【英语】2020届二轮复习语法精点专题02介词、代词学案

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【英语】2020届二轮复习语法精点专题02介词、代词学案

专题02 介词、代词 ‎1 介词 易错点1 单个介词的误用 ‎1.(2019·北京)Many people who live along the coast make a living ___________ fishing industry.‎ A. at B. in C. on D. by ‎【错因分析】本题学生易误选C项或D项。很多学生不仔细看题,就认为本题是考查make a living on (doing) sth. 以……为生/谋生,直接选C项;也有学生会误以为本题考查by(以……方式,借助……手段)而误选D。‎ ‎【试题解析】句意:许多住在海边上的人都是靠渔业来谋生的。此处用介词in,不用by,因为by后面通常接做什么事情来谋生,此处是指在捕鱼这个行业里谋生,用in,故选B。‎ ‎【正确答案】B 常见介词的基本用法 介词在英语中的使用很广泛,也是高考中的重点,正确使用介词是很重要的,下面归类讲述一些重点介词的用法:‎ 一、表示时间的介词 ‎1. in,on,at,over ‎(1)in表示在一段时间之内。通常时间较长,如世纪、朝代、时代、年、季节、月及一般(非特指)的早、中、晚等。如:‎ in the 1950s,in 1989,in summer,in January,in one’s thirties,in the morning等。‎ ‎(2)on表示具体的某一天及其早、中、晚。如:‎ on May 1st,on Monday,on a cold night in January, on a fine morning等。‎ ‎(3)at表示在一个时间点上。指某一时刻或较短暂的时间,也泛指圣诞节,复活节等。如:at 3:20,at this time of year,at Christmas,at night,at this moment等。‎ ‎(4)over后面接一段时间,表示"超过……"或"在……期间"。‎ ‎(5)在last,next,this,that,some,every等词之前通常不用介词。‎ ‎2. in,after ‎(1)"in+一段时间"表示将来的一段时间之后。‎ ‎(2)"after+一段时间"表示过去的一段时间之后。‎ ‎(3)"after+具体时间"表示将来或过去的某一时刻之后。‎ ‎3. from,since,for ‎(1)from后接具体时间,说明从什么时候开始,不说明某动作或情况持续多久。‎ ‎(2)since后接具体过去时间,表示某动作或情况持续至说话时刻,通常与完成时连用。‎ ‎(3)for后接一段时间,通常与完成时连用。‎ 二、表示地点、方位的介词 ‎1. at,in,on,to ‎(1)at表示在小地方或"在……附近;在……旁边"。‎ ‎(2)in表示在大地方或"在……范围之内,在……方面"。‎ ‎(3)on表示毗邻或接壤。‎ ‎(4)to表示"在……范围外",不强调是否接壤。‎ ‎2. above,over,on ‎(1)above意为"在……上方",只表示位置高于某物,但不强调是否垂直,与below相对。‎ ‎(2)over意为"在……之上",表示垂直高于,与under相对。over强调与物体有一定的空间,不直接接触。‎ ‎(3)on意为"在……之上",表示在某物体上面并与之接触。‎ ‎1.(2019·新课标I卷·语法填空)Modem methods ___63___ tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s, and are expensive to perform (perform) consistently over a large area.‎ ‎【解析】考查介词用法。此处tracking polar bear populations作Modern methods的定语,用of ‎ 连接,“methods of doing sth.”,意为“……的方法”,构成固定结构。或者意为“对于跟踪北极熊的方法”用for。故填of/for。‎ ‎【答案】of/for ‎2.(2018·北京卷·单项填空) —Good morning, Mr. Lee’s office. ‎ ‎ —Good morning. I’d like to make an appointment _________ next Wednesday afternoon. ‎ A. for B. on C. in D. at ‎【解析】考查介词。句意:——早上好,Lee先生办公室。——早上好。我想预约下周三下午(和Mr. Lee见面)。make an appointment for意为“为……预约”,是固定搭配,故A选项正确。‎ ‎【答案】A ‎ ‎3. The Great Wall travels ___________deep valleys, ___________deserts and ___________ mountains.‎ ‎【解析】through穿过;across从表面横过;over从上方越过。句意:长城穿过深深的峡谷,横过沙漠,越过高山。‎ ‎【答案】through; across; over ‎4. —Why not buy this type of car, sir?‎ ‎ —But ________ the high price, I could have chosen one.‎ ‎【解析】句意:——为什么不买这种汽车,先生?——要不是价格高,我可能已经选了一辆了。but for要不是。‎ ‎【答案】for 易错点2 介词短语及语境混淆 ‎2.(2019·江苏卷·单项填空)Favorable policies are ___________ to encourage employees' professional development.‎ ‎ A. in effect B. in command ‎ ‎ C. in turn D. in shape ‎【错因分析】学生容易因搞不清楚句子要表达的意思和混淆介词短语的含义而误选选项。‎ ‎【试题解析】考查介词短语。句意:好的制度政策实际上都会激发员工的专业水平的提升。A. in effect实际上;B. in command指挥;C. in turn轮流,依次;D. in shape在外形上,处于良好的状态。故选A。‎ ‎【正确答案】A 常见介词短语:‎ 表示的概念 构成 举例 动作(表进行概念、表被动的关系)‎ at+名词 at dinner/table在吃饭 at work在工作 at war交战 at church在做礼拜 at work 在办公 at play 在玩耍      ‎ at rest在休息        school在上学 beyond+名词 beyond belief难以置信   beyond control不听管教,无法掌控 beyond compare无可比拟 beyond description难以形容 beyond expression无法表达 beyond suspicion无可怀疑,毫无疑问 in+名词 或in +名词+of+名词 in the army在当兵 in (good) repair维修良好的 ‎ in progress在进行 in operation在运行中 ‎ in sight看得见 in store贮藏着 in action在运转 in use 开始使用 in course of construction正在兴建当中 ‎ in need of需要 in course of shipment正在运输途中 in charge of 负责                              in the charge of 由……负责 in possession of 拥有                       in the possession of 被……拥有 on+名词 on business办事/出差 on holiday/vacation/leave在休假 on watch值班 on duty值勤/日 on guard在值勤 on strike在罢工 on sale出售 on loan借贷 on the air在广播   on fire在燃烧 on show/display/ exhibition在展出 under+名词 under control在控制之中 under discussion在讨论中 under development在发展中 under observation在观察中 under test在被测试 under construction在建设中 under fire在炮火中        under examination在检查/调查中 under consideration在考虑中 under repair在修理中 under arrest被逮捕 under attack受到袭击 under medical treatment在治疗中 under study在研究中 其他 against one’s opinion反对某人的见解 for one’s opinion同意某人的见解 ‎ for sale供出售 at the mercy of在……支配下;任由……摆布 ‎1.(2018·江苏卷·单项填空)China’s soft power grows _______ the increasing appreciation and understanding of China globally.‎ A. in line with B. in reply to C. in return for D. in honour of ‎【解析】考查介词短语词义辨析及语境理解。句意:中国的软实力增长与日俱增全球对中国的赏识和理解相一致。A. in line with按照;与...一致;B. in reply to答复;C. in return for作为 ... 的报酬;D. in honour of为纪念。故选A。‎ ‎【答案】A ‎ ‎2. (2015·新课标全国卷Ⅰ·语法填空) For those who fly to Guilin, it’s only an hour away      car and offers all the scenery of the better-known city. ‎ ‎【解析】by car是固定表达,意为"坐汽车"。by后接交通工具时,表示交通工具的名词前不加冠词。‎ ‎【答案】by ‎3. (2015·新课标全国卷Ⅱ·语法填空)When a new day breaks, the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough to cool the house during the hot day;       the same time, they warm up again for the night. ‎ ‎【解析】at the same time意为"同时",为固定短语。由空前的分号可知,此处的at的首字母应用小写。‎ ‎【答案】at ‎4. I got a place next      the window, so I had a good view of the sidewalk. ‎ ‎【解析】根据句子结构可知此空应填介词。next to"挨着,仅次于",是固定短语。故填介词to。‎ ‎【答案】to 易错点3 介词搭配错误或缺失、多余 ‎3.(2017·新课标全国卷II短文改错)They have also bought for some gardening tools. ‎ ‎【错因分析】考生容易一看句子就觉得buy for是为某人买东西,是正确的,从而遗漏本处或将for错改成其他介词。‎ ‎【试题解析】考查搭配。bought是及物动词,后无需跟介词,故将for去掉。‎ ‎【正确答案】将for去掉 高考主要考查学生对固定短语的掌握程度、对短语意义的了解以及介词在固定搭配中的应用。常见的介词搭配有:‎ ‎1. 名词词组:如solution/approach/way to……的方法;name of……的名字;entrance to/of……的入口等。‎ ‎2. 动词词组:如remind sb. of sth.提醒某人某事;rob sb. of sth.抢劫某人的……;result from由……引起;call at访问(某地);lead to导致等。‎ ‎3. 