专题22 阅读理解——科普知识-3年高考2年模拟1年原创备战2017高考精品系列之英语（解析版）

专题22 阅读理解——科普知识-3年高考2年模拟1年原创备战2017高考精品系列之英语（解析版）

‎3年高考2年模拟1年原创精品系列 专题22阅读理解——科普知识阅读 ‎【2017年高考命题预测】‎ 预测一 高考阅读理解所选材料通常都是国外网站上的地道的英语文章，然后经过命题专家整合、改编而成。文章主要介绍国内外的文化风俗、历史名胜、人文地理、著名人物等。‎ 预测二 文章的篇幅较短，词数多为280～330，兼顾多种体裁，通常有记叙文、说明文、议论文、应用文等，要求考生充分利用所给信息，回答文章提出的问题。通常文章难度不大，关键是考查考生高效处理信息的能力，还要求考生对文章有更深层次的理解。但是题目并不容易，很容易出错。全国卷的命题逐渐向地方自主命题卷，尤其是新课标地区的试卷看齐，不断增加词汇量和文章长度，向新课标过渡。‎ 预测三 题目设置灵活多样，通常以细节理解题为主，推理判断题为辅，兼顾猜测词义、句意题及目的意图题和主旨大意题。这种命题特点要求考生更好地了解文章中的有用信息，提高阅读速度。‎ ‎【考点定位】2017考纲解读和近几年考点分布 高考对说明文的考查多为科普说明文，它是阅读理解重要内容，也是高考考查难点。科普类“阅读理解”题愈来愈受到命题者的青睐｡而科普类文章往往具有跨学科､行文逻辑性强等特点,要求考生能从文章的整体逻辑以及重要细节上全面把握｡‎ ‎【试题特点】 ‎ ‎　　① 注重学科渗透,行文逻辑性强,内容抽象｡ ‎ ‎　　② 贴近学生的学习､生活实际,有利于激发学生的思维,对选拔优秀考生有一定的作用｡ ‎ ‎③ 能全面地考查学生的综合阅读能力和运用所学知识去分析､解决实际问题的能力｡‎ ‎ 科普类文章往往具有跨学科、行文逻辑性强等特点:要求考生能从文章的整体逻辑以 及重要细节上全面把握。科普说明文常设置下列题型：‎ ‎(1)标题判断题 科普说明文多出现标题判断题，考查考生对全文的理解，它常以What would be the best title for this passage。为设问方式，解题时应特别注意因科普说明文常介绍动植物是 如何保护自身的，因此多以How do does...defend themselves(itself)为标题。‎ 生词词义判断题 科普说明文往往揭示自然奥秘、动植物生存特点及产品工艺原理，易出现一些学术 ‎ 性较强的生词，因此常出现生词词义判断题，这种试题常以What does the underlined word mean?或What is the meaning of the underlined word。为设问方式考查对生词词义的判断。 解题时一定要认真阅读原文， 分析原文对自然奥秘、动植物生存特点、产品工艺原理是如何解释、如何定义的，在此基础上抽象概括出生词词义。‎ 代词指代判断题 科技说明文在对自然奥秘、动植物生存侍点及产品工艺原理进行解释时，易出现动作变换多、人称转变频的现象，因此常出现代词指代判断题，这些试题常以it；they；them 等表物的代词为命题题点，要求考生裉据上下文语语境逻辑推断其指代对象。解题时应认真分析动作转换背景，区分动作不同执行者，从而准确判断代词的正确指代。‎ ‎ (4)科学方法图示判断题 ‎ 科普说明文常出现科学方法图示判断题，这种试题或以生物依赖关系为命题题点，要求考生判断正确的生物依赖关系；或以工艺流程为命题题点，要求考生判断正确的流程顺序，或以生产方法为命题题点，要求考生判断正确的生产方法；或以机械配制为命题题点，要求考生判断正确的机械配制。解题时一定要认真阅读分析原文对生物依赖关系、发明创造诞生过程和工艺流程过程的介绍，并且边读边画简易草图，以提高理解准确率。分析备选项时应对照原文介绍情况，找出各图不同之处，以便最终做出正确判断。‎ ‎【考点pk】 名师考点透析 考点一、细节事实理解。‎ 一篇文章必然是由许多具体的细节、具体的内容构成的，所有这些信息以某种顺序（时间、空间、情感变化等）排列起来，来进一步解释或阐释主题，体现文章的主旨大意。 细节理解题目主要考查学生对文章具体事实和细节的理解能力，属于表层理解题范畴，难度较小，但在整个阅读理解题中所占比例最大，细节理解题多从文章的某个具体事实或细节出发来设计题目。 此类题通常根据文章具体内容来设问，也常使用下列方式来提问 ‎1.Which of the following statements is(not) true/correct? ‎2.Which of the following is not mentioned? ‎3.All of the following are true except...【来.源：全,品…中&高*考*网】‎ ‎4.According to the passage,when/where/why/how/how/what/which,etc...？‎ ‎1.直接事实题 ‎ 在解答这类问题时要求学生抓住题干文字信息，采用针对性方法进行阅读，因为这类题的答案在文章中可以直接找到。 如：‎ A giant dam was built many years ago to control the Colorado River in the U.S.This dam was built to protect the land and houses around the river.‎ This huge dam is in the Black Canyon.It is possible to drive a car from one side of the river to the other on a road，which is on the top of the dam.This dam is so big that there is an elevator inside.The elevator goes down forty-four stories from the road to the bottom.There is enough concrete in this dam to build a highway from New York to San Francisco.Thousands of people worked on this dam for five years.‎ This huge dam was called Boulder Dam when it was finished in 1936.Later it was renamed Hoover Dam in honor of a president of the United States.Hoover Dam，one of the highest dams in the world，is situated between the states of Arizona and Nevada.‎ Q：Hoover Dam lies______ .‎ A.between Arizona and Nevada B.in the Black Canyon C.between New York and San Francisco D.both A and B ‎【解析】由第二段的第一句话和最后一段的最后一句话可得出正确答案是D项。‎ ‎2.间接事实题 ‎ 解答此类题，需要结合上下文提供的语境和信息进行简单的概括和判断或者要进行简单的计算。‎ Invited by Mr.Ye Huixian，host of the well-received TV programme“Stars Tonight”，Miss Luo Lin，Miss Asia of 1991，appeared as the guest hostess on the Shanghai TV screen last Sunday.‎ Born in Shanghai and taken to Hongkong when she was only six years old，Luo Lin has never dreamed of being Miss Asia.Her childhood dream was to be an air hostess.Before she took part in the competition，she had been an air hostess in Cathay Airline for seven years.However， it still took her three months to learn the art of walking on the stage，dancing,singing,making-up and other proper manners，designed by the Asia TV Station.‎ ‎“It’s really a hard job for me.I won’t enter for such competition any more.Anyhow，I am quite lucky.I am also glad to have had more chance to work for the social welfare ‎ since I won the title.This time，in Shanghai，I’d love to make a deep impression on my TV audience，”said Luo Lin with a sweet smile.‎ Q：Which of the following is NOT true?‎ A.Luo Lin is a native of Shanghai.‎ B.Luo Lin moved to Hongkong with her parents.‎ C.Luo Lin won the title of Miss Asia in 1991.‎ D.Asia TV Station helped Luo Lin to become Miss Asia.‎ ‎【解析】A、C和D项都可在原文找到答案，而B项原文所给的是：taken to Hongkong可判断不是moved to Hongkong with her parents，因此选B。 ‎ ‎3、数据推算。‎ If you register both the VIEW qualification course and the Forum at the same time,you will save_______ .‎ A.$100　 B.$300　 C.$350　 D.$400 ‎ 这类题目要求学生就文章提供的数据，以及数据与文中其他信息的关系做简单计算和推断。在做此类题时：‎ ‎1.要抓住并正确理解与数据有关的信息含义。‎ ‎2.弄清众多信息中那些属于有用信息，那些属于干扰信息。‎ ‎3.不要孤立看待数字信息，而要抓住一些关键用语的意义。‎ 考点二、主题理解或写作意图推断。‎ 一、主旨阅读理解题考查的内容 ‎1.短文的标题（title,headline）； ‎2.短文或段落的主题（subject）； ‎3.中心思想(main idea)； ‎4.作者的写作目的(purpose)。‎ 二、此类题的设问方式 ‎1.What would be the best title for the text? ‎2.What does the second paragraph mainly discuss? ‎3.What is the passage mainly about? ‎4.The main purpose of announcing the above events is__________. 考点三、推理推断。‎ 推理题要求考生根据文章提供的事实和线索进行逻辑推理，推断出作者没有提到或者没有明说的事实或者可能发生的事实。这类题旨在考查学生透过词语的字面意义去理解作者的言外之意或弦外之音的能力，属于深层理解题。 此类题的设问常常包括infer,imply,suggest,conclude 等词，这类题的设问方式主要有： ‎1.We can infer from the Passage that__________. ‎2.What can be inferred from the Passage? ‎3.Which of the following can be inferred from the Passage? ‎4.It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that__________. ‎5.The author suggests in this paragraph that__________. ‎6.The writer implies that__________. ‎7.It can be inferred that__________. ‎8.It can be concluded from the Passage that__________. ‎9.On the whole,we can conclude that__________. ‎10.From the text we can conclude that__________. ‎11.After reading the Passage we may conclude that__________. ‎12.What conclusion can be drawn from the Passage? ‎13.The author is inclined to think that__________. ‎14.When the writer talks about,what he really means is that__________. ‎15.What’s the writer’s attitude/feeling towards...? ‎16.In the writer’s opinion,... 近年来，高考加大了对学生判断推理能力的考查。判断推理题要求在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，作出一定判断和推论，从而得到文章的隐含意义和深层意义。推理题所涉及的内容可能是文中某一句话，也可能是某几句话，但做题的指导思想都是以文字信息为依据，既不能做出在原文中找不到文字根据的推理，也不能根据表面文字信息做多步推理。做题时要注意题干的语言形，如According to the passage...,It can be inferred from the passage that...；It can be concluded from the passage that...等，虽然从表面上看是问有关全文的题，但实际上不用看全篇，仍然只需要根据选项中的线索找到原文中与之相关的一句话或几句话，然后得出答案。针对推理题的不同形，可以采取以下做法：1.假如题干中有具体线索，根据具体线索找到原文相关句(一句或几句话)，然后做出推理；2.假如题干中无线索，如It can be inferred from the passage that...；It can be concluded from the passage ‎ that...等，先浏览一下4个选项，排除不太可能的选项，然后根据最可能的选项中的关键词找到原文相关句，作出推理；3.如果一篇文章中其他题都未涉及文章主旨，那么推理题，如infer,conclude题型，可能与文章主旨有关，考生应该定位到文章主题所在位置(如主题句出现处)；假如其他题已经涉及文章主旨，那么要求推断出来的内容可能与段落主题有关，如果如此，应该找段落主题所在处；如果不与段落主题有关，有时与全文或段落的重要结论有关，这时可以寻找与这些结论相关的原文叙述。‎ 考点四、词义、句义猜测。‎ 词义猜测阅读理解题考查对文中关键词语的理解。在阅读理解题中，所考查的词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上，要根据语境来判断。 此类题的设问方式主要有 ‎1.The word “...”in Line...means/can be replaced by... ‎2.As used in the passage,the phrase “...”suggests... ‎3.From the passage,we can infer that the word/phrase “...” is/referred to... ‎4.The word “...” is closest in meaning to...猜词是应用英语的重要能力，也是高考中常用的题型。它不但需要准确无误地理解上下文，而且要有较大的泛读量，掌握或认识较多的课外词汇。我们要学会“顺藤摸瓜”，通过构词、语法、定义、同位、对比、因果、常识、上下文等线索确定词义。‎ ‎1.定义法。如:‎ Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly.‎ 句子给予annealing 以明确的定义，即 “退火”。‎ It will be very hard but also very brittle—that is,it will break easily.‎ 从后面的解释中我们可以了解到brittle 是“脆”的意思。‎ The herdsman,who looks after sheep，earns about 650 yuan a year.‎ 定语从句中 looks after sheep 就表明了 herdsman 的词义为“牧人”。‎ ‎2.同位法。如:‎ They traveled a long way and at last got to a castle,a large building in old times.‎ 同位语部分a large building in old times 给出了 castle 的确切词义，即“城堡”。‎ We are on the night shift—from midnight to 8 a.m.—this week.‎ 两个破折号之间的短语很清楚地表明night shift 是“夜班”的意思。‎ ‎3.对比法。如:‎ She is usually prompt for all her class,but today she arrived in the middle of her first class.‎ but一词表转折，因此but 前后的意思正相反。后半句的意思是“她今天第一节上了一半才来”，因此反向推理，可得出她平时一向“准时”的结论。‎ ‎4.构词法(前缀、后缀、复合、派生等)。如:‎ Perhaps,we can see some possibilities for next fifty years.But the next hundred?‎ possibility 是 possible 的同根名词,据此可以判断定 possibility 意思是“可能性”。‎ ‎5.因果法。如：‎ The lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken.Sometimes the weakness was permanent.So the player could never play the sport again.‎ 从后面的结果“永远不能再运动”中，可以推测 permanent 的意思为“永远的，永久”。‎ ‎【三年高考】 14、15、16高考试题及其解析 ‎2016年高考试题 ‎ 1.【2016·北京】C California Condor’s Shocking Recovery ‎ California condors are North America’s largest birds, with wing-length of up to 3 meters. In the 1980s, electrical lines and lead poisoning(铅中毒) nearly drove them to dying out. Now, electric shock training and medical treatment are helping to rescue these big birds.‎ ‎ In the late 1980s, the last few condors were taken from the wild, and there are now more than 150 flying over California and nearby Arizona, Utah and Baja in Mexico.‎ ‎ Electrical lines have been killing them off. “As they go in to rest for the night, they just don’t see the power lines,” says Bruce Rideout of San Diego Zoo. Their wings can bridge the gap between lines, resulting in electrocution(电死) if they touch two lines at once.‎ ‎ So scientists have come up with a shocking idea. Tall poles, placed in large training areas, teach the birds to stay clear of electrical lines by giving them a painful but undeadly electric shock. Before the training was introduced, 66% of set-freed condors died of electrocution. This has now dropped to 18%.‎ ‎ Lead poisonous has proved more difficult to deal with. When condors eat dead bodies of other ‎ animals containing lead, they absorb large quantities of lead. This affects their nervous systems and ability to produce baby birds, and can lead to kidney(肾) failures and death. So condors with high levels of lead are sent to Los Angeles Zoo, where they are treated with calcium EDTA, a chemical that removes lead from the blood over several days. This work is starting to pay off. The annual death rate for adult condors has dropped from 38% in 2000 to 5.4% in 2011. ‎ ‎ Rideout’s team thinks that the California condors’ average survival time in the wild is now just under eight years. “Although these measures are not effective forever, they are vital for now,” he says. “They are truly good birds that are worth every effort we put into recovering them. ”‎ ‎63.California condors attract researchers’ interest because they .‎ A.are active at night B.had to be bred in the wild C.are found on in California D.almost died out in the 1980s ‎64. Researchers have found electrical lines are .‎ A.blocking condors’ journey home ‎ B. big killers of Califorbnia condoras C. rest places for condors at night D. used to keep condors away ‎65. According to Paraghaph 5 ,lead poisoning .‎ A.makes condors too nervous to fly ‎ B. has little effect on condors’ kidneys C. can hardly be gotten rid of form condors’ blood D. makes it different for condors to produce baby birds ‎66. The passage shows that .