专题13特殊句式（专题）-2017年高考英语考纲解读与热点难点突破

专题13特殊句式（专题）-2017年高考英语考纲解读与热点难点突破

专题13特殊句式（专题）‎ ‎2017年高考英语考纲解读与热点难点突破 ‎【2017年高考考纲解读】‎ 特殊句式比较杂乱，掌握起来有一定的难度。其中倒装句是高考的热点，强调句是高考的难点。同时，祈使句与陈述句的区别、省略与替代的合理运用也是高考考查的重点项目。近三年的高考题更加注重考查知识之间的交叉现象，如在考查强调句的同时考查定语从句，把省略、强调句与时间状语从句、地点状语从句的考查等融合在一起，考查考生综合把握语言知识的能力。‎ ‎【重点、难点剖析】‎ 一 、倒装句 ‎(一)完全倒装(Full Inversion)‎ 谓语动词完全放在主语之前的句子便是完全倒装句。这类句型主要有：‎ ‎1．表示方式、方位的副词或介词短语，如here, there, up, down, in, away, off, out, in the room, on the wall等，置于句首，且主语是名词时。如：‎ In a lecture hall of a university in England sits a professor.‎ 在英格兰一所大学的讲堂里坐着一位教授。‎ South of the river lies a small factory.‎ 一个小型工厂坐落在河的南岸。‎ Out rushed the children.‎ 孩子们冲了出去。‎ ‎2．such置于句首时。如：‎ Such was Albert Einstein, a simple man and the 20th century's greatest scientist.‎ 这就是艾伯特·爱因斯坦，一个朴实的人，也是20世纪最伟大的科学家。‎ ‎(二)部分倒装(Partial Inversion)‎ 只把谓语的一部分(多为助动词或情态动词)置于主语之前的句子叫部分倒装句。这类句型主要有三种：‎ ‎1．only修饰副词、介词短语或状语从句，且放在句首时。如：‎ Only in this way can we learn English well.‎ 只有以这种方法，我们才能学好英语。‎ Only when he returned did we find out the truth.‎ 只有当他回来时，我们才查明了真相。‎ 使用特点：‎ ‎(1)在部分倒装句中，如果谓语部分无助动词，则须找助动词来“帮助”它构成倒装句。如：‎ ‎(×)Only after the war learned he the sad news.‎ ‎(√)Only after the war did he learn the sad news.‎ 只是在战后他才知道那个悲惨的消息。‎ ‎(2)only修饰状语从句时，从句不可倒装。如：‎ ‎(×)Only when did he return did we find out the truth.‎ ‎(√)Only when he returned did we find out the truth.‎ 只有当他回来的时候，我们才查明了真相。‎ ‎(3)only修饰主语时，句子不可倒装。如：‎ ‎(×)Only can he answer the question.‎ ‎(√)Only he can answer the question.‎ 只有他能回答这个问题。‎ ‎2．否定副词never, nor, not, hardly, little, seldom, scarcely, rarely及表否定意义的介词短语at no time, under/in no circumstances, in no case, by no means, on no condition等置于句首时。如：‎ Never before have I seen such a moving film.＝I have never seen such a moving film before.‎ 以前我从未看过这么感人的电影。‎ Not a single mistake did he make.＝He didn't make a single mistake.‎ 他一个错也没犯。‎ ‎3．七个重要的固定句型：‎ ‎(1)．..so＋be/助动词/情态动词＋主语“……也是如此”。如：‎ They love having lots of friends; so do those with disabilities.‎ 他们喜欢交很多朋友，那些有残疾的人也是如此。‎ 警示 如果句意不是“……也是如此”，而仅是对前面内容的肯定或附加(此时的so＝indeed)，那么，句子不可使用倒装形式。试比较：‎ A：I was afraid. (句中的I指是说话者A)‎ B：So was I. (I指的是B，此句意为：I was afraid, too.)‎ A：我害怕。‎ B：我也是。‎ A：I was afraid. (I指的是A)‎ B：So you were.‎ ‎(you指的也是A。此句意为：Indeed you were afraid.)‎ A：我害怕。‎ B：你就是这样。‎ ‎(2)．..neither(或nor)＋be/助动词/情态动词＋主语“……也不这样”。如：‎ Lily can't ride; neither (或nor) can Lucy.‎ 莉莉不会骑车，露西也不会。‎ 此句型中的neither(或nor)不可用so...not替代，但可用not...either改写。如：‎ ‎(×)I have never been abroad. So hasn't he.‎ ‎(√)I have never been abroad. Neither/Nor has he.‎ ‎(√)I have never been abroad. He has never/not been abroad, either.‎ 我没出过国，他也没有。‎ ‎(3)So＋adj./adv....that.../Such＋adj.＋n....