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【英语】2018届二轮复习:代词学案(16页)
2018届 二轮复习 代词 根据指代对象的不同,代词可分为人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、不定代词、相互代词、疑问代词、连接代词和关系代词等。 一. 人称代词:有主格个宾格两种形式,它们也有单复数变化,具体情况如下: 单数 复数 主格 宾格 主格 宾格 第一人称 I me we us 第二人称 you you you you 第三人称 he him they them she her it it 1. 人称代词的主格在句中作主语或表语。如Tom waited a while but eventually he went home. Tom hoped the passenger would be Lily and indeed it was she. 温馨提示:在复合句中,如果主句和从句主语相同,代词主语要用在从句中,名词主语用在主句中。如When he arrived, Tom went straight to the bank. 2. 人称代词的宾格在句子中作宾语或介词宾语,但在口语中也能作表语。如I saw her with them, at least, I thought it was her.(前一个her作宾语,them作介词宾语,后一个her作表语) 3. 人称代词的指代问题 不定代词anybody,everybody,nobody,anyone,someone,everyone,on one,及whoever和person在正式场合使用时,可he,his,him代替。如Nobody came, did he? 动物名词的指代一般用it或they代替,有时也用he,she,带有亲切的感情色彩。 如Give the kitty some food. She is hungry. 指代国家、船舶、车辆等的名词,含感情色彩时常用she。 如China will always do what she has promised to do. 5. 并列人称代词的排列顺序 单数人称代词并列作主语时,其顺序为:第二人称 + 第三人称 + 第一人称。 如You, he and I are of the same age. 复数人称代词作主语时,其顺序为:第一人称 + 第二人称 + 第三人称。 如we + you + they 二. 物主代词 单数 复数 形容词性 名词性 形容词性 名词性 第一人称 my mine our ours 第二人称 your your your yours 第三人称 his his their theirs her hers its its 形容词性物主代词作定语;名词性物主代词作主语、宾语和表语等句子成分。 如He is my teacher.(定语) ---Whose book is this?---It’ s mine.(表语) I’ve finished my homework. Have you finished yours?(宾语) 1. one’s own意为“完全属于自己的”,作前置定语;of one’s own后不可加名词,只能作后置定语。如I want to have free time of my own. = I want to have my own free time. 2. “of + 名词性物主代词”可用作定语。如Some friends of mine will attend my birthday party. 3. 形容词性物主代词(用one’s替代)构成固定短语。如lose one’s way; do one’s homework; try one’s best; make one’s way; earn one’s living; hold one’s breath; keep one’s word; make up one’s mind; save one’s life; take one’s time. try one’s luck.. 三. 反身代词:第一、二人称的反身代词是形容词性物主代词加-self或-selves构成,第三人称的反身代词由人称代词的宾格加-self或-selves构成。 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 单数 myself yourself himself herself itself 复数 ourselves yourselves themselves 在句中反身代词可作宾语、表语、同位语等。 1. 作宾语 有些动词常用反身代词作宾语,如absent, bathe, amuse, blame, dry, cut, enjoy, hurt, introduce, behave等。 They enjoyed themselves very much last night. Please help yourself to some fish. I could not dress (myself) up at that time. 用于及物动词 + 宾语 + 介词。如take pride in, be annoyed with等。 Are you trying to make a fool of yourself? 2. 作表语。如I am not myself today. 3. 作同位语。如The thing itself is not important. 4. 在不强调的情况下 ,but,except,for等介词后的宾语用反身代词或人称代词宾格均可。如No one but myself (me) is hurt. 温馨提示: 反身代词本身不能单独作主语。如Myself drove the car.(×) I myself drove the car.(√) 四. 指示代词:用来指代或标记人或事物。常用的有this,that,these,those,such,so,the same等。具有形容词和代词两种词性,在句中可以作定语、主语、宾语或表语等。 1. 指示代词this和that的区别 this(these)一般指时间或空间上较近的人或物;that(those)常指时间或空间较远的人或物。如This is my desk and that is yours. this常指后面要讲到的事物,有启下的作用;that则指前面讲到过的事物,有承上的作用。如 I want to tell you this: the English party will be held on Saturday afternoon. He hurt his leg yesterday. That’s why he didn’t come. 温馨提示: 在口语中,this和that可用作副词修饰形容词,表示程度。如I didn’t realize it was going to be this far. (=as far as this) If your friend is that clever, why isn’t he rich? 2. such用法 such一般在句中作定语和主语;在作定语时,它所修饰的名词前的不定冠词a(an)应放在such之后;而such在与不定代词no,some,any,several,many,little,few,all等连用时,such放在它们的后面。如Such is Elbert Einstein, a famous physicist. Roger is such a nice person. All such problems have been solved. 3. so的用法 有些动词,如think,say,hear,do,hope,believe,expect,fear,be afraid等后,常用so替代上文提到的内容或情况。