【英语】2018届二轮复习:代词学案(16页)

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【英语】2018届二轮复习:代词学案(16页)

‎2018届 二轮复习 代词 根据指代对象的不同,代词可分为人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、不定代词、相互代词、疑问代词、连接代词和关系代词等。‎ 一. 人称代词:有主格个宾格两种形式,它们也有单复数变化,具体情况如下:‎ 单数 复数 主格 宾格 主格 宾格 第一人称 I me we us 第二人称 you you you you 第三人称 he him they them she her it it ‎1. 人称代词的主格在句中作主语或表语。如Tom waited a while but eventually he went home.‎ ‎ Tom hoped the passenger would be Lily and indeed it was she.‎ ‎ 温馨提示:在复合句中,如果主句和从句主语相同,代词主语要用在从句中,名词主语用在主句中。如When he arrived,‎ ‎ Tom went straight to the bank.‎ ‎2. 人称代词的宾格在句子中作宾语或介词宾语,但在口语中也能作表语。如I saw her with them, at least, I thought it was her.(前一个her作宾语,them作介词宾语,后一个her作表语)‎ ‎3. 人称代词的指代问题 不定代词anybody,everybody,nobody,anyone,someone,everyone,on one,及whoever和person在正式场合使用时,可he,his,him代替。如Nobody came, did he?‎ 动物名词的指代一般用it或they代替,有时也用he,she,带有亲切的感情色彩。‎ 如Give the kitty some food. She is hungry.‎ 指代国家、船舶、车辆等的名词,含感情色彩时常用she。‎ 如China will always do what she has promised to do.‎ ‎5. 并列人称代词的排列顺序 单数人称代词并列作主语时,其顺序为:第二人称 + 第三人称 + 第一人称。‎ 如You, he and I are of the same age.‎ 复数人称代词作主语时,其顺序为:第一人称 + 第二人称 + 第三人称。‎ 如we + you + they 二. 物主代词 ‎ ‎ 单数 复数 形容词性 名词性 形容词性 名词性 第一人称 my mine our ours 第二人称 your your your yours 第三人称 his his their theirs her hers its its ‎ 形容词性物主代词作定语;名词性物主代词作主语、宾语和表语等句子成分。‎ 如He is my teacher.(定语) ---Whose book is this?---It’‎ s mine.(表语)‎ I’ve finished my homework. Have you finished yours?(宾语)‎ ‎1. one’s own意为“完全属于自己的”,作前置定语;of one’s own后不可加名词,只能作后置定语。如I want to have free time of my own. = I want to have my own free time.‎ ‎2. “of + 名词性物主代词”可用作定语。如Some friends of mine will attend my birthday party.‎ ‎3. 形容词性物主代词(用one’s替代)构成固定短语。如lose one’s way; do one’s homework; try one’s best; make one’s way; earn one’s living; hold one’s breath; keep one’s word; make up one’s mind; save one’s life; take one’s time. try one’s luck..‎ 三. 反身代词:第一、二人称的反身代词是形容词性物主代词加-self或-selves构成,第三人称的反身代词由人称代词的宾格加-self或-selves构成。‎ 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 单数 myself yourself himself herself itself 复数 ourselves yourselves themselves ‎ ‎ 在句中反身代词可作宾语、表语、同位语等。‎ ‎1. 作宾语 有些动词常用反身代词作宾语,如absent, bathe, amuse, blame, dry, cut, enjoy, hurt, introduce, behave等。 They enjoyed themselves very much last night. Please help yourself to some fish. I could not dress (myself) up at that time.‎ 用于及物动词 + 宾语 + 介词。如take pride in, be annoyed with等。 Are you trying to make a fool of yourself?‎ ‎2. 作表语。如I am not myself today.‎ ‎3. 作同位语。如The thing itself is not important.‎ ‎4. 在不强调的情况下 ‎,but,except,for等介词后的宾语用反身代词或人称代词宾格均可。如No one but myself (me) is hurt.‎ ‎ 温馨提示: 反身代词本身不能单独作主语。如Myself drove the car.(×) I myself drove the car.(√) ‎ 四. 指示代词:用来指代或标记人或事物。