形容词词组:如be curious about对……好奇;be proud of因……而自豪;be popular ‎ with受到……的欢迎等。‎ ‎4. 介词短语:如apart from除……之外;in addition to除……之外(还);because of因为;instead of代替;in fear of为……提心吊胆;for fear of以免;in case of防备,万一;thanks to由于;in the middle of在……中间according to根据;in front of在……前面;in return for作为对……的回报;in charge of负责;as a result of作为……的结果;in exchange for与……交换;on the contrary相反;in turn依次;in one’s opinion根据某人的看法;on time准时;out of reach够不着等。‎ Lady Gaga has been struck ___________the head by a pole while performing a concert ___________New Zealand, which is part of a world tour.‎ A. in; on B. in; at ‎ C. with; at D. on; in ‎【解析】考查固定结构中的介词搭配。strike sb. on the head是固定用法,意为"打在某人头上",New Zealand是国家名,故其前应用介词in。故选D。 ‎ ‎【答案】D ‎ ‎2 代词 易错点1 人称代词、物主代词和反身代词的误用 ‎1. Tom felt that he knew everybody’s business better than they knew it .‎ A. themselves B. oneself ‎ C. itself D. himself ‎ ‎【错因分析】考生容易因对反身代词理解错误而误选D。如果把注意力放在everybody上,就会误选D。‎ ‎【试题分析】句意:汤姆感觉他比每个人自己都清楚每个人的职责。这里是强调than后的句子中的主语they,it指代的是business,此处表示的是每个人知道自己的职责,故选A。‎ ‎【正确答案】 A ‎【特别提醒】‎ 形容词性物主代词(my, your, his, her, its, our, their)只能在名词前作定语。如果名词前有形容词性物主代词,则不能再使用冠词(a, an, the)或指示代词(this, that, these, those)来修饰此名词。‎ 名词性物主代词(mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs)相当于"形容词性物主代词+名词",在句中可作主语、宾语、表语,而不作定语。‎ 在使用反身代词时,要注意其所在句子的主语。如果主语是I就用myself,是you就用yourself,he用himself,she用herself,it用itself,we用ourself,they用themselves。‎ ‎1. 人称代词 形式 句法功能 主格 I,we,you,he,she,it,they 主要用作主语,有时用作表语 宾格 me,us,you,him,her,it,them 作动词或介词的宾语;口语中常用宾格作表语 ‎2. 物主代词 形式 句法功能 形容词性物主代词 my, our, your, his, her, its, their 作定语 名词性物主代词 mine, ours, yours, his, hers, its, theirs 作主语、宾语或表语 ‎【特别提醒】‎ ‎1. 英汉差异。英语中必须有形容词性物主代词,而汉语中往往省略不翻译。‎ Jack took off his coat and went go bed.(his不能省略) ‎ ‎2."of+名词性物主代词"用作定语。‎ Some friends of mine will attend my birthday party.‎ That car of hers is a1ways breaking down. ‎ ‎3."形容词性物主代词+own+名词"表示强调,在own前还可加very表示进一步的强调。‎ It’s nice if a man can have his own car.‎ I want to have my very own car.‎ ‎4."a(an,some,any) +名词+ of one’s own"表示"某人自己的……"的意思。名词前可以用this, that, these, four, those, several, another, no等修饰,但不能用定冠词the。‎ ‎5. 含有反身代词的习惯用语:‎ by oneslf( =alone) 独自地,亲自 to oneself 暗自 for oneself 为自己 of oneself 自动地,自发地 be oneself 玩得愉快 dress oneself in 穿着……‎ help oneslf to 随便吃……,自行取用 come to oneself 苏醒 make oneself at home 不要客气 devote oneself to 专心于;献身于……‎ find oneself in/at发觉自己来到…… teach oneself 自学 dress oneself 自己穿衣 lose oneself 迷路 ‎1.(2019·天津卷·单项填空)A study shows the students who are engaged in after-school activities are happier than _________who are not.‎ ‎ A. ones B. those C. these D. them ‎【解析】考查代词。句意:一项研究表明,参加课外活动的学生比不参加课外活动的学生更开心。空格处代词与the students是对应关系,可以用the ones或者those替代。“them”指代的是前边提到的复数名词,不能与the students形成对应关系。“these”一般不用定语从句修饰。故选B。‎ ‎【答案】B ‎2. (2018·新课标卷III·短文改错)Some of us were confident and eager take part in the class activity, others were nervous and anxious. I had done homework but I was shy.‎ ‎【解析】句意:我已经完成了自己的作业。表示“我的”用my不用myself,或改为定冠词the也可以。‎ ‎【答案】myself改为my/the ‎3.(2017·浙江卷·语法填空)Paulson screamed so loudly that her daughter came running from the house. "She thought I had hurt (I),"says Paulson.‎ ‎【解析】考查代词。主语为I,横线处为宾语,根据语境可知这里指她以为"我"弄伤了自己。故填myself。‎ ‎【答案】myself 易错点2 不定代词的误用 ‎(2015·重庆)The meeting will be held in September, but knows the date for sure.‎ ‎【错因分析】考生容易因为没有理解but而误填其他复合不定代词。‎ ‎【试题解析】句意:会议将在九月召开,但是没人知道具体日期。句中的关键词为but,表转折,故填nobody(没有人),符合句意。‎ ‎【正确答案】nobody 不定代词有all, both, every, each, either, neither, more, little, few, much, many, another, other, some, any , one, no 以及some, something, anything, everything, somebody, someone, anybody, anyone, nothing, nobody, no one, none, everybody, everyone等。‎ ‎(一)不定代词的基本用法:‎ 不定代词用法 用法 each/both/all each指"(两者或两者以上物或人中的)每个";‎ both表示"两者都";all指"(三者或三者以上物或人中的)所有,全部"。‎ either/neither either表示"(两者中的)任何一个";‎ neither表示"两者都不"。‎ none/nothing none表示"(三者或三者以上)全无,没有一点";‎ nothing表示"没有任何东西,没有事"。‎ another another泛指"(三者或三者以上中的)另一,又一"。‎ other/others other泛指"其余的,另外的",只作定语。other+可数名词复数=others。‎ the other/ the others the other特指"(两者之中的)另一个"。the other+可数名词复数=the others。‎ ‎(二)复合不定代词的用法 某……‎ 任何……‎ 每个……,所有……‎ 没有……‎ 人 someone/somebody anyone/anybody everyone/everybody no one/nobody 物 something anything everything nothing ‎【特别注意】‎ all,both,everyone,everybody,everything以及"every+名词"都表示全部肯定。‎ none,no one,nobody,nothing,neither,not any 以及"no+名词"均表示全部否定;但当not 与表示全部肯定的不定代词连用时,不管not的位置在其前还是其后,都表示部分否定。‎ ‎☛None of them smoke. (全部否定)‎ 他们都不吸烟。‎ ‎☛Such a person can’t be found everywhere.(部分否定) ‎ 这种人并非随处可见。‎ ‎(三)指示代词 指示代词 用法 this/these 指在时间或空间上较近的人或事物;this可指下文将要谈到的人或物。‎ that/those 指在时间或空间上较远的人或事物;that可指上文提到过的人或物。‎ such 指代前面所叙述的人或事物。作主语时,谓语动词的单复数取决于后面的名词或代词的数。‎ so 代替一个句子或短语所表达的事情,意思是"如此,这样"。在believe,think,expect,suppose,imagine,guess等词后用so代替前文提出的观点。‎ 几组相似的不定代词:‎ ‎1. all, both, either, neither, each和none ‎(1)both(两者都),either(两者中的任何一个),neither(两者都不)。以上这些词使用范围为两者。‎ ‎☛John and Mary have both won the prizes. 约翰和玛丽都得了奖。‎ ‎☛The research group produced two reports based on the survey, but neither contained any ‎ useful suggestions. 这个调查组在调查的基础上提供了两份报告,但是没有一份包含有用的建议。‎ ‎☛I’ve lived in New York and Chicago,but don’t like either of them very much. 我曾经在纽约和芝加哥居住过,但是这两个城市我都不是很喜欢。‎ ‎(2)both与复数名词连用,either与单数名词连用。‎ ‎☛There are flowers on both sides of the street. 街道两旁都有花。‎ ‎☛There are flowers on either side of the street. 街道的每一边都有花。‎ ‎(3)all(所有的,全部的人或物),any(任何一个),none(都不)。以上词使用范围为三者或三者以上。‎ ‎☛All the students in my class like our teachers. 我们班的所有学生都喜欢我们的老师。‎ ‎☛Although Rosemary had suffered from a serious illness for years,she lost none of her enthusiasm for life. 