2020届二轮复习阅读理解中词义猜测题课件（47张）

2020届二轮复习阅读理解中词义猜测题课件（47张）

　词义猜测题 2020 届二轮复习 　 阅读理解 A. 方法 帮 · 题型 全突破 目录 CONTENTS 方法 1 根据上下文语境进行猜测 方法 2 根据上下文的指代关系进行猜 方法 3 根据同义或类比关系进行猜测 方法 4 根据定义或解释进行 猜测 B. 考法帮 · 考情全揭秘 方法 5 根据转折或对比关系进行猜测 方法 6 根据举例进行猜测 方法 7 根据因果关系进行猜测 方法 8 根据构词法进行猜测 A . 方法帮 · 题型全突破 方法 1 根据 上下文语境进行 猜测 方法 2 根据 上下文的指代关系进行 猜 方法 3 根据 同义或类比关系进行 猜测 方法 4 根据 定义或解释进行 猜测 方法 5 根据 转折或对比关系进行 猜测 方法 6 根据 举例进行 猜测 方法 7 根据 因果关系进行 猜测 方法 8 根据 构词法进行猜测 一、题型 概述 词义 猜测是英语阅读的重要技巧 , 词义猜测题也是高考中常考的题型。考生要学会 " 顺藤摸瓜 ", 通过构词、定义、对比、因果、联想、上下文等线索 ( 各种已知信息 ) 确定词义。要求猜测词义的词一般为实词 ( 动词、名词、形容词等 ) 。另外 , 这类题也包括对短语和句意的猜测。 考试中经常考查的词汇有以下几种 : 1. 在特殊语言环境中具有特殊意义的常用词。 2. 专业化程度较高的词 。 英语 第三部分：阅读理解 题型突破 3. 生僻词。 4. 常用代词 。 此 类题旨在考查考生在特定语境中理解词 ( 短语、句子 ) 的能力以及通过上下文或构词法猜测超纲词汇或表达方式的意义的能力。因此 , 考生所掌握的词汇量的大小直接影响到这类题的得分率。 英语 第三部分：阅读理解 二、 常见设问形式 1.The underlined phrase " 　　　 " in the second paragraph could be replaced by 　　　 .  2.The underlined word " 　　　 " in the first paragraph probably means 　　　 .  3.What is the meaning of the underlined word in the second paragraph? 4.Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word " "?   5.What does the underlined word " 　　　 " in Paragraph 2 refer to?  6.What do you think the expression " 　　　 " stands for?  7.Which of the following words can best take the place of the underlined word " 　　　 " in Paragraph 3?  英语 第三部分：阅读理解 英语 第三部分：阅读理解 8.According to the passage, the underlined word " 　　　 " is known as 　　　 . 三、选项特点 1. 正确选项的特点 (1) 相应词语的同义词语。 (2) 对相应语句的解释、复述或概括 。 2 . 干扰项的特点 (1) 对原相应表达方式的不正确改写。 (2) 故意丢三落四 。 (3) 半对半错。 (4) 曲解原意。 这些干扰项有时会使用较多原句中的表达方式 , 给人似是而非的误导 , 考生要多加注意。 英语 第三部分：阅读理解 方法 1 根 据上下文语境进行猜测 猜测 任何词义都离不开上下文 , 所以可借助上下文对需要猜测的词、短语或句子进行合乎逻辑的推测 。 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 典例 1 　 [2015 新课标全国 Ⅰ,C]Salvador Dali (1904—1989)was one of the most popular of modern artists. The Pompidou Centre in Paris is showing its respect and admiration for the artist and his powerful personality with an exhibition bringing together over 200 paintings, sculptures, drawings and more. Among the works and masterworks on exhibition the visitor will find the best pieces, most importantly The Persistence of Memory.There is also L'Enigme sans Fin from 1938, works on paper, objects, and projects for stage and screen and selected parts from television programmes reflecting the artist's showman qualities . The visitor will enter the World of Dali through an egg and is met with the beginning, the world of birth. The exhibition follows a path of time and subject with the visitor exiting through the brain. The exhibition shows how Dali draws the viewer between two infinities( 无限 ), "From the infinity small to the infinity large, contraction and expansion coming in and out of focus: amazing Flemish accuracy and the showy Baroque of old painting that he used in his museum-theatre in Figueras," explains the Pompidou Centre . 英语 第三部分：阅读理解 The fine selection of the major works was done in close collaboration( 合作 )with the Museo Nacional Reina Sofia in Madrid, Spain, and with contributions from other institutions like the Salvador Dali Museum in St.Petersburg, Florida. 31.What does the word "contributions" in the last paragraph refer to? A.Artworks. B.Projects. C.Donations. D.Documents . 解析 　根据最后一段可知 , 多家博物馆通力合作 , 共同精选展出作品。