‎ A.the average survival time of condors is satisfactory B.Rideout’s research interest lies in electric engineering C.the efforts to protect condors have brought good results D.researchers have found the final answers to the problem ‎【答案】‎ ‎63. D64. B65. D66. C ‎64. B细节理解题。根据第三段“ Electrical lines have been killing them off...Their wings can bridge the gap between lines, resulting in electrocution(电死) if they touch two lines at once.”可知，神鹰不知道停在电线上会触电身亡，它们经常停在电线上休息，结果，很多被电死了，故选B。‎ ‎65. D段落大意题。根据“This affects their nervous systems and ability to produce baby birds, and can lead to kidney(肾) failures and death”可知，金属铅会刺激神鹰神经系统，影响它们的生育能力，导致肾衰竭和死亡，故选D。‎ ‎66. C推理判断题。根据“just under eight years”可知，神鹰的平均寿命太短，排除A；根据“Although these measures are not effective forever”可知，目前采用的措施并不能永远有效，排除D；根据第六段“They are truly good birds that are worth every effort we put into recovering them.”可知，Rideout团队的研究兴趣在于怎样挽救这一濒危物种，故选C。‎ 考点：环保类短文阅读 ‎ ‎【名师点睛】‎ 推理判断题属于主观题，是层次较高的题目。它包括判断题和推理题。这两类题常常相互依存，推理是为了作出正确的判断，正确的判断又依赖于合乎逻辑的推理。此类题要求在理解表面文字的基础上，作出判断和推论，从而得到文章的隐含意思和深层意思，也就是通过文章中的文字信息、上下文的逻辑关系及事物的发展变化等已知的信息，推断出作者没有直接表达的态度和观点。 推理判断题的解题方法 ： 推理判断题不仅要求考生读懂文章中的每个句子的意思还要推理它们之间的关系，结合自己的生活常识和经验，再通过逻辑推理和判断，理解文章的言外之意，从而揭示文章的深层涵义。 任何一篇文章都有其特定的写作目的，读者需要知道如何去做或按照某种方式思考问题。推理判断题的答案不可能在文章中直接找到，因此推理时我们务必要忠于原文，在文章中寻找并确定可推论的依据，即：已知部分－推论的前提，从中推测出未知部分－推理的结论，切忌妄加评论，把自己的观点当成作者的观点。‎ ‎2.【2016·浙江】C A scientist working at her lab bench and a six-old baby playing with his food might seem to have little in common.After all,the scientist is engaged in serious research to uncover the very nature of the physical world,and the baby is,well, just playing…right?Perhaps,but some developmental psychologists have argued that this “play” is more like a scientific investigation than one might think.‎ Take a closer look at the baby playing at the table. Each time the bowl of rice is pushed over the table edge, it falls in the ground---and, in the process, it belongs out important evidence about how physical objects interact ; bowls of rice do not flood in mid-sit, but require support to remain stable. It is likely that babies are not born knowing the basic fact of the universe; nor are they ever clearly taught it. Instead, babies may form an understanding of object support through repeated experiments and then build on this knowledge to learn even more about how objects interact. Though their ranges and tools differ, the baby’s investigation and the scientist’s experiment appear to share the same aim(to learn about the natural world ), overall approach (gathering direct evidence from the world), and logic (are my observations what I expected?).‎ Some psychologists suggest that young children learn about more than just the physical world in this way---that they investigate human psychology and the rules of language using similar means. For example, it may only be through repeated experiments, evidence gathering, and finally overturning a theory, that a baby will come to accept the idea that other people can have different views and desires from what he or she has. for example, unlike the child , Mommy actually doesn’t like Dove chocolate.‎ ‎ Viewing childhood development as a scientific investigation throws on how children learn ,but it also offers an inspiring look at science and scientists. Why do young children and scientists seem to be so much alike? Psychologists have suggested that science as an effort ---the desire to explore, explain, and understand our world---is simply something that comes from our babyhood. Perhaps evolution provided human babies with curiosity and a natural drive to explain their worlds, and adult scientists simply make use of the same drive that served them as children. The same cognitive systems that make young children feel good about feel good about figuring something out may have been adopted by adult scientists. As some psychologists put it, ”It is not that children are little scientists but that scientists are big children.”‎ ‎50. According to some developmental psychologists, ‎ A. a baby’s play is nothing more than a game.‎ B. scientific research into babies; games is possible C. the nature of babies’ play has been thoroughly investigated D. a baby’s play is somehow similar to a scientist’s experiment ‎51.We learn from Paragraph 2 that ‎ A. scientists and babies seem to observe the world differently B. scientists and babies often interact with each other C. babies are born with the knowledge of object support D. babies seem to collect evidence just as scientists do ‎52. Children may learn the rules of language by ‎ A. exploring the physical world B. investigating human psychology C. repeating their own experiments D. observing their parents’ behaviors ‎53. What is themain idea of the last paragraph?‎ A. The world may be more clearly explained through children’s play.‎ B. Studying babies’ play may lead to a better understanding of science.‎ C. Children may have greater ability to figure out things than scientists.‎ D. One’s drive for scientific research may become stronger as he grows.‎ ‎54. What is the author’s tone when he discusses the connection between scientists’ research and babies’ play?‎ ‎ A. Convincing. B. Confused. C. Confidence. D. Cautious.‎ ‎【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了孩子的玩耍和科学家的研究有共同之处。‎ ‎50. 【答案】D ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：根据文章第一段的but some developmental psychologists have argued that this “play” is more like a scientific investigation than one might think，可知心理学家觉得孩子的玩耍和科学家的研究有些相似，故选D。‎ 考点：考查细节理解。‎ ‎51. 【答案】D 考点：考查细节理解。‎ ‎52. 【答案】C ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：根据文章第三段的句子For example, it may only be through repeated experiments, evidence gathering and finally overturning a theory可知孩子可以通过重复自己的实验来学习语言的规律，故选C。‎ 考点：考查细节理解。‎ ‎53. 【答案】B ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：根据最后一段的句子viewing childhood development as scientific investigation throws light on how children learn, but it also offers an inspiring look at science and scientists.可知，研究孩子可以让人们更好的了解科学，故选B。‎ 考点：考查细节理解。‎ ‎54. 【答案】D ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：根据作者在文中的用词appear to和may来弱化绝对性的表达，和通过引用其他人的观点some psychologist suggest/argue that 可知，作者的语气是谨慎的。故选D。‎ 考点：考查推理判断。‎ ‎【名师点睛】‎ 阅读理解有时理解文章的长难句是关键，理解不了这些句子很难理解文章的大意。下面我们分析一下这篇文章中的长句。‎ 句子1：It is likely that babies are not born knowing the basic fact of the universe; nor are they ever clearly taught it.‎ 这句话使用分号连接两个并列分句，前面的分句使用It is likely that这个句型，还有knowing…作伴随状语，后面的分句是nor+倒装句的结构。‎ 句意：可能孩子不是天生就知道宇宙的基本事实，他们也没有被清楚的教过。‎ 句子2：For example, it may only be through repeated experiments, evidence gathering, and finally overturning a theory, that a baby will come to accept the idea that other people can have different views and desires from what he or she has.‎ 这句话使用强调句，强调的是through repeated experiments, evidence gathering, and finally overturning a theory,这部分比较长，考生可能没有注意这个句式。主干部分中idea后面是同位语从句，from后面还有宾语从句。‎ 句意：例如，它可能只是通过反复实验，收集证据，并最终推翻一个理论，一个婴儿会接受其他人可以和他/她有不同的意见和愿望的想法。 ‎ 考点：考查说明类短文阅读 ‎3. 【2016·江苏】 B ‎ Chimps(黑猩猩) will cooperate in certain ways, like gathering in war parties to protect their territory. But beyond the minimum requirements as social beings, they have little instinct (本能) to help one another. Chimps in the wild seek food for themselves. Even chimp mothers regularly decline to share food with their children. Who are able from a young age to gather their own food.‎ ‎ In the laboratory, chimps don’t naturally share food either. If a chimp is put in a cage where he can pull in one plate of food for himself or, with no great effort, a plate that also provides food for a neighbor to the next cage, he will pull at random ---he just doesn’t care whether his neighbor gets fed or not. Chimps are truly selfish.‎ Human children, on the other hand are extremely corporative. From the earliest ages, they decide to help others, to share information and to participate a achieving common goals. The psychologist Michael Tomasello has studied this cooperativeness in a series of expensive with very young children. He finds that if babies aged 18 months see an worried adult with hands full trying to open a door, almost all will immediately try to help.‎ There are several reasons to believe that the urges to help, inform and share are not taught .but naturally possessed in young children. One is that these instincts appear at a very young age before most parents have started to train children to behave socially. Another is that the helping behaviors are not improved if the children are rewarded. A third reason is that social intelligence. Develops in children before their general cognitive（认知的）skills,at least when compared with chimps..In tests conducted by Tomtasell, the children did no better than the chimps on the physical world tests, but were considerably better at understanding the social world The cure of what children’s minds have and chimps’ don’t in what Tomasello calls what. Part of this ability is that they can infer what others know or are thinking. But that, even very young children want to be part of a shared purpose. They actively seek to be part of a “we”, a group that intends to work toward a shared goal.‎ ‎58. What can we learn from the experiment with chimps?‎ ‎ A. Chimps seldom care about others’ interests.‎ B. Chimps tend to provide food for their children.‎ C. Chimps like to take in their neighbors’ food.‎ D. Chimps naturally share food with each other.‎ ‎59. Michael Tomasello’s tests on young children indicate that they____.‎ ‎ A. have the instinct to help others B. know how to offer help to adults C. know the world better than chimps D. trust adults with their hands full ‎60. The passage is mainly about ____.‎ ‎ A. the helping behaviors of young children B. ways to train children’s shared intentionality C. cooperation as a distinctive human nature D. the development of intelligence in children ‎【答案】58.A 59.A 60.C ‎ ‎59.A 推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句He finds that if babies aged 18 months see an worried adult with hands full trying to open a door, almost all will immediately try to help.和第四段第一句There are several reasons to believe that the urges to help, inform and share are not taught .but naturally possessed in young children.可知只有18个月的孩子就知道去帮助他人，而且帮助他人的做法并不是父母亲教的，属于人类的本能。故A项正确。‎ ‎60.C 主旨大意题。本文属于科普说明文，作者从猩猩的自私行为导入到人类无私帮助他人的本能，分析了人类愿意帮助他人、愿意与他人合作的本能天性的原因。ABD都属于文章的部分内容，并非中心思想。故C项正确。‎ ‎【名师点睛】‎ 本文属于主旨大意题。本文使用了正方形写作法。即中心主题隐含在全文之中，没有明确的主题句。阅读这样的文章，就要求考生根据文章的细节来分析，概括出段落的主题，从而推导出文章的主旨。分析的方法是，先弄清该段落主要讲了哪几个方面的内容，这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系，然后加以归纳形成主题。该类型的试题则迎刃而解。‎ 注意总结性的提示词和转折词，特别要注意中心句。（自然段少的文章中心句不很明显。自然段多的文章，则比较好联系中心句，找一个和中心句最贴近的选项），文章段落的中间部分则可采用略读或扫读的方式，一则省时间，二则目标明确，正确率自然也相应提高了。掌握了找主题句或中心句的方法，就可以依据主题句或中心句归纳主题。‎ 考生要特别注意： 首段陷阱。即首段虽然貌似主题句或中心句，但却没有完整概括文章全意，或只片面地说到文章的某一个层次，或者是作者设置的几个需要读者判定的文意。这样的信息用来做主题句或中心句就会落入陷阱。以本文为例：本文的第一段只是一个导入的段落，从第一段中猩猩的自私行为导入到第三段中人类无私帮助他人的本能，分析了人类愿意帮助他人、愿意与他人合作的本能天性的原因。‎ 考点：考查科普说明文阅读 ‎ ‎4.【2016·江苏】C El Nifio, a Spanish term for “the Christ child”, was named by South American fisherman who noticed that the global weather pattern, which happens every two to seven years, reduced the amount of fishes caught around Christmas. El Nifio sees warm water, collected over several years in the western Pacific, flow back eastwards when winds that normally blow westwards weaken, or sometimes the other way round.