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2012届高考英语语法精品学案:专题二 名词
名词是英语的主要词汇之一,也是历年高考的重要考点。综合近几年高考对名词的考查,单项填空题中,每年都出现1—2道题。此外,在阅读理解和完形填空中,名词的一词多义、熟词新意也经常涉及。因此,在备考中一定要结合具体的语境去感悟、理解名词的辨析、名词的一词多义以及名词的习惯用法。 一、名词的分类 二、名词的数:可数与不可数 学习名词,首先要分清名词的可数与不可数。可数名词是指能以数目来计算,可以分成个体的人或东西,因此它有复数形式。不可数名词是指不能以数目来计算,不可以分成个体的概念、状态、品质、感情或表示物质材料的东西;它一般没有复数形式,它的前面不能用不定冠词a/an修饰,若要表示它的个体意义时,必须与一个名词短语连用,相当于中文里的(数词+量词+名词),其中的量词意义视具体的名词搭配而定。如:a piece of bread/paper/furniture/news/advice/information。 一般来说,名词是可数还是不可数,其分类方法与汉语相似,但又不完全相同,因此不能完全凭汉语的感觉去分类,如:同样为“建议”,advice是不可数名词,而suggestion却是可数名词。因此,在学习名词时,要注意积累那些和我们汉语感觉不同的词。 三、名词的转化 1. 一般说来抽象名词为不可数名词,但当抽象名词表示具体的东西时,可用作可数名词且词义发生变化,主要类型如下: (1) 抽象名词表示具有某种特性、状态、感情情绪的人或事。如: 抽象名词(不可数) 具体化(个体名词,可数名词) in surprise 惊讶地 a surprise 一件令人惊讶的事 win success 获得成功 a success 一个(件)成功的人(事) win honor 赢得荣誉 an honor 一个(件)引以为荣的人(事) Failure is the mother of success.失败是成功之母. a failure 一个(件)失败的人(事) have pity on sb. 怜悯某人 a pity 可惜的事情 with pleasure 乐意 a pleasure 乐事 (2) 抽象名词与a(an)连用,淡化了抽象概念,转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。请对比: After several years' self study he acquired a great deal of knowledge. A knowledge of English is a must in international trade. Have you had any experience of teaching English? I had a rather different experience the other day. Walk is a good form of exercise. Would you like to have a walk (swim, bath, talk) with me? It is a waste of time reading such a novel. There is too much waste in this factory. 【易错警示】 有些抽象名词不能具体化使用,即使有形容词修饰,也不能和不定冠词连用。这类名词有:fun,advice,information,health, progress, wealth, news, weather,homework等。 2. 物质名词是不可数名词,但表示数量或种类之多时,可以用作可数名词。如: (1) 物质名词有形或数的相应物体,有单、复数。 some coffee 一些咖啡 a coffee 一杯咖啡 some drink 一些饮料 a drink 一杯饮料 his hair 他的头发 a few white hairs 几根白发 glass 玻璃 a glass 一只玻璃杯 (2) 物质名词有形容词修饰时,前面要使用不定冠词。 have breakfast have a wonderful breakfast The road is covered with snow. They have a heavy snow every year. Time and tide wait for no man. We had a wonderful time last night. 3. 有复数形式的不可数名词 (1) 有些抽象名词有时以复数形式出现,表示具体化,意义发生变化或构成固定短语。如: use one's brains 动脑筋 meet with difficulties 遇到各种困难 make preparations 做准备 in high spirits 情绪高涨 good manners 有礼貌 Many thanks. 非常感谢。 No pains,no gains. 不劳无获。 congratulations 祝贺 possessions 所有物,财产 surroundings 环境 (2) 有些物质名词以复数形式出现,表示数量之多,范围之广。如: burst into tears 大哭起来 miles of golden sands 绵延几英里的金黄色沙滩 burn to ashes 烧成灰烬 四、名词的格 1. 's所有格的特殊表达形式 (1) 用于表示时间、距离、价格、重量等的名词后。如:today's newspaper, five minutes' walk(drive),five pounds' weight, ten dollars' worth of apples。 (2) 用于表示国家、世界、城市等地方的名词后。如:the earth's plant, the world's population, China's industry, New York's parks。 (3) 表示店铺或某人的家时,常在名词所有格后省去shop,house等名词。如:the tailor's 裁缝店,the barber's理发店,go to the doctor's上诊所。 2. of所有格 (1) 基本形式:a friend of Tom's some/two students of mine (2) 表示赞扬、批评或厌恶等感情色彩时,of 所修饰的名词前通常有指示代词that/this/these/those, 但不能用the。如: That invention of hers belongs to the world. 她的那项发明是属于全世界的。(表赞赏) 五、名词作定语 名词作定语是现代英语较为简洁的修饰语表达方式,根据习惯搭配可归为以下几类: 表示中心词的用途、功能、材料。 stone wall, shoe shop, coffee cup 表示中心词的时间、地点、称呼。 summer school, evening dress, street light 表示中心词的类别、对象、身份。 