虽然罗斯玛丽患上这种严重的疾病多年,但是她一点儿也没有失去对生活的热情。‎ ‎(4)each可指两者,也可指两者以上。‎ ‎☛They each have a car. 他们都有车。‎ ‎2. no,none,nobody和nothing ‎(1)no不能单独使用,相当于not a或not any,作定语修饰可数名词或不可数名词。‎ ‎☛He has no worry about safety. 他一点也不为安全担心。‎ ‎(2)none既可以指人,也可以指物,侧重指三者或三者以上的人或物,可与介词of连用,用于回答how many/much引出的疑问句。‎ ‎☛—How many people are there in the room? 房间里有多少人?‎ ‎—None. 没有人。‎ ‎(3)nobody指人,用于回答who引导的疑问句;nothing指物,用于回答what引出的疑问句。‎ ‎☛The meeting will be held in September, but nobody knows the date for sure. 这次会议将在9月举行,但没人知道确切的日期。‎ ‎☛—What are you doing? 你正在做什么?‎ ‎—Nothing.没干什么。‎ ‎1. (2018·新课标卷I·短文改错) The first time I went there, they were living in a small house with dogs, ducks, and another animals.‎ ‎【解析】他们住在一个小房子里,院子里有狗、鸭子和其他牲畜。根据句意可知,将another改成other。‎ ‎【答案】another改为other ‎2.(2017·新课标全国卷II短文改错)Mr. and Mrs. Zhang all work in our school. ‎ ‎【解析】考查both和all的用法。both的主语是两个,而all是三个或者三个以上,句子中只有两个人Mr. and Mrs. Zhang,故将all改为both。‎ ‎【答案】all改为both ‎3.—One week’s time has been wasted.‎ ‎—I can’t believe we did all that work for .‎ A. something B. nothing ‎ C. everything D. anything ‎【解析】句意:——一周的时间已被浪费掉了。——我无法相信我们所做的一切毫无结果。前面说"浪费",那么应该是没有什么结果,因此用nothing,for nothing毫无结果。‎ ‎【答案】B 易错点3 指示代词的误用 ‎3.(2016·浙江·单项填空)In many ways, the education system in the US is not very different from _________ in the UK.‎ A. that B. this C. one D. it ‎【错因分析】考生容易因没有弄清楚that,this,it的区别而误选答案。‎ ‎【试题解析】‎ 句意:在很多方面,美国的教育体系和英国的教育体系不太相同。指代上文的名词education system,是同类不同物,用that,而且后面有介词短语作后置定语。this表示近指,one泛指可数名词单数,it特指上文提到的名词。故选A。‎ ‎【正确答案】A 指示代词是用来指代或标记人或事物的代词,有this,that,these,those。this,that是单数,these,those是复数。指示代词可以在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语等。‎ 几组常见的指示代词的辨析:‎ ‎1. it,one,ones,that,those ‎(1)it特指上文所提到的同一事物,它所代替的名词常由the,this,that等修饰。‎ ‎(2)one泛指上文提到的同类事物中的一个,不特指,相当于"a/an+单数名词";the one特指前面的可数名词单数,有时可以用that来代替(尤其是后面有后置定语时);‎ ‎(3)ones泛指上文提到的同类事物的复数名词;the ones特指上文提到的复数名词,有时可以用those代替,尤其在有后置定语的情况下。‎ ‎(4)that特指前面出现的单数名词或不可数名词,相当于"the+可数名词单数/不可数名词";that 的复数形式为those,替代可数名词复数,既可指人也可指物。‎ ‎☛Yesterday I lost my pen and I couldn’t find it. So I had to buy one.(it指代my pen;one替代a pen) 昨天我丢了钢笔而且没找到。所以我不得不再买一支。‎ ‎☛The books on the desk are better than those/the ones under the desk.(those/the ones替代the books) 桌子上的书要比桌子下面的好。‎ ‎☛Few pleasure can equal that of a cool drink on a hot day. 没有什么能比得上在炎热的天气里喝上一杯冷饮那样快乐。(that替代pleasure)‎ ‎【特别注意】‎ that既可替代可数名词单数,也可替代不可数名词,常有后置定语,一般不指人,复数形式为those;one只能替代可数名词单数,复数形式为ones。当可数名词前有形容词修饰时,只能用one,不用that。当of短语做可数名词单数的后置定语时,用that,不用one。‎ ‎2. another,other,the other和others ‎(1)another既可以单独使用,也可以用于单数名词前,泛指三者或三者以上中的"另外一个人或物"。还可以用于"another+数词+复数名词"中,表示"再,又"。‎ ‎☛Recycling is one way to protect the environment; reusing is another. 循环利用是保护环境的一种方式,重新利用是另一种方式。‎ ‎☛You have to wait for another three weeks. 你还得等待三周。‎ ‎(2)other 可用作形容词,意思为"别的,其他的",泛指"其他的(人或物)"。‎ ‎☛You can ask other people to help you. 你可以让其他人帮你。‎ ‎(3)the other指两个人或物中的一个,不能用another,此时other为代词。‎ ‎☛The old man has two sons.One is a teacher; the other is a doctor. 这位老人有两个儿子。一个是老师,另一个是医生。‎ ‎(4)the other 后可接可数名词单数,也可接可数名词复数,不接不可数名词。此时other为形容词。‎ ‎☛On the other side of the street, there is a tall tree. 在街道的另一边,有一棵高大的树。‎ ‎☛He is taller than the other students in his class. 他比班里其他学生都高。‎ ‎(5)others 是other的复数形式,泛指"另外几个;其他的"。others不能作定语,表示复数意义,相当于"other+复数名词";the others相当于"the other+复数名词",指剩下的全部。‎ ‎☛In some countries,people eat with chopsticks,while in others,knives and forks. 在一些国家里,人们用筷子吃饭,而在另一些国家里,,人们用刀子和叉子。‎ ‎☛Two students in our class failed,but all the others passed the exam. 班里两个学生没及格,但其他学生全部通过了考试。‎ Cars do cause as us some health problems — in fact far more serious than mobile phones do.‎ A. one B. ones C. it D. those ‎【解析】句意:汽车确实给我们造成了一些健康问题,事实上远比手机造成的健康问题严重。这里ones用来替代前面的problems,由于有修饰语serious,故不能填those。‎ ‎【答案】B 易错点4 代词it的误用 ‎4. How would you like if you were watching your favorite TV program and someone came into the room and just shut it off without asking you?‎ ‎【错因分析】学生容易因不清楚it的用法而误填其他答案。‎ ‎【试题解析】句意:如果你正在看最喜爱的电视节目,这时有人进来没有征求你的意见就把电视关了,你会怎么想?固定表达how would you like it if...,在此结构中it为形式宾语,代替后面if从句的内容。‎ ‎【正确答案】it it的用法考点透析:‎ ‎(一)it作为代词,与one,that的辨析 ‎1. it 特指,代替单数可数名词,一般代替一个具体的事物,不带修饰成分。‎ ‎(1)用作人称代词,代替前文提到的事物。‎ ‎☛—What’s this?这是什么?‎ ‎—It’s a pen. 钢笔。‎ ‎(2)代替指示代词this,that。‎ ‎(3)表示时间、天气、距离、季节、明暗等。‎ ‎☛—How far is it to New York? 纽约有多远?‎ ‎—It’s 400 kilometers. 400公里。‎ ‎2. one ‎(1)泛指,代替前面出现过的名词单数,避免重复(用ones代替前面出现过的复数名词)。可用this/that/each/which及形容词修饰,也可与冠词连用,或带后置定语。‎ ‎☛He has no child, and he wants to adopt one. 他没有孩子,想认养一个。‎ ‎(2)作不定代词时,可以泛指人,意为"一个人,一种人"。‎ ‎☛One should do one’s duty. 人人应该尽责。‎ 比较:‎ ‎☛There was a piano in the shop, so I decided to buy it at once. ‎ ‎ 店里有一架钢琴,我决定立刻买下来。(it 特指上文出现的piano, 与piano是同一事物)‎ ‎☛I wanted to buy a house and I’d like one with a garden. ‎ ‎ 我想买个带花园的房子。(one=a house)‎ ‎☛There are many good flats for you to choose.Would you like to buy one? ‎ ‎ 有许多好的公寓让你选择,你要买一套吗?(one=a flat, one 指many good flats中的一个)‎ ‎3. that 代替单数可数名词或代替不可数名词,只可带后置定语。只能代替物,不能代替人。those可指人,也可指物;在比较状语从句中,特指前面提到的同一类东西。‎ ‎☛The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing. 上海的人口多于北京。‎ ‎(二)it作形式主语时的常见句型:‎ ‎1. It is (high) time (that) 主语+should do/did sth.‎ ‎☛It is (high) time that this problem was solved. 是时候解决这个问题了。‎ ‎2. It is...since...‎ ‎☛It is two years since he came to work in this city. 自从他来到这个城市工作已经两年了。‎ ‎3. It be...before...‎ ‎☛It will be three years before we can meet again. 我们要三年才能相见。‎ ‎4. It is/was+adj.+for/of sb.to do sth.‎ ‎☛It was difficult for her to move so heavy a box. 叫他搬这么重的箱子有点难。‎ ‎5. It is/was+adj.+that...‎ ‎☛It was clear that he was lying to us. 