文中提到像西班牙马德里的博物馆和圣彼德斯堡的博物馆这样的机构也提供萨尔瓦多 • 达利的作品参加展览。由此推测 ,contributions 指 " 作品 ", 故选 A 。 答案　 A 英语 第三部分：阅读理解 英语 文章中的代词 one, it, that, them 等可以指上文提到的人或事物。有时代词与指代的对象相隔较远 , 要认真查找 ; 有时需要对前面提到的内容进行总结 , 才能得出代词所指代的事物。 典例 2 　 [2014 安徽 ,E]You may not have heard of Ashoka, but for the past 27 years, this association,founded by Bill Drayton, has fought poverty( 贫困 )and sickness,promoted education and encouraged small businesses. To support these worthy causes, Ashoka provides money for the world's most promising "changemakers" seeking to solve( 解决 )urgent problems and would like to create a world in which every citizen is a changemaker. 英语 第三部分：阅读理解 方法 2 根 据上下文的指代关系进行猜测 Drayton believes that anyone can become an agent for change. The important thing is to simply give yourself permission. If you see a problem that you care about, you can help solve it. The young in particular are willing to accept this concept because at heart every child wants to grow into a happy, healthy, contributing adult. In fact, it is many young people's ambition to set up programmes or businesses that improve social conditions. An excellent example is an Ashoka project started in 1995 in Dhaka, which handled the rubbish problem facing the city, helped local farmers and provided an income for poor people there. When Masqsood and Iftekhar began to study the problem of all the uncollected 英语 第三部分：阅读理解 rubbish that lay in Dhaka's streets, attracting rats and disease, they discovered that 80% of it was natural waste. So they educated the poor people in the city to compost( 把 …… 制成堆肥 ) this waste. They knew that they would have a market for the end product because local farmers were struggling with chemical fertilisers ( 化肥 ) which were expensive and had reduced the natural minerals in the soil over the years. At first, they were refused, but once they were able to persuade them that there was money to be made, the project took off. In 2009 sales were $14,000. Drayton is optimistic that in ten years Ashoka will be making really serious, practical progress in bringing about social change by changing the way we look 英语 第三部分：阅读理解 at economic development. 73.The underlined word "them" in Paragraph 3 probably refers to " 　　　 ". A.the local farmers B.Masqsood and Iftekhar C.Drayton and his team D.the poor people in Dhaka 解析 　考查代词指代。在 1995 年 ,Masqsood 和 Iftekhar 教城里的穷人把垃圾制成堆肥 , 因为他们认为这些化肥会有市场。起初他们遭到了拒绝 , 但是当他们使这些人信服这样做有钱可赚时 , 这一项目得以实施。故画线的 them 指代 "the poor people in the city" 。故选 D 。 答案 　 D 英语 第三部分：阅读理解 方法 3 根 据同义或类比关系进行猜测 当 词语被并列连词 and, or, as well as 所连接或词语之间有 just as, like, similarly 等时 , 前后的两项内容在含义上是接近的或相近的 , 由此可确定同等关系中的某个生词或短语所表达的意义。 典例 3 　 [1]... [2]... [3]Something else, however, has been on the rise. While GM seeds are expensive, GM companies tell farmers that they will make good profits by saving money on pesticides ( 杀虫剂 ). On the contrary, US government data show that GM crops in the US have produced an overall increase in pesticide use compared to traditional crops. "The promise was that you could use less chemicals and boost production.But neither is true," said Bill Christison, President of the US National Family Farm Coalition. 　　 ... 58.What does the underlined word "boost" in the third paragraph probably mean? A.Control. B.Evaluate . C.Obtain . D.Increase. 