如---The new English teacher is very strict. ---I’ve heard so. ---Can you beat the Bulls? ---Yes, I believe so. Who do you think dare say so then? 另外,so还可以用于以下句型中作替代词使用: so + 助动词 / 情态动词 / 连系动词 + 主语 (甲乙两个不同的对象具有相同的情况) so + 主语 + 助动词 / 情态动词 / 连系动词(甲陈述某一情况,听话人乙赞同甲的说法) 主语 + 助动词 /情态动词 / 连系动词 + so (甲吩咐、命令乙去做某事,乙照办了) 如---He must be going now.---So must I. ---John studies French.---So he does. He asked me to open the window. I did so. 4. the same的用法 the same单独使用时,指刚提到过的同一人或物。 如I bought a new house last year, but soon sold the same. the same后跟as,用以引出所谈及的范围。如He is the same age as you. 温馨提示:the same…as “与……一样的(不是同一个)”, This is the same pen as I lost. the same…that指“同一个”。 This is the same watch that I lost. 五. 不定代词:指代不明确的人或物。代替名词或形容词,表示不同的数量概念。 可数 one, each, many, both, another, eigher, neither, (a) few 不可数 much, (a) little 可数 不可数 none, any, other, all, some 复合不 定代词 anyone, anybody,anything; someone, somebody, something; everyone, everybody, everything; nobody, nothing 1. 不定代词的语法特征 every和no只能用作形容词,不能用作代词。 复合不定代词只起代词作用,作主语时,谓语动词一概用单数。表物类的复合不定代词,指代代词用单数,即it,its;表人类的复合不定代词,指代代词通常用复数,即they,their或them等。如He said something was lost, but he didn’t say what it was. Someone is waiting for me at the school gate, but I have no idea who they are (or who he or she is). 复合不定代词都不可接of短语,但some one,every one,any one都是两个词,之后可接of短语(但no one不可接of短语)。如Every one of the students can speak good English. 2. 不定代词的用法辨析 one,some与any的用法 one可以泛指任何人,复数形式是ones,可用作主语和宾语;one’s是它的物主代词形式,可用作定语;oneself是它的反身代词形式,可用作主语和宾语。some和any通常都可用来修饰可数与不可数名词、单数或复数名词。some用于单数可数名词前,表示“某一”。some用于数词前,表示“大约”。some一般用于肯定句,any多用于疑问句和否定句中。 如---Do you have a pen?---Yes, I have one (= a pen).(泛指) One should not praise oneself. I have some money in my pocket, but it is not enough. Do you have any? 温馨提示: some可用于表示邀请、请求、答案肯定的问句中,如Could you let me have some coffee?(请求) Would you like some bananas?(邀请) some和any可用作主语和宾语。如Some are singing, while others are dancing.(主语) Does any of you know Mr Wang?(主语) I don’t like any of the books.(宾语) another,other,the other,others,the others的用法 不定代词 意义 用法说明 another 三者以上中的任何一个,另一个 指三者或三者以上中的任何一个,用作代词或形容词,如I don’t like this coat. Show me another,please. other 另外的,相当于形容词 只作定语,常与复数名词或不可数名词连用;但如果前面有the,this,that,some,any,each,every,no,one及my,your,his等时,则可与单数名词连用,如any other plant, every other day the other 两者中的另一个 常与one连用,构成:one…the other…“一个……另一个……”;作定语修饰复数名词时,表示另一方中的“全部其余的” others 泛指别的人或物 是other的复数形式,泛指别的人或物(但不是全部),不能作定语,构成some…others… the others 特指其余的人或物 是the other的复数形式,特指其余的人或物,常构成some…the others… all,both,either,each,neither和every的用法 词性 数量 意义、用法 all pron. 三个以上的人或物 1.作主语指“所有的人”时谓语为复数,指“所有的事情”时,谓语为单数。 2.not无论放在all前还是后,都是部分否定,全部否定用none,除了all之外,both,each,every以及由every构成的不定代词,加not都是部分否定,若要表示全部否定,需要借助neither,nothing,no one,nobody和no构成不定代词等词。 3.可以和of短语连用。 both pron. 两个人或物 可以和of短语连用。 either pron. 两者中任何一个 还可作副词,表示“也”,用在否定句句尾。 neither pron. 两者都不 还可表示“也不”,此时以neither开头常用倒装形式。 each pron. adj. 两者以上的每一个 1.强调个体 2.可以与of短语连用 every adj. 三者以上中的每一个 1.强调整体 2.不能与of短语连用 none,no one,nothing与no的用法 A. none既可指人,也可指物,且一定是特指概念,常用来回答how many / much引导的疑问句;no one只能指人,且只能是泛指概念,常用来回答who引导的疑问句;nothing“什么也没有”,否定一切,常用来回答what引导的疑问句。如---How many people are there in the room now?---None. ---Who is in the room?---No one / Nobody. B. none后面可加of引导的介词短语,而something / anything / everything / nothing; someone / anyone / everyone / no one却不能。 C. no = not any,在句子中作定语,修饰可数或不可数名词。none在句中作主语或宾语。 如There is no water in the well.(定语) None of them knows the story.(主语) I know none of them.