【英语】2020届二轮复习语法专题动词时态和语态学案

【英语】2020届二轮复习语法专题动词时态和语态学案

‎2020届二轮复习语法专题动词时态和语态学案 ‎　　　　　　　　　　　　‎ ‎[思维导图]‎ Ⅰ.一般时态 一般现在时和一般过去时是近几年语法填空必考的语法项目，而且考查的均是最基本的用法。‎ 一、一般现在时 ‎1．表示经常或习惯性的动作，多用动作动词，且常与表频率的时间状语连用。‎ On Monday morning it usually takes me an hour to drive to work.‎ 周一早上我通常花一小时开车上班。‎ ‎2．表示客观事实、真理、格言或者警句等。‎ Time and tide wait for no man.‎ 岁月不等人。‎ ‎3．表示按照时间表、计划安排好的或规定的动作，只限于表示起止或转移等的动词如come，go，leave，arrive，fly，return，start，begin，open，close，end，stop等。‎ The shop closes at 11：00 p．m.every day.‎ 商店每天晚上11点关门。‎ Tomorrow is Wednesday.明天是星期三。‎ ‎4．在时间、条件状语从句中常用一般现在时代替将来时。‎ I’ll write to her when I have time.‎ 有时间我会写信给她。‎ 二、一般过去时 ‎1．表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态，常与表示过去的具体时间状语连用(或有上下文语境暗示)；也可用于表达过去的习惯。‎ We met her in the street yesterday.‎ 我们昨天在街上遇见她了。‎ When he was young，he took cold baths regularly.‎ 他年轻时经常洗凉水澡。‎ I didn’t expect to see you studying at the library.‎ 我没料到会看见你在图书馆学习。‎ ‎2．在时间、条件、让步状语从句中，若主句用了过去将来时，从句常用一般过去时表示过去将来的意义。‎ He said he would tell her about the news as soon as he met her.‎ 他说他一见到她就把这个消息告诉她。‎ ‎3．表示说话人原来没有料到、想到、注意到、认出或忘记等。‎ Why didn’t you think of that？你怎么没有想到呢？‎ I didn’t notice it.我没注意到。‎ I forgot to tell you I had been there with my brother before.我忘了告诉你我以前和哥哥去过那儿。‎ I didn’t recognize him.我没有认出他。‎ Ⅱ.进行时态 一、现在进行时 ‎1．表示说话时正在进行或发生的动作，也可表示现阶段正在进行的动作或存在的状态。‎ He is working on a paper.他在写一篇论文。‎ She is teaching English and learning Chinese.‎ 她在教英语并学习汉语。‎ ‎2．某些表示位置移动的动词，如go，come，leave，arrive，start, move等可用现在进行时表示即将发生或计划要做的动作。‎ I am meeting Mr.Wang tonight.我今晚将会见王先生。‎ ‎3．与always，often等频度副词连用，表示经常反复的行为或某种感情色彩。‎ The girl is always talking loud in public.‎ 这个女孩总是在公众场合大声说话。‎ 二、过去进行时 过去进行时表示在过去某个时刻或某段时间正在进行的动作或存在的状态。‎ He was reading an interesting book this time yesterday.昨天这个时候他在读一本有趣的书。‎ 三、将来进行时 表示将来某时或某一时段正在进行的动作，常表示事情的正常发展。‎ I’ll be doing jobs about the house tomorrow.‎ 明天我将要干些家务活。‎ Ⅲ.完成时态 一、现在完成时 ‎1．表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果或已经完成的某一动作。常与lately，recently，so far，by now，up to/till now，in the last/past few days/years等时间状语连用。‎ Progress has been so far very good and we are sure that the work will be finished on time.‎ 到目前为止，工作进展得很顺利，我们确信一定会按时完工。‎ ‎2．表示过去已经开始，一直延续到现在(也许还会继续进行下去)的动作或状态，常与“for＋时间段”，“since＋时间点”等表示一段时间的状语连用。‎ ‎—I remember you were a talented pianist at college.Can you play the piano for me?‎ ‎—Sorry，I haven’t played the piano for years.‎ ‎——我记得你在大学时是一位极有才华的钢琴师。你能为我弹钢琴吗？‎ ‎——抱歉，我多年没有弹钢琴了。‎ ‎3．下列句型中常用现在完成时。‎ It is (has been)＋一段时间＋since从句 This (That/It) is the first (second...) time that＋现在完成时 This (That/It) is the best/finest/most interesting...＋that＋现在完成时 ‎4．在时间或条件状语从句中，现在完成时可以代替将来完成时。‎ I shall post the letter as soon as I have written it.‎ 我一写完信就会寄出的。‎ 二、过去完成时 ‎1．常用过去完成时的几种情况。‎ ‎(1)在by，by the end of，by the time，until，before，since后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句的句子中。