很明显他在对我们说谎。‎ ‎6. It is+ved+that...‎ ‎☛It is reported that our team has won the gold medal. 据报道我们队获得了金牌。‎ ‎7. It seems/appears/happens that...‎ ‎☛It seemed that he had known the truth. 看来他已经知道了真相。‎ ‎8. It matters/doesn’t matter that...‎ ‎☛It matters a lot whether he will agree to our plan. 他是否同意我们的计划关系重大。‎ ‎9. It is no use/no good/no harm doing sth.‎ ‎☛It’s no good arguing with him. 与他争吵没好处。‎ ‎(三)it作形式宾语的常用句型(S代替主语,V代替谓语动词)‎ ‎1. S+V+it+adj./n.+to do sth.‎ ‎☛We consider it a great honor to be able to host the 2020 Olympic Games. 我们认为能举办2020奥运会是极大的荣幸。‎ ‎2. S+V+it+adj./n.+doing sth.‎ ‎☛They find it no use searching the empty house. 他们发觉搜寻这座空房子没用。‎ ‎☛Do you consider it any good trying again? 你认为再试一次没有任何好处?‎ ‎3. 主语+谓语+it+that/when...‎ ‎☛I don’t like it when you shout at me. 我不喜欢你对我大喊大叫。‎ ‎4. 强调句:It is/was+被强调成分+who/that...‎ 如:可对下列句子中四处画线部分进行强调。‎ ‎☛We saw Tom in_the_park yesterday. 我们昨天在公园看见汤姆。‎ ‎→It was we who/that saw Tom in the park yesterday.‎ ‎ (强调主语,为人,可用who或that) 是我们昨天在公园看见汤姆的。‎ ‎→It was Tom who/that we saw in the park yesterday. (强调宾语) 昨天我们在公园看见的是汤姆。‎ ‎→It was in_the_park that we saw Tom yesterday. (强调地点状语) 我们昨天是在公园看见汤姆的。‎ ‎→It was yesterday that we saw Tom in the park. (强调时间状语) 我们是昨天在公园看见汤姆的。‎ ‎【温馨提示】‎ ‎1. It is...that … 不能用来强调谓语动词,强调动词要用"do+动词原形"。‎ ‎☛Do come early tomorrow. 明天一定要早点来。‎ ‎☛The little boy did work out the problem. 小男孩的确做出了那个题目。‎ ‎2. 强调时间、地点、某个事物时都要用that,而不能用when,where,which。‎ ‎1.(2018年·浙江卷·语法填空)Many westerners 57 who/that come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap 58 can be to eat out.‎ ‎【解析】考查it用法。句子为感叹句,正常语序应该是it can be cheap to eat out.其中不定式to eat out是真正主语,用it 是形式主语。故填it。‎ ‎【答案】it ‎2. I’d appreciate __________ if you could let me know in advance whether or not you will come. ‎ A. it B. you C. one D. this ‎【解析】句意:如果你能让我提前知道你是否能来,我会很感激的。I would appreciate it if… "如果……我会很感激的",it是形式宾语,真正的宾语是if引导的从句。‎ ‎【答案】A ‎1 介词 常考介词辨析 介词是英语中最活跃的词类之一,使用频率相当高,其用法跟冠词一样复杂。介词按其词义可分为下列几种:‎ ‎1. 表示方向、地点。如:about,across,after,among,around,behind,below,beside,beyond,down,from,into,off,over,throughout,towards,up,within,without 等。‎ ‎2. 表示时间。如:about,after,around,as,at,before,behind,between,by,during,for,from,in,into,of,on,over,past,since,through,till(until),to,towards,within 等。‎ ‎3. 表示除去。如:besides,but,except 等。‎ ‎4. 表示比较。如:as,like,above,over 等。‎ ‎5. 表示赞同、反对。如:for,against 等。‎ ‎6. 表示原因、目的。如:for,with,from 等。‎ ‎7. 表示结果。如:to,with,without 等。‎ ‎8. 表示手段、方式。如:by,in,with 等。‎ ‎9. 表示所属。如:of,with 等。‎ ‎10. 表示条件。如:on,without,considering 等。‎ ‎11. 表示让步。如:despite,in spite of等。‎ ‎12. 表示关于。如:about,concerning,regarding,with regard to,as for,as to 等。‎ ‎13. 表示对于。如:to,for,over,at,with 等。‎ ‎14. 表示根据。如:on,according to 等。‎ 但根据近年来高考命题的情况来看,考生需要掌握以下内容:‎ ‎1. 表示相同或相似概念的介词(短语)的区别 表示的概念 介词(短语)‎ 区 别 时间 in on at at在一个时间点上;‎ in在一段的时间之内;‎ on在具体日子。‎ since from since 指从过去到现在的一段时间,和完成时连用;‎ from指从时间的某一点开始。‎ in after in指在一段时间之后,也可以指一段时间之内(=within);‎ after表示某一具体时间点之后或用在过去时的一段时间中。‎ in the end at the end of by the end of in the end作"最后""终于"解,单独作句子成分,后不接介词of;‎ at the end of 表示"在……末梢""到……尽头",既可指时间,也可以指地上或物体,不可单独使用;‎ by the end of 作"在……结束时""到……末为止"解,只能指时间。不可单独使用。‎ 位置 between among between表示两者之间;‎ among用于三者或三者以上的中间。‎ 注意:有时说的虽然是三个以上的人或东西,强调的是两两相互间接关系时、在谈到一些事物或一组事物,而把它们视为两组时以及在谈事物间的差别时,就用between。‎ in on to in表示在某范围内;‎ on指与什么毗邻;‎ to指在某环境范围之外。‎ on in on只表示在某物的表面上;‎ in表示占去某物一部分。‎ in into in通常表示位置(静态);‎ into表示动向,不表示目的地或位置。‎ through across through表示从内部通过,与in 有关;‎ across则表示从一端至另一端在表面上的通过,与on有关。‎ 除了 besides except but except for besides指"除了……还有,再加上";‎ except指"除了,减去什么",不能放在句首;‎ but与except意思近似,表示"除了……外"经常用在no, all, nobody, anywhere, everything等和其他疑问词后面;‎ except for表示"如无……就,只是"表明理由细节。‎ ‎2. 常见同一形容词与不同介词搭配时意义上的差别 常见形容词 搭配 意义 absent ‎(be) absent from 缺席 ‎(be) absent in 不在……(而在……)‎ afraid ‎(be) afraid of 担心……‎ ‎(be) afraid for 为……而担心 angry ‎(be) angry with sb.‎ 对某人生气 ‎(be) angry at/about sth.‎ 因某事而生气 anxious ‎(be)anxious for sth.‎ 急于想得到 ‎(be)anxious about sth./sb.‎ 对某事/某人担心 different ‎(be) different from 与……不同 ‎(be) different to 不关心 familiar ‎(be) familiar with 精通,熟悉 ‎(be) familiar to 为……熟知(悉)‎ good ‎(be) good at 擅长于 ‎(be) good for 对……有益 ‎(be) good to 对……友好/态度好 popular ‎(be) popular with sb.‎ 受……欢迎 ‎(be) popular for 因……而流行 strict ‎(be) strict with sb.‎ 对某人要求严格 ‎(be) strict in sth.‎ 对某事要求严格 ‎3. 容易混淆的含有介词固定搭配的词组 类 型 举 例 差一冠词,大相径庭 in front of(在……前面)——in the front of(在……前部) ‎ in charge of(负责)——in the charge of(由……负责)‎ out of question(毫无疑问)——out of the question(不可能) ‎ at table(在吃饭;在吃饭时)——at the table(在桌子旁边)‎ 有无介词,意义不同 know sb.认识某人——know about sb.了解某人 ‎ shoot sb.击中某人——shoot at sb.向某人射击 search sb.搜身——search for sb.搜寻某人 ‎ believe sb.相信某人的话——believe in sb.信任某人的人格 benefit sb.使某人受益——benefit from sb.从某人那里得到益处 画蛇添足,误加介词 serve the people为人民服务(容易在serve后加for) ‎ enter the room进入房间(容易在enter后加into) follow me跟在我后面(容易在follow后加behind) ‎ marry sb.与某人结婚(容易在marry后加with)‎ go abroad出国(容易在go后面加to) ‎ live upstairs住在楼上(容易在live后面加 in)‎ ‎2 代词 几组易混不定代词的用法区别:‎ ‎1. some和any 二者都可用作名词(作主语或宾语),也可用作形容词(作定语)来修饰可数名词或不可数名词。‎ ‎(1)some一般用于肯定句中。当some用于单数可数名词前时,表示"某一(个)",与数字连用则有"大概,大约"的意思;用于疑问句时,表示说话人希望得到肯定的回答,或表示请求、建议。‎ ‎☛I’ve read the story in some book. (某一本)‎ ‎☛Some girl. is waiting for you at the school gate.(某个)‎ ‎☛The country has exported some two million bikes this year. ( 大约 )‎ ‎☛May I have some water? (表示请求)‎ ‎☛Would you like some apples? (邀请)‎ ‎(2)any多用于疑问句,否定句和条件句中。在肯定句中,any表示"任何的",修饰单数可数名词。也可用作状语,表示程度。‎ ‎2. much和many ‎(1)both两者都,all三者或三者以上,全体;在句中可作主语、宾语、定语和同位语。‎ ‎(2)all指人,作主语时,谓语动词用复数;指物,表示"所有,一切",作主语时,谓语动词用单数,也可用来作定语,修饰不可数名词。