‎ The weather effects both good and bad, are felt in many places. Rich countries gain more from powerful Nifio, on balance, than they lose. A study found that a strong Nifio in 1997 helped American’s economy grow by 15 billion, partly because of better agricultural harvest, farmers in the Midwest gained from extra rain. The total rise in agricultural in rich countries in growth than the fall in poor ones.‎ But in Indonesia extremely dry forests are in flames. A multi-year drought (干旱）in south-east Brazil is becoming worse. Though heavy rains brought about by El Nino may relieve the drought in California, they are likely to cause surface flooding and other disasters.‎ The most recent powerful Nino, in 1997-98, killed around 21,000 people and caused damage worth $36 billion around the globe. But such Ninos come with months of warning, and so much is known about how they happen that governments can prepare. According to the Overseas Development Institute (ODI), however, just 12% of disaster-relief funding in the past two decades has gone on reducing risks in advance, rather than recovery and rebuilding afterwards. This is despite evidence that a dollar spent on risk-reduction saves at least two on reconstruction.‎ Simple improvements to infrastructure (基础设施）can reduce the spread of disease. Better sewers (下水道）make it less likely that heavy rain is followed by an outbreak of the disease of bad ‎ stomach. Stronger bridges mean villages are less likely to be left without food and medicine after floods. According to a paper in 2011 by Mr Hsiang and co-authors, civil conflict is related to El Nino’s harmful effects—and the poorer the country, the stronger the link. Though the relationship may not be causal, helping divided communities to prepare for disasters would at least reduce the risk that those disasters are followed by killing and wounding people. Since the poorest are least likely to make up for their losses from disasters linked to El Nino, reducing their losses needs to be the priority.‎ ‎61. What can we learn about El Nino in Paragraph 1?‎ A. It is named after a South American fisherman.‎ B. It takes place almost every year all over the world.‎ C. It forces fishermen to stop catching fish around Christmas.‎ D. It sees the changes of water flow direction in the ocean.‎ ‎62. What may El Ninos bring about to the countries affected?‎ A. Agricultural harvests in rich countries fall.‎ B. Droughts become more harmful than floods.‎ C. Rich countries’ gains are greater than their losses.‎ D. Poor countries suffer less from droughts economically.‎ ‎63. The data provided by ODI in Paragraph 4 suggest that_________.‎ A. more investment should go to risk reduction B. governments of poor countries need more aid C. victims of El Nino deserve more compensation D. recovery and reconstruction should come first ‎64. What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage?‎ A. To introduce El Nino and its origin.‎ B. To explain the consequences of El Nino.‎ C. To show ways of fighting against El Nino.‎ D. To urge people to prepare for El Nino.‎ ‎【答案】61.D 62.C 63.A 64.D ‎ ‎62.C 细节理解题。根据第二段第二句Rich countries gain more from powerful Nifio, on balance, than they lose.可知富有国家从厄尔尼诺现象中得到的好处要大于所得到的坏处。接着在第三句中列举了1997年的厄尔尼诺给美国经济带来的好处。故C项正确。‎ ‎63.A 推理判断题。根据第四段第三句According to the Overseas Development Institute (ODI), however, just 12% of disaster-relief funding in the past two decades has gone on reducing risks in advance, rather than recovery and rebuilding afterwards.根据ODI的观点，为应对厄尔尼诺政府应该做更多的投资预防厄尔尼诺现象的危害而不是在出现问题以后再进行重新补救和恢复。故A项正确。‎ ‎64.D 目的意图题。本文主要介绍了厄尔尼诺现象对地球的影响，并告诉我们诺政府应该做更多的投资预防厄尔尼诺的危害而不是在出现问题以后再进行重新补救和恢复。再根据最后一句“Since the poorest are least likely to make up for their losses from disasters linked to El Nino, reducing their losses needs to be the priority.”各国政府要把减少损失放在优先的位置。也就是说我们要事先做好准备。故D项正确。‎ ‎【名师点睛】‎ 本文属于阅读理解中的目的意图题。作者在描述事实或传递信息时,不管他的意图是什么,其观点和态度都不可避免地在文章中反映出来｡常见的涉及到作者态度的词有褒义类词（approving, positive, optimistic,等），贬义类词(critical, pessimistic, doubtful, questioning)和中性类词(indifferent, serious, objective, concerned, neutral)。这就要求考生在阅读时应特别注意文章的措辞,尤其注意那些表达感情色彩的形容词如improving, encouraging, disappointing, fail, ignore等，以及作者对人物语言､行为和思想的描写,从中领悟作者的写作意图和态度｡  ‎ 本文最后一句Since the poorest are least likely to make up for their losses from disasters linked to El Nino, reducing their losses needs to be the priority.既然最贫穷的国家最不可能从厄尔尼诺这样的灾难中得到弥补，那么我们要把减少损失放在首要位置。从本句的措词中可以看出本文正是要敦促我们要为可能发生的厄尔尼诺做好准备。‎ 考点：考查科普说明文阅读 ‎2015年高考试题 专题16 科普类说明文 ‎1.【2015·湖北卷】D The oddness of life in space never quite goes away. Here are some examples.‎ First consider something as simple as sleep. Its position presents its own challenges. The main question is whether you want your arms inside or outside the sleeping bag. If you leave your arms out, they float free in zero gravity, often giving a sleeping astronaut the look of a funny balled （芭蕾）dancer. “I’m an inside guy,” Mike Hopkins says, who returned from a six-month tour on the International Space Station. “I like to be wrapped up.”‎ On the station, the ordinary becomes strange. The exercise bike for the American astronauts has no handlebars. It also has no seat. With no gravity, it’s just as easy to pedal violently. You can watch a movie while you pedal by floating a microcomputer anywhere you want. But station residents have to be careful about staying in one place too long. Without gravity to help circulate air, the carbon dioxide you exhale (呼气) has a tendency to form an invisible （隐形的）cloud around you head. You can end up with what astronauts call a carbon-dioxide headache.‎ Leroy Chiao, 54, an American retired astronaut after four flights, describes what happens even before you float out of your seat,”Your inner ear thinks you’re falling . Meanwhile your eyes are telling you you’re standing straight. That can be annoying—that’s why some people feel sick.” Within a couple days —truly terrible days for some —astronauts’ brains learn to ignore the panicky signals from the inner ear, and space sickness disappears.‎ Space travel can be so delightful but at the same time invisibly dangerous. For instance, astronauts lose bone mass. That’s why exercise is considered so vital that National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) puts it right on the workday schedule. The focus on fitness is as much about science and the future as it is about keeping any individual astronauts return home, and, more importantly, how to maintain strength and fitness for the two and a half years or more that it would take to make a round-trip to Mars.‎ ‎63.What is the major challenge to astronauts when they sleep in space?‎ A. Deciding on a proper sleep position B. Choosing a comfortable sleeping bag C. Seeking a way to fall asleep quickly D. Finding a right time to go to sleep.‎ ‎64.The astronauts will suffer from a carbon-dioxide headache when _____.‎ ‎ A. the y circle around on their bikes B. they use microcomputers without a stop C. they exercise in one place for a long time D. they watch a movie while pedaling ‎65.Some astronauts feel sick on the station during the first few days because _____.‎ A. their senses stop working B. they have to stand up straight C. they float out of their seats unexpectedly D. whether they are able to go back to the station ‎66.One of the NASA’s major concerns about astronauts is _____.‎ A. how much exercise they do on the station B. how they can remain healthy for long in space C. whether they can recover after returning home D. whether they are able to go back to the station ‎63.A细节理解题。根据第二段第一、二句“First consider something as simple as sleep. Its position presents its own challenges.”可知在太空睡觉时，对宇航员来说主要的挑战在于恰当的睡眠姿势。故选A项。‎ ‎64. C细节理解题。根据第三段中“But station residents have to be careful about staying in one place too long. …You can end up with what astronauts call a carbon-dioxide headache”可知宇航员在一个地方运动久了会出现碳毒性头痛。故选C项。‎ ‎65. D细节理解题。根据第四段中“Your inner ear thinks you’re failing. Meanwhile your eyes are telling you you’re standing straight. That can be annoying-that’s why some people feel sick.”可知宇航员在大脑接收到矛盾的信息时会感到恶心。故选D项。‎ ‎66. B细节理解题。根据最后一段倒数第一、二句“The focus on fitness is as much about science and the future as is about keeping any individual astronaut healthy…NASA is worried about two things :… and, more importantly, how maintain strength and fitness…”可知美国国家宇航局对宇航员主要的担心之一是如何在太空长久地保持健康。故选B项。‎ ‎【考点定位】说明文阅读 ‎ ‎【名师点睛】科普类说明文历来是高考阅读理解命题的重点，文章逻辑性强，条理清楚，主要考查学生对语篇的整体把握和领悟能力以及对特定细节的认读和处理能力。考生应注意：1.平时多读科普知识类文章，学习科普知识，积累常见的科普词汇，从根本上提高科普英语的阅读能力。2.熟悉科普类文章的结构特点。科普类文章一般由标题（高考题中一般不给出标题）、导语、背景、主体和结尾五部分构成。导语一般位于整篇文章的首段。背景交待一个事实的起因。主体则对导语概括的事实进行详细叙述，这部分是命题的重点，考生应该重点把握。结尾往往也是中心思想的概括，并与导语相呼应，命题者常在此要设计一道推理判断题。3. 在进行推理判断时，考生一定要以阅读材料所提供的科学事实为依据，同时所得出的结论还应符合基本的科普常识。‎ ‎2.【2015·北京卷】C Life in the Clear ‎ Transparent animals let light pass through their bodies the same way light passes through a window. These animals typically live between the surface of the ocean and a depth of about 3,300 feet—as far as most light can reach. Most of them are extremely delicate and can be damaged by a simple touch. Sonke Johnsen, a scientist in biology, says, “These animals live through their life alone. They never touch anything unless they’re eating it, or unless something is eating them.”‎ ‎ And they are as clear as glass. How does an animal become see-through? It’s trickier than you might think.‎ ‎ The objects around you are visible because they interact with light. Light typically travels in a straight line. But some materials slow and scatter(散射) light, bouncing it away from its original path. Others absorb light, stopping it dead in its tracks. Both scattering and absorption make an object look different from other objects around it, so you can see it easily.‎ ‎ But a transparent object doesn’t absorb or scatter light, at least not very much, Light can pass through it without bending or stopping. That means a transparent object doesn’t look very different from the surrounding air or water. You don’t see it ----you see the things behind it.‎ ‎ To become transparent, an animal needs to keep its body from absorbing or scattering light. Living materials can stop light because they contain pigments(色素) that absorb specific colors of light. But a transparent animal doesn’t have pigments, so its tissues won’t absorb light. According to Johnsen, avoiding absorption is actually easy. The real challenge is preventing light from scattering.‎ Animals are built of many different materials----skin, fat, and more----and light moves through each at a different speed. Every time light moves into a material with a new speed, it bends and scatters.‎ ‎ Transparent animals use different tricks to fight scattering. Some animals are simply very small or extremely flat. Without much tissue to scatter light, it is easier to be see—through. Others build a large, clear mass of non-living jelly-lie(果冻状的)material and spread themselves over it .