【英语】2019届二轮复习阅读理解专题概括细节理解题典题例举（8页word版）

【英语】2019届二轮复习阅读理解专题概括细节理解题典题例举（8页word版）

‎2019届二轮复习阅读理解专题 概括细节理解题典题例举 细节理解题常分为直接细节理解题、间接细节理解题和概括细节理解题。间接细节理解题相对于直接细节理解题而言难度要大，命题的迷惑性更大，因为此类题目的正确选项都经过了命题人对原文信息的语义转换，两者存在表达上的差异。考生不能从原文中直接找到答案，而是要对原文信息稍加归纳才能得出正确答案。‎ ‎[典例]　(2018·全国卷Ⅲ阅读C节选)‎ ‎...‎ Wang collected more than 7 million abandoned bricks of different ages.He asked the workers to use traditional techniques to make the bricks into walls, roofs and corridors.This creation attracted a lot of attention thanks to its mixture of modern and traditional Chinese elements (元素)．‎ Wang’s works show a deep understanding of modern architecture and a good knowledge of traditions.Through such a balance, he had created a new type of Chinese architecture, said Tadao Ando, the winner of the 1995 Pritzker Prize.‎ ‎...‎ ‎30．What made Wang’s architectural design a success?‎ A．The mixture of different shapes.‎ B．The balance of East and West.‎ C．The use of popular techniques.‎ D．The harmony of old and new.‎ ‎[解析]　选D　根据选段第一段第三句“This creation attracted a lot of attention thanks to its mixture of modern and traditional Chinese elements (元素)．”和选段第二段第二句中的“Through such a balance, he had created a new type of Chinese architecture”可知，传统与现代元素的和谐共存是王澍建筑设计成功的秘诀，故选D。‎ ‎[干扰项分析]　A项错在shapes，不是形状的混合，是现代和传统中国元素的混合；B项错在East and West，是modern architecture和a good knowledge of traditions的平衡；C项错在popular，根据选文第一段第二句可知应是traditional。‎ ‎[增分技巧]　概括细节理解题要求通过思维分析将原文中比较分散或复杂的信息进行归纳概括，即要“综合事实定答案”。容易做错的原因是没有全面分析所涉及的相关信息，只是单一地、孤立地分析某句内容从而不能做出符合题干条件的选择。‎ ‎(1)通过关键词定区间。就是说我们在阅读题干的时候迅速把题干中的关键词标记出来，然后根据关键词回到原文当中定位相关的段落、语句。‎ ‎(2)通过概括定选项。概括细节理解题可能涉及文章某一段或几段，甚至贯穿全文的各个位置，需要考生寻找文章中的多个细节。然后尝试用自己的语言去归纳文中的信息或事实，然后再看选项，挑选出和自己所归纳的信息最接近的选项作为正确答案。‎ ‎(3)兼用排除法解题。在遇到模棱两可、难以做出选择的答案时，也可采用排除法，将“无此细节”和“与此细节相反”的选项排除。‎ 训练目标(一) ‎ 对点练——攻克失分短板 A(2018·北京高考阅读C节选)‎ PlasticEating Worms Humans produce more than 300 million tons of plastic every year.Almost half of that winds up in landfills (垃圾填埋场), and up to 12 million tons pollute the oceans.So far there is no effective way to get rid of it, but a new study suggests an answer may lie in the stomachs of some hungry worms.‎ Researchers in Spain and England recently found that the worms of the greater wax moth can break down polyethylene, which accounts for 40% of plastics.The team left 100 wax worms on a commercial polyethylene shopping ‎ bag for 12 hours, and the worms consumed and broke down about 92 milligrams, or almost 3% of it.To confirm that the worms’ chewing alone was not responsible for the polyethylene breakdown, the researchers made some worms into paste (糊状物) and applied it to plastic films.14 hours later the films had lost 13% of their mass — apparently broken down by enzymes (酶) from the worms’ stomachs.Their findings were published in Current Biology in 2017.‎ ‎...‎ ‎43．What can we learn about the worms in the study?‎ A．They take plastics as their everyday food.‎ B．They are newly evolved creatures.‎ C．They can consume plastics.‎ D．They wind up in landfills.‎ 解析：选C　根据第一段中的“a new study suggests an answer may lie in the stomachs of some hungry worms”以及第二段中的“Researchers in Spain and England recently found that the worms of the greater wax moth can break down polyethylene ...and the worms consumed and broke down about 92 milligrams, or almost 3% of it.”概括可知大蜡螟幼虫能吃塑料，故选C。‎ B(2018·浙江高考阅读B节选)‎ Steven Stein likes to follow garbage trucks.His strange habit makes sense when you consider that he’s an environmental scientist who studies how to reduce litter, including things that fall off garbage trucks as they drive down the road.What is even more interesting is that one of Stein’s jobs is defending an industry behind the plastic shopping bag.‎ Americans use more than 100 billion thin film plastic bags every year.So many end up in tree branches or along highways that a growing number of cities do not allow them at checkouts (收银台)．The bags are prohibited in some 90 cities in California，including Los ‎ Angeles.Eyeing these headwinds, plastic-bag makers are hiring scientists like Stein to make the case that their products are not as bad for the planet as most people assume.‎ ‎...‎ ‎24．What has Steven Stein been hired to do?‎ A．Help increase grocery sales.‎ B．Recycle the waste material.‎ C．Stop things falling off trucks.‎ D．Argue for the use of plastic bags.‎ 解析：选D　根据第一段中的“is defending an industry”和第二段中的“are hiring scientists like Stein to make the case that their products are not as bad for the planet as most people assume”概括可知塑料袋生产商雇用Steven Stein是为了说明他们的产品并不像大多数人认为的那样对地球有害。故选D。‎ C(2017·北京高考阅读A节选)‎ ‎...‎ Amazingly, Taylor had just taken a CPR course the day before.Still, she hesitated.She didn’t think she knew it well enough.But when no one else came forward, Taylor ran to Paris and began doing CPR. “It was scary. I knew it was the difference between life and death，” says Taylor.‎ Taylor’s swift action helped her teammates calm down.One girl called 911. Two more ran to get the school nurse, who brought a defibrillator, an electronic device (器械) that can shock the heart back into work.Luck stayed with them: Paris’s heartbeat returned.