＋that...“如此……以至于……”。如：‎ So clearly does he speak English that he can always make himself understood.‎ 他说英语如此清晰以至于别人都听得懂。‎ 警示 在这个句型中，so/such引导的句子要倒装，而that引导的句子不倒装。‎ ‎(4)Neither...，nor...“……不……，……也不……”。如：‎ Neither do I know it, nor do I care about it.‎ 我不知道，也不关心。‎ 警示 由于neither和nor都是否定词，所以其后面的分句均需倒装。‎ ‎(5)Not only...，but also...“不仅……而且……”。如：‎ Not only will help be given to people to find jobs, but also medical treatment ‎ will be provided for people who need it.‎ 不仅要给那些找工作的人提供帮助，而且也要给那些需要帮助的人提供医疗保健服务。‎ 警示 此句型也可写成Not only...but...或Not only...but...as well的形式，但but (also)引导的句子必须用正常语序。‎ ‎(6)Not until...“直到……才……”。如：‎ Not until he returned did we have supper.‎ 直到他回来我们才吃晚饭。‎ 警示 ‎①这句话可以改写成：We didn't have supper until he returned.再如：‎ Not until 400 in the morning can he fall asleep.‎ ‎＝He can't fall asleep until 400 in the morning.‎ 直到凌晨4点他才睡着。‎ ‎②如果not until引导的是句子，until从句不可倒装，只是主句需要倒装。‎ ‎(7)hardly...when...，no sooner...than...“刚……就……”等引导两个句子时，前一个句子用部分倒装，后一个句子不倒装。‎ Hardly/Scarcely had he heard the news when he began to cry.‎ 他一听到这个消息就哭了。‎ ‎(三)形式倒装(Formal Inversion)‎ 形式上的倒装在语法上称为前置。它的特点是，只把强调的内容提至句首，主谓并不倒装。这样的结构较多，但尤其要注意as, though引导让步状语从句时采用形式倒装的情况。‎ ‎1．表语的倒装 Tired as/though he was, he still went on with his work.‎ 尽管他很累，他还是继续工作。‎ ‎2．谓语动词的倒装 Try as he might，he didn't pass the exam.‎ 尽管很用功，但他考试还是不及格。‎ ‎3．状语的倒装 ‎ Much as he likes the bike, he doesn't want to buy it.‎ 他虽然很喜欢那辆自行车，但不想买它。‎ 警示 如果是单数名词或形容词的最高级作表语，不再用冠词。如：‎ Child as he is, he knows a lot.‎ 尽管他是孩子，但他懂得很多。‎ Youngest as he is in our class, he speaks English the best.‎ 他虽然是我们班年龄最小的，但英语说得最好。‎ 二、强调 It is/was＋被强调部分＋that＋句子剩余成分 ‎(一)强调人时可用who/that来连接，强调事物时用that来连接。‎ 被强调的可以是单词、短语，也可以是从句，但结构必须完整。被强调的成分可以是主语、宾语和状语，但不能是定语或谓语。如：‎ It is I who/that am right. ‎ 我才是对的。(强调主语)‎ ‎(二)强调句的特殊句式 强调句的特殊句式 结构构成 一般疑问句 Is/Was it＋被强调部分＋that/who＋句子其他部分？‎ 特殊疑问句 特殊疑问词＋is/was it＋that＋句子其他部分？‎ not until句式 It is/was not until...＋that＋句子其他部分 not...but...句式 It is not...＋that...，but.../It is not...but...that...‎ Was it in 1939 that the Second World War broke out?‎ 第二次世界大战是在1939年爆发的吗？‎ When was it that you called me yesterday?‎ 你昨天给我打电话是什么时候？‎ What is it that you want me to do?‎ 你要我做什么？‎ I didn't realize she was a famous film star until she took off her dark glasses.‎ ‎→It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was a famous film star.‎ 直到她摘掉墨镜我才认出她是著名影星。‎ ‎(三)用助动词do，does或did来强调谓语动词，用于一般现在时和一般过去时的肯定的陈述句中，do还可以用于祈使句。‎ Do be careful while crossing the street.‎ 过马路时一定要当心。‎ 三、省略 ‎(一)定语从句中作宾语的关系代词that, which, whom常可以省略。‎ ‎(二)状语从句中的省略现象 ‎1．当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致，且从句中含be动词时，可以省略状语从句中的主语和be动词。