‎ ‎ Larger transparent animals have the biggest challenge, because they have to make all the different tissues in their bodies slow down light exactly as much as water does. They need to look uniform. But how they’re doing it is still unknown. One thing is clear for these larger animals, staying transparent is an active process. When they die, they turn a non-transparent milky white.‎ ‎63. According to Paragraph 1, transparent animals_______.‎ ‎ A. stay in groups B. can be easily damaged ‎ C. appear only in deep ocean D. are beautiful creatures ‎64. The underlined word “dead” in Paragraph 3 means__________.‎ ‎ A. silently B. gradually ‎ C. regularly D. completely ‎65. One way for an animal to become transparent is to ________.‎ ‎ A. change the direction of light travel ‎ ‎ B. gather materials to scatter light.‎ ‎ C. avoid the absorption of light ‎ D. grow bigger to stop light.‎ ‎66. The last paragraph tells us that larger transparent animals________.‎ ‎ A. move more slowly in deep water ‎ B. stay see-through even after death ‎ C. produce more tissues for their survival ‎ D. take effective action to reduce light spreading ‎64.D 词义猜测题。该词出现在文章第三段第三行。前文提到了：你能看到的物体一种是对光线进行了散射；而另外一种是对光线的吸收。既然吸收了，那在光的传播过程中就完全阻止了，因此这里dead是完全的意思。故选D。‎ ‎65.C 推理判断题。根据第五段第一句To become transparent, an animal needs to keep its body from absorbing or scattering ‎ light。可知，想变透明就要避免散射或吸收光线，因此其中的一个方法是C选项，避免光线的吸收。故选C。‎ ‎66.D 推理判断题。根据最后一段第一句中的make all the different tissues in their bodies slow down light exactly as much as water does可以推断出D为正确答案。其中slowdown对应reduce。故选D。‎ ‎【考点定位】科技类说明文 ‎【名师点睛】做科技类说明文时，考生应能：理解语篇主旨要义，理解文中具体信息，根据上下文提供的线索推测生词的词义，根据文中事实和线索作出简单的判断和推理。此次出现了新型科技类说明文。往年科技类说明文的阅读难点在于专业类词汇，但是今年的“新型耳机”在问题设置上难度不大，属于文章难但题目不难的题目。所以要理解好文章做好此题就不是难题。‎ ‎3.【2015·江苏】B In the United States alone, over 100 million cell-phones are thrown away each year. Cell-phones are part of a growing mountain of electronic waste like computers and personal digital assistants. The electronic waste stream is increasing three times faster than traditional garbage as a whole.‎ Electronic devices contain valuable metals such as gold and silver. A Swiss study reported that while the weight of electronic goods represented by precious metals was relatively small in comparison to total waste, the concentration (含量) of gold and other precious metals was higher in So-called e-waste than in naturally occurring minerals.‎ Electronic wastes also contain many poisonous metals. Even when the machines are recycled and the harmful metals removed, the recycling process often is carried out in poor countries, in practically uncontrolled ways which allow many poisonous substances to escape into the environment.‎ Creating products out of raw materials creates much more waste material, up to 100 times more, than the material contained in the finished products. Consider again the cell-phone, and imagine the mines that produced those metals, the factories needed to make the box and packaging(包装) it came in. Many wastes produced in the producing process are harmful as well.‎ The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency notes that most waste is dangerous in that “the production, distribution, and use of products — as well as management of the resulting waste — all result in greenhouse gas release.” Individuals can reduce their contribution by creating less waste at the start — for instance, buying reusable products and recycling.‎ In many countries the concept of extended producer responsibility is being considered or has been put in place as an incentive (动机) for reducing waste. If producers are required to take back packaging they use to sell their products, would they reduce the packaging in the first place?‎ Governments’ incentive to require producers to take responsibility for the packaging they produce is usually based on money. Why, they ask, should cities or towns be responsible for paying to deal with the bubble wrap (气泡垫) that encased your television?‎ From the governments’ point of view, a primary goal of laws requiring extended producer responsibility is to transfer both the costs and the physical responsibility of waste management from the government and tax-payers back to the producers.‎ ‎58.By mentioning the Swiss study, the author intends to tell us that _________ .‎ A. the weight of e-goods is rather small B. E-waste deserves to be made good use of C. natural minerals contain more precious metals D. the percentage of precious metals is heavy in e-waste ‎59.The responsibility of e-waste treatment should be extended _________ .‎ A. from producers to governments ‎ B. from governments to producers C. from individuals to distributors ‎ D. from distributors to governments ‎60. What does the passage mainly talk about?‎ A. The increase in e-waste. ‎ B. The creation of e-waste.‎ C. The seriousness of e-waste. ‎ D. The management of e-waste.‎ ‎59.B细节理解题。文章第六、七、八三段围绕“生产者责任延伸”展开的，最后一段做了总结， 根据“a primary goal of laws requiring extended producer responsibility is to transfer both the costs and the physical responsibility of waste management from the government and tax-payers back to the producers ”可知B项正确，是对该句的同义压缩。故选B项。‎ ‎60.D主旨大意题。纵观全文，文章先描述了废弃电子产品被随意丢弃这一现象，接着指出电子垃圾的可以用价值和潜在风险，主要是由于对废弃电子产品的管理不善造成的，最后呼吁政府和生产商对此承担一定的责任。故选D项。‎ ‎【考点定位】科普说明文阅读 ‎【名师点睛】科普类文章逻辑性强，条理清楚，主要考查学生对语篇的整体把握和领悟能力以及对特定细节的理解和推理能力。文章选材时代气息浓厚，与经济、科技的发展和变化密切相关。考生应注意：1.平时多读科普知识类文章，学习科普知识，积累常见的科普词汇，从根本上提高科普英语的阅读能力。2.熟悉科普类文章的结构特点。科普类文章一般由标题（高考题中一般不给出标题）、导语、背景、主体和结尾五部分构成。导语一般位于整篇文章的首段。背景交待一个事实的起因。主体则对导语概括的事实进行详细叙述，这部分是命题的重点，考生应该重点把握。结尾往往也是中心思想的概括，并与导语相呼应，命题者常在此要设计一道推理判断题。3. 在进行推理判断时，考生一定要以阅读材料所提供的科学事实为依据，同时所得出的结论还应符合基本的科普常识。‎ ‎4.C Suppose you become a leader in an organization. It’s very likely that you’ll want to have volunteers to help with the organization’s activities. To do so, it should help to understand why people undertake volunteer work and what keeps their interest in the work.‎ Let’s begin with the question of why people volunteer. Researchers have identified several factors that motivate people to get involved. For example, people volunteer to express personal values related to unselfishness, to expand their range of experiences, and to strengthen social relationships. If volunteer positions do not meet these needs, people may not wish to participate. To select volunteers, you may need to understand the motivations of the people you wish to attract.‎ People also volunteer because they are required to do so. To increase levels of community service, some schools have launched compulsory volunteer programs. Unfortunately, these programs can shift people’s wish of participation from an internal factor (e.g., “I volunteer because it’s important to me”) to an external factor (e.g., “I volunteer because I’m required to do so”). When that happens, people become less likely to volunteer in the future. People must be sensitive to this possibility when they make volunteer activities a must.‎ Once people begin to volunteer, what leads them to remain in their positions over time? To answer this question, researchers have conducted follow-up studies in which they track volunteers over time. For instance, one study followed 238 volunteers in Florida over a year. One of the most important factors that influenced their satisfaction as volunteers was the amount of suffering they ‎ experienced in their volunteer positions. Although this result may not surprise you, it leads to important practical advice. The researchers note that attention should be given to “training methods that would prepare volunteers for troublesome situations or provide them with strategies for coping with the problem they do experience”.‎ Another study of 302 volunteers at hospitals in Chicago focused on individual differences in the degree to which people view “volunteer” as an important social role. It was assumed that those people for whom the role of volunteer was most part of their personal identity would also be most likely to continue volunteer work. Participants indicated the degree to which the social role mattered by responding to statements such as “Volunteering in Hospital is an important part of who I am.” Consistent with the researchers’ expectations, they found a positive correlation (正相关) between the strength of role identity and the length of time people continued to volunteer. These results, once again, lead to concrete advice: “Once an individual begins volunteering, continued efforts might focus on developing a volunteer role identity.... Items like T-shirts that allow volunteers to be recognized publicly for their contributions can help strengthen role identity”.‎ ‎61.People volunteer mainly out of ______ .‎ A. academic requirements B. social expectations C. financial rewards D. internal needs ‎62.What can we learn from the Florida study?‎ A. Follow-up studies should last for one year. B. Volunteers should get mentally prepared.‎ C. Strategy training is a must in research. D. Volunteers are provided with concrete advice.‎ ‎63.What is most likely to motivate volunteers to continue their work?‎ A. Individual differences in role identity. B. Publicly identifiable volunteer T-shirts.‎ C. Role identity as a volunteer. D. Practical advice from researchers.‎ ‎64.What is the best title of the passage?‎ A. How to Get People to Volunteer B. How to Study Volunteer Behaviors C. How to Keep Volunteers’ Interest D. How to Organize Volunteer Activities ‎62．B推理判断题。根据第四段最后一句中“training methods that would prepare volunteers for troublesome situations or provide them with strategies for coping with the problem they do experience”可知志愿者应该从心理上做好充分的准备。故选B项。‎ ‎63.C细节理解题。根据第五段第二句中“those people for whom the role of volunteer was most part of their personal identity would also be most likely to continue volunteer work”可知志愿者身份认同会激励他们继续从事志愿者工作。故选C项。‎ ‎64.A标题归纳题。文章首段提出假设：假如你是一名组织领导人，很想得到志愿者的帮助。并指出在此之前，必须弄清志愿者为什么自发地去服务社会，并通过3个实验研究志愿者的意图。因此A项（如何使人们从事志愿者服务）是文章的最佳标题。‎ ‎【考点定位】议论文阅读 ‎【名师点睛】议论说理类文章具有以下特点：1．一般按提出问题、分析问题、解决问题的方法写作。作者一般从日常生活中的热点问题、社会上的重大问题、与读者息息相关的问题入手，即提出问题。然后，分析利弊，举例说明，推理判断，即分析问题。最后，阐述观点，提出办法，即解决问题。2．以作者的观点或情感为核心，对细节推理等方面进行考查。3．文章的主题一般是生活中的热点问题、重大问题或与生活息息相关的问题等。考生应注意抓住作者提出的观点、给出的例证及最后得出的结论。同时，理清作为论据的诸多事例和理由之间以及它们和观点/结论之间的内在联系，把握文章的结构。‎ ‎5.【2015·广东】C Daniel Anderson, a famous psychologist, believes it’s important to distinguish television’s influences on children from those of the family. We tend to blame TV, he says, for problems it doesn’t really cause, overlooking our own roles in shaping children’s minds.‎ One traditional belief about television is that it reduces a child’s ability to think and to understand the world. While watching TV, children do not merely absorb words and images (影像). Instead, they learn both explicit and hidden meanings from what they see. Actually, children learn early the psychology of characters in TV shows. Furthermore, as many teachers agree, children understand far more when parents watch TV with them, explaining new words and ideas. Yet, most ‎ parents use an educational program as a chance to park their kids in front of the set and do something in another room.