‎ ‎...‎ Experts say Paris is right: For a sudden heart failure, the single best chance for survival is having someone nearby step in and do CPR quickly.‎ ‎...‎ ‎57．Why does Paris say she was lucky?‎ A．She made a worthy friend.‎ B．She recovered from shock.‎ C．She received immediate CPR.‎ D．She came back on the softball team.‎ 解析：选C　根据选文第一段中的“But when no one else came forward, Taylor ran to Paris and began doing CPR.”以及选文第二段“在队友和学校护士的帮助下Paris的心跳恢复了(Paris’s heartbeat returned.)”以及选文第三段中的“For a sudden heart failure，the single best chance for survival is having someone nearby step in and do CPR quickly”概括可知，Paris说她很幸运是因为她得到了及时的心肺复苏(CPR)救助。‎ D(2017·江苏高考阅读B节选)‎ ‎...‎ This educational method was first observed in 2012 by Sonia Kleindorfer, a biologist at Flinders University in South Australia, and her colleagues.Female Australian superb fairy wrens were found to repeat one sound over and over again while hatching their eggs.When the eggs were hatched, the baby birds made the similar chirp to their mothers — a sound that served as their regular “feed me！” call.‎ To find out if the special quality was more widespread in birds, the researchers sought the redbacked fairy wren, another species of Australian songbird.First they collected sound data from 67 nests in four sites in Queensland before and after hatching.Then they identified begging calls by analyzing the order and number of notes. A computer analysis blindly compared calls produced by mothers and chicks, ranking them by similarity.‎ It turns out that baby redbacked fairy wrens also emerge chirping like their moms.And the more frequently mothers had called to their eggs, the more similar were the babies’ begging calls.In addition, the team set up a separate experiment that suggested that the baby birds that most closely imitated their mom’s voice were rewarded with the most food.‎ ‎...‎ ‎59．What are Kleindorfer’s findings based on?‎ A．Similarities between the calls of moms and chicks.‎ B．The observation of fairy wrens across Australia.‎ C．The data collected from Queensland’s locals.‎ D．Controlled experiments on wrens and other birds.‎ 解析：选A　根据选文第一段中的“the baby birds made the similar chirp to their mothers”，选文第二段的最后一句及选文第三段的第二句概括可知，Kleindorfer的发现是基于母鸟与幼鸟发出的叫声的相似性的，故选A。‎ 高考真题链接 A new “smart bin” will spell the end of environmentconscious families spending hours sorting tins, plastic boxes, bottles and cardboard for recycling.The invention is being trialed in Poland and is set to go on sale in the UK within a few years.‎ The bin, designed by the startup company Bin.E, recognizes different types of waste via a system positioned inside the bin which uses sensors (传感器), image recognition and artificial intelligence.Once waste is placed inside, the camera and sensors identify its type and place it in one of the smaller bins.Then it presses the waste hard so it occupies less space.‎ It’s thought that the bin could be supplied by department stores such as John Lewis.“We’ve recently seen a jump in specialist bins sales, with a 25% increase in the last few months alone.We’ve noticed our customers are becoming more and more sustainability (可持续性) focused, choosing recycling bins that make it far easier to recycle different types of waste，” says Matt Thomas, a worker at John Lewis.‎ Bin.E’s official release (发布) on the market will take place soon.And the office bin will be sold at ￡430 while corporate (团体的) customers will need to pay extra ￡107 for an accompanying smartphone app, which hooks them up with collection services.‎ A spokesman at Bin.E says, “The home version of the bin will be cheaper.After the office version, we plan to create an outdoor version and later the home version.We decided to go for the outdoor version for public areas first because it’s more difficult to organize an effective waste sorting system outside than in our homes.”‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。一家刚成立的公司Bin.E设计了一款新型“智能垃圾桶”，它可以自动把垃圾进行分类。‎ ‎★13.What makes the smart bin special?‎ A．It saves space in the room.‎ B．It holds more rubbish in it.‎ C．It sorts rubbish automatically.‎ D．It can connect with a phone app.‎ 解析：选C　细节理解题。根据第一段的第一句和第二段的内容可知，这款“智能垃圾桶”能够自动给垃圾分类，减少人们进行垃圾分类的麻烦。‎ ‎14．What is the second paragraph mainly about?‎ A．How to use the bin.‎ B．How the bin works.‎ C．How the bin was invented.‎ D．How the bin deals with the waste.‎ 解析：选B　段落大意题。根据第二段的内容可知，本段告诉我们这款“智能垃圾桶”的工作原理。‎ ‎15．What probably makes specialist bins sell well according to Matt Thomas?‎ A．Their looks are attractive.‎ B．Artificial intelligence is used.‎ C．They are sold at a proper price.‎ D．People are environmentconscious.‎ 解析：选D　细节理解题。根据第三段中Matt Thomas所说可知，他认为顾客们越来越注重可持续发展，具有环保意识，更多人倾向于选择分类回收垃圾桶。‎ ‎16．Which version will be first available on the market?‎ A．The office version. B．The outdoor version.‎ C．The home version. D．The standard version.‎ 解析：选A　细节理解题。根据最后一段的“After the office version, we plan to create an outdoor version and later the home version.”可知，这家公司会先推出办公室用的智能垃圾桶。‎