‎ Once (he was) a teacher, he now works in a government office.‎ While (I was) walking along the street, I heard my name called.‎ 当我正在沿着大街走时，我听见有人叫我的名字。‎ The exhibition is more interesting than (it was) expected.‎ 展览比预料的更有趣。‎ He opened his lips as if (he were) to speak.‎ 他张了张嘴好像有话要说。‎ ‎2．当从句中的主语是it，谓语动词中又含有系动词be时，可以把it和系动词be一起省略。此时构成连词(if, unless, when, whenever)＋形容词。如：‎ Unless (it is) necessary, you'd better not refer to the dictionary.‎ 如果没必要，你最好别查词典。‎ 另外，我们还可以用so或not代替上文内容，此时可有“if＋so/not”省略句式：If so和If not。‎ He may not be at home then. If so (If he is not at home), leave him a note.‎ 他那时也许不在家。如果不在家的话，给他留下个便条。‎ ‎(三)不定式的省略 ‎1．单独使用不定式符号to，代替动词不定式后被省略的动词，常用在be afraid, expect, forget, hope, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, refuse, seem, try, want, wish等后边。如：‎ I asked him to see the film, but he didn't want to.‎ ‎2．否定形式的省略用not to。‎ ‎—Shall I go instead of him?‎ ‎—I prefer you not to.‎ ‎——我可以代替他去吗？‎ ‎——我宁可你不去。‎ ‎3．如果不定式中含有be，have，have been，通常保留be，have和have been。如：‎ ‎—Are you a sailor?‎ ‎—No, but I used to be.‎ ‎——你是个海员吗？‎ ‎——不是，但我以前是。‎ ‎—He hasn't finished yet.‎ ‎—Well, he ought to have.‎ ‎——他还没完成。‎ ‎——哦，他早该完成了。‎ ‎(四)宾语从句中的省略 ‎1．由which, when, where, how和why引导的宾语从句，可全部或部分省去，只保留引导词。‎ Please pass me one of these books, I don't care which(you pass me)．‎ 请递给我一本书，随便哪一本。‎ He will come back, but he doesn't know when (he will come back)．‎ 他会回来的，但他不知道什么时候回来。‎ ‎2．由that引导的宾语从句，连词that可省略，若带有多个宾语从句，只有第一个that可省略，其余不能。‎ He said (that) the text was very important and that we should learn it by heart.‎ 他说这篇课文非常重要，我们应该背下来。‎ 四、主谓一致 ‎(一)并列主语的主谓一致 ‎1．两个单数名词用and连接，表示两个不同的概念时，谓语动词常用复数形式。如：‎ Tom and Jack were close friends.‎ 汤姆和杰克是亲密的朋友。‎ ‎2．两个单数名词用and连接，表示同一人、同一物、同一个概念或表示不可分割的整体时，谓语动词仍用单数形式。如：‎ The singer and dancer is to attend our evening party.‎ 那位歌舞演员将参加我们的晚会。‎ ‎3．被every, each, many a, no等限定的单数名词由and连接时，谓语动词仍用单数形式。其中，后一个限定词可省略。如：‎ Each boy and (each) girl has an apple.‎ 每个男孩和每个女孩都有一个苹果。‎ ‎4．一个单数名词被几个用and连接的并列形容词修饰时，可以指一件事或几件事，这种名词作主语，要根据意义一致的原则决定谓语动词的数。如：‎ What he says and does do not agree.‎ 他言行不一致。‎ Simple and plain living is a fine quality.‎ 生活俭朴是一种优良的品质。‎ English and American literature are appealing to her.‎ 英国文学和美国文学都对她有吸引力。‎ ‎5．由and连接的两个what从句作主语时，要根据意义一致的原则决定谓语动词的数。如：‎ What he says and does does not concern me.‎ 他的言行与我无关。‎ ‎6．由or, nor, either...or，neither...nor, not only...but (also)连接的并列主语，通常根据就近原则，谓语动词的单复数形式要和与它邻近的主语的数保持一致。如：‎ One or two friends are coming this evening.‎ 今天晚上有一两个朋友要来。‎ Neither I nor he is in favour of her marriage.‎ 我和他都不赞成她的婚姻。‎ ‎7．“单数名词＋with, along with, together with, as well as, rather than, as much as, but, except等＋名词”作主语时，谓语仍用单数形式。 