‎ By the end of last year，we had sold 20，000 cars.‎ 到去年底，我们已经卖出两万辆车了。‎ ‎(2)表示未曾实现的希望、打算、意图、诺言等，常用had hoped/planned/meant/intended/thought/wanted/expected等或用上述动词的过去式接不定式的完成式，即：hoped/planned...＋to have done。‎ We had planned to finish the work before dark，but we were held up by a heavy rain.‎ 我们本打算在天黑前完成这项工作，但是被大雨耽搁了。‎ ‎(3)“时间名词＋before”在句中作状语，谓语动词用过去完成时；“时间名词＋ago”在句中作状语，谓语动词用一般过去时。‎ He said his first teacher had died at least 10 years before.他说他的启蒙老师至少10年前就死了。‎ Xiao Hua left school 3 years ago.肖华三年前毕业的。‎ ‎(4)在hardly/scarcely...when...，no sooner...than...句式中，主句常用过去完成时，表示“一……就……”。当hardly，scarcely，no sooner置于句首时，其后要用部分倒装。‎ We had no sooner been seated than the bus started.‎ ‎＝No sooner had we been seated than the bus started.‎ 我们刚坐下公交车就开了。‎ ‎2．在before或after引导的时间状语从句中可用一般过去时代替过去完成时。‎ After he (had) left the room，the boss came in.‎ 他离开房间后老板进来了。‎ 三、现在完成进行时 ‎1．常用来表示开始于过去某个时间，一直延续到现在并且会继续进行下去的动作。‎ For days，the kids have been looking for those we can help.‎ 数日来，孩子们一直在寻找我们能帮助的人。‎ ‎2．表示到目前为止的一段时间里一直在反复进行的动作。‎ I have been calling him many times this morning，but there’s no answer.‎ 今早我给他打了数次电话，但仍未打通。‎ Ⅳ.将来时态 ‎1．一般将来时 ‎(1)表示未来的动作或状态或临时做出的决定，常用will/shall＋动词原形，常与表示将来的时间状语tomorrow，next week等连用。‎ We will have a meeting tomorrow.我们明天开会。‎ ‎(2)一般将来时的其他表达方式。‎ ‎①be going to在口语中常用来表示已经决定或安排要做的事、必然或很可能发生的事，也可用来表示自然现象。‎ The railway is going to be open on October 1st.‎ 这条铁路将于10月1日开通。‎ ‎②be to do表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作，还可表示吩咐、命令、禁止、可能性等。‎ A meeting is to be held at 3：00 o’clock this afternoon.会议将于今天下午3点举行。‎ You’re to be back before five o’clock.5点前你要回来。‎ ‎③be about to do表示“即将，正要”，后面不能接时间状语或状语从句。‎ Autumn harvest is about to start.秋收即将开始。‎ ‎2．过去将来时 过去将来时表示从过去的观点来预计以后要发生的动作或存在的状态，这种时态常用于宾语从句中，主句常是一般过去时。‎ He always said that he would study hard at that time.他那时总是说他会努力学习的。‎ Ⅴ.被动语态 ‎1．被动语态的构成 现在 过去 将来 过去将来 一般 am/is/are done was/were done shall/will be done should/would be done 进行 am/is/are being done was/were being done ‎—‎ ‎—‎ 完成 have/has been done had been done shall/will have been done should/would have been done ‎2.不能用被动语态的几种情况 ‎(1)所有的不及物动词或不及物动词词组不能用于被动语态之中。‎ ‎(2)表示状态的谓语动词，如：last，hold，contain，fit，cost等。‎ ‎(3)表示归属的动词，如have，own，belong to等。‎ ‎(4)表示“希望、意图、喜好”的动词，如：wish，want，hope，like，love，hate等。‎ ‎(5)宾语是反身代词或相互代词时谓语动词用主动语态，不能用被动语态。‎ ‎(6)宾语是同源宾语、不定式、动名词等，谓语动词不用被动语态。‎ ‎3．主动形式表被动意义 ‎(1)当feel，look，smell，taste，sound等后面接形容词时；当cut，read，sell，wear，write，wash等作为不及物动词表示主语内在“品质”或“性能”时；当动词表示“开始、结束、关、停、转、启动”等意义时。‎ The flowers smell sweet.花儿散发着芳香。‎ This kind of cloth washes easily.这种布料很容易洗。‎ ‎(2)当break out，take place，shut off，turn off，work out等动词表示“发生、关闭、制定”等意思时。‎ The lamps on the wall turned off.墙上的灯熄灭了。‎ 准确确定动词时态的“四个依据”‎ 动词的时态，顾名思义就是指动作或状态在不同时间条件下的动词形式，因此时间状语是确定动词时态的最直接的决定因素。‎ ‎[例1] Silk________(become) one of the primary goods traded along the Silk Road by about 100 BC.‎ ‎[分析] had become　[句意：到大约公元前 100 年，丝绸已经成为丝绸之路上交易的主要商品之一。