bike key, animal trainer, woman driver 注意: 1. 名词作定语时,一般用其单数形式,且不随后面的名词的单复数产生变化。如: two pencil boxes, girl friends 但是,少数的名词作定语却用复数形式,如: sports shoes 运动鞋 clothes shops 服装店 a sales girl女销售员 a greetings card 贺卡 a customs officer 海关人员 2. man和woman作定语要注意其单复数形式的变化。 a man doctor—men doctors; a woman engineer—women engineers 3. 名词作定语和所有格作定语的区别。 the girl friend女朋友—the girl's friend那位女孩的朋友 the woman driver女司机—the woman's driver那位妇女的司机 4. 名词作定语和形容词作定语的区别。 名词作定语主要说明物质的材料、来源或对象;形容词作定语主要起修饰、限定的作用。 gold watch金表; golden sunshine金色的阳光 heart trouble心脏病;hearty welcome热忱的欢迎 convenience food快餐;convenient food制作方便的食品 六、名词在具体语境中的辨析 由于现在的高考越来越注重在语境中考查词汇的使用能力,因此在语境中对名词进行辨析使用已成为单项填空和完形填空对名词的热点考查项目。如: 1. [2010·天津卷] James took the magazines off the little table to make _______ for the television. A.room B.area C.field D.position 【解析】 A 考查名词辨析。 make room for 腾地方。room 意为“空间”等于space,为不可数名词。 2. [2010·安徽卷] I haven't seen Sara since she was a little girl,and she has changed beyond . A.hearing B.strength C.recognition D.measure 【解析】 C 考查介词与名词搭配。句意为:Sara是小孩子的时候我见过,后来就没见过她,她变得让人认不出来了。 beyond recognition变得面目全非。 3. [2010·湖北卷] For two weeks,Mark accompanied Susan to and from work each day. He taught her how to rely on her other 40 , specifically her hearing, to determine where she was and how to adapt to her new 41 . 40.A. feelings B.organs C.skills D.senses 41.A. position B.environment C.status D.role 【解析】 40.D 41.B (Susan失明之后,)丈夫教她如何依靠她的其他感觉尤其是听觉来判断她身处何处和如何适应新的环境。 1. 【误】 There is fierce competition between the three shoes shops in the street. 【正】 There is fierce competition between the three shoe shops in the street. 【解析】 此处指商店的性质,用单数形式。 2. 【误】 Happy birthday, Peter, and many happy return of the day! 【正】 Happy birthday, Peter, and many happy returns of the day! 【解析】 这是一句固定的生日祝福语, “祝你生日快乐,长命百岁”。returns 在此处便是约定俗成的用法。 3. 【误】 He works in a child hospital. 【正】 He works in a children's hospital. 【解析】 有些名词作定语表示名词的适用范围时,习惯上用名词复数的's所有格形式,如:a children's magazine (= a magazine for children);men's clothes (= clothes for men)。 4. 这位经理有良好的商业意识,因此公司经营良好。 【误】 The manager has got a good business idea, so the company is doing well. 【正】 The manager has got a good business sense, so the company is doing well. 【解析】 idea指对某件具体事物的看法或想法,显然不符合语境。sense意识,……感。 1. —Don't be so naughty! Be your ________. —Got it. A.manners B.age C.behavior D.politeness 【解析】 B 本题考查固定词组。be one's age行为和年龄相称。此处意为:你成熟点。 2. —How can I use this MP5? —Well, just refer to the __________. A.directions B.explanations C.expressions D.introductions 【解析】 A 依据题意可知,表达“参照说明书”应用refer to the directions。directions指示, 用法, 说明(书);explanations解释,说明;expressions表达;introductions介绍。故选择A项。 3. In Rome, it's a common _______ to have a shot of espresso after breakfast. A.practice B.taste C.sense D.customs 【解析】 A 本题考查名词词义辨析。practice惯例,侧重习惯性做某事;taste味道,品味;sense感觉,观念;customs海关。由语境可知,在罗马,早餐后喝杯浓咖啡是个惯例。common sense常识。选A。 4.The top leaders of the two countries are holding talks in a friendly __________. A.atmosphere B.state C.situation D.phenomenon 【解析】 A 句意为:两国领导人在一种友好的氛围中进行交谈。B和C都有“情形,情况”的意思,D 是“现象”,只有A“氛围”符合题意。 