如：‎ Dr. Smith, together with his wife, is to arrive on the evening flight.‎ 史密斯博士及其夫人将乘晚班飞机抵达。‎ Nobody but one teacher and three students was in the laboratory.‎ 除了一个老师和三个学生外，没有人在实验室里。‎ ‎(二)某些名词作主语时的主谓一致 ‎1．集体名词family, class, crew, team, group, public, audience, crowd, government, committee等作主语时，动词的单复数形式要根据主语所指的意义而定。当把集体名词作为一个整体看待时，谓语动词常用单数形式；如果指其中各个成员时，谓语动词常用复数形式。如：‎ The class consists of 25 boys and 20 girls.‎ 这个班由25个男生和20个女生组成。‎ The class are doing experiments.‎ 全班学生正在做实验。‎ ‎2．由两部分构成的表示物体的名词，如trousers, pants, jeans, compasses, glasses, shorts等作主语时，谓语动词常用复数形式。但如果这类名词前用了a pair of或two/three/...pairs of来修饰，谓语动词的数往往取决于pair的单复数形式。如：‎ Your glasses are very nice.‎ 你的眼镜很漂亮。‎ This pair of trousers is mine.‎ 这条裤子是我的。‎ ‎(三)数词与量词作主语的主谓一致 ‎1．表示时间、重量、距离、价格、体积等的名词的复数形式作主语，通常当作整体看待，谓语动词用单数形式。如：‎ Twenty years is a long time in one's life.‎ ‎20年在人的一生中是很长的一段时间。‎ ‎2．分数和百分数修饰可数或不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数还是复数取决于它们表示的意义。试比较：‎ About one third of the books are worth reading.‎ 这些书中大约有1/3值得读一读。‎ ‎3．有“kind(form, type, sort, species, portion, series) of”等修饰的主语，其谓语形式常取决于这些词的单复数。如：‎ This new type of buses is on show.‎ 这种新型的公共汽车现在正在展出。‎ All kinds of difficulties have to be overcome.‎ 必须克服各种各样的困难。‎ ‎4．如果主语由“many a/more than one＋单数名词”构成，谓语动词常用单数。如：‎ Many a page in this book is missing.‎ 这本书缺了许多页。‎ ‎5．a quantity of及quantities of后既可接复数名词，亦可接不可数名词；a quantity of...作主语时谓语动词的单数形式取决于后面的名词是否可数；而quantities of...作主语时谓语总用复数形式。如：‎ With more forests being destroyed, a large quantity of good earth is being washed away each year.‎ ‎＝With more forests being destroyed, quantities of good earth are being washed away each year.‎ 随着越来越多的森林被砍伐，每年有大量的沃土被冲走了。‎ ‎(四)从句中的主谓一致 ‎1．在用it作形式主语的句子中和在用it构成的强调句型中，谓语动词常用单数。如：‎ It isn't obvious which route would be the best.‎ 哪条路线会是最好的还不明显。‎ It was he who taught us English last year.‎ 去年是他教我们英语。(强调句型)‎ 五、其他特殊句式 ‎(一)祈使句的固定句式 ‎1．祈使句＋and＋简单句表示“如果……就……”‎ ‎2．祈使句＋or＋简单句表示“……否则……”‎ ‎(二)感叹句的固定句式 ‎1．What a(an)＋单数名词＋主语＋谓语！‎ ‎2．What＋形容词＋复数名词＋主语＋谓语！‎ ‎3．How＋形容词＋a(an)＋单数名词＋主语＋谓语！‎ ‎4．How＋形容词/副词＋主语＋谓语！‎ ‎(三)反义疑问句 ‎1．主从复合句，与主句的主谓语保持一致。但当陈述部分是I (We)‎ ‎ think/believe/expect/suppose加从句时，疑问句应和从句的人称时态保持一致。‎ ‎2．must表示猜测时的反意疑问句 ‎(1)“must be”对现在情况进行推测作一般现在时或现在进行时的附加疑问句进行处理。‎ ‎3．陈述部分是祈使句，疑问尾句用will you；但如果陈述部分是let's开头的祈使句，疑问尾句用shall we。‎ ‎【题型示例】‎ 题型1、倒装句 ‎【例1】【2016·江苏】34.Not until recently ______the development of tourist-related activities in the rural areas.‎ A. they had encouraged B. had they encouraged C. did they encourage D. they encouraged ‎【答案】C【解析】句意：直到最近他们才鼓励在农村地区开展与旅游业有关的活动。当not until所引导的时间状语放在句首时，主句要使用部分倒装。故C项正确 ‎ 【变式探究】(2015·高考天津卷，T3)Only when Lily walked into the office ________ that she had left the contract at home. ‎ A．