解析 　联系上下文及 boost 所在句子的意思可知 , 其承诺是你能够使用很少的化学物质并且可以提高产量 , 本题的关键词为 and, 其前后为并列关系 , 且表达的都是有利的方面 , 因此 D 项正确。 答案 　 D 英语 第三部分：阅读理解 方法 4 根 据定义或解释进行猜测 　 有时 短文中出现一个需要猜测其意义的词或短语 , 下面接着出现其定义或解释 , 这就是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。此类由定义或解释来猜测词义的方法很多 : ① 表示定义关系的常见信息词有 be , mean, represent, be called/named,be considered,be defined as( 被定义为 ),be known as,refer to 等 ; ② 表示同位关系的常见信息词有 that is,that is to say,in other words, namely,or rather( 确切地说 ) 等 ;③ 有些生词后会以破折号、括号、逗号、冒号等暗示读者 , 解释说明前面的词。 典例 4 　 [2017 天津 ,C] [1]... [2]The proposal attempts to deal with what some call the " death valley " of autonomous vehicles: the grey area between semi-autonomous and fully driverless cars that could delay the driverless future. ... 46.What does the phrase "death valley" in Paragraph 2 refer to? A. A place where cars often break down. B. A case where passing a law is impossible. C. An area where no driving is permitted. D. A situation where drivers' role is not clear. 英语 第三部分：阅读理解 解析 　文中提出 "death valley" 后 , 紧接着由冒号引出 "the grey area between semi-autonomous and fully driverless cars that could delay the driverless future", 对 death valley 进行解释 : 能够拖延无人驾驶未来的介于半自动驾驶和完全无人驾驶汽车之间的灰色区域。 答案 　 D 英语 第三部分：阅读理解 方法 5 根 据转折或对比关系进行猜测 　 在 一个句子或段落中 , 有时会出现对两种事物或现象进行对比的描述 , 考生可以利用这种关系猜词悟义。表示对比关系的词语主要有 however, but, instead,despite,unlike,yet, while, whereas( 然而 , 但是 ), rather than, instead of, in spite of, on the contrary, on the other hand, in contrast 等。 典例 5 　 There was a gardener who looked after his garden with great care. To water his flowers, he used two buckets. One was a shiny and new bucket. The other was a very old and dilapidated one, which had seen many years of service, but was now past its best . 56.What does the underlined word "dilapidated" probably mean? A.Dirty. B.Dark. C.Worn-out. D.Plain-looking. 解析 　由 "one…the other…" 结构可知 ,"old and dilapidated" 对应前面的 "shiny and new" 。由此可判断 dilapidated 的意思应与 shiny and new 相反 , 即 worn-out 。 答案 　 C 英语 第三部分：阅读理解 方法 6 根 据举例进行猜测 在一些阅读材料中 , 为了阐明某一种重要观点或者讲清楚某一抽象概念 , 作者往往采取举例的方式对这一观点或概念进行具体的说明和解释 , 从而使读者理解得更具体些 , 而这些例子恰好为猜测词义提供了重要线索。表示列举关系的信息词有 like, for example, for instance, such as 等。 典例 6 　 …In his book, he had challenged readers to make deep cuts in personal emissions to keep the world from reaching extremely important tipping points , such as the melting( 融化 )of the ice sheets in Greenland or West Antarctica… 73.The underlined words "tipping points" most probably refer to" 　　　 ". A.freezing points B.burning points C.melting points D.boiling points 解析 　本题要求猜测 tipping points 的意思 , 根据下文的例子 "such as the melting( 融化 ) of the ice sheets in Greenland or West Antarctica" 可知 ,tipping points 在文中的意思为 " 融化点 ", 与 C 项同义。 答案 　 C 英语 第三部分：阅读理解 方法 7 根 据因果关系进行猜测 在有些文章或段落中 , 两种现象或两个事物之间可能会构成因果关系 , 我们可以利用这种关系来猜测词义。 典例 7 　 [1]... [2]Of course, the good of oxen is not limited to plowing. In fact, they are seen as " boats on land " for their ability to carry loads. Besides, the whole body of an ox is full of treasures. Their meat and milk are food full of nutrition, and their skin can be used to make clothes and shoes. With all these qualities, oxen are regarded as generous creatures. ... 