题干中有表示过去的时间状语“about 100 BC”，且当时间状语由介词by(不迟于，不晚于)引导时，表示动作发生在“过去的过去”，谓语动词应用过去完成时。]‎ ‎[例2] In the last few years，China________(make)great achievements in environmental protection.‎ ‎[分析] has made　[题干中的时间状语是“In the last few years”，表示动作“从过去一直到现在”，故所填词应用现在完成时。]‎ 当题干中没有时间状语，或时间状语不能完全决定所填动词的动作发生的具体时间时，动词的时态由其参照动词来决定。‎ ‎[例3] The real reason why prices________(be)，and still are，too high is complex，and no short discussion can satisfactorily explain this problem.‎ ‎[分析] were　[题干中没有时间状语，由参照动词“are”和“is”可以推断出所填动词陈述的是过去的事实，故应用一般过去时。]‎ ‎[例4] Albert Einstein was born in 1879.As a child，few people guessed that he________(be) a famous scientist whose theories would change the world.‎ ‎[分析] was going to be　[题干中虽然有时间状语“in 1879”，但这并非所填动词的动作发生的时间。由“As a child”可知，所填词的参照时间是过去，而他成为一位著名的科学家不是在他“是个小孩子”时，而是以后的事，即将来，所以所填词应用过去将来时。]‎ 当题干中无时间状语及参照动词，或时间状语和参照动词都不能确定所填词动作的时态时，所填动词的时态由题干的具体意思或动作所发生的语境来决定。‎ ‎[例5] —Is Peter coming? ‎ ‎—No，he________(change) his mind after a phone call at the last minute.‎ ‎[分析] changed　[题干虽有时间状语“at the last minute”和参照动词“is coming”，但它们都不能准确定位所填动词的动作发生的时间，因此所填词的时态由句意或语境来决定。句意：“彼得要来吗？”“不，当接到一个电话后，他在最后时刻改变了主意。”由此可知，所填词的动作发生在过去，陈述的是过去的事实，故应用一般过去时。]‎ ‎[例6] When walking down the street，I came across David，whom I________(not see) for years.(2016·天津高考改编)‎ ‎[分析] hadn’t seen　[句意：走在街上的时候，我偶然遇到了戴维，我已经多年没见他了。分析句子结构可知，从句中缺少谓语动词；主语I与动词see之间是主动关系，应使用主动语态，且“多年未见”这一动作发生在“偶然遇到”之前，即“过去的过去”，故使用过去完成时。]‎ 英语有一些句式的时态常常很固定，如果题干中出现这类句式，考生应注意根据规则选用适当的时态。‎ ‎1．It is the first/second/...time that sb have/has done...‎ ‎2．It was the first/second/...time that sb had done...‎ ‎3．Sb was doing sth when...did...‎ ‎4．Hardly/Scarcely had sb done sth when...did...‎ ‎5．Sb was about to do sth when...did...‎ ‎6．It’s (high) time that sb did sth/should do sth ‎[例7] It is the first time that I________(be) to Beijing.‎ ‎[分析] have been　[句意：这是我第一次去北京。提示词为be动词，考虑设空处在句中作谓语，并考虑时态和语态；再根据固定句式“It is the first time that sb have/has done...”确定使用现在完成时。]‎ 单句语法填空 ‎1．Diets have changed in China—and so too has its top crop.Since 2011，the country________(grow) more corn than rice.(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)‎ 答案　has grown　[由时间状语Since 2011可知此处语境表示的是从过去的某个时间开始，一直持续到现在，故用现在完成时。且主语the country 是单数名词，故填has grown。]‎ ‎2．The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005—when the government________(start) a soil－testing program that gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers—and 2011，fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)‎ 答案　started　[根据破折号前的内容可知，此处说的是2005年发生的事情，应用动词过去式。]‎ ‎3．True to a gorilla’s unaggressive nature，the huge animal________(mean) me no real harm.He was just saying：“I’m king of this forest，and here is your reminder！”(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)‎ 答案　meant　[考查动词的时态。全文叙述的是发生在过去的事情，应该用一般过去时，故填meant。]‎ ‎4．