she realized B．has she realized ‎ C．she has realized D．did she realize ‎ ‎ 答案：D ‎【举一反三】(2015·湖南，21)It was when we were returning home I realized what a good feeling it was to have helped someone in trouble.‎ 我们在回到家时才意识到帮助有困难的人是多么的令人高兴。‎ 答案　that ‎【变式探究】 (2014·大纲全国卷)Not only ________the nurses want a pay increase, they want reduced hours as well.‎ ‎【答案】do　‎ ‎【解析】考查倒装句。句意：护士们不仅希望涨工资，还希望减少工时。not only...连接并列分句置于句首时，其后要用倒装。‎ ‎【变式探究】Only when he apologizes for his rudeness ________ to him again.(I will speak,‎ ‎ will I speak)‎ ‎【答案】will I speak　‎ ‎【解析】考查倒装句和动词时态。句意：只有他为他的粗鲁道歉时，我才会再跟他讲话。only＋时间状语从句放在句首时，句子要部分倒装。‎ ‎【举一反三】Not once ________ to Michael that he could one day become a top student in his class.(it occurred, did it occur)‎ ‎【答案】did it occur　‎ ‎【解析】考查倒装句。句意：迈克尔从来没想到有一天他会成为班上的尖子生。否定副词not置于句首用于强调时，句子要用部分倒装，故答案为did it occur。解答这类题目需要了解用于倒装的各种前提，准确理解句子含义。‎ ‎【变式探究】Never before ________ seen anybody who can play tennis as well as Robert.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　‎ A．had she B．she had C．has she D．she has ‎【答案】C ‎【解析】考查倒装结构和时态。句意：她以前从来没见过其他人打网球像Robert打得那么好。never before表示否定意义，置于句首时，主句要进行部分倒装。再结合后面定语从句中的时态可知，主句应用现在完成时。‎ ‎【变式探究】Only after Mary read her composition the second time ________ the spelling mistake.‎ A．did she notice B．she noticed C．does she notice D．she has noticed ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】考查倒装和时态。句意：只有玛丽把作文读了第二遍之后，她才注意到拼写错误。当only＋状语位于句首时，主句要部分倒装。因此可先排除B和D。由句中的“Mary read”可知，动作发生在过去，因此选did she notice。‎ ‎【变式探究】 For a moment nothing happened.Then ________ all shouting together.‎ A．voices had come B．came voices C．voices would come D．did voices come ‎【答案】B ‎ 【归纳总结】‎ 完全倒装与部分倒装 ‎(1)完全倒装：当状语here，there，down，up，now，out，off等方位副词或介词短语in the room，on the way等置于句首时，句子全部倒装，但当主语是代词时，主谓不倒装。‎ ‎(2)部分倒装：‎ ‎①only修饰副词、介词短语、状语从句，且放在句首时；‎ ‎②否定词、半否定词never，nor，neither，hardly，seldom，little等置于句首时；‎ ‎③so/nor/neither＋助动词或情态动词＋主语，表示也(不)……；‎ ‎④So＋adj./adv.＋助动词或情态动词＋主语that...‎ ‎⑤Not only...，but also...连接句子时，Not only后是主谓倒装，but also后是正常语序。　　　‎ 题型2、强调句 ‎【例2】(2016·天津，13)You are waiting at a wrong place.It is at the hotel ________ the coach picks up tourists.‎ ‎ 【举一反三】(2015·高考重庆卷，T9)Bach died in 1750，but it was not until the early 19th century ________ his musical gift was fully recognized. ‎ A．while B．though ‎ C．that D．after ‎ 解析：考查强调句型。巴赫于1750年去世，但是直到19世纪早期他的音乐天赋才被完全承认。it is/was...that...是强 调 句型，本题被强调部分是时间状语not until the early 19th century。学科&网 答案：C ‎【举一反三】(2015·湖南，21)It was when we were returning home I realized what a good feeling it was to have helped someone in trouble.