60.The words "boats on land" underlined in Paragraph 2 refer to 　　　 . A.animals for taking goods B.creatures for pulling plows C.treasures of the folk culture D.tools in the farming economy 解析 　画线部分后的 for their ability to carry loads 是对前面的解释说明 , 由此可以很轻松地理解词义并得到结果 : 牛被看作 " 陆地之舟 ", 是一种运输货物的动物。 答案 　 A 英语 第三部分：阅读理解 方法 8 根据 构词法进行猜测 英语单词大多是由词根、词头 ( 前缀 ) 和词尾 ( 后缀 ) 所组成的。词根是单词最基本的部分 , 表达单词的基本含义。在词根前或后加上前缀或后缀 , 可以用来引申或转变原词的意义或改变词性。 掌握前缀、后缀规律有助于理解词义。如 un-,im-,in-,dis-,il- 等前缀与 -less 等后缀可构成反义词 , 后缀 -ful,-ly,-ism,-ness 等可改变词性。 典例 8 　 [2017 山西重点中学协作体考试 ,B]The Sahara Festival is a celebration of the very recent past. The three-day event is not fixed ( 固定的 )to the same dates each year, but generally takes place in November or December. It is well attended by tourists, but even better attended by locals ( 当地人 ). During the opening ceremonies, after the official greetings from the government leaders, people who attend the festival begin to march smartly before the viewing stands, and white camels transport their riders across the sands. Horsemen from different nations display their beautiful clothes and their fine horsemanship. One following another, groups of musicians and dancers from all over the Sahara take their turn to show off their wonderful traditional culture. Groups of men in blue and yellow play horns ( 号 )and beat drums ( 鼓 )as they dance in different designs. On their knees in the sand, a group of women in long dark dresses dance with their hair: their long, dark, shiny hair is thrown back and forth in the wind to the rhythm of their dance . 英语 第三部分：阅读理解 The local and visiting Italian dogs are anxious to run after hares. The crowd is on its feet for the camel races. Camels and riders run far into the distance, and then return to the finish line in front of the cheering people. Towards the evening, there comes the grand finale of the opening day, an extremely exciting horse race. All the riders run very fast on the horseback. Some riders hang off the side of their saddles ( 马鞍 ).Some even ride upside down — their legs and feet straight up in the air — all at full speed. Others rush down the course together, men arm in arm, on different horses. On and on they go. So fast and so wonderful ! 英语 第三部分：阅读理解 27.The underlined word "finale" in the fourth paragraph most probably means the 　　　　 of the opening day. A.first part 　　 B.middle 　　 C.last part 　　 D.whole 解析 　由画线词所在句子中的 "Towards the evening" 以及 "final,finale,finally" 之间的联系可知该词在此处的意思是开幕式中的最后一项 , 故答案为 C 。 答案 　 C 英语 第三部分：阅读理解 B . 考法帮 · 考情全揭秘 　　词义猜测题包括单词猜测题、短语意思猜测题、代词指代题和句意理解题。而高考中考查最多的是单词猜测题 , 但在近两年的高考中加大了对短语意思猜测题的考查力度。 Passage 1 [2017 甲卷 ( 全国 Ⅱ),B] 体裁 : 记叙文　话题 : 与 Paul Newman 的友谊　词数 :238 　难度 :★★★ 　建议时间 :6 分钟 　　 I first met Paul Newman in 1968, when George Roy Hill, the director of Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, introduced us in New York City. When the studio didn’t 英语 第三部分：阅读理解 ▶试题分析 第一段讲述作者与 Paul 相识的背景 ; 第二段讲述作者与 Paul 发展友谊的原因 ; 第三段讲述他们如何保持友谊 , 其中第 26 题可以通过上文讲到的方法 2( 根据上下文的指代关系进行猜测 ) 来做题 ; 第四段讲述作者与 Paul 之间的友谊之深 。 want me for the film — it wanted somebody as well known as Paul — he stood up for me. I don’t know how many people would have done that; they would have listened to their agents or the studio powers . The friendship that grew out of the experience of making that film and The Sting four years later had its root in the fact that although there was an age difference, we both came from a tradition of theater and live TV. 1 We were respectful of craft( 技艺 ) and focused on digging into the characters we were going to play . Both of us had the qualities and virtues 英语 第三部分：阅读理解 ▶难句突破 1. 