‎ Another argument against television is that it replaces reading as a form of entertainment. But according to Anderson, the amount of time spent watching television is not related to reading ability. TV doesn’t take the place of reading for most children; it takes the place of similar sorts of recreation, such as listening to the radio and playing sports. Things like parents’ educational background have a stronger influence on a child’s reading. “A child’s reading ability is best predicted by how much a parent reads.” Anderson says.‎ Traditional wisdom also has it that heavy television-watching lowers IQ (智商) scores and affects school performance. But here, too, Anderson notes that no studies have proved it. In fact, research suggests that it’s the other way around. “If you’re smart young, you’ll watch less TV when you’re older,” Anderson says. Yet, people of lower IQ tend to be lifelong television viewers.‎ For years researchers have attempted to show that television is dangerous to children. However, by showing that television promotes none of the dangerous effects as conventionally believed, Anderson suggests that television cannot be condemned without considering other influences.‎ ‎36. By watching TV, children learn _________.‎ A. images through words B. more than explicit meanings C. more about images than words D. little about people’s psychology ‎37. An educational program is best watched by a child _________.‎ A. on his own B. with other kids C. with his parents D. with his teachers ‎38. Which of the following is most related to children’s reading ability?‎ A. Radio-listening B. Television-watching C. Parents’ reading list D. Parents’ educational background ‎39. Anderson believed that _________.‎ A. the more a child watches TV, the smarter he is B. the younger a child is, the more he watches TV C. the smarter a child is, the less likely he gets addicted to TV D. the less a child watches TV, the better he performs at school ‎40. What is the main purpose of the passage?‎ A. To advise on the educational use of TV.‎ B. To describe TV’s harmful effects on children.‎ C. To explain traditional views on TV influences.‎ D. To present Anderson’s unconventional ideas.‎ ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：本文叙述著名心理学家Daniel Anderson对孩子们看电视的看法，打破了以往人们认为看电视对孩子不好的想法。他认为孩子们看电视不知学到显现出来的东西；父母陪孩子看电视，孩子可以学到更多知识；孩子看电视并没有代替孩子阅读，并没有影响孩子的智商。‎ ‎36. B细节理解题。根据第二段的Instead, they learn both explicit and hidden meanings from what they see.可知孩子们通过看电视，可以学到显性和隐藏的意义，因此不仅仅学到隐藏的意思。故选B。‎ ‎37. C推理判断题。根据第二段的Furthermore, as many teachers agree, children understand far more when parents watch TV with them“孩子们有父母陪着看电视理解的更多”，故推断教育节目最好是父母陪着孩子看。故选C。‎ ‎38. D细节理解题。根据第三段的Things like parents’ educational background have a stronger influence on a child’s reading.可知父母的教育背景对孩子的阅读有很强的影响。故选D。‎ ‎【考点定位】 教育类短文阅读。‎ ‎【名师点睛】本文侧重考查学生的细节理解能力。问题设置巧妙，根据题干要求，学生自己阅读，就能在文中找到答案。尤其第40题，充分考查了学生的语篇理解能力。同时，这篇短文提出的一种与常规不一样的看法，看电视对孩子是有好处的。‎ ‎6.【2015·陕西】C The production of coffee beans is a huge, profitable business, but, unfortunately, full-sun ‎ production is taking over the industry and bringing about a lot of damage. The change in how coffee is grown from shade-grown production to full-sun production endangers the very existence of, certain animals and birds, and even disturbs the world’s ecological balance.‎ On a local level, the damage of the forest required by full-sun fields affects the area’s birds and animals. The shade of the forest trees provides a home for birds and other special(物种) that depend on the trees’ flowers and fruits. Full-sun coffee growers destroy this forest home. As a result, many special are quickly dying out.‎ On a more global level, the destruction of the rainforest for full-sun coffee fields also threatens(威胁)human life. Medical research often makes use of the forests' plant and animal life, and the destruction of such species could prevent researchers from finding cures for certain diseases. In addition, new coffee-growing techniques are poisoning the water locally, and eventually the world's groundwater.‎ Both locally and globally, the continued spread of full-sun coffee plantations (种植园)could mean the destruction of the rainforest ecology. The loss of shade trees is already causing a slight change in the world's climate, and studies show that loss of oxygen-giving trees also leads to air pollution and global warming. Moreover, the new growing techniques are contributing to acidic(酸性的) soil conditions.‎ It is obvious that the way much coffee is grown affects many aspects many aspects of life, from the local environment to the global ecology. But consumers do have a choice. They can purchase shade-grown coffee whenever possible, although at a higher cost. The future health of the planet and mankind is surely worth more than an inexpensive cup of coffee.‎ ‎54. What can we learn about full-sun coffee production from Paragraph 4?‎ A. It limits the spread of new growing techniques.‎ B. It leads to air pollution and global warming.‎ C. It slows down the loss of shade trees.‎ D. It improves local soil conditions.‎ ‎55. The purpose of the text is to .‎ A. entertain B. advertise C. instruct D. persuade ‎56. Where does this text probably come from ?‎ A. An agricultural magazine.‎ B. A medical journal.‎ C. An engineering textbook.‎ D. A tourist guide.‎ ‎57.Which of the following shows the structure of the whole text?‎ ‎【解析】‎ ‎55.写作意图题。根据文章最后一段的句子：But consumers do have a choice. They can purchase shade-grown coffee whenever possible, although at a higher cost.可知作者的意图是劝说人们购买阴凉处种植的咖啡，这样对环境是有好处的，故选D。‎ ‎56.推理判断题。文章介绍阳光充足的咖啡生产会带来的破坏，应该是出自一本农业杂志，故选A。‎ ‎57.文章结构题。文章第一段介绍阳光充足的咖啡生产的话题，二、三、四段介绍了阳光充足的咖啡生产带来的破坏，第五段说服人们去购买对环境有利的阴凉处种植的咖啡，所以是总分总的结构，故选A。‎ ‎【考点定位】环保类阅读理解 ‎ ‎【名师点睛】这篇文章内容不是学生非常熟悉的，但是篇幅适中。考查比较全面，除了抓住主旨，理解细节题，还需要适当的推理，如：判断文章的出处，作者的意图，文章的结构。这些不是某个句子可以体现的，要对文章有整体把握。‎ ‎7.【2015·四川】D Their cheery song brightens many a winter's day. But robins are in danger of wearing themselves out by singing too much. Robins are singing all night一as well as during the day, British-based researchers say.‎ ‎ David Dominoni, of Glasgow University, said that light from street lamps, takeaway signs and homes is affecting the birds' biological clocks, leading to them being wide awake when they should be asleep.‎ ‎ Dr Dominoni, who is putting cameras inside nesting boxes to track sleeping patterns, said lack of sleep could put the birds’ health at risk. His study shows that when robins are exposed to light at night in the lab, it leads to some genes being active at the wrong time of day. And the more birds are exposed to light, the more active they are at night.‎ He told people at a conference, "There have been a couple of studies suggesting they are increasing their song output at night and during the day they are still singing. Singing is a costly behaviour and it takes energy. So by increasing their song output, there might be some costs of energy."‎ And it is not just robins that are being kept awake by artificial light. Blackbirds and seagulls are also being more nocturnal. Dr Dominoni said, "In Glasgow where I live, gulls are a serious problem. I have people coming to me saying `You are the bird expert. Can you help us kill these gulls?'.During the breeding(繁殖)season, between April and June, they are very active at night and very noisy and people can't sleep."‎ Although Dr Dominoni has only studied light pollution, other research concluded that robins living in noisy cities have started to sing at night to make themselves heard over loud noise.‎ However, some birds thrive(兴旺)in noisy environments. A study from California Polytechnic University found more hummingbirds in areas with heavy industrial machinery. It is thought that they are capitalising on their predators(天敌)fleeing to quieter areas.‎ ‎42.According to Dr Dominoni's study, what cause robins to sing so much?‎ ‎ A. The breeding season. B. The light in modern life ‎ C. The dangerous environment. D. The noise from heavy machinery.‎ ‎43.What is the researchers' concern over the increase of birds' song output?‎ ‎ A. The environment might be polluted.‎ ‎ B. The birds' health might be damaged.‎ ‎ C. The industry cost might be increased.‎ ‎ D. The people's hearing might be affected.‎ ‎44.What does the underlined word "nocturnal" in Paragraph 5 mean?‎ ‎ A. Active at night. B. Inactive at night.‎ ‎ C. Active during the day. D. Inactive during the day.‎ ‎45.Why do some birds thrive in noisy environments?‎ ‎ A. Because there are fewer dangers.‎ ‎ B. Because there is more food to eat.‎ C. Because there is less light pollution D. Because there are more places to take shelter.‎ ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：本文主要介绍了一项研究调查的结果，由于人类制造的光线问题，越来越多的鸟类如知更鸟在晚上也会唱歌，这极大地影响了鸟的健康。‎ ‎42.B 细节理解题。根据文章第二段的David Dominoni, of Glasgow University, said that light from street lamps, take away signs and homes is affecting the birds' biological clock, leading to them being wide awake可知选择B。‎ ‎43.B 细节理解题。根据文章Singing is a costly behaviour and it takes energy. So by increasing their song output, there might be some costs of energy."可知，唱歌唱得越多，就会损耗更多的能量，故选择B。‎ ‎44.A 词义辨析题。根据上文的And it is not just robins that are being kept awake by artificial light. Blackbirds and seagulls are also being可知乌鸦和海鸥情况也一样，也就是说这两种鸟晚上也唱歌，故选择A，指晚上很兴奋。‎ ‎45.A 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段的It is thought that they are capitalising on their predators(天敌)fleeing to quieter areas.可知，它们的天敌都去了安静的地方，故选择A，指在这些工业区，天敌更少，也就是危险更少。‎ ‎【考点定位】 考查说明文阅读 ‎【名师点睛】本篇文章考查了科普说明文的阅读。科普说明文是高考阅读理解中的重点与难点。在阅读此类文章时，考生会觉得篇幅长、生词多、逻辑性强、长句多、话题陌生且枯燥，表达方式专业化。因此，要求考生要掌握相对的解题技巧与能力。在读此类文章时，要弄清文章的主题，本文主题为人造光影响了鸟类的生物钟，使得它们晚上还在歌唱，影响了鸟类的健康。在设题时，此类文章常考词义辨析题，如，要求考生要从上文的具体现象中概括出生词词义。‎ ‎8.【2015·四川】E No one is sure how the ancient Egyptians built the pyramids near Cairo. But a new study suggests they used a little rock‘n’roll. Long-ago builders could have attached wooden pole s to the stones and rolled then across the sand, the scientists say.‎ ‎“Technically, I think what they’re proposing is possible,” physicist Daniel Bonn said.‎ People have long puzzled over how the Egyptians moved such huge rocks. And there’s no obvious answer. On average, each of the two million big stones weighed about as much as a large pickup truck. The Egyptians somehow moved the stone blocks to the pyramid site from about one kilometer away.‎ The most popular view is that Egyptian workers slid the blocks along smooth paths. Many scientists suspect workers first would have put the blocks on sleds(滑板). Then they would have dragged them along paths. To make the work easier, workers may have lubricated the paths either with wet clay or with the fat from cattle. Bonn has now tested this idea by building small sleds and dragging heavy objects over sand.‎ Evidence from the sand supports this idea. Researchers found small amounts of fat, as well as a large amount of stone and the remains of paths.‎ However, physicist Joseph West thinks there might have been a simpler way , who led the new study . West said , “I was inspired while watching a television program showing how sleds might have helped with pyramid construction . I thought , ‘Why don’t they just try rolling the things?’ “A square could be turned into a rough sort of wheel by attaching wooden poles to its sides , he realized . That , he notes , should make a block of stone” a lot easier to roll than a square”.