5. —Hi,this way, please. —OK. I sometimes have no sense of _________ when I arrive at the crossroads. A.position B.direction C.situation D.condition 【解析】 B have no sense of direction 意为“没有方向感”。 6.Shelly had prepared carefully for her English examination so that she could be sure of passing it on her first _______. A.intention B.attempt C.purpose D.desire 【解析】 B attempt在此表示“尝试”。 7. Mr. Brown thought it would be a good idea to have ________ from his workers to improve his plan. A.summaries B.enquiries C.comments D.connections 【解析】 C 考查名词辨析。comment意见。句意为:布朗先生认为听取工人的意见来改进工作计划是一个好办法。而不是 summary“总结”;enquiry “询问,打听”;connection“联系”。 8. Don't try to persuade your boss,and he won't have the ________ of employing me—a fresh student. A.intention B.attention C.sense D.attraction 【解析】 A 考查固定搭配。句意为:别费力说服你的老板了,他不想雇用我这个大一学生的。have the intention of doing sth.意为“打算做某事,有做某事的意图”,是固定搭配。 9. What's the ________ having a public open space where you can't eat, drink or even simply hang out for a while? A.sense B.matter C.case D.opinion 【解析】 A sense在此处指“意义,含义”;matter事件,问题,原因;case事,案例;opinion意见,看法,主张。What's the sense of…?有什么意义。 10.I bought a dress for only 10 dollars in a sale;it was a real ________. A.exchange B.bargain C.trade D.business 【解析】 B 句意为:我仅花10美元买了一件甩卖的裙子;真是一件便宜货。bargain廉价货,便宜货。exchange交换, 交流; trade贸易;business商业,买卖;事情。 11.If you ask why I plan to study in the United States,the only answer is that it is a (n) ______ for me. A.puzzle B.advantage C.challenge D.average 【解析】 C 考查名词辨析。challenge意为“挑战”,即选择在美国学习的理由是因为这样做具有挑战性。其他选项不合语境:puzzle意为“困惑”;advantage意为“优点,优势”;average意为“平均数”。 12.—Shall we go out for a walk? —Sorry. This is not the right ________ to invite me. I am too tired to walk. A.moment B.situation C.place D.chance 【解析】 A 从语境可知“我累得不能走了”,因此“这不是邀请我的最佳时刻”。 13.To make members of a team perform better, the trainer first of all has to know their ________ and weaknesses. A.strengths B.benefits C.techniques D.values 【解析】 A strength在此处指“优势,优点”,与weakness(弱势,弱点)相对。 14.It is well known to us all that in China pigeons stand for peace. However, in India the wheel in its national flag is also a ________ of peace. A.example B.sign C.mark D.symbol 【解析】 D 考查名词辨析。句意为:众所周知在中国鸽子代表和平,而在印度国旗上的车轮也是和平的象征。symbol 意为“象征;符号”,故D项符合题意。sign记号;符号;标牌;征兆;mark记号;符号;标记;痕迹;example例子;样本;范例;榜样。 15.One thousand dollars a month is not a fortune but will help cover my living ________. A.bills B.expenses C.prices D.charges 【解析】 B 考查名词辨析。句意为:每月一千美元不是一笔大数目的钱,但却足够支付我的生活费用。living expenses生活开支/费用。bill账单,清单;price价格;charge要价,收费。 1.(2011·福建毕业班检测)Any help from you will be greatly appreciated.Please give me a reply at your earliest________. A.interruption B.instruction C.consideration D.convenience 解析: 考查名词辨析。这里表示“请在你方便的时候尽早给我回复”,at your earliest convenience 是固定表达,表示“在你方便的时候请尽早”,符合语境。interruption打断;instruction 指导,指示;consideration 考虑。 答案: D 2.(2011·浙江金华十校联考)If you ask why I plan to study in the United States,the only answer is that it is a(n) ________for me. A.puzzle B.advantage C.challenge D.average 解析: 考查名词辨析。challenge 意思是“挑战”,即选择在美国学习的理由是因为这样做具有挑战性。其他选项不合语境;puzzle 意思是“困惑”;advantage 意思是“优点,优势”;average 意思是“平均数”。 答案: C 3.