‎ ‎☛All but one are present.(作主语,指人,谓语动词用复数)‎ ‎☛All is over with him.(作主语,指物,谓语动词用单数)‎ ‎☛I have forgotten all about it(作宾语)‎ ‎☛All hope has gone.(修饰不可数名词)‎ ‎☛They all agree to stay here.(作同位语)‎ ‎3. much和many 两个词都有"许多"的意思,much表示或修饰不可数名词,many表示或修饰可数名词。在口语中,much或many多用于疑问句或否定句,在肯定句中常用a lot of,lots of,plenty of,a large quantity of,quantities of代替。much还可以用a great deal of代替,many可以用a (1arge) number of代替。‎ ‎(1)much可用作副词,作状语,表程度。be not much意为"不怎么样",much还可与too连用构成"too much+不可数名词"短语,意为"太多的……","much too+形容词或副词",意为"太……,非常……",是副词词组,修饰形容词、副词,但不修饰动词。‎ ‎☛The city is much larger than that one.‎ ‎☛I’ve visited the country and it is not much.‎ ‎☛There is too much noise in the classroom.‎ ‎☛I’m much too busy to see visitors.‎ ‎(2)many a + 可数名词单数,表示"许多"。在名词前如果有冠词或指示代词等词时,要用many of或much of结构。‎ ‎☛Many a student has gone to the cinema.‎ ‎☛Many of the/my books are English.‎ ‎4. each和every ‎(1)each强调个体,在句子中充当定语、主语、宾语和同位语,指两者或两者以上的人或事物中的每一个。‎ ‎☛Each room can seat at least fifty people.‎ ‎☛Each of the students will get a new book.‎ ‎☛Each student will get a new book ‎☛The students each will get a new book.‎ ‎☛There are trees and flowers on each side of the street. (街道只有两边,不能用every)‎ ‎(2)every强调整体,在句中只能作定语,指三者或三者以上的人或事物中的每一个。还可以构成"every+数词+复数名词","every + few + 复数名词""every + other + 单数名词""every +序数词 + 单数名词"表示"每隔……"。‎ ‎☛Every one has strong and weak points.‎ ‎☛Every student has told a story.‎ ‎☛every three weeks 每隔三个星期,每隔两个星期 ‎☛every other week = every second week 每隔一星期 ‎☛every few weeks(不能说evesy a few weeks) 每隔几个星期 ‎4. either 和neither either指"两个人或物中的任何一个",表示肯定意义;neither指"两个人或物一个也不",表示否定意义。这两个词作主语时,谓语动词要用单数。‎ ‎①either可放在否定句的句尾,表示"也"。‎ ‎☛I don’t know either. 我也不知道。‎ ‎②either可用作连词,"或者,要么"的意思,一般与。or连用,构成"either... or"短语,意为"不是……而是……","或者……或者……"。当这一短语连接两个名词或代词作主语时,谓语动词在人称和数上要同最近的主语保持一致。‎ ‎☛Either he or I am to blame.‎ ‎☛Is either he or you going to the cinema?‎ ‎☛Are either you or he going to the cinema?‎ ‎③either修饰名词时,前面不用物主代词,指示代词或定冠词,可以说"either pen",但不能说"the either pen或either my pen"。‎ ‎④either用作代词时,可以单独使用,也可和of连用,of后接复数名词,名词前要用一个物主代词,指示代词或定冠词。‎ ‎☛He doesn’t like either of the two places.‎ ‎⑤当either of作主语时,动词一般用单数形式,但在否定句和疑问句中,动词也常用复数,特别在口语中。 ‎ ‎☛Either of them is good enough. ‎ ‎☛I don’t think either of them are at home.‎ ‎6. no和 none ‎(1)no表示"不""无",只能作定语,修饰不可数名词或可数名词单复数,相当于not any或not a。‎ ‎☛There is no water in the bottle.‎ ‎(2)none表示"没有人,任何人也不",用作名词,相当于no one或not any,常同of连用,构成"None of..."结构,none作可数名词用时,指三者或三者以上。作主语时谓语动词用单数或复数均可,none作不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数。none在句中作主语或宾语,不作定语,不与名词连用。‎ ‎☛None of the books are (is) interesting.‎ ‎【特别注意】‎ ‎1. "none but+复数名词"作主语时,谓语动词要用复数。‎ ‎☛None but wolves walk like that.除非狼才会那么走。‎ ‎2. none和noone的区别:‎ none回答以howmany/much引出的特殊疑问句或"any of + 限定词 + 名词"或表一定范围的一般疑问句,no one回答以who引出的特殊疑问句及含有anybody或无限定范围的一般问句,简言之,none表示数量,no one表示没有人。‎ ‎☛— How many students are there in the classroom now?‎ ‎—None.‎ ‎☛—How any of you ever been to the Great Wall?‎ ‎—None.‎ ‎☛—Who can answer the question?‎ ‎—No one.‎ ‎7. other,another, others,any other和the other ‎ ‎(1)other表示泛指,意为"另外的,其他的",‎ 常与复数名词或不可数名词连用。如果其前有the,this,some,any,each,every,no以及形容词性物主代词时,其后就可接单数名词。‎ ‎☛I have no other place to go.‎ ‎(2)another常用于指三者或三者以上中的"另外一个",泛指单数。可以单独使用,也可以接名词。如果其后接复数名词,则表示"又,再,还"。‎ ‎☛This cap is too small for me. Show me another (one).‎ ‎☛We need another three assistants in our company.‎ ‎(3)others是other的复数形式,表示泛指,意为"别的人或物",但不指全部。特指时在其前加定冠词;前面可加任何限定词以及数量词。‎ ‎☛He has more concern for others than for himself.‎ ‎(4)any other表示一个之外的其他任何一个,而不是两个之中的另一个。‎ ‎☛China is larger than any other country in Asia.‎ ‎(5)the other表示两者中的另外一个。可以单独使用,也可接单数名词。‎ ‎☛No agreement was reached in the discussion as neither side would give away to the other.‎ ‎【巧学妙记】‎ 英语人称代词用法口诀:‎ 人称代词主宾格,作用不同莫用错。‎ 主格动词前作主,动词介词后宾格。‎ You和it主宾同,其他主宾须分清。‎ 人称代词并列现,尊重他人礼当先。‎ 单数人称二三一,复数人称一二三。‎ 若把错误责任担,第一人称我靠前。‎ 英语物主代词用法口诀:‎ 物主代词分两种,形容词性名词性。‎ 形容词性能力差,自己不能来当家。‎ 句子当中作定语,身后定把名词加。‎ 物主代词名词性,相当名词可单用。‎ 句中充当主宾表,身后没有名词影。‎ 两种代词形不同,添个 s 形变名。‎ his, its不用变,my变mine要记清。‎ 高考真题 题组一 介词 I. 单项填空 ‎1.(2019·新课标III卷·语法填空)We were first greeted with the barking by a pack ___63___ dogs,seven to be exact.‎ ‎【答案】of ‎【解析】考查介词。“a pack of”意为“一群”。故填of。‎ ‎2.(2019·浙江卷·语法填空)But can uniforms help improve school standards? The answer ___61___ this question is not clear.‎ ‎【答案】to ‎【解析】考查介词。句意:这个问题的答案不清楚。the key/answer to ...这是固定搭配,“……的答案是……”。故填to。‎ ‎3.(2018·天津卷·单项填空) Bob thought he couldn't go to the party because he had to write a report, but he went ___________.‎ A. at first B. after all C. above all D. at random ‎【答案】B ‎ ‎【解析】考查介词短语辨析及语境理解。句意:鲍勃认为他不能去参加聚会,因为他不得不写一份报告,但他终究去了。A. at first起初;B. after all毕竟,终究。C. above all首先;D. at random随便地。根据前面的转折连词可知,与前面情况相反,故选B。‎ ‎4. (2018·新课标卷II·完形填空)I still can’t believe what a coincidence it was. I’m just so glad I was there ___60___ to help my son.‎ A. on board B. in time C. for sure D. on purpose ‎【答案】B ‎ ‎【解析】考查介词词组词义辨析。我高兴的是我在那儿及时帮助了我的儿子。A. on board在船上;B. in time及时;C. for sure肯定;D. on purpose目的。故选B项切题。‎ ‎5.(2017·北京·完形填空)For example, she received the 2007 BRICK Award recognizing the efforts of young people to change the world. But all this, Hannah still has the normal life of a Winnipeg schoolgirl, except that she pays regular visits to homeless people.‎ A. for B. through C. besides D. along ‎【答案】B ‎【解析】考查介词。A. for为了;B. through通过;C. besides此外;D. along沿着。语境是"但是经过所有这些之后,Hannah依然过着Winnipeg学校一名女生的普通的生活",根据语境可知选B。介词through表示"经历"。‎ ‎6.(2017· 天津卷·单项填空)When you drive through the Redwood Forests in California, you will be ___________ trees that are over 1,000 years old.