‎ So he tried it.‎ He and his students tied some poles to each of four sides of a 30-kilogram stone block. That action turned the block into somewhat a wheel. Then they placed the block on the ground.‎ They wrapped one end of a rope around the block and pulled. The researchers found they could easily roll the block along different kinds of paths. They calculated that rolling the block required about as much force as moving it along a slippery(滑的)path.‎ West hasn’t tested his idea on larger blocks, but he thinks rolling has clear advantages over sliding. At least, workers wouldn’t have needed to carry cattle fat or water to smooth the paths.‎ ‎46.It’s widely believed that the stone blocks were moved to the pyramid site by ______.‎ A. rolling them on roads B. pushing them over the sand C. sliding them on smooth paths D. dragging them on some poles ‎47.The underlined part “lubricated the paths” in Paragraph 4 means____.‎ A. made the path wet B. made the path hard C. made the path wide D. made the path slippery ‎48.What does the underlined word “it”in Paragraph 7 refer to?‎ A. Rolling the blocks with poles attached.‎ B. Rolling the blocks on wooden wheels.‎ C. Rolling poles to move the blocks.‎ D. Rolling the blocks with fat.‎ ‎49.Why is rolling better than sliding according to West ?‎ ‎ A. Because more force is needed for sliding.‎ ‎ B. Because rolling work can be done by fewer cattle.‎ ‎ C. Because sliding on smooth road is more dangerous.‎ ‎ D. Because less preparation on path is needed for rolling.‎ ‎50.What is the text mainly about ?‎ ‎ A. An experiment on ways of moving blocks to the pyramid site.‎ ‎ B. An application of the method of moving blocks to the pyramid site.‎ ‎ C. An argument about different methods of moving blocks to the pyramid site.‎ ‎ D. An introduction to a possible new way of moving blocks to the pyramid site.‎ ‎47.D 词义猜测题。根据第四段的To make the work easier,以及下文的either with wet clay or with the fat from cattle.可知，这样做是为了让路更加平滑，故选择D。‎ ‎48.A 词义猜测题。这是考查指代词的指代内容，由于是指代词，可知内容应该在上文，根据第六段的内容可知，选择A，意为把杆绑在石块上，然后滚动石块。‎ ‎49.D 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段的workers wouldn’t have needed to carry cattle fat or water to smooth the paths.可知，滚动石块不需要有准备工作，故选择D。‎ ‎50.D 主旨大意题。根据文章内容可知，文章主要讲述了一种新的把石块移动到金字塔地址的方法，故选择D。‎ ‎【考点定位】 考查说明文阅读 ‎【名师点睛】本篇文章考查了科普说明文的阅读。科普说明文是高考阅读理解中的重点与难点。在阅读此类文章时，考生会觉得篇幅长、生词多、逻辑性强、长句多、话题陌生且枯燥，表达方式专业化。因此，要求考生要掌握相对的解题技巧与能力。设题时，常会考查生词词义判断题，如要求考生从上下文理解中概括出生词词义。以及代词指代判断题，如，此类试题常以it、them等代词为命题特色，要求考生推断其指代对象。通常在上文出现。‎ ‎9.【2015·天津】B Whether in the home or the workplace, social robots are going to become a lot more common in the next few years. Social robots are about to bring technology to the everyday world in a more humanized way, said Cynthia Breazeal, chief scientist at the robot company Jibo. ‎ While household robots today do the normal housework, social robots will be much more like companions than mere tools. For example, these robots will be able to distinguish when someone is happy or sad. This allows them to respond more appropriately to the user.‎ The Jibo robot, arranged to ship later this year, is designed to be a personalized assistant. You can talk to the robot, ask it questions, and make requests for it to perform different tasks. The robot doesn’t just deliver general answers to questions; it responds based on what it learns about each individual in the household. It can do things such as reminding an elderly family member to take medicine or taking family photos.‎ Social robots are not just finding their way into the home. They have potential applications in everything from education to health care and are already finding their way into some of these spaces.‎ Fellow Robots is one company bringing social robots to the market. The company’s “Oshbot” robot is built to assist customers in a store, which can help the customers find items and help guide them to the product’s location in the store. It can also speak different languages and make recommendations for different items based on what the customer is shopping for.‎ The more interaction the robot has with humans, the more it learns. But Oshbot, like other ‎ social robots, is not intended to replace workers, but to work alongside other employees. “We have technologies to train social robots to do things not for us, but with us,” said Breazeal.‎ ‎41. How are social robots different from household robots?‎ ‎ A. They can control their emotions. B. They are more like humans.‎ C. They do the normal housework. D. They respond to users more slowly.‎ ‎42. What can a Jibo robot do according to Paragraph 3?‎ A. Communicate with you and perform operations.‎ B. Answer your questions and make requests.‎ C. Take your family pictures and deliver milk.‎ D. Obey your orders and remind you to take pills.‎ ‎43. What can Oshbot work as?‎ A. A language teacher. B. A tour guide.‎ C. A shop assistant. D. A private nurse.‎ ‎44. We can learn from the last paragraph that social robots will ______. ‎ A. train employees B. be our workmates ‎ C. improve technologies D. take the place of workers ‎45. What does the passage mainly present?‎ A. A new design idea of household robots.‎ B. Marketing strategies for social robots.‎ C. Information on household robots.‎ D. An introduction to social robots.‎ ‎43. C 细节理解题。根据第三段You can talk to the robot, ask it questions, and make requests for it to perform different tasks.和It can do things such as reminding an elderly family member to take medicine or taking family photos.可知此机器人可以解答问题且可以提醒家庭成员服药和拍照片。选C。‎ ‎44. B 推理判断题。根据最后一段Breazeal 的话“We have technologies to train social robots to do ‎ things not for us, but with us”可以推断出社会机器人可以和我们一起做事情。故选B。‎ ‎45. D 主旨大意题。根据全文内容可知，文章主要介绍了社会机器人的功能与作用。故选D。‎ ‎【考点定位】科技类短文阅读 ‎ ‎【名师点睛】本文是一篇科技类短文阅读，整体难度中等偏易，多数考查细节理解题，只需通过关键词定位可得出答案。倒数第二题需要稍加推理才能判断出答案，最后一题是对文章的主旨大意的考查，考生做题时尤其注意切切不能以偏概全，干扰选择项要多回到原文的原句反复斟酌。‎ ‎10.【2015·浙江】C If humans were truly at home under the light of the moon and stars，we would go in darkness happily，the midnight world as visible to us as it is to the vast number of nocturnal(夜间活动的) species on this planet. Instead，we are diurnal creatures, with eyes adapted to living in the sun’s light. This is a basic evolutionary fact, even though most of us don’t think of ourselves as diurnal beings. Yet it’s the only way to explain what we’ve done to the night: We’ve engineered it to receive us by filling it with light. ‎ The benefits of this kind of engineering come with consequences 一 called light pollution 一 whose effects scientists are only now beginning to study. Light pollution is largely the result of bad lighting design，which allows artificial light to shine outward and upward into the sky. III-designed lighting washes out the darkness of night and completely changes the light levels 一 and light rhythms — to which many forms of life, including, ourselves, have adapted. Wherever human light spills into the natural world, some aspect or life is affected . ‎ In most cities the sky looks as though it has been emptied of stars, leaving behind a vacant haze(霾) that mirrors our fear of the dark. We’ve grown so used to this orange haze that the original glory of an unlit nigh, - dark enough for the planet Venus to throw shadow on Earth, is wholly beyond our experience, beyond memory almost.‎ We’ve lit up the night as if it were an unoccupied country, when nothing could be further form the truth. Among mammals alone, the number of nocturnal species is astonishing, Light is a powerful biological force, and on many species it acts as a magnet(磁铁). The effect is so powerful that scientists speak of songbirds and seabirds being “captured” by searchlights on land or by the light from gas flares on marine oil platforms. Migrating at night, birds tend to collide with brightly lit tall buildings.‎ Frogs living near brightly lit highways suffer nocturnal light levels that are as much as a million times righter than normal, throwing nearly every aspect of their behavior out of joint including most ‎ other creatures ,we do need darkness .Darkness is as essential to our biological welfare, to our internal clockwork, as light itself.‎ Living in a glare of our making,we have cut ourselves off from our evolutionary and cultural heritage—the light of the stars and the rhythms of day and night .In a very real sense light pollution causes us to lose sight of our true place in the universe, to forget the scale of our being, which is best measured against the dimensions of a deep night with the Milky Way—the edge of our galaxy arching overhead.‎ ‎50. According to the passage, human being .‎ A. prefer to live in the darkness B. are used to living in the day light ‎ C. were curious about the midnight world ‎ D. had to stay at home with the light of the moon ‎51. What does “it”(Paragraph 1) most probably refer to?‎ A. The night. B. The moon C. The sky D. The planet ‎52. The writer mentions birds and frogs to .‎ A. provide examples of animal protection B. show how light pollution affects animals ‎ C. compare the living habits of both species ‎ D. explain why the number of certain species has declined ‎ ‎53. It is implied in the last paragraph that . ‎ A. light pollution dose harm to the eyesight of animals B. light pollution has destroyed some of the world heritages C. human beings cannot go to the outer space ‎ D. human beings should reflect on their position in the universe ‎54. What might be the best title for the passage?‎ A. The Magic light. B. The Orange Haze.‎ C. The Disappearing Night. D. The Rhythms of Nature.‎ ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：文章介绍了光污染对于动物和人类的影响，呼吁我们反思我们的行为。‎ ‎50. B 细节理解题 根据第一段第三行“ with eyes adapted to living in the sun’s light眼睛适应了太阳的光线” 可以知道答案。其中adapted to 和used to 同义，意为习惯于。‎ ‎51. A 猜词题，对于这种指代的题目，往往答案是最接近它的一个。‎ 根据这种原则，不能得出答案是night 夜晚。最后一句话的句意是：但是这是唯一的方法去解释我们对于夜晚做了什么：我们设计了光，让光充满星空。‎ ‎52. B 写作目的题 根据第二段第一句话” The benefits of this kind of engineering come with consequences 这项工程带来好处的同时也带来了坏处“和最后一句，“Wherever human light spills into the natural world, some aspect of life is affected“, 此句意为无论光洒在什么地方，生活都会受到一些影响。 所以答案是show how light pollution affects animals说明光污染影响的动物 ‎53. D 推理题，最后一段的意思是” Living in a glare of our making ,we have cut ourselves off from our evolutionary and cultural heritage—the light of the stars and the rhythms of day and night .In a very real sense light pollution causes us to lose sight of our true place in the universe, to forget the scale of our being, which is best measured against the dimensions of a deep night with the Milky Way—the edge of our galaxy arching overhead.生活在一个刺眼世界，我们已经远离了进化和文化遗产：星星和昼夜节律的光。在一个非常真实的意义上，光污染使我们在宇宙中失去真我，而这些失去的正好就是最好的测量银河系银河深夜的工具。“ 根据语意，不难得出答案是D. human beings should reflect on their position in the universe人类应该反思自己的行为。但此题易错选B，之所以不选B是因为some of 的表达是扩大了说法，以偏概全。‎ ‎【考点定位】这是一篇夹叙夹议的文章 ‎【名师点睛】对于这种文章，一定要读懂作者的观点是什么？留意作者看法的用词，即是文章所使用的形容词是支持还是反对。尤其要读懂第一段的内容，因为往往开头是陈述作者观点的地方。如第一段“If humans were truly at home under the light of the moon and stars，we would go in darkness happily，the midnight world as visible to us as it is to the vast number of nocturnal(夜间活动的) species on this planet. Instead，we are diurnal creatures, with eyes adapted to living in the sun’s light.