【英语】2020届二轮复习语法专题情态动词和虚拟语气学案

【英语】2020届二轮复习语法专题情态动词和虚拟语气学案

‎2020届二轮复习语法专题情态动词和虚拟语气学案 ‎[思维导图]‎ Ⅰ.情态动词的基本用法 一、情态动词近几年常考点 近几年高考语法填空对情态动词的考查，主要涉及以下2点：‎ ‎1．情态动词后要加动词原形。‎ ‎2．含情态动词的被动语态结构：情态动词＋be＋过去分词。‎ 二、情态动词的基本用法 ‎1．can/could ‎(1)表示能力，意为“能，会”。‎ The smallest good habits can make a big difference.‎ 最小的好习惯会产生很大的作用。‎ It was several minutes before I could take in what he was saying.‎ 过了好几分钟，我才理解他说的是什么。‎ ‎(2)表示推测，意为“可能”，用于否定或疑问句中。can比could语气强。‎ It’s already ten o’clock.My father can’t be sleeping now.‎ 已经十点了。爸爸现在不可能在睡觉。‎ ‎(3)表示请求或允许。在疑问句中可以用could代替can，语气更委婉。‎ Could I use your phone，please?‎ 我可以用一下你的电话吗？‎ ‎(4)表示理论上的可能性。‎ Always believe that good things are possible，and remember that mistakes can be ‎ lessons that lead to discoveries.‎ 要始终相信美好事物的降临并非不可能，记住失误也会变成经验教训，从而带来更多发现。‎ ‎(5)用于否定句和疑问句，表示惊异、怀疑、不相信等态度。‎ He can’t/couldn’t do this.‎ 他不可能这样干。(表示不相信)‎ Can this be done by him?‎ 这可能是他干的吗？(表示疑惑、惊讶)‎ ‎(6)用于固定结构中。‎ can’t...too/enough表示“无论……也不过分；越……越好”。‎ can’t help doing sth表示“禁不住做某事”。‎ can’t help but do sth不得不做某事 can’t wait to do sth迫不及待地做某事 You can’t be too careful while driving.‎ 你开车时越小心越好。‎ Hearing this story，I couldn’t help laughing.‎ 听到这个故事，我禁不住大笑起来。‎ ‎2．may/might ‎(1)表示请求和许可。在疑问句中，might可以代替may，语气更加委婉。‎ May I ask if you are fond of traveling by sea?‎ 我可以问一下你是否喜欢乘船旅行？‎ Might I borrow your computer?‎ 我可以借一下你的电脑吗？‎ ‎(2)表示可能性，可以对现在、过去或将来进行推测。通常用于肯定句和否定句。might比may语气弱。‎ Parents may scold their children when they are untidy but they should also understand that their room is their own private space.‎ 当孩子不整洁的时候，父母也许会责骂孩子。但他们也应该理解孩子们的房间是他们的私人空间。‎ If you forgot to turn it off when you went away，you might burn down the house.‎ 当你离开时如果忘记关掉它，你可能会把整个房子都烧毁的。‎ ‎(3)表示祝愿，常用结构为“May＋主语＋动词原形！”‎ May you succeed！祝你成功！‎ ‎(4)用于固定结构中：“may/might as well＋动词原形”意为“最好，倒不如”；may well do sth很可能做某事 Since it is raining hard，you may as well stay here.‎ 既然雨下得这么大，你倒不如待在这儿。‎ ‎3．must ‎(1)表示义务，意为“必须(主观意志)”。回答must构成的一般疑问句时，若是否定回答，一般不用mustn’t，而用needn’t或是don’t have to，因为mustn’t意为“绝不能，一定不要”，而没有“不必”的意思。‎ Men and women must be treated equally in education and employment.‎ 在教育和就业方面，男性和女性必须被平等对待。‎ ‎(2)表示猜测、推测，意为“想必，一定”。‎ must常用于肯定句中，表示猜测。‎ must do 对现在或未来的事进行猜测 must be doing 对正在进行的事进行猜测 must have done 对已经发生的事进行猜测 He thought that Joe must be dead，but he didn’t want to leave immediately.‎ 他以为乔一定死了，但是他不想立刻就离开。‎ Hurry up! They must be waiting for us now.‎ 快点！现在他们一定正在等我们呢。‎ ‎(3)用于否定句中，表示禁止。‎ Smoking must not be allowed in the office.‎ 严禁在办公室吸烟。‎ ‎(4)表示“偏要，非要……不可”。‎ Must you make so loud noise?‎ 你非得弄出这么大声吗？‎ ‎4．shall ‎(1)用于第一、三人称疑问句中，表示说话人征求对方的意见或向对方请示。‎ Shall the driver wait outside?‎ 司机在外面等着可以吗？‎ ‎(2)用于第二、三人称陈述句中，表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺、威胁等。‎ I promised he shall get a present for his birthday.‎ 我许诺给他一件生日礼物。‎ ‎(3)用于条约、规定、法令、法律等，意为“必须”。‎ It has been announced that candidates shall remain in their seats until all the papers have been collected.‎ 已经声明过，在所有试卷收上来之前，考生必须待在座位上。‎ ‎5．should/ought to ‎(1)表示责任、义务、劝告、建议等，意为“应该”。 表示责任或义务时，ought to等同于should，只是前者的语气稍重。‎ Why shouldn’t we buy the lady a flower? It will make her feel better.‎ 为什么我们不应该给那位女士买一朵花呢？这会让她感觉好一些。