Later，engineers________(manage) to construct railways in a system of deep tunnels (隧道)，which became known as the Tube.(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)‎ 答案　managed　[此处讲的是发生在过去的事情，所以用一般过去时，主语engineers和manage之间是主动关系，故填managed。]‎ ‎5．Sarah says，“My dad thinks I should take the offer now.But at the moment，school________(come) first.”(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)‎ 答案　comes　[此句是直接引语，陈述客观事实，根据前面句子的谓语可知，动词come应该使用一般现在时。]‎ ‎6．Pahlsson and her husband ________(search) the kitchen，checking every corner，but turned up nothing.(2017·浙江高考)‎ 答案　searched　[根据后面的“but turned up nothing”可知，此处描述的是过去发生的行为，故要用一般过去时。]‎ ‎7．When fat and salt________ (remove) from food，the food tastes as if it is missing something.(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)‎ 答案　are removed　[根据语境和主句时态可知此处用一般现在时；主语“fat and salt”与remove之间是被动关系，所以填are removed。]‎ ‎8．Steam engines________ (use) to pull the carriages and it must have been fairly unpleasant for the passengers，with all the smoke and noise.(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)‎ 答案　were used　[此处讲的是过去的事情，主语“Steam engines”和use之间是被动关系，所以用一般过去时的被动语态。]‎ ‎9．Sarah________(tell) that she could be Britain’s new supermodel，earning a million dollars in the next year.(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)‎ 答案　has been told/was told　[句意：有人告诉过萨拉，她可能成为英国的一名新超模，下一年能挣一百万美元。根据句意可知句子谓语应该使用现在完成时的被动语态。再由从句中的谓语动词“could be”可知，此处也可使用一般过去时的被动语态。]‎ ‎10．So it was a great honour to be invited backstage at the not－for－profit Panda Base，where ticket money helps pay for research.I________(allow) to get up close to these cute animals at the 600－acre centre.(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)‎ 答案　was allowed　[根据空格前一句的时态及allow sb to do sth这一用法可知，此处要用一般过去时的被动语态形式。]‎ Ⅰ.单句语法填空 ‎1．People have__attached(attach) great importance to the “Beginning of Summer” since ancient times.(2019·杭州四校联考)‎ ‎2．It is__recorded (record) that in the Zhou Dynasty (1046－221BC) the emperor would take his top civil and military officials to the outskirts of the capital on this day to welcome summer.(2019·金华十校联考)‎ ‎3．The tour guide told(tell) us its name was from the nine Tibetan villages distributed along the valleys，which had the reputation of “fairyland on earth.”(2019·余姚中学5月冲刺)‎ ‎4．Actually，the custom of crying marriage existed a long time ago in many areas of Southwest China’s Sichuan Province，and remained(remain) in fashion until the end of the Qing Dynasty.(2019·宁波十校联考)‎ ‎5．The festival traditionally begins (begin) on the first day of the first month in the Chinese calendar and ends with Lantern Festival which/that is on the 15th day.(2019·舟山中学模拟)‎ ‎6．This morning I looked at the house and all the cleaning she had__done (do) before.(2019·温州模拟)‎ ‎7．