常用的有this,that,these,those,such,so,the same等。具有形容词和代词两种词性,在句中可以作定语、主语、宾语或表语等。‎ ‎1. 指示代词this和that的区别 this(these)一般指时间或空间上较近的人或物;that(those)常指时间或空间较远的人或物。如This is my desk and that is yours.‎ this常指后面要讲到的事物,有启下的作用;that则指前面讲到过的事物,有承上的作用。如 I want to tell you this: the English party will be held on Saturday afternoon. ‎ ‎ He hurt his leg yesterday. That’s why he didn’t come.‎ ‎ 温馨提示: 在口语中,this和that可用作副词修饰形容词,表示程度。如I didn’t realize it was going to be this far. (=as far as this) If your friend is that clever, why isn’t he rich? ‎ ‎2. such用法 such一般在句中作定语和主语;在作定语时,它所修饰的名词前的不定冠词a(an)应放在such之后;而such在与不定代词no,some,any,several,many,little,few,all等连用时,such放在它们的后面。如Such is Elbert Einstein, a famous physicist.‎ Roger is such a nice person. All such problems have been solved.‎ ‎3. so的用法 ‎ 有些动词,如think,say,hear,do,hope,believe,expect,fear,be afraid等后,常用so替代上文提到的内容或情况。如---The new English teacher is very strict. ---I’ve heard so.‎ ‎ ---Can you beat the Bulls? ---Yes, I believe so. Who do you think dare say so then?‎ ‎ 另外,so还可以用于以下句型中作替代词使用:‎ so + 助动词 / 情态动词 / 连系动词 + 主语 (甲乙两个不同的对象具有相同的情况)‎ so + 主语 + 助动词 / 情态动词 / 连系动词(甲陈述某一情况,听话人乙赞同甲的说法)‎ 主语 + 助动词 /情态动词 / 连系动词 + so ‎(甲吩咐、命令乙去做某事,乙照办了)‎ ‎ 如---He must be going now.---So must I. ---John studies French.---So he does.‎ ‎ He asked me to open the window. I did so.‎ ‎4. the same的用法 the same单独使用时,指刚提到过的同一人或物。‎ 如I bought a new house last year, but soon sold the same.‎ the same后跟as,用以引出所谈及的范围。如He is the same age as you.‎ ‎ 温馨提示:the same…as “与……一样的(不是同一个)”, This is the same pen as I lost. the same…that指“同一个”。 This is the same watch that I lost.‎ 五. 不定代词:指代不明确的人或物。代替名词或形容词,表示不同的数量概念。‎ 可数 one, each, many, both, another, eigher, neither, (a) few 不可数 much, (a) little 可数 不可数 none, any, other, all, some 复合不 定代词 anyone, anybody,anything; someone, somebody, something;‎ everyone, everybody, everything; nobody, nothing ‎ ‎ ‎1. 不定代词的语法特征 every和no只能用作形容词,不能用作代词。‎ 复合不定代词只起代词作用,作主语时,谓语动词一概用单数。表物类的复合不定代词,指代代词用单数,即it,its;表人类的复合不定代词,指代代词通常用复数,即they,their或them等。如He said something was lost, but he didn’t say what it was.‎ ‎ Someone is waiting for me at the school gate, but I have no idea who they are (or who he or she is).‎ 复合不定代词都不可接of短语,但some one,every one,any one都是两个词,之后可接of短语(但no one不可接of短语)。如Every one of the students can speak good English.‎ ‎2. 不定代词的用法辨析 one,some与any的用法 ‎ one可以泛指任何人,复数形式是ones,可用作主语和宾语;one’s是它的物主代词形式,可用作定语;oneself是它的反身代词形式,可用作主语和宾语。some和any通常都可用来修饰可数与不可数名词、单数或复数名词。some用于单数可数名词前,表示“某一”。some用于数词前,表示“大约”。some一般用于肯定句,any多用于疑问句和否定句中。‎ ‎ 如---Do you have a pen?---Yes, I have one (= a pen).(泛指) One should not praise oneself.‎ ‎ I have some money in my pocket, but it is not enough. Do you have any?