(2011·浙江金华十校联考)The conference has been held to discuss the ________of global warming on people’s lives all over the world. A.importance B.effects C.protection D.attitudes 解析: 考查名词辨析。effects 意思是“影响”,即讨论全球气候变暖对人们生活的影响。其他选项不合题意:importance 意思是“重要性”;protection 意思是“保护”;attitudes 意思是“态度”。 答案: B 4.(2011·潍坊教学质量抽样监测)I am really a bit worried because I have no idea what my parents’ ________will be to my poor examination result. A.expression B.reaction C.appearance D.expectation 解析: 考查名词辨析。句意为:我真的有点担心,因为我不知道我父母对我不好的考试结果会是什么反应。expression 表情;reaction 反应;appearance 外表;expectation 期望。 答案: B 5.(2011·陕西教学质量检测)There is no________in going to school for the students merely to learn some facts. A.doubt B.mind C.point D.wonder 解析: 考查名词辨析。固定句式There is no point in doing sth.表示“做……是没有必要的”,其他搭配不正确,所以这里选C项。 答案: C 6.(2011·郑州第二次检测)Here are some ________for you to follow when you take a test in chemistry. A.patterns B.tips C.topics D.efforts 解析: 考查名词辨析。语境为“下面给你提出几点忠告,当你参加化学测验时应该遵循”。tip 忠告,意见;pattern 样式,花样,图案;topic 题目,论题,话题;effort 努力,尽力。 答案: B 7.(2011·海南五校联考)Mr Li has some trouble sleeping,so drinking a glass of milk before going to bed every night is his common________. A.practice B.knowledge C.experience D.duty 解析: 考查名词辨析。……因此每晚睡前喝一杯牛奶是他通常的做法。common practice 通常的做法,符合题意。 答案: A 8.(2011·福建检测)—Paul has gone abroad to try his luck. —In my________,his decision is not wise. A.word B.view C.sight D.way 解析: 考查名词。句意为:在我看来,他的决定不明智。in one’s view表示“在某人看来”。 答案: B 9.(2011·安徽合肥第一次质检)My English teacher is really very kind.I’ll never forget the________he has done me. A.favor B.deed C.help D.value 解析: 句意为:我的英语老师实在是太好了。我永远不会忘记他对我的帮助。do sb.a favor 帮助某人。 答案: A 10.(2011·杭州检测二)According to a UN report,30 percent of the world’s population have no________to clean drinking water and health care. A.means B.approach C.channel D.access 解析: 该题考查名词。access意思是“(使用或见到的)机会,权利”,后面与介词to连用。 答案: D 11.(2011·郑州一模)It was reported that the problem had been settled without much________. A.affect B.affair C.effect D.effort 解析: 考查词义辨析。affect影响;affair事务;effect影响,效果;effort尝试,努力。据报道,问题没费多大事就解决了。根据语意可知,D项正确。without effort意思是“毫不费力地”。 答案: D 12.(2011·宝鸡检测一)The speech that Mr Smith made today gave a strong________on the students. A.expression B.impression C.reputation D.expectation 解析: 考查名词的词义辨析。句意为:史密斯先生今天所做的演讲给学生们留下了深刻的印象。give/leave/make an impression on sb.表示“给某人留下印象”。expression表情,表达;reputation声誉,名声;expectation期望,指望。 答案: B 13.(2011·皖南八校第二次联考)Our government has decided to give________to those environmentallyfriendly businesses in many aspects. A.profit B.interest C.preference D.advantage 解析: 考查名词辨析。profit利益;interest兴趣,嗜好,利息;preference偏爱,优待;advantage优势,有利条件。政府已经决定给那些环保的企业多方面的优惠政策。 答案: C 14.(2011·长春第一次调研)Finding a girl struggling in the water,he threw himself into the water without________. A.hesitation B.suggestion C.order D.asking 解析: 考查名词。发现一名女孩正在水中挣扎,他毫不犹豫地跳入水里。without hesitation毫不犹豫,符合题意。 答案: A 15.(2011·西安检测)—How do you like the scenery (景色) here,Mr Black? —Wonderful indeed.Beyond all________,I suppose. A.explanation B.introduction C.description D.instruction 解析: 考查名词的用法。beyond all description的意思是“无法(用言语)表达”,即这里的景色很美,无法用言语表达。 答案: C 查看更多