如果人类真的在家里的月亮和星星的光下，我们会在黑暗中快乐，午夜的世界，我们可见的是夜间的大量在这个星球上的物种。相反，我们是日行动物，眼睛适应了太阳的光线。”‎ ‎11.【2015·安徽】C ‎ As Internet users become more dependent on the Internet to store information, are people remember less? If you know your computer will save information, why store it in your own personal memory, your brain? Experts are wondering if the Internet is changing what we remember and how.‎ ‎ In a recent study, Professor Betsy Sparrow conducted some experiments. She and her research ‎ team wanted to know the Internet is changing memory. In the first experiment, they gave people 40 unimportant facts to type into a computer. The first group of people understood that the computer would save the information. The second group understood that the computer would not save it. Later, the second group remembered the information better. People in the first group knew they could find the information again, so they did not try to remember it.‎ ‎ In another experiment, the researchers gave people facts to remember, and told them where to find the information on the Internet. The information was in a specific computer folder (文件夹). Surprisingly, people later remember the folder location (位置) better than the facts. When people use the Internet, they do not remember the information. Rather, they remember how to find it. This is called "transactive memory (交互记忆)".‎ ‎ According to Sparrow, we are not becoming people with poor memories as a result of the Internet. Instead, computer users are developing stronger transactive memories; that is, people are learning how to organize huge quantities of information so that they are able to access it at a later date. This doesn't mean we are becoming either more or less intelligent, but there is no doubt that the way we use memory is changing.‎ ‎64. The passage begins with two questions to ______. ‎ ‎ A. introduce the main topic B. show the author's altitude C. describe how to use the Interne. D. explain how to store information ‎65. What can we learn about the first experiment?‎ A. Sparrow's team typed the information into a computer. ‎ B. The two groups remembered the information equally well.‎ C. The first group did not try to remember the formation. ‎ D. The second group did not understand the information.‎ ‎66. In transactive memory, people ______.‎ A. keep the information in mind B. change the quantity of information ‎ C. organize information like a computer D. remember how to find the information ‎67. What is the effect of the Internet according to Sparrow's research? ‎ A. We are using memory differently. B. We are becoming more intelligent.‎ C. We have poorer memories than before. D. We need a better way to access information.‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎64. A ‎65. C ‎66. D ‎67. A ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：文章主要讲的是互联网给人类的记忆带来的影响。互联网使用者越来越依赖互联网储存信息，人们这样做是否会丧失记忆事物的能力呢？专家怀疑互联网可能正在改变人们的记忆内容和记忆的方式。‎ ‎64. A 写作意图题。根据第一段“Experts are wondering if the Internet is changing what we remember and how.”可知，作者使用两个问句是为了引出要讨论的话题。‎ ‎65. C 细节理解题。根据第二段“People in the first group knew they could find the information again, so they did not try to remember it.”可知答案。‎ ‎66. D 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Rather, they remember how to find it. This is called "transactive memory (交互记忆)"”可知，在交互记忆里，人们记得怎样找到信息。‎ ‎67. A 细节理解题。根据最后一段“but there is no doubt that the way we use memory is changing”可知，互联网对人们的记忆产生的影响是它改变了我们使用记忆力的方式。‎ ‎【考点定位】心理类短文阅读 ‎【名师点睛】一般来说，举例的目的是为了引出即将讨论的话题，可以从例子后面找到总结性的话语。“Experts are wondering if the Internet is changing what we remember and how.”就是举例的意图。后三道题都属于细节理解题，可以直接从文章找到提示性的语句；最后一道题有一定的难度，需要进行一些推理和排除。‎ ‎12.【2015·湖南】B ‎ In its early history, Chicago had floods frequently, especially in the spring, making the streets so muddy that people, horses, and carts got stuck. An old joke that was popular at the time went something like this: A man is stuck up to his waist in a muddy Chicago street. Asked if he needs help, he replies, "No, thanks. I've got a good horse under me."‎ The city planner decided to build an underground drainage (排水) system, but there simply wasn't enough difference between the height of the ground level and the water level. The only two options were to lower the Chicago River or raise the city.‎ An engineer named Ellis Chesbrough convinced me the city that it had no choice but to build the pipes above ground and then cover them with dirt. This raised the level of the city's streets by as much as 12 feet.‎ This of course created a new problem: dirt practically buried the first floors of every building in Chicago. Building owners were faced with a choice: either change the first floors of their buildings ‎ into basements, and the second stories into main floors, or hoist the entire buildings to meet the new street level. Small wood-frame buildings could be lifted fairly easily. But what about large, heavy structures like Tremont Hotel, which was a six-story brick building?‎ That's where George Pullman came in. He had developed some house-moving skills successfully. To lift a big structure like the Tremont Hotel, Pullman would place thousands of jackscrews (螺旋千斤顶) beneath the building's foundation. One man was assigned to operate each section of roughly 10 jackscrews. At Pullman's signal each man turned his jackscrew the same amount at the same time, thereby raising the building slowly and evenly. Astonishingly, the Tremont Hotel stay open during the entire operation, and many of its guests didn't even notice anything was happening. Some people like to say that every problem has a solution. But in Chicago's early history, every engineering solution seemed to create a new problem. Now that Chicago's waste water was draining efficiently into the Chicago River, the city's next step was to clean the polluted river.‎ ‎61.The author mentions the joke to show ______.‎ ‎ A. horses were fairly useful in Chicago ‎ B. Chicago's streets were extremely muddy ‎ C. Chicago was very dangerous in the spring ‎ D. the Chicago people were particularly humorous ‎62.The city planners were convinced by Ellis Chesbrough to_______.‎ ‎ A. get rid of the street dirt ‎ ‎ B. lower the Chicago River ‎ C. fight against heavy floods ‎ D. build the pipes above ground ‎63.The underlined word "hoist" in Paragraph 4 means "_______".‎ ‎ A. change B. lift ‎ C. repair D. decorate ‎64.What can we conclude about the moving operation of the Tremont Hotel?‎ ‎ A. It went on smoothly as intended.‎ ‎ B. It interrupted the business of the hotel.‎ ‎ C. It involved Pullman turning ten jackscrews.‎ ‎ D. It separated the building from its foundation.‎ ‎65.The passage is mainly about the early Chicago's ______.‎ ‎ A. popular life styles and their influences ‎ B. environmental disasters and their causes ‎ C. engineering problems and their solutions ‎ D. successful businessmen and their achievements ‎【答案】 ‎ ‎61．B ‎62．D ‎63．B ‎64．A ‎65．C ‎62．D;细节理解题。根据第三段第一句话：An engineer named Eill Chesbrough convinced the city that it had no choice but to build the pipes above ground and then cover thenwith dirt.可知以Eill Chesbrough为首的人们认为应该在地上埋下排水管道，故选D ‎63．B;细节推理题。根据后文：Small wood-frame building could be lifted fairly easily.可知另一种方法就是将建筑升高。故选B ‎64．A;细节推理题。根据倒数第二段中的倒数第二句话：At Pullman’s signal each man turned his jackscrew the same amount at the same time, thereby raising the building slowly and evenly.(在Pullman的指导下，每个人同时抬起他们手中的千斤顶，因此建筑就被慢慢地、平整地抬起来了)可知A项正确, 故选A ‎65．C;主旨大意题。文章的第一段就提出芝加哥城所存在的问题，接下来的段落讨论了解决这个问题的一些方法，最后一段讲到这些方法虽然解决当前的问题，但是随之而来的又会冒出一些新的问题有待解决。故文章大致上讲述的是建造的问题与解决办法，故选C ‎【考点定位】科普类短文阅读。 ‎ ‎【名师点睛】这是一篇科普类的文章，主要是考查上下文理解和对文章细节的把握，明白作者的构思在文章中给出的自己想法和观点以及对文章的总结。例如最后一段：Some people like to say that every problem has a solution. But in Chicago's early history, every engineering solution seemed to create a new problem. Now that Chicago's waste water was draining efficiently into the ‎ Chicago River, the city's next step was to clean the polluted river.可知作者觉得所有的解决办法都会解决了原有的问题后又产生出一个新的问题。这是对文章的一个总结。‎ ‎13.【2015·新课标全国II】B Your house may have an effect on your figure. Experts say the way you design your home could play a role in whether you pack on the pounds or keep them off. you can make your environment work for you instead of against you. Here are some ways to turn your home into part of your diet plan.‎ Open the curtains and turn up the lights. Dark environments are more likely to encourage overeating, for people are often less self-conscious(难为情) when they’re in poorly lit places – and so more likely to eat lots of food. If your home doesn’t have enough window light, get more lamps and flood the place with brightness.‎ Mind the colors. Research suggests warm colors fuel our appetites. In one study, people who ate meals in a blue room consumed 33 percent less than those in a yellow or red room. Warm colors like yellow make food appear more appetizing, while cold colors make us less hungry. So when it’s time to repaint, go blue.‎ Don’t forget the clock – or the radio. People who eat slowly tend to consume about 70 fewer calories(卡路里) per meal than those who rush through their meals. Begin keeping track of the time, and try to make dinner last at 30 minutes. And while you’re at it, actually sit down to eat. If you need some help slowing down, turning on relaxing music. It makes you less likely to rush through a meal.‎ Downsize the dishes. Big serving bowls and plants can easily makes us fat. We eat about 22 percent more when using a 12-inch plate instead of a 10-inch plate. When we choose a large spoon over a smaller one, total intake(摄入) jumps by 14 percent. And we’ll pour about 30 percent more liquid into a short, wide glass than a tall, skinny glass.‎ ‎25. The text is especially helpful for those who care about ____.‎ A. their home comforts B. their body shape C. house buying D. healthy diets ‎26. A home environment in blue can help people ____.‎ A. digest food better B. reduce food intake C. burn more calories D. regain their appetites ‎27. What are people advised to do at mealtimes?‎ A. Eat quickly.‎ B. Play fast music C. Use smaller spoons D. Turn down the lights ‎28. What can be a suitable title for the text?‎ A. Is Your House Making You Fat?‎ B. Ways of Serving Dinner C. Effects of Self-Consciousness D. Is Your Home Environment Relaxing?‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎25. B ‎26. B ‎27. C ‎28. A ‎26.B 细节理解题。根据第三段第二句话In one study, people who ate meals in a blue room consumed 33 percent less than those in a yellow or red room.可知在蓝色的房间内人吃的食物相对在黄色或者红色房间 少33%。暖色让人胃口大开，冷色让人感觉到不饿。故选B。‎ ‎27.C 推理判断题。本题是在考查考生是否理解了4条建议。第4段People who eat slowly tend to consume about 70 fewer calories(卡路里) per meal than those who rush through their meals.，说明吃得慢就吃得少，吃得快就多，故A错；If you need some help slowing down, turning on relaxing music.说明放舒缓的音乐可以让人吃得慢，反之则快，故B错；第二段Dark environments are more likely to encourage overeating,由此可知房间暗会增加饮食，所以D错；最后一段When we choose a large spoon over a smaller one, total intake(摄入) jumps by 14 percent. 用大勺和小勺吃饭，相差14%，故选C。‎ ‎28.A主旨大意题。