider. B．Delivery man. C．Collector. D．Medical doctor.] 【文章大意】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者在一次运送造血干细胞途中的一段经 历，表现了人们之间的友爱。] 2.Five years ago, when I taught art at a school in Seattle, I used Tinkertoys as a test at the beginning of a term to find out something about my students. I put a small set of Tinkertoys in front of each student, and said：“Make something out of the Tinkertoys. You have 45 minutes today—and 45 minutes each day for the rest of the week.” A few students hesitated to start. They waited to see what the rest of the class would do. Several others checked the instructions and made something according to one of the model plans provided. Another group built something out of their own imaginations. Once I had a boy who worked experimentally with Tinkertoys in his free time. His constructions filled a shelf in the art classroom and a good part of his bedroom at home. I was delighted at the presence of such a student. Here was an exceptionally creative mind at work. His presence meant that I had an unexpected teaching assistant in class whose creativity would infect(感染) other students. Encouraging this kind of thinking has a downside. I ran the risk of losing those students who had a different style of thinking. Without fail one would declare, “But I'm just not creative.” “Do you dream at night when you're asleep？” “Oh, sure.” “So tell me one of your most interesting dreams.” The student would tell something wildly imaginative. Flying in the sky or in a time machine or growing three heads. “That's pretty creative. Who does that for you？” “Nobody. I do it.” “Really—at night, when you're asleep？” “Sure.” “Try doing it in the daytime, in class, okay？” What does the underlined word “downside” in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A. Mistake. B. Drawback. C. Difficulty. D. Burden. 3. On one of her trips to New York several years ago, Eudora Welty decided to take a couple of New York friends out to dinner. They settled in at a comfortable East Side cafe and within minutes, another customer was approaching their table. “Hey, aren't you from Mississippi？” the elegant, white­haired writer remembered being asked by the stranger. “I'm from Mississippi too.” Without a second thought, the woman joined the Welty party. When her dinner partner showed up, she also pulled up a chair. ] “They began telling me all the news of Mississippi，” Welty said. “I didn't know what my New York friends were thinking.” Taxis on a rainy New York night are rarer than sunshine. By the time the group got up to leave, it was pouring outside. Welty's new friends immediately sent a waiter to find a cab. Heading back downtown toward her hotel, her big­city friends were amazed at the turn of events that had changed their Big Apple dinner into a Mississippi state reunion(团聚). ] “My friend said: ‘Now we believe your stories，’” Welty added. “And I said: ‘Now you know. These are the people that make me write them．’” Sitting on a sofa in her room, Welty, a slim figure in a simple gray dress, looked pleased with this explanation. The underlined word “them” in Paragraph 6 refers to Welty's ________. A. readers B. parties C. friends D. stories 【终极闯关】 The report qualifies the more optimistic findings of another new paper which suggests that the world will not have to dig up a lot more land for farming in order to feed 9 billion people in 2050, as the Food and Agriculture Organization has argued. Instead，it says，thanks to slowing population growth, land currently ploughed (耕）up for crops might be able to revert to forest or wilderness. This could happen. The trouble is that the forecast assumes continued improvements in yields, which may not actually happen. What does the underlined word “revert” mean in the last paragraph?] A. grow worse B. put in the place of another C. gain through experience D. go back to a previous state 【解析】 试题分析：作者分析了明尼苏达大学和蒙特利尔麦克吉尔大学的一项新研究，并指出了关于 粮食方面的一些问题。 D 词义猜测题。根据句意及上文可知此处是指“退耕还林”，故选 D 项。 【名师点睛】 猜测词义题。事实上，阅读材料中的每个词与它前后的词语或句子甚至段落都有联系。我们 可以利用语境（各种已知信息）推测、判断某些生词的词义。做这种类型的题，要根据词、 词组、句子所在的语境来判断其意义。因此熟练掌握一些猜词技巧是做好这类题的关键。命 题者在出这类题时惯用常规词义来麻痹考生，我们要特别注意熟词生义，切不可脱离语境想 当然。在句子或段落中，我们可以利用熟悉的词语，根据语言环境所表示的关系推断生词词 义。D 词义猜测题。根据句意及上文可知此处是指“退耕还林”，故选 D 项。 2.【安徽省“皖南八校”2017 届高三第二次联考（12 月）】 An early morning winter storm had brought several inches of snow m my small town in the mountains. Schools were canceled, roads were dangerous and all I wanted to do was to stay in bed. Still, I knew I had to get the day started so I put on warm clothes and walked outside. The snow got all over my shoes. The cold wind dried my lips and my eyes. My 47 year-old back ached in anticipation（预想）of the shoveling（铲雪）I would have to do if the snow didn't stop soon. From the underlined sentence in Paragraph l, we can know that “ ". A. my back ached because of the cold weather. B. I didn't want to start my day on such a snowy day. C. my back would ache upon thinking of cleaning up the snow. D. the snow didn't stop and I felt too cold.] 3.“The moment of knowing the cup would actually stand was super-exciting,” he recalls. “It was wonderful to drink that first coffee out of the cup. It proved to be totally worth the wait.” And his creation has proven commercially successful, which is just the icing on the cake. The coffee cups are now present in ten shops across Europe, and the company can hardly keep up with demand, regularly selling out of its stock online. What does the underlined phrase refer to in Paragraph 4? A. Profits from coffee cup business. B. Creation of coffee cups. C. Decreasing demands for coffee grounds. D. Consumption of delicious iced coffee.