‎ You ought not to be so selfish.‎ 你不应该这么自私。‎ ‎(2)should表示出乎预料的口气，意为“竟然；居然”。‎ That he should speak to you like that is quite astonishing.‎ 他竟然那样对你说话，真是令人惊讶。‎ ‎(3)should和ought to表示推测，指预期的可能性，意为“应该，估计”。‎ He ought to/should be here on time—he started early enough.‎ 他应该按时到这里的——他很早就出发了。‎ ‎6．will/would ‎(1)表示自愿或主动提出做什么，如意志、愿望或决定等。will指现在，would指过去。‎ ‎—Can someone fetch some water?‎ ‎—I will.‎ ‎——有人能去取点水来吗？‎ ‎——我去。‎ ‎(2)与will连用表示请求或要求，would比will更客气、委婉。而在句末用won’t you表达邀请的语气。‎ Would you mind opening the window for me?‎ 你介意帮我打开窗户吗？‎ ‎(3)will表示规律性的“注定会”。‎ Wearing proper clothes is important too，for locals will judge you by what you wear.‎ 穿合适的衣服也很重要，因为当地人会根据你的穿着来评判你。‎ ‎7．need/dare need和dare既可用作情态动词，也可用作实义动词。用作情态动词时，主要用于否定句和疑问句中；用作实义动词时，可用于各种时态。‎ ‎(1)用作情态动词 ‎—Are you coming with me?‎ ‎—I can’t，Alice.I daren’t.‎ ‎——你要和我一起去吗？‎ ‎——不行，艾丽丝。我不敢。‎ It’s quite warm here; we needn’t turn the heating on yet.‎ 这里很温暖。我们还不必开暖气。‎ ‎(2)用作实义动词 You don’t need to do it yourself.‎ 你不必亲自做这件事。‎ Most people hate Harry but they don’t dare to say so.‎ 大多数人对哈利敢怒不敢言。‎ 三、情态动词＋have done ‎1．对过去发生的事情或状态进行推测 must have done ‎“(过去)一定做过……”；语气比较肯定；用于肯定句 may (might) have done ‎“(过去)可能做过……”；语气不确定；用于肯定句和否定句 can (could) have done 用于否定句和疑问句，表示怀疑或不确定 can(could) not have done 用于否定句，表示“不可能做过……”‎ Looking at the large empty apartment，I became aware of how lonely my mother must have been in Brazil herself.‎ 看着她又大又空的公寓，我开始理解妈妈独自一人在巴西一定很孤单。‎ The boy might have known the truth，but I am not quite sure.‎ 那个男孩也许知道了真相，但我不是很确定。‎ You can’t have seen him just now.He has been abroad for nearly a month.‎ 你刚才不可能看见他了，他已经出国近一个月了。‎ ‎2．表示“与过去事实相反”‎ could have done 过去本可以做某事但实际上没做 needn’t have done 过去本不必做某事但实际上做了 ought to/should have done 过去本应该做某事但实际上没做 oughtn’t to/shouldn’t have done 过去本不应该做某事但实际上做了 might have done 过去可能做某事但实际上没做 He could have gone on regretting it，as too many of us do.‎ 他本可以继续为此而遗憾，正如我们中很多人一样。‎ You needn’t have worked that late last night.It was harmful to your health.‎ 你昨天晚上本不必工作那么晚，那对你的健康有害。‎ You ought to have done this exercise more carefully.‎ 你本应该更仔细地做这个练习。‎ You might have given him more help，though you were busy then.‎ 你本可以给他更多帮助，虽然你当时很忙。‎ Ⅱ.虚拟语气 一、虚拟语气用于条件状语从句中 ‎1．虚拟语气在if条件句中的运用 情况 if从句谓语动词 主句谓语动词 与现在 事实相反 过去式(be用were)‎ should/would/could/might＋动词原形 与过去事实相反 had＋过去分词 should/would/could/might have＋过去分词 与将来事实相反 过去式(be用were)‎ should/would/could/might＋动词原形 should＋动词原形 were to＋动词原形 If my brother were here，everything would be all right.‎ 要是我哥哥在这儿的话，一切都没问题了。‎ If it should rain this afternoon，the basketball match would be put off.‎ 要是今天下午下雨，篮球比赛就会被推迟。‎ If you had taken my advice，you would not have failed in the exams.‎ 如果你早听了我的建议，你考试就能通过了。‎ ‎2．虚拟条件句中的省略与倒装 如果虚拟条件句中含有were/had/should，有时可把if省略，把were/had/should提到主语之前形成倒装；若为否定形式，not不可提前。‎ Had he caught the morning train，he would not have been late for the meeting.‎ 要是他赶上了早晨的火车，那他就不会开会迟到了。‎ ‎3．错综时间条件句 有时条件句的动作与主句动作发生的时间不一致，这时动词的形式应根据它们各自表示的时间加以调整。‎ If we had booked a table earlier，we wouldn’t be standing here in a queue now.‎ 如果我们早些订位子，现在也就不用站在这里排队了。(if条件句是对过去的虚拟，而主句是对现在的虚拟。)‎ ‎4．含蓄条件句 ‎(1)有时假设的情况不用条件句表达，而是用but for，without等介词(短语)或上下文来表示。