‎ 我们在回到家时才意识到帮助有困难的人是多么的令人高兴。‎ 答案　that ‎【变式探究】(2014·福建卷)It was the culture, rather than the language, ________made it hard for him to adapt to the new environment abroad.‎ ‎【答案】that　‎ ‎【解析】本题考查强调句型的判定。句意：是文化而不是语言使他很难适应国外的新环境。从理解思路上先看本句是不是强调句型：It is/was＋被强调部分＋that＋其他部分。强调句型的判断方法是将It is/was与that去掉，来验证此句是不是一个成分完整的句子。经判断句子“The culture, rather than the language, made it hard for him to adapt to the new environment abroad.”成分完整，由此可以断定本句是强调句型，所以空格处应用that。‎ ‎【变式探究】 It was not until near the end of the letter ________ she mentioned her own plan.‎ ‎【答案】that　‎ ‎【解析】考查强调句。句意：直到快写到信的结尾的时候，她才提到了自己的计划。本题考查强调句型：It is/was＋被强调部分＋that＋其他成分。句中被强调的部分是时间状语not until near the end of the letter。‎ ‎【举一反三】It was only after he had read the papers ________ Mr. Gross realized the task before him was extremely difficult to complete.‎ ‎【答案】that　‎ ‎【解析】考查强调句型。句意：直到他读了文件之后，格罗斯先生才意识到他面前的任务非常难完成。本句为强调句型，强调状语only after he had read the papers。根据强调句结构，“It is/was＋被强调部分＋that＋剩余部分。”可知填that。此外，我们也可以将It is/was与空格去掉来验证此句是不是一个强调句。‎ ‎【变式探究】It was not until I came here ________ I realized this place was famous for not only its beauty but also its weather.‎ A．who B．that C．where D．before ‎【答案】B ‎【解析】考查强调句型。分析句子结构可知，此句是一个强调句，其结构为“it is/was...that...”，被强调的部分是“not until I came here”，如果将该强调句还原成正常语序应该是：I didn't realize this place was famous for not only its beauty but also its weather until I came here.‎ ‎【变式探究】(2014·四川卷)Was it because Jack came late for school ________ Mr. Smith got angry?‎ ‎【答案】that　‎ ‎ 【变式探究】It is not how much we do but how much love we put into what we do ________ benefits our work most.‎ A．who B．which C．that D．what ‎【答案】C ‎【解析】考查强调句型。分析句子结构可知此句是强调句型“It is...that...”，被强调部分是“not how much we do but how much love we put into what we do”。句意：给我们工作带来最大益处的不是我们做了多少而是我们将多少爱投入到我们所从事的事业中。由于此题题干长(除空格外有21个单词)、成分复杂(含有表语从句2个、宾语从句1个)，试题难度大，不少考生容易选错。‎ ‎【归纳总结】‎ ‎1．被强调部分是人时，连接词that/who；非人时，用that。‎ ‎2．特殊疑问词＋is/was＋it＋that/who＋其他部分。‎ ‎3．含not...until...的强调句型为：It is/was not until＋被强调的部分＋that/who＋其他部分。‎ ‎4．把句子中的“It is/was...that/who”去掉之后，句子依然成立，就是强调句，否则就不是强调句。‎ ‎5．如果需要强调谓语，应用助动词do，does或did。　　　‎ 考点3、反意疑问句 ‎【例3】I don't believe you can do today's job with yesterday's methods and be in tomorrow's business, ________？‎ ‎【答案】can you　‎ ‎【解析】考查反意疑问句。在反意疑问句中，当陈述部分是“I don't think/suppose/expect/believe等＋宾语从句”结构时，简短问句的主谓应与从句的主谓保持一致，且简短问句用肯定形式。故填can you。‎ ‎【变式探究】 There is little doubt in your mind that he is innocent，________？‎ A．is there B．isn't there ‎ C．is he D．isn't he ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】陈述部分中含有表示否定意义的词little，所以简短问句用肯定形式，首先排除B、D两项；陈述部分为there be句型，故简短问句应用is there，故选A项。