该句中第一个 that 引导定语从句 , 修饰先行词 The friendship; 第二个 that 为限定词 , 修饰 film; 第三个 that 引导同位语从句 , 说明 the fact 的内容 , 而该同位语从句中又有一个 although 引导的让步状语从句。句意 : 从拍摄那部电影以及四年后的 《 骗中骗 》 的经历中成长起来的友谊 , 源于尽管有年龄的差异 , 但是我们都来自于戏剧和现场直播电视的传统这个事实。 that are typical of American actors: humorous, aggressive, and making fun of each other — but always with an underlying affection. Those were also at the core( 核心 ) of our relationship off the screen. We shared the belief that if you’re fortunate enough to have success, you should put something back — he with his Newman’s Own food and his Hole in the Wall camps for kids who are seriously ill, and me with Sundance and the institute and the festival. 2 Paul and I didn’t see each other all that regularly, but sharing that brought us together. 英语 第三部分：阅读理解 2. 破折号前 ,belief 后 that 引导同位语从句 , 该从句中含有 if 引导的条件状语从句。破折号后 ,he 和 me 并列 , 且带有各自的 with 介宾短语作后置定语 ;he 后的 with 介宾短语中又含有一个 who 引导的定语从句。句意 : 我们都相信 , 如果你有幸获得成功 , 你就该有所回报。他有他的 Newman’s Own food 和为病重孩子开办的 Hole in the Wall camps; 而我有我的 Sundance 、教育机构和会演。 We supported each other financially and by showing up at events. I last saw him a few months ago. He’d been in and out of the hospital. He and I both knew what the deal was, and we didn’t talk about it. Ours was a relationship that didn’t need a lot of words. 英语 第三部分：阅读理解 24.Why was the studio unwilling to give the role to author at first? A. Paul Newman wanted it. B. The studio powers didn’t like his agent. C. He wasn’t famous enough. D. The director recommended someone else . 25.Why did Paul and the author have a lasting friendship? A. They were of the same age. B. They worked in the same theater. C. They were both good actors. D. They have similar characteristics. 26.What does the underlined word "that" in paragraph 3 refer to? A. Their belief. B. Their care for children. C. Their success. D. Their support for each other. 英语 第三部分：阅读理解 27.What is the author’s purpose in writing the test? A. To show his love of films. B. To remember a friend. C. To introduce a new movie. D. To share his acting experience . 【 答案与解析 】 　本文是一篇记叙文。作者讲述了与 Paul 的相识并与其建立了友谊 , 他们虽不经常见面 , 但却因共同的信念而保持着友谊。 英语 第三部分：阅读理解 24.C 　考查细节理解。根据第一段中的 "When the studio didn’t want me for the film — it wanted somebody as well known as Paul — he stood up for me." 可知 , 电影公司起初不愿意给作者角色的原因是想找一个与 Paul 一样著名的人物。可见 , 作者当时不够有名。故选 C 。 25.D 　考查推理判断。根据文章第二段中的 "We were respectful of craft( 技艺 )and focused on digging into the characters we were going to play. Both of us had the qualities and virtues that are typical of American actors..." 可知 , 作者与 Paul 之间拥有持久的友谊是因为他们有相似的性格特征。故选 D 。 英语 第三部分：阅读理解 26.A 　考查词义猜测。根据第三段中 "We shared the belief that if you’re fortunate enough to have success, you should put something back" 可知 , 下文的内容是对 belief 的解释 , 句中 that 引导同位语从句 , 解释说明 the belief 的具体内容。下文提到我们并不经常见面 , 但是共同的信念把我们带到了一起。故选 A 。 27.B 　考查推理判断。根据全文内容 , 尤其是第一段中的 "I first met Paul Newman in 1968" 以及最后一段中的 "I last saw him a few months ago" 可知 , 作者写这篇文章的目的是回忆一位朋友。故选 B 。 