‎ ‎ 温馨提示: some可用于表示邀请、请求、答案肯定的问句中,如Could you let me have some coffee?(请求) Would you like some bananas?(邀请)‎ ‎ some和any可用作主语和宾语。如Some are singing, while others are dancing.(主语)‎ ‎ Does any of you know Mr Wang?(主语) I don’t like any of the books.(宾语)‎ ‎ another,other,the other,others,the others的用法 不定代词 意义 用法说明 another 三者以上中的任何一个,另一个 指三者或三者以上中的任何一个,用作代词或形容词,如I don’t like this coat. Show me another,please.‎ other 另外的,相当于形容词 只作定语,常与复数名词或不可数名词连用;但如果前面有the,this,that,some,any,each,every,no,one及my,your,his等时,则可与单数名词连用,如any other plant, every other day the other 两者中的另一个 常与one连用,构成:one…the other…“一个……另一个……”;作定语修饰复数名词时,表示另一方中的“全部其余的”‎ others 泛指别的人或物 是other的复数形式,泛指别的人或物(但不是全部),不能作定语,构成some…others…‎ the others 特指其余的人或物 是the other的复数形式,特指其余的人或物,常构成some…the others…‎ all,both,either,each,neither和every的用法 词性 数量 意义、用法 all pron.‎ 三个以上的人或物 ‎1.作主语指“所有的人”时谓语为复数,指“所有的事情”时,谓语为单数。 2.not无论放在all前还是后,都是部分否定,全部否定用none,除了all之外,both,each,every以及由every构成的不定代词,加not都是部分否定,若要表示全部否定,需要借助neither,nothing,no one,nobody和no构成不定代词等词。 3.可以和of短语连用。‎ both pron.‎ 两个人或物 可以和of短语连用。‎ either pron.‎ 两者中任何一个 还可作副词,表示“也”,用在否定句句尾。‎ neither pron.‎ 两者都不 还可表示“也不”,此时以neither开头常用倒装形式。‎ each pron.‎ adj.‎ 两者以上的每一个 ‎1.强调个体 2.可以与of短语连用 every adj.‎ 三者以上中的每一个 ‎1.强调整体 2.不能与of短语连用 none,no one,nothing与no的用法 A. none既可指人,也可指物,且一定是特指概念,常用来回答how many / much引导的疑问句;no one只能指人,且只能是泛指概念,常用来回答who引导的疑问句;nothing“什么也没有”,否定一切,常用来回答what引导的疑问句。如---How many people are there in the room now?---None. ---Who is in the room?---No one / Nobody.‎ B. none后面可加of引导的介词短语,而something / anything / everything / nothing; someone / anyone / everyone / no one却不能。‎ C. no = not any,在句子中作定语,修饰可数或不可数名词。none在句中作主语或宾语。‎ ‎ 如There is no water in the well.(定语) None of them knows the story.(主语)‎ ‎ I know none of them.(宾语)‎ ‎ 易错误区:全部否定和部分否定 ‎ none, no one, nobody, nothing, neither, not any以及no + 名词均表示全部否定;但当not出现在含有表示全部肯定的不定代词的句中时,not在其前或其后均表示部分否定。‎ ‎ 如Both of us are not teachers.(或Not both of us are teachers.) (部分否定)‎ ‎ Neither of us in a teacher.(全部否定)‎ ‎ All of the books are not English books.(或Not all of the books are English books.) (部分否定)‎ ‎ None of the books are English books. (全部否定)‎ ‎ 另外:any所修饰的名词或由any构成的复合名词作主语时,谓语动能不能用否定式。‎ ‎ 如Anything cannot stop him going there.(×) Nothing can stop him going there.(√)‎ few, a few, little 与a little的用法 词义 用法 例句 few 几乎没有(否定)‎ 修饰可数名词复数 Few of them can speak French.‎ a few I have only a few books.‎ 有几个(肯定)‎ 修饰可数名词复数 little 几乎没有(否定)‎ 修饰不可数名词 Little has been done to end the strike.‎ a little 有一点(肯定)‎ 修饰不可数名词 A little water is enough.‎ 温馨提示:not a bit = not at all not a little = very (much) ‎ ‎ ---Would you mind my opening the window?---Not a bit.‎ ‎ I have been working foe ten hours without stopping. I’m not a little tired.