‎ ‎【变式探究】 I told them not everybody could run as fast as you did，________？‎ A．could he B．didn't I C．didn't you D．could they ‎【答案】B ‎ 【变式探究】 He must be helping the old man to water the flowers，________？‎ A．is he B．isn't he C．must be D．mustn't he ‎【答案】B ‎【解析】must在此表猜测，是“一定”之意，此时反意疑问句部分以must之后的动词为准，所以B项正确。‎ ‎【归纳总结】‎ 反意疑问句的特殊情况 ‎(1)含must的反意疑问句。当must意为“必须”时，反意疑问部分用needn't；当mustn't为“不允许，禁止”时，反意疑问部分用must/may；当must表推测时，反意疑问部分的动词形式根据其后面的动词及其句子的时间状语确定。‎ ‎(2)含宾语从句的反意疑问句。反意疑问部分一般与主句保持一致，但是当主句是I think，I believe，I expect，I imagine，I suppose等时，反意疑问部分与宾语从句保持一致。　　　‎ 考点4、主谓一致 ‎【例4】(2015·高考湖南卷，T27)It is important to remember that success ________ a sum of small efforts made each day and ‎ often ________ years to achieve. ‎ A．is；takes B．are；takes ‎ C．are；take D．is；take ‎ 解析：考查主谓一致。句意：重要的是要记住，成功是每天所做的一些小小的努力的总和，它常常需要很多年的时间才能实现。此处success是不可数名词，作主语时，谓语动词用单数，故选A项。 ‎ 答案：A ‎ 【变式探究】(2014·湖南卷)All we need ________(be) a small piece of land where we can plant various kinds of fruit trees throughout the growing seasons of the year.‎ ‎【答案】is　‎ ‎ 【变式探究】 Look! From opposite the street ________， screaming in panic.(two kids are coming, come two kids)‎ ‎【答案】come two kids　‎ ‎【解析】考查倒装和主谓一致。句意：看！两个孩子从街对面过来了，(他们)惊慌地尖叫着。表示地点的介词短语位于句首，且主语是名词，句子需全部倒装。又因为主语是two kids，所以谓语动词用复数形式，因此come two kids正确。‎ ‎【举一反三】—Don't make such a noise again.‎ ‎—Sorry. Oh, look, away ________(fly) the rest of the birds!‎ ‎【答案】fly　‎ ‎【解析】考查倒装和主谓一致。副词away置于句首且主语是名词，句子应采用完全倒装结构。注意：该类倒装句中不能用进行时态；又主语the rest of the birds表示复数意义，谓语动词应用复数形式。故用fly。‎ ‎【变式探究】Walmart，which is one of the largest American supermarket chains，________ some of its stores open 24 hours on Mondays through Saturdays.‎ A．keeps B．keep C．have kept D．had kept ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】句意：沃尔玛是美国最大的连锁超市之一，部分店从星期一到星期六24小时营业。根据句中的“is”可知，此处应用一般现在时，主语为Walmart，谓语动词要用第三人称单数，故选A。‎ ‎【变式探究】 All the scientific evidence ________ that increasing use of chemicals in farming ________ damaging our health.‎ A．show；are B． shows；are ‎ C．show；is D．shows；is ‎【答案】D ‎【解析】evidence作“证据，证明”讲时是不可数名词，故第一空用shows；increasing use of chemicals in farming是动名词短语作主语，谓语动词用单数，故第二空用is。‎ ‎【变式探究】 The basketball coach，as well as his team，________ interviewed shortly after the match for their outstanding performance.‎ A．were B．was C．is D．are ‎【答案】B ‎【归纳总结】‎ ‎“主谓一致”三原则 ‎(1)语法一致原则 主语和谓语通常在语法形式上一致，即主语是单数形式，谓语动词也采用单数形式；主语是复数形式，谓语动词也采用复数形式。‎ ‎(2)意义一致原则 意义一致原则是指从意义着眼来解决主谓一致问题。有时主语形式上为单数，但意义上却是复数，那么谓语根据意义也用复数形式；而有时主语形式上为复数，但意义上却是单数，那么谓语根据意义亦用单数形式。如有些集合名词，如public，goverment，family，class，team，group等。‎ ‎(3)就近原则 就近原则是指谓语动词的人称和数常常与其邻近的名词或代词保持一致。常出现在这类句子中的有or，either...or，neither...nor，not only...but also，not...but等。　　　‎