英语 第三部分：阅读理解 Passage 2 [2016 乙卷 ( 全国 Ⅰ),C] 体裁 : 记叙文　话题 : 干细胞运送志愿者的经历　词数 :248 　难度 :★★★ 　建议时间 :5 分钟 　　 I am Peter Hodes, a volunteer stem cell courier . Since March 2012, I’ve done 89 trips — of those, 51 have been abroad. I have 42 hours to carry stem cells( 干细胞 )in my little box because I’ve got two ice packs and that’s how long they last. In all, from the time the stem cells are harvested from a donor( 捐献者 ) to the time they can be implanted in the patient, we’ve got 72 hours at most. So I am always conscious of time. 英语 第三部分：阅读理解 ▶试题分析 第一段介绍了自己的工作特点 ,29 题可以根据上文讲到的方法 1( 根据上下文语境进行猜测 ) 来做题 ; 第二段围绕 "I am always conscious of time" 来展开介绍了作者在一次运送造血干细胞途中的一段经历 ; 第三段总结概括 , 再次说明这项工作的特殊意义以及重要性。 　　 I had one trip last year where I was caught by a hurricane in America. I picked up the stem cells in Providence, Rhode Island, and was meant to fly to Washington then back to London. But when I arrived at the check-in desk at Providence, the lady on the desk said:"Well, I’m really sorry, I’ve got some bad news for you — there are no flights from Washington." So I took my box and put it on the desk and I said:"In this box are some stem cells that are urgently needed for a patient — please, please, you’ve got to get me back to the United Kingdom." She just dropped everything. She arranged for a flight on a small plane to be held for me, re-routed( 改道 )me through Newark and got me back to the UK even earlier than originally scheduled. 英语 第三部分：阅读理解 For this courier job, you’re consciously aware that in that box you’ve got something that is potentially going to save somebody’s life. 英语 第三部分：阅读理解 ▶难句突破 句式分析 :For this courier job 是介词短语 , 在句中作状语 ;that in that box you’ve got something that is potentially going to save somebody’s life 是宾语从句 ,in that box 是宾语从句中的地点状语 ,you’ve got something 是宾语从句中的主干部分 ;that is potentially going to save somebody’s life 是定语从句 , 修饰前面的 something 。 句意 : 对于这份传递员的工作而言 , 你会自觉地意识到你手中的那个箱子里装着可能挽救某个人生命的东西。 29.Which of the following can replace the underlined word "courier" in Paragraph 1 ? 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 A.provider B.delivery man C.collector D.medical doctor 30.Why does Peter have to complete his trip within 42 hours? A.He cannot stay away from his job too long. B.The donor can only wait for that long. C.The operation needs that much time. D.The ice won’t last any longer. 31.Which flight did the woman put Peter on first? A.To London. B.To Newark. C.To Providence. D.To Washington. 英语 第三部分：阅读理解 【 答案与解析 】 　本文介绍了一个名叫 Peter Hodes 的人从事的有关干细胞传递的志愿者工作 , 并主要讲述了他的一次难忘的经历。在传递干细胞的过程中 , 他深刻地意识到时间就是生命。 29.B 　考查词义猜测。根据第一段中的 "Since March 2012, I’ve done 89 trips — of those, 51 have been abroad. I have 42 hours to carry stem cells( 干细胞 ) in my little box" 可知 , 作者是干细胞传递员 , 故选 B 。 30.D 　考查细节理解。根据第一段中的 "I have 42 hours to carry stem cells( 干细胞 ) in my little box because I’ve got two ice packs and that’s how long they last." 可知 , 冰袋最长可以维持 42 小时的时间 , 故选 D 。 英语 第三部分：阅读理解 31.B 　考查细节理解。根据第二段的最后一句 "She arranged for a flight on a small plane to be held for me, re-routed( 改道 ) me through Newark and got me back to the UK even earlier than originally scheduled." 可知 , 这位女士安排作者乘坐一架小型飞机改道经纽瓦克回到了英国 , 故选 B 。 英语 第三部分：阅读理解 找新题，组好 卷！智能 筛选，一键成卷 ！ 强区名校，新题好卷，每日 更新 ， 智能 选题 ，模板 体例 ， 3 步成卷 自动 查重，一键替换 ， 难度自定，天星原创题库， 好 题随选随 用 ! 免费组卷 www.wln100.com 2019《 高考帮 》 增值 PPT 课件 查看更多 >