‎ A. among B. against C. behind D. below ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】句意:当你开车穿过加利福尼亚的红木森林时,你将会穿梭于超过千年历史的树木之间。be among 位于……之间;be against 反对;be behind 在……后面;be below在……之下。根据句意,故选A。‎ 考点:考查介词辨析。‎ ‎【名师点睛】‎ 对于介词辨析题目,首先可以从句意着手,看懂句意是解答此类题目的关键,其次对选项的意思及介词的常见搭配也要了如指掌。这是对平时学生的基本知识进行考查,学生在平时的学习中要多记忆,多多积累,以便在考试时能够迅速准确地解答试题。‎ ‎7.(2017·天津卷·完形填空)My goal was to lose 150 pounds in one year and raise $50,000 _ a movement founded 30 years ago to end hunger.‎ A. in search of B. in need of C. in place of D. in support of ‎【答案】D ‎【解析】根据上文raise $50,000可知,此处表示"为了支持三十年前为了结束饥饿而创办的一项活动"。A. 为了寻找;B. 需要;C. 代替;D. 为了支持。故选D。‎ ‎8.(2016·天津卷·单项填空)The dictionary is _____________: many words have been added to the language since it was published.‎ ‎ A. out of control B. out of date ‎ C. out of sight D. out of reach ‎【答案】B ‎【解析】句意:这本字典过时了:自从它被出版,很多单词被增加到这个语言中。A.失去控制;B.过时的;C看不见的;D.够不着的。根据句意可知选B。‎ ‎9.(2016·浙江卷·单项填空)That young man is honest, cooperative, always there when you need his help. ___________, he’s reliable.‎ A. Or else B. In short ‎ C. By the way D. For one thing ‎【答案】B ‎【解析】句意:这个年轻人是诚实的,有合作精神的,当你需要他的帮助的时候,他总是在那里。简言之,他是可靠的。A.否则;B.简言之;C.顺便说一下;D.首先。故选B。‎ ‎10.(2016·浙江卷·单项填空)The study suggests that the cultures we grow up ___________influence the basic processes by which we see world around us.‎ A. on B. in C. at D. about ‎【答案】B ‎【解析】句意:研究表明我们成长的文化影响我们看周围世界的基本过程。the cultures后面是定语从句,省略that,定语从句中cultures作宾语,那么还缺少一个介词,和cultures搭配用介词in,故选B。‎ ‎11.(2015·福建卷·单项填空)A common memory they all have ____________ their school days is the school uniform.‎ A. of B. on C. to D. with ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】考查介词辨析。of关于,表示从属关系;on表示在……之上;to表示对于;with表示和……在一起。句意:他们共有的关于他们学校的记忆是校服。have a memory of对……有记忆,是固定短语,故选A。‎ ‎12.(2015·福建卷·单项填空)Human life is regarded as part of nature and, as such, the only way for us to survive is to live _____________ nature.‎ A. in view of B. in need of ‎ C. in touch with   D. in harmony with ‎【答案】D ‎【解析】考查短语辨析。in view of在……眼里,在……看来;in need of需要;in touch with和……接触;in harmony with与……和谐相处。这四个短语后面都应该接名词,该句意思为:人的生活是自然的一部分,因此,我们生存下来的唯一的方法就是与自然和谐相处。根据句意,故选D。‎ II. 语法填空 ‎1.(2017·新课标全国卷I语法填空)This trend, which was started by the medical community(医学界) _____________ a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side effects such as overweight and heart disease — the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.‎ ‎【答案】as ‎【解析】考查介词。句意:这一趋势最初始于医学界作为一种对抗心脏病的方法。as表示"作为,以……身份",故填as。‎ ‎2.(2017·新课标全国卷II语法填空)In 1863 the first underground passenger railway in the world opened in London. It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible crowds on the roads above as they travelled to and        work. ‎ ‎【答案】from ‎ ‎【解析】考查介词。to and from来回,故填from。‎ ‎3.(2017·新课标全国卷III语法填空)After school she plans to take a year off to model full-time before going to university to get a degree engineering or architecture. ‎ ‎【答案】in ‎ ‎【解析】考查介词。in表示"在某方面",获得某项学位"get a degree in…"。‎ ‎4. (2016·新课标全国卷I语法填空)Most of us are more focused       our tasks in the morning than we are later in the day. ‎ ‎【答案】on ‎【解析】focus on "关注,聚焦",为固定短语,因此填on。‎ ‎5. (2016·新课标全国卷III语法填空)In India,for example,most people traditionally eat       their hands. ‎ ‎【答案】with ‎ ‎【解析】句意:例如,在印度,大部分人传统上用手吃饭。介词with表示"用……"之意,表达方式。‎ ‎6. (2016·四川语法填空)The mother continued to care for the young panda       more than two years. ‎ ‎【答案】for ‎ ‎【解析】"for+一段时间",表示持续一段时间。‎ III. 改错 ‎1. (2018·新课标卷II·短文改错)They would say to me that playing card games would help my brain. Still I was unwilling to play the games for them sometimes.‎ ‎【答案】for改为with ‎ ‎【解析】考查介词。play the games with sb.表示“和某人一块玩游戏”,故把for改为with。‎ ‎2.(2017·新课标全国卷III·短文改错)When I look at this picture of myself, I realize of how fast time flies.‎ ‎【答案】删除of ‎ ‎【解析】考查介词。realize是及物动词,后面接宾语时不需要介词。‎ ‎3.(2017·新课标全国卷I·短文改错)It was a relief and I came to a suddenly stop just in the ‎ middle on the road.‎ ‎(1)【答案】suddenly改为sudden ‎【解析】考查形容词。句意:我来了个紧急刹车。suddenly是副词,表示"意外地,忽然地"。sudden为形容词,表示"突然的;迅速的",修饰名词stop用形容词,故将suddenly改为sudden。a sudden stop表示"急刹车"。‎ ‎(2)【答案】on改为of ‎【解析】考查介词。分析语境可知此处表示"在路中间急刹车",on the road表示"在路上",the middle of the road表示"路的中央",强调的是"the middle",故将on改为of。‎ ‎【应试点拨】‎ 高考短文改错中关于介词的错误主要是:‎ ‎1. 词组中的介词误用;‎ ‎2. 介词意思理解偏差;‎ ‎3. 介词的多用或少用。‎ 题组二 代词 I. 改错 ‎1.(2017·新课标全国卷I·短文改错)I still remember how hard first day was.‎ ‎【答案】first前加the/my ‎ ‎【解析】句意:我依然记得第一天是多么艰难。句中特指开始学驾照的第一天,所以在first前加上the。也可以加上my,my first day表示"我(学驾照)的第一天",故在first前加the或my。‎ ‎2.(2017·新课标全国卷III·短文改错)Around me in picture are the things they were very important in my life at that time: car magazines and musical instruments. ‎ ‎(1)【答案】they→that/which ‎【解析】they不能引导定语从句,因为指代things,所以把they改为that或者which。‎ ‎(2)【答案】在picture前加the/ this ‎【解析】单数可数名词前应该有限定词,根据句意可知在picture前加the或者this。‎ ‎3.(2017·新课标全国卷III·短文改错)This picture often brings back to me many happy memories of your high school days.‎ ‎【答案】your→my ‎【解析】考查代词。根据句意可知此处是我高中时代生活的美好回忆,故把your改为my。‎ ‎【应试点拨】‎ 高考短文改错中关于代词的错误主要是:‎ ‎1. 代词的主格和宾格(I/me; he/him; she/her; we/us; they/them)错误;‎ ‎2. 反身代词(myself/yourself/himself/herself/themselves/ourselves)使用错误;‎ ‎3. 代词的单数和复数使用错误;‎ ‎4. 代词指代错误;‎ ‎5. 多代词或少代词。‎ II. 语法填空 ‎1.(2017·新课标全国II卷·语法填空)However, the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months, more than 25,000 people were using ____________ every day.‎ ‎【答案】it ‎【解析】考查代词,这里用it指代前句的the railway,故填it。‎ ‎2. (2016·新课标全国卷Ⅰ)On my recent visit, I held a lively threemonthold twin that had been rejected by ____________ (it) mother.