‎ many与much的用法 ‎ 主要用于疑问句和否定句,肯定句多用a lot of;many修饰可数名词;much修饰不可数名词。如Do you have many friends there? Do they take much interest in it?‎ ‎ much用作副词修饰比较级,“……得多”。如I feel much better now.‎ 六. 相互代词(each other,one another):相互代词无人称、数和格的区别,在句中作宾语。其所有格分别为each other’s,one another’s,作定语。一般来说,each ‎ other指两者之间,one another指三者或三者以上之间,但现在区分已不明显。如They looked at each other and laughed. We can wear each other’s clothes. We all try and help one another.‎ 七. 疑问代词(who,whom,which,what,whose等):在句中常作主语、宾语、定语、和表语等。‎ 八. 连接代词:引导名词性中从句的从句;关系代词:引导定语从句。‎ 九. 替代词it(them),one(ones),that(those)的用法 ‎1. it指代前面出现的单数名词;them指代前面出现的复数名词。如Yesterday I lost my pen, but I’ve found it. Yesterday I lost my pens, but I’ve found them.‎ ‎2. one指代一个不确定的泛指的人或物,它代替的名词是“a + 名词”。其复数为ones。‎ ‎ 如Yesterday I lost my pen, but now I’ve bought one. ‎ Yesterday I lost my pens, but now I’ve bought ones.‎ ‎3. that指代特定的,但不是同一事物,可指代可数名词或不可数名词,它代替的名词是“the + 名词”。其复数为those。如My seat is next to that of our teacher.‎ ‎ Compare your answers with ‎ those of your classmates.‎ 十. it的用法 ‎1. 用作人称代词,代替上文提到过的事物。如He bought a new house last year and he has moved into it now. It’s a cold-blood one.‎ ‎2. 用以代替指示代词this,that。如---What’ this?---It’s a flag.‎ ‎3. 当说话者不清楚或无必要知道说话对象的性别时,也可用it来表示。‎ 如It’s a lovely baby. Is it a boy or a girl? ‎ ‎---Who is making such a noise?---It must be the children.‎ ‎4. it无指代性,常用作没有具体意义的主语,出现于表示天气、气候、温度、时间、地点、距离等意义的句子中。如It is six miles to the nearest hospital from here.‎ ‎ It was very cold; it snowed and grew dark.‎ ‎5. it也常用来表示一般的笼统的情况。‎ 如It’s awful—I’ve got so much work I don’t know where to start.‎ ‎6. 可在介词后占有宾语的位置,然后通过that引出一个介词宾语从句。‎ 如You may depend on it that they will support you.‎ ‎7. 作形式主语:当动词不定式、动名词或从句作主语时,通常把它们放在谓语之后,而用it作句子的形式主语。如It’s foolish talking like that.‎ ‎8. 作形式宾语:当不定式或动名词短语作宾语说,常把它们置于宾补之后,而用it作句子的形式宾语。如I felt it my right to know the truth.‎ ‎9. 用于强调句型:要强调句子的某一部分(通常是主语、状语、宾语),可以用于强调句型“It is(was)+ 被强调部分 + that(who)+ 句子的其余部分”。如果强调的部分是人, 可用who,whom代替that。‎ ‎10. it引起的几个易混时间句型:‎ It + be + 时间 + since-clause,“自从……以来已多久了”如It is three years since she life Beijing. It is three years since she lived in Beijing.‎ It + be + 时间 + before-clause,主句中的谓语动词用肯定式,意为“过多长时间才……”;主句中的谓语动词是否定式时,意为“没过多长时间就……”。主句的时态可用过去时was或将来时will be;用was时,before从句的动词用一般过去时;用will be时,before从句常用一般现在时。如It was not long ‎ before she learned those poems by heart.‎ ‎ It was long before the police arrived. It will be hours before he makes a decision.‎ It + be + 时间 + when-clause,主句中的谓语顶次和从句中的位于动词在时态上一般是一致的,主句是will be,when从句用一般现在时代替将来时。如It was already 8 o’clock when we got home. It was the next morning when we finished our work.‎ ‎ It will be midnight when they get there.‎
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