Who cares how much you have__scored(score) in your homework after you have settled down in life and found your directions? (2019·乐清一模)‎ ‎8.In a word，mass media will__be(be) all the more important in the future and their function will enormously expand.(2019·杭州学军中学模拟)‎ ‎9．We’ve got to remember this group wants to look at how the Internet is__being__used/is__used (use) in the classroom.(2019·浙江大学附中模拟)‎ ‎10．He was__working(work) in a government aerospace laboratory when the computer was in a junior level and was a big machine that required a huge amount of time to process.(2019·金华一中模拟)‎ Ⅱ.语法填空 With ever－changing scenery and so many amazing things to see while you’re traveling in New Zealand，you’ll want to stop often，and a self－drive tour will let you do just that.‎ Both camper vans(房车)and rental cars can be 1.________ cost－effective choice，especially when there’s a group of you 2.________(travel) together.Camper van rental rates range from $50 3.________$300 per day in New Zealand depending on the season and the type of camper van you require.Important 4.________(thing) to ask your rental company are positions of their parking lots，equipment that 5.________(include) in the camper van，minimum hire periods and the 6.________(insure)．‎ You can legally drive in New Zealand for up to twelve months if you have either a valid driver’s license from your home country or an International Driving ‎ Permit.Commonly，you need to be 21 or 7.________(old) to rent a vehicle.However，some of the rental companies 8.________(rent) vehicles to younger people at present.In New Zealand people drive on the left－hand side of the road，so if you’re coming from somewhere like Germany，do remember 9.________(take) things slow while you are adjusting to the change!‎ If you’re driving a camper van，be sure to find out about campgrounds 10.________you can park it at night，and you might like to explore freedom camping in New Zealand，too.‎ ‎【语篇解读】　本文介绍了在新西兰自驾游租车的相关信息。‎ ‎1．a　[考查冠词。choice意为“选择”，为可数名词；句意表示“一个划算的选择”，因此应该填入不定冠词a。]‎ ‎2．traveling/travelling　[考查非谓语动词。此处是there be结构，且you和动词travel之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系，因此应该填入所给词的现在分词表示主动。]‎ ‎3．to　[考查介词。from...to...为固定搭配，指房车每天的租金是在50到300美元之间。]‎ ‎4．things　[考查名词。根据后面的谓语动词are以及thing指代的具体内容可知，此处应为复数形式。]‎ ‎5．is included　[考查被动语态。此处是一个限制性定语从句，句意表示“房车中包括的设备”， 动词include和equipment 之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系，因此应该使用被动语态，且equipment为不可数名词，因此应该填入is included。]‎ ‎6．insurance　[考查词性转换。分析句子结构可知，此处和前面的positions，equipment，periods为并列结构，都在句中作 include的宾语，因此应该填入所给词的名词形式。]‎ ‎7．older　[考查比较级。句意表示“你必须满21岁或更大”，因此应该填入所给词的比较级。]‎ ‎8．are renting　[考查时态与主谓一致。根据句中的时间状语at present可知，此处应该使用现在进行时，且句子的主语为复数名词some of the rental companies，因此应该填入are renting。]‎ ‎9．to take　[考查非谓语动词。remember to do ‎ sth意为记得要做某事，因此应该填入所给词的不定式。]‎ ‎10．where　[考查关系副词。此处是一个限制性定语从句，先行词是campgrounds，且引导词在定语从句中作地点状语，因此应该填入关系副词where引导该定语从句。]‎