‎ We wouldn’t have finished the project on time without your timely help.‎ 如果没有你的及时帮助，我们就不能按时完成那项工程了。‎ ‎(2)用连词otherwise，or等暗示后文与前面的情况相反，从而引出后文的虚拟语气。‎ I was ill that day.Otherwise，I would have taken part in the sports meeting.‎ 我那天病了，否则，我就参加运动会了。‎ ‎(3)虚拟条件通过but暗示出来，模式为“虚拟情况＋but＋真实情况”。‎ I would have taken part in the sports meeting，but I was ill that day.‎ 我本来可以参加运动会，但是那天我病了。‎ 二、虚拟语气用于名词性从句中 ‎1．在“It is＋important/necessary/natural/strange/essential/vital/...＋that...”句型中，从句谓语动词用“(should＋)动词原形”。‎ It’s vital that we (should) take our safety driving along the road seriously.‎ 在路上开车时认真对待我们的安全非常重要。‎ ‎2．在would rather (that)后的宾语从句中，从句的谓语动词如果表示现在或将来要发生的动作，从句用一般过去时；如果表示过去发生的动作，从句用过去完成时。‎ I’d rather he had gone to the seaside with me the day before yesterday.‎ 要是他前天和我一起去海边就好了。‎ ‎3．句中含有以下单词或其变形时，其后所跟的名词性从句(宾语从句、表语从句、主语从句或同位语从句)部分常用虚拟语气，其谓语动词形式为“should＋动词原形”，其中should可以省略。‎ He suggested that we (should) start off early the next day.‎ 他建议我们第二天早点出发。‎ ‎[名师指津] 当suggest表示“暗示，表明”之意，insist表示“坚持说”‎ 之意时，suggest/insist后的宾语从句不使用虚拟语气，而使用陈述语气。‎ The smile on his face suggested that he was satisfied with our work.‎ 他脸上的微笑表明他对我们的工作很满意。‎ The man insisted that he had never stolen money.‎ 那个人坚持说他从没有偷过钱。‎ ‎4．wish后宾语从句中的虚拟语气 情况 从句谓语动词 与现在事实相反 过去式(be动词一般用were)‎ 与过去事实相反 had＋过去分词 与将来事实相反 would/could＋动词原形 I wish (that) I were a bird and could fly freely in the sky.‎ 我希望我是一只鸟，能在天空中自由飞翔。‎ I wish (that) I had met that film star yesterday.‎ 我多希望昨天见到了那个影星。‎ ‎5．as if/though引导的表语从句和方式状语从句中的虚拟语气 as if/though引导的从句中的谓语动词形式及使用情况与wish后宾语从句中的谓语动词及使用情况相同。‎ It seems as though it were spring already.‎ 看起来好像已经是春天了一样。‎ ‎[名师指津] 如果从句中描述的为事实或很可能是事实情况，那么从句中的谓语动词可用陈述语气。‎ It sounds as if it is raining.‎ 听起来像是在下雨。‎ 三、2个特定句式中的虚拟语气 句型结构 过去虚拟 现在虚拟 将来虚拟 if only引导的条件句及感叹句 had＋过去分词 过去式(be动词一般用were)‎ would/could/should/might＋动词原形 It is (high) time (that)...‎ 过去式或“should＋动词原形”‎ If only I had seen the film.‎ 要是我看过那部电影就好了。‎ It is high time that we should start/started out.‎ 我们该出发了。‎ 单句语法填空 Truly elegant chopsticks might________(make) of gold and silver with Chinese characters.(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)‎ 答案　be made　[根据语境可知，筷子是被制造的。此处为含有情态动词的被动语态might be done。]‎ Ⅰ.用适当的情态动词填空 ‎1．When I was a child，I could watch TV whenever I wanted to.‎ ‎2．—What are you doing this Saturday?‎ ‎—I’m not sure，but I might go to the Rolling Stones concert.‎ ‎3．The door would not open，no matter how hard she pushed.‎ ‎4．One of our rules is that every student shall wear school uniform while at school.‎ ‎5．They should/could have arrived at lunchtime but their flight was delayed.‎ ‎6．—Shall I inform him of the change of the schedule right now?‎ ‎—I am afraid you must，in case he comes late for the meeting.‎ ‎7．We need not have bought so much food now that Suzie won’t be with us for dinner.‎ ‎8．—Who can be phoning us at this time of night? ‎ ‎—It might be your sister.‎ ‎9．We can’t imagine that two children should be killed by the washing machine of their house.‎ ‎10．—The deadline is drawing，but I failed to challenge the task a third time.‎ ‎—Shall my brother have a try?‎ Ⅱ.用所给词的适当形式填空 ‎1．