‎ ‎【答案】its ‎【解析】句意:在我最近的一次看望中,可爱的三个月大的双胞胎中的一只被它的母亲遗弃了。由后面的mother和句意可知,此处指代前面的twin,且应用形容词性物主代词表示所属关系,故用its。‎ ‎3. (2016·四川)By that time, the panda no longer needed _____________(it) mother for food.‎ ‎【答案】its ‎【解析】句意:到那时,这只熊猫不再需要从它的母亲那里获取食物了。此处主语是the panda,用形容词性物主代词its修饰mother。‎ ‎4. (2016·浙江)In many ways, the education system in the US is not very different from ___________ in the UK.‎ ‎【答案】that ‎【解析】句意:在很多方面,美国的教育体系和英国的教育体系很不一样。这里指代前面的名词education system,同类不同物,所以用that。‎ ‎5. (2015·陕西)To warm himself, the sailor sat in front of the fire rubbing one bare foot against the ___ .‎ ‎【答案】other ‎【解析】句意:为了让自己暖和起来,这个水手坐在火堆旁,光着脚,用一只脚搓另一只脚。表示两者中的一个……,另一个……,用one...the other...。‎ ‎6. (2015·四川)Niki is always full of ideas,but ____ is useful to my knowledge.‎ ‎【答案】none ‎【解析】句意:Niki总是有很多主意,但是没有一个主意对我的知识有用。三者或三者否定以上用none,可指人也可指物。‎ ‎7. (2015·天津)The quality of education in this small school is better than ____ in some larger schools.‎ ‎【答案】that ‎【解析】句意:这所规模较小的学校的教育质量比一些规模较大的学校的教育质量好得多。表示比较时,指代前面的quality of education要用that,为了避免重复,可以代替前面提到的不可数名词。‎ ‎8. (2015·福建)The research group produced two reports based on the survey, but ____ contained any useful suggestions.‎ ‎【答案】neither ‎【解析】考查代词。句意:这个研究组发布了以调查为基础的两个报道,但是都没有有用的建议。根据句意,两者都不用neither。‎ ‎9. (2015•新课标全国卷Ⅰ) A few hours before/earlier, I’d been at home in Hong Kong, with ____ (it) choking smog.‎ ‎【答案】its ‎【解析】此处用形容词性物主代词修饰choking smog。its的意思是"香港的"。‎ 经典演练 题组一 I. 语法填空 ‎1. Many of the things we now benefit from would not be around but Thomas Edison.‎ ‎【答案】for ‎【解析】句意:如果没有托马斯·爱迪生的话,我们现在所受益的许多东西是不会出现的。but for如果没有……的话。‎ ‎2. Have you ever heard of the trees that are homes animals both on land and sea?‎ ‎【答案】to ‎【解析】句意:你听说过作为既可以生活在陆地上又可以生活在海里的动物的家的树木吗?home to是……的家园/故乡,为固定表达。‎ ‎3. Most people work because it’s unavoidable. contrast, there are some people who actually enjoy work.‎ ‎【答案】By ‎【解析】句意:大多数人工作是因为无法避免,相比之下,也有一些人真的喜欢工作。固定表达by contrast相比之下。‎ ‎4. These comments came in response specific questions often asked by local newsmen.‎ ‎【答案】to ‎【解析】句意:这些解释是对当地记者经常询问的特定问题的回应。固定表达in response to作为对……的回答,作为对……的反应。‎ ‎5. This meeting room is a non-smoking area. I would like to warn you advance that if you smoked here you would be fined.‎ ‎【答案】in ‎【解析】句意:这个会议室是禁烟区。我想提前警告你,如果你吸烟,你会被罚款的。固定表达in advance预先,提前。‎ ‎6. Last year was the warmest year on record, with global temperature 0.68 ℃ the average.‎ ‎【答案】above ‎【解析】句意:去年是有记录以来最热的一年,比全球平均气温高0.68度。above 高于,在……之上,符合句意。‎ II. 单项填空 ‎1. Cambridge gave a positive answer inquiries on whether it recognizes scores.‎ A. in favor of B. in response to C. in salute to D. in consequence of ‎【答案】B ‎【解析】考查介词短语辨析。句意:在回答是否承认高考分数的问题时,剑桥给出了积极的回答。A. in favor of支持;B. in response to回应;C. in salute to致敬;D. in consequence of由于……的缘故。表示“回应”in response to,故选B。‎ ‎2. In some countries, people eat with chopsticks, while in ________, knives and forks.‎ ‎ A. another B. other ‎ C. others D. the other ‎【答案】C ‎【解析】考查不定代词。句意:在一些国家,人们用筷子吃饭,而在另一些国家,人们用刀叉吃饭。固定搭配:some…, others…“一些……,另一些……”,others在此相当于other countries,故选C。‎ ‎3. Some experts think, genes, intelligence also depends on an adequate diet, a good education and a nice home environment.‎ ‎ A. instead of B. except for ‎ C. apart from D. far from ‎【答案】C ‎【解析】考查介词短语辨析。A. instead of代替;B. except for除了;C. apart from除……之外还;D. far from 远非。句意:一些专家认为,除了基因,智力还取决于充足的饮食、良好的教育以及良好的家庭环境。根据“intelligence also depends on an adequate diet, a good education and a nice home environment.”可知此处表示“除……之外还”,故C项正确。‎ ‎4. Nick, it’s good for you to read some books ____________ China before you start your trip there.‎ ‎ A. in         B. for C. of         D. on ‎【答案】D ‎【解析】on 表示"关于",some books on China意为"一些关于中国的书"。句意:Nick,你在去中国旅行之前最好读一些关于中国的书。故选D项。‎ ‎5. I’m sorry I didn’t phone you, but I’ve been very busy ____________ the past couple of weeks.‎ ‎ A. beyond        B. with C. among        D. over ‎【答案】D ‎【解析】前半句"I’ve been very busy"为现在完成时,由此可知搭配用的时间状语为"在过去的几周里",故选over。句意:很抱歉没给你打电话,可是在过去的几周里我一直很忙。‎ ‎6. Having been treated in the hospital for as long as six months, the man injured in the car crash is now eventually back _______ his feet.‎ ‎ A. at B. in C. on D. to ‎【答案】C ‎【解析】考查介词辨析。句意:在医院接受了长达六个月的治疗后,在车祸中受伤的那个人现在终于恢复了健康。A. at 在……旁;B. in在……里;C. on在……上;D. to 往。be back on one's feet“恢复;完全复原”为固定短语。故C选项正确。‎ ‎7. Music treatment involves a specialist playing an instrument or sing _______ the patient's mood.‎ ‎ A. by means of B. with regard to ‎ C. in response to D. on account of ‎【答案】C ‎【解析】考查介词短语。句意:音乐疗法就是一位专家根据患者的心情来弹奏一门乐器或者唱歌。A. by means of通过,借助;B. with regard to关于;C. in response to回应;D. on account of由于。根据前文Music treatment可知,音乐疗法是对患者的心情做出回应,故选C。‎ ‎8. —Oh, my God! What's wrong with you?‎ ‎ —I was going the normal speed limit when a truck appeared in front of me _______ and I didn't have time to stop.‎ ‎ A. between the lines B. around the clock ‎ C. out of the blue D. over the moon ‎【答案】C ‎【解析】考查介词短语。句意:——天啊,你怎么了啊?——我以正常速度行驶,突然一辆卡车一下子冲到我的前面,我没有足够的时间踩刹车了。A. between the lines字里行间;B. around the clock全天24小时;C. out of the blue出其不意地;D. over the moon狂喜。根据后文I didn't have time to stop可知,卡车突然出现在前面,故选C。‎ ‎9. After she became ill, I felt ______ with her—she was cheery while I felt gloomy.‎ ‎ A. out of tune B. out of breath ‎ ‎ C. out of curiosity D. out of mind ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】考查介词短语辨析。句意:她病后,我觉得与她格格不入——她高兴而我沮丧。A. out of tune格格不入;B. out of breath上气不接下气;C. out of curiosity出于好奇心;D. out of mind心不在焉。根据he was cheery while I felt gloomy.可知这里的意思是我觉得与她格格不入,故选A。