(宾语) 易错误区:全部否定和部分否定 none, no one, nobody, nothing, neither, not any以及no + 名词均表示全部否定;但当not出现在含有表示全部肯定的不定代词的句中时,not在其前或其后均表示部分否定。 如Both of us are not teachers.(或Not both of us are teachers.) (部分否定) Neither of us in a teacher.(全部否定) All of the books are not English books.(或Not all of the books are English books.) (部分否定) None of the books are English books. (全部否定) 另外:any所修饰的名词或由any构成的复合名词作主语时,谓语动能不能用否定式。 如Anything cannot stop him going there.(×) Nothing can stop him going there.(√) few, a few, little 与a little的用法 词义 用法 例句 few 几乎没有(否定) 修饰可数名词复数 Few of them can speak French. a few I have only a few books. 有几个(肯定) 修饰可数名词复数 little 几乎没有(否定) 修饰不可数名词 Little has been done to end the strike. a little 有一点(肯定) 修饰不可数名词 A little water is enough. 温馨提示:not a bit = not at all not a little = very (much) ---Would you mind my opening the window?---Not a bit. I have been working foe ten hours without stopping. I’m not a little tired. many与much的用法 主要用于疑问句和否定句,肯定句多用a lot of;many修饰可数名词;much修饰不可数名词。如Do you have many friends there? Do they take much interest in it? much用作副词修饰比较级,“……得多”。如I feel much better now. 六. 相互代词(each other,one another):相互代词无人称、数和格的区别,在句中作宾语。其所有格分别为each other’s,one another’s,作定语。一般来说,each other指两者之间,one another指三者或三者以上之间,但现在区分已不明显。如They looked at each other and laughed. We can wear each other’s clothes. We all try and help one another. 七. 疑问代词(who,whom,which,what,whose等):在句中常作主语、宾语、定语、和表语等。 八. 连接代词:引导名词性中从句的从句;关系代词:引导定语从句。 九. 替代词it(them),one(ones),that(those)的用法 1. it指代前面出现的单数名词;them指代前面出现的复数名词。如Yesterday I lost my pen, but I’ve found it. Yesterday I lost my pens, but I’ve found them. 2. one指代一个不确定的泛指的人或物,它代替的名词是“a + 名词”。其复数为ones。 如Yesterday I lost my pen, but now I’ve bought one. Yesterday I lost my pens, but now I’ve bought ones. 3. that指代特定的,但不是同一事物,可指代可数名词或不可数名词,它代替的名词是“the + 名词”。其复数为those。如My seat is next to that of our teacher. Compare your answers with those of your classmates. 十. it的用法 1. 用作人称代词,代替上文提到过的事物。如He bought a new house last year and he has moved into it now. It’s a cold-blood one. 2. 用以代替指示代词this,that。如---What’ this?---It’s a flag. 3. 当说话者不清楚或无必要知道说话对象的性别时,也可用it来表示。 如It’s a lovely baby. Is it a boy or a girl? ---Who is making such a noise?---It must be the children. 4. it无指代性,常用作没有具体意义的主语,出现于表示天气、气候、温度、时间、地点、距离等意义的句子中。如It is six miles to the nearest hospital from here. It was very cold; it snowed and grew dark. 5. it也常用来表示一般的笼统的情况。 如It’s awful—I’ve got so much work I don’t know where to start. 6. 可在介词后占有宾语的位置,然后通过that引出一个介词宾语从句。 如You may depend on it that they will support you. 7. 作形式主语:当动词不定式、动名词或从句作主语时,通常把它们放在谓语之后,而用it作句子的形式主语。如It’s foolish talking like that. 8. 作形式宾语:当不定式或动名词短语作宾语说,常把它们置于宾补之后,而用it作句子的形式宾语。如I felt it my right to know the truth. 9. 用于强调句型:要强调句子的某一部分(通常是主语、状语、宾语),可以用于强调句型“It is(was)+ 被强调部分 + that(who)+ 句子的其余部分”。如果强调的部分是人, 可用who,whom代替that。 10. it引起的几个易混时间句型: It + be + 时间 + since-clause,“自从……以来已多久了”如It is three years since she life Beijing. It is three years since she lived in Beijing. It + be + 时间 + before-clause,主句中的谓语动词用肯定式,意为“过多长时间才……”;主句中的谓语动词是否定式时,意为“没过多长时间就……”。主句的时态可用过去时was或将来时will be;用was时,before从句的动词用一般过去时;用will be时,before从句常用一般现在时。如It was not long before she learned those poems by heart. It was long before the police arrived. It will be hours before he makes a decision. It + be + 时间 + when-clause,主句中的谓语顶次和从句中的位于动词在时态上一般是一致的,主句是will be,when从句用一般现在时代替将来时。如It was already 8 o’clock when we got home. It was the next morning when we finished our work. It will be midnight when they get there.查看更多