It is required by law that a driving test (should)__be__taken__(take) before a man gets a license.‎ ‎2．I believe he must have had an accident; otherwise he would__have__arrived (arrive) on time.‎ ‎3．The national smog serves as a constant reminder，indicating that it’s high time we reflected/should__reflect (reflect) on ourselves.‎ ‎4．—How I wish I had__passed (pass) the geography exam!‎ ‎—So you’re sorry that you didn’t work hard.‎ ‎5．—It would__be (be) cool if I won this contest.I don’t think I’m good enough，though.‎ ‎—Give it a shot.You never know.‎ ‎6．The Antarctica is so mystically described by some people.If only I had__been (be) there before.‎ ‎7．—It’s a shame that you missed the lecture on the British culture given by Thompson.‎ ‎—I would/should__have__attended (attend) it，but I was busy preparing for the coming exam.‎ ‎8．—Did you make it at last?‎ ‎—Yes.But for your help，it would/could__have__caused (cause) a serious loss.‎ ‎9．Most citizens in Hong Kong strongly insisted that those who attacked the police with violence (should)be__put (put) into prison.‎ ‎10．I wish I had__shared (share) the car journey home with my friends.Now they are watching the football match at home.‎ Ⅲ.语法填空 ‎(2019·温州八校第一次联考)‎ Beautiful Jiangxi，Showing Her Charm to the World Have you ever imagined how beautiful Jiangxi is? She has 166，900 square kilometers of land，of which 63.1% 1.________(cover) by forests.She has five ‎ national nature reserves，46 national forest parks，four World Heritage Sites and four World Geological Parks，and nurtures every precious 2.________(species) for the earth.Over 2，400 rivers gather together 3.________(form) the Poyang Lake，the 4.________(large) fresh water lake in China and an important wetland in the world.About 98% of the world’s white cranes inhabit in this paradise of birds.Wuyuan，just 5.________the landscape in Chinese painting，is known as one of the most beautiful 6.________(village) in the world.I don’t think there is any place more beautiful than Wuyuan in the world.If there is，it must be next year’s Wuyuan.‎ Have you ever imagined 7.________glory Jiangxi has? The Chinese People’s Liberation Army，a 8.________(power) force in maintaining regional stability and world peace，was founded here 90 years ago.This land of high mountains and dense forests 9.________(be) the cradle of Chinese revolution.And it has built a new spiritual dimension 10.________enriches the 5，000 year－old civilization of China.‎ ‎【语篇解读】　本文介绍了美丽的江西。‎ ‎1．is covered　[考查被动语态和主谓一致。 先行词为land，定语从句的主语of which 63.1% 与cover之间为被动关系，故用被动语态，“分数/百分数＋名词”作主语时谓语动词取决于名词，故用is covered。]‎ ‎2．specie　[考查名词的单复数。根据every可知此处应用单数形式。]‎ ‎3．to form　[考查非谓语动词。此处作目的状语，故用动词不定式。]‎ ‎4．largest　[考查形容词比较等级。根据常识可知鄱阳湖是中国最大的淡水湖，故此处应用最高级形式。]‎ ‎5．like　[考查介词。婺源就像中国绘画作品中的风景画，作为世界上最美丽的村庄之一而闻名。like像。]‎ ‎6．villages　[考查名词的单复数。village为可数名词，one of＋可数名词的复数，故填villages。]‎ ‎7．what　[考查名词性从句。句意：你想象得到江西有什么荣誉吗？根据句意可知应用what。]‎ ‎8．powerful　[考查词性转换。修饰名词force应用形容词形式。]‎ ‎9．is　‎ ‎[考查主谓一致。句意：这片拥有高山和茂密森林的土地是中国革命的摇篮。根据主语land可知此处填is。]‎ ‎10．that/which　[考查定语从句。先行词为dimension，关系词在限制性定语从句中作主语，故用that/which。]‎