‎ ‎10. The style of the campus is quite different from ______ of most Chinese universities where visitors were amazed by the complex architectural space and abundant building types.‎ ‎ A. that B. one C. the one D. those ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】考查代词的辨析。句意:校园的风格与大多数中国大学(的风格)大不相同,在那里,参观者对复杂的建筑空间和丰富的建筑类型感到惊奇。分析句子可知,本空特指前面的“风格”,但同类不同物,相当于the style。分析选项可知,A. that意为“那个”‎ ‎,指代前面的可数名词单数或不可数名词,具体指哪个取决于其后定语of短语,常与前面所指代的是同类但不同物,相当the +名词;B. one泛指,与前面所指代的名词属于同类但不是同一个,即同类中的一个,相当于a/an+可数名词的单数;C. the one特指前面的可数名词单数,意为“那个”;D. those指代前面的可数名词的复数,与前面指代的名词同类但不同物,相当于“the+名词复数”。根据语境可知,是特指大多数中国大学的风格,故选A。‎ ‎11. ________ has greater potential than flammable ice being mined from underneath the South China Sea when it comes to a global energy revolution.‎ ‎ A. Nothing B. Neither C. No one D. None ‎【答案】D ‎【解析】考查代词。句意:在全球能源革命中,没有什么比从中国南海海底开采可燃冰更有潜力了。nothing 一般用来回答含anything的一般问句及what引起的特殊问句;neither是指两者之中一个都不,一般与nor连用;no one没有人;none指三者或三者以上中的一个都不,故选D。‎ ‎12. The exchange student from Kenya often shares with us the news of his country and ____of his neighbouring countries.‎ ‎ A. those B. that C. it D. the one ‎【答案】B ‎【解析】考查代词。句意:来自肯尼亚的交换生经常与我们分享他的国家和邻国的新闻。the news为不可数名词,用that 来代指,不可以用the one。故选B。‎ 题组二 Ⅰ. 单句填空 ‎1. After what seemed to be a hundred years, I found my audience applauding — I made______________! ‎ ‎2. To be a competitor, _______________must be over 18. ‎ ‎3. All in all, we students should behave        (we) and keep away from violence.‎ ‎4. They are calmer and      (they) mood improves. ‎ ‎5. Taxis are certainly the most convenient means of transport, as      requires little effort to raise your arm to call a cab.‎ ‎6. I don’t like science fiction novels much. When you’ve read      , you’ve read them all. ‎ ‎7. —Would you like tea or coffee?‎ ‎—      .I really don’t mind. ‎ ‎8. The couple had one biological child and adopted three       . ‎ ‎9. Mark whispered so softly that      but Julie heard him. ‎ ‎10. They had gone to a great deal of expense for        . ‎ ‎11. This result is only slightly different from      obtained in the US. ‎ ‎12. That first hot dog tasted so good that I’d like       . ‎ ‎13. The cells of the body, especially       of the brain,can live only minutes without circulating blood. ‎ ‎14. If you don’t build your dream, someone will hire you to build       (they). ‎ ‎15."One time I asked her, why is      (me) listening comprehension so bad?"Mr. Zuckerberg said. ‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎1. it 【解析】make it意为"获得成功",为固定搭配,故用代词it。‎ ‎2. one/you 【解析】句子缺少主语,one或you都可以用于泛指人。句意:如果想成为参赛选手,你必须超过18岁。‎ ‎3. ourselves 【解析】behave oneself为固定搭配,意为"举止规矩有礼,检点",故用反身代词。根据主语we可知,空处应用ourselves。‎ ‎4. their 【解析】要用形容词性物主代词修饰名词mood,根据前面的代词They可知这里用their。‎ ‎5. it 【解析】此处的it为形式主语,真正的主语是后面的to raise your arm to call a cab。‎ ‎6. one 【解析】此处用one泛指前面提到的同类事物中的一个。‎ ‎7. Either 【解析】句意:——你想喝茶还是喝咖啡?——什么都可以,我真的不介意。either表示两者中任意一个。注意首字母要大写。‎ ‎8. others 【解析】others是other的复数形式,此处表示泛指。句意:‎ 这对夫妇有一个亲生孩子,领养了三个孩子。‎ ‎9. none 【解析】此处none表示"没有人",强调数量为零。‎ ‎10. nothing 【解析】根据句意"他们白白牺牲了很多东西"可知,应用nothing,意为"没有东西"。‎ ‎11. that 【解析】that代替前面的this result,表示特指,为同类不同物。that往往用来指代上文提到的事物,this指下文要陈述的事物。‎ ‎12. another 【解析】此处用another泛指同类的事物,指"再来一个热狗"。‎ ‎13. those 【解析】those用来替代前面的the cells,特指那些细胞,因此用复数形式。‎ ‎14. theirs 【解析】句意:如果你不构建自己的梦想,那么就会有人雇用你去构建他们的梦想。本空在句中作build的宾语,与前面的build your dream呼应,表示build their dreams,因此应用名词性物主代词theirs代替their dreams。‎ ‎15. my 【解析】句意:扎克伯格先生说:"有一次,我问她,为什么我的听力理解如此差?"此处修饰listening comprehension,故用my。‎ Ⅱ. 改错 ‎1. When I was in high school, most of my friends had a bicycle. I hoped I could also have it.‎ ‎2. I’ve learnt from the notice that you’re looking for an English editor for us school paper.‎ ‎3. Gradually, I found me back, giving my speech at last.‎ ‎4. Once you get into a bad habit, you’ll find it hard to get rid of them.‎ ‎5. I decided to tell my parents it was the fault of the cat for fear that she should punish me.‎ ‎6. I’d like to introduce Sarah to you. She is a good friend of me. ‎ ‎7. That is known to us that respect for one’s parents is one of Chinese traditional moral values.‎ ‎8. We often think of themselves as the centre of their family.‎ ‎9. I got the news from the newspaper that you need an art editor for our magazine.‎ ‎10. When none of his friends arrived, he asked them to sit at the table. ‎ ‎11. I think I liked those classes because I felt that it helped me understand what the world works. ‎ ‎12. For example, when he bought a chocolate cake, he put them in a secret place I couldn’t find. ‎ ‎13. One day I wrote a little story and showed to my teacher. ‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎1. it→one 【解析】此处指代a bicycle,所以用one。one用来代替上文提到的单数可数名词,表示泛指。‎ ‎2. us→our 【解析】此处作定语修饰school paper,表示"我们的校报",应用our。‎ ‎3. me→myself 【解析】宾语与主语为同一人,故用反身代词。‎ ‎4. them→it 【解析】此处代指a bad habit,故用it。‎ ‎5. she→they 【解析】本处代指"我父母",应用they。‎ ‎6. me→mine 【解析】她是"我"的一个好朋友。此处应用名词性物主代词mine,相当于my friends。‎ ‎7. That→It 【解析】It is known to us that...为固定句式,表示"我们都知道,众所周知",其中it为形式主语,that引导的从句为真正的主语,所以That改为It。‎ ‎8. We→They 【解析】根据下文themselves和their的提示可知,We应改为They。‎ ‎9. our→your 【解析】根据句意"你们的杂志需要一个美术编辑"可知此处指"你的"。故our改为your。‎ ‎10. none→all 【解析】根据句意"当他所有的朋友都到了的时候"可知,此处指"三者或三者以上的所有人",故用不定代词all。‎ ‎11. it→they 【解析】that从句中应该用they来作主语,指代前面的 those classes。‎ ‎12. them→it 【解析】此处用it指代上文提到的a chocolate cake,作put的宾语。‎ ‎13. showed→it 【解析】showed 在此作及物动词,后面缺少宾语,此处指代little story,故用it。‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________________________‎
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