根据文章的开头Your house may have an effect on your figure. Experts say the way you design your home could play a role in whether you pack on the pounds or keep them off. you can make your environment work for you instead of against you.可知，你的家居环境既可以让你变胖也会让你变瘦。本文非常适合那些想减肥的人士来阅读。所以选A可以更好地概括全文。‎ ‎【考点定位】科普类短文阅读 ‎ ‎【名师点睛】本文的结构清楚。 主题句Here are some ways to turn your home into part of your diet plan.在第一段，抓住就可以理清文章的脉络，接下来是4条建议，一段一条。题目中的第三题考查对文章的全面了解，并要求理解四个选项的意思才能做好。平时还应该多练习对文章结构的分析。‎ ‎14.【2015·新课标全国I】D Conflict is on the menu tonight at the café La Chope. This evening, as on every Thursday night, psychologist Maud Lehanne is leading two of France’s favorite pastimes, coffee drinking and the “talking cure”. Here they are learning to get in touch with their true feelings. It isn’t always easy. They customers - some thirty Parisians who pay just under $2 (plus drinks) per session - care quick to intellectualize (高谈阔论)，slow to open up and connect. “You are forbidden to say ‘one feels,’ or ‘people think’,” Lehane told them. “Say ‘I think,’ ‘Think me’.”‎ A café society where no intellectualizing is allowed? It couldn’t seem more un-French. But Lehanne’s psychology café is about more than knowing oneself: It’s trying to help the city’s troubled neighborhood cafes. Over the years, Parisian cafes have fallen victim to changes in the French lifestyle - longer working hours, a fast food boom and a younger generation’s desire to spend more time at home. Dozens of new theme cafes appear to change the situation. Cafes focused around psychology, history, and engineering are catching on, filling tables well into the evening.‎ ‎ The city’s psychology cafes, which offer great comfort, are among the most popular places. Middle-aged homemakers, retirees, and the unemployed come to such cafes to talk about love, anger, and dreams with a psychologist. And they come to Lehanne’s group just to learn to say what they feel. “There’s a strong need in Paris for communication,” says Maurice Frisch, a cafe La Chope regular who works as a religious instructor in a nearby church. “People have few real friends. And they need to open up.” Lehanne says she’d like to see psychology cafes all over France. “If people had normal lives, these cafes wouldn’t exist”, she says, “If life weren’t a battle, people wouldn’t need a special place just to speak.” But them, it wouldn’t be France.‎ ‎32. What are people encouraged to do at the cafe La Chope?‎ A. Learn a new subject B. Keep in touch with friends.‎ C. Show off their knowledge.‎ D. Express their true feelings.‎ ‎33. How are cafes affected by French lifestyle changes?‎ A. They are less frequently visited.‎ B. They stay open for longer hours.‎ C. They have bigger night crowds.‎ D. They start to serve fast food.‎ ‎34. What are theme cafes expected to do?‎ A. Create more jobs.‎ B. Supply better drinks.‎ C. Save the cafe business.‎ D. Serve the neighborhood.‎ ‎35. Why are psychology cafes becoming popular in Paris?‎ A. They bring people true friendship.‎ B. They give people spiritual support.‎ C. They help people realize their dreams.‎ D. They offer a platform for business links.‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎32. D ‎33. A ‎ ‎34. C ‎ ‎35. B ‎ ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：文章主要讲述了法国精神咖啡馆（psychology cafes）的社会意义和功能特色，以及在法国越来越受欢迎。 ‎ ‎32. D细节理解题。根据文章第一段第三句Here they are learning to get in touch with their true feelings.可知在La Chope咖啡馆鼓励人们表达他们真正的情感。故选D。‎ ‎33. A 细节理解题。根据文章第二段Over the years, Parisian cafes have fallen victim to changes in the French lifestyle-longer working hours, a fast food boom and a younger generation’s desire to spend more time at home.可知改变了更多时间呆在家里的更年轻一代人。故选A。‎ ‎【考点定位】社会类短文阅读 ‎ ‎【名师点睛】这是一篇社会类短文阅读。难度中等偏上，学生不易读懂。但是第32和33题均为考查细节理解题，问题设计比较简单，考生只需通过关键词定位即可得出答案。其中第34和35题需要在原文的内容的基础之上作出推理，才能判断出正确的答案。考生做此类阅读时要注意前后之间的联系与对比，选择答案时切不可以以偏概全。‎ ‎2014年高考试题 科普知识类 ‎ 2014·北京卷] ‎ C Choosing the right resolution(决定)‎ ‎ Millions of Americans began 2014 with the same resolution they started 2013 with, a goal of losing weight. However，setting weight lose as a goal is a mistake.‎ To reach our goal of losing weight—the output, we need to control what we eat—the input(输入). That is, we tend to care about the output but not to control the input.This is a bad way to construct goals. The alternative is to focus your resolution on the input. Instead of resolving to lose weight, try an actionable resolution: “I'll stop having dessert for lunch，” or “I'll walk every day for 20 minutes.”Creating a goal that focuses on a wellspecified input will likely be more effective than concentrating on the outcome.‎ Recently a new science behind incentives(激励), including in education, has been discussed. For example, researcher Roland Fryer wanted to see what works best in motivating children to do better in school. In some cases, he gave students incentives based on input, like reading certain books, while in others, the incentives were based on output, like results on exams. His main finding was that incentives increased achievement when based on input but had no effect when based on output. Fryer's ‎ conclusion was that the incentives for inputs might be more effective because students do not know how to do better on an exam, aside from general rules like “study harder”. Reading certain books, on the other hand, is a wellset task over which they have much more control.‎ As long as you have direct control over your goal, you have a much higher chance of success. And it's easier to start again if you fail, because you know exactly what you need to do.‎ If you want to cut down on your spending, a good goal would be making morning coffee at home instead of going to a cafe, for example. This is a wellspecified actionbased goal for which you can measure your success easily. Spending less money isn't a goal because it's too general . Similarly, if you want to spend more time with your family, don't stop with this general wish. Think about an actionable habit that you could adopt and stick to, like a family movie night every Wednesday.‎ In the long run, these new goals could become a habit.‎ ‎63. The writer thinks that setting weight loss as a goal is a mistake because ________．‎ A. it is hard to achieve for most Americans B. it is focused too much on the result C. it is dependent on too many things D. it is based on actionable decisions ‎64. In Roland Fryer's research, some students did better than the others because ________．‎ A. they obeyed all the general rules B. they paid more attention to exams C. they were motivated by their classmates D. they were rewarded for reading some books ‎65. According to the writer, which of the following statements is a good goal?‎ A. “I'll give up dessert.”‎ B. “I'll study harder.”‎ C. “I'll cut down my expenses.”‎ D. “I'll spend more time with my family.”‎ ‎66. The writer strongly believes that we should ________．‎ A. develop good habits and focus on the outcome B. be optimistic about final goals and stick to them C. pick specific actions that can be turned into good habits D. set ambitious goals that can balance the input and output ‎63. B　细节理解题。根据文章第二段中“…we tend to care about the output but not to control the input.”和“…concentrating on the outcome.”可知我们失败或错误的根据是因为过分关注结果。‎ ‎64. D　细节理解题。根据文章第三段的内容可知Roland Fryer把input(即阅读)和output(考试结果)作为两种激励变量，得到的结果是input的效果好于output。故选D。‎ ‎65. A　细节理解题。根据全文内容可知，“losing weight”“results on exams”“study harder”“cut down on your spending”“spend more time with your family”都强调结果，是太泛泛的目标，不易获取成功；而“control what we eat”“stop having dessert” “ walk every day”“making morning coffee at home”“a family movie night”等强调行动，是一种输入，所以更容易成功。故本题选A。‎ ‎66. C　推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段的“This is a wellspecified actionbased goal for which you can measure your success easily.”可知，作者实际上是建议人们采取能形成好习惯的行动来实现目标。故选C项。‎ ‎ 2014·广东卷] ‎ D Scientists today are making greater effort to study ocean currents(洋流). Most do it using satellites and other hightech equipment. However, ocean expert Curtis Ebbesmeyer does it in a special way—by studying movements of random floating garbage. A scientist with many years' experience, he started this type of research in the early 1990s when he heard about hundreds of athletic shoes washing up on the shores of the northwest coast of the United States. There were so many shoes that people were setting up swap_meets to try and match left and right shoes to sell or wear.‎ Ebbesmeyer found out in his researches that the shoes—about 60，000 in total—fell into the ocean in a shipping accident. He phoned the shoe company and asked if they wanted the shoes back. As expected, the company told him that they didn't. Ebbesmeyer realized this could be a great experiment. If he learned when and where the shoes went into the water and tracked where they landed, he could learn a lot about the patterns of ocean currents.‎ The Pacific Northwest is one of the world's best areas for beachcombing(海滩搜寻) because winds and currents join here, and as a result, there is a group of serious beachcombers in the area. Ebbesmeyer got to know a lot of them and asked for their help in collecting information about where the shoes landed. In a year he collected reliable information on ‎ ‎1，600 shoes. With this data, he and a colleague were able to test and improve a computer programme designed to model ocean currents, and publish the findings of their study.‎ As the result of his work, Ebbesmeyer has become known as the scientist to call with questions about any unusual objects found floating in the ocean. He has even started an association of beachcombers and ocean experts, with 500 subscribers from West Africa to New Zealand. They have recorded all lost objects ranging from potatoes to golf gloves.‎ ‎41. The underlined phrase “swap meets” in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to “________”．‎ A. fitting rooms B. trading fairs C. business talks D. group meetings ‎42. Ebbesmeyer phoned the shoe company to find out ________．‎ A. what caused the shipping accident B. when and where the shoes went missing C. whether it was all right to use their shoes D. how much they lost in the shipping accident ‎43. How did Ebbesmeyer prove his assumption?‎ A. By collecting information from beachcombers.‎ B. By studying the shoes found by beachcombers.‎ C. By searching the web for ocean currents models.‎ D. By researching ocean currents data in the library.‎ ‎44. Ebbesmeyer is most famous for ________．‎ A. travelling widely the coastal cities of the world B. making records for any lost objects on the sea C. running a global currents research association D. phoning about any doubtful objects on the sea ‎45. What is the purpose of the author in writing this passage?‎ A. To call people's attention to ocean pollution.‎ B. To warn people of shipping safety in the ocean.‎ C. To explain a unique way of studying ocean currents.‎ D. To give tips on how to search for lost objects on the beach.‎ ‎【文章大意】 这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了海洋专家Ebbesmeyer研究洋流的一种特殊的方法。‎ ‎41. B　词义猜测题。swap意为“交换”。由相似表达sports meet可以推出meet的含义，再从文中“There were so many shoes that people were setting up swap meets to try and match left and right shoes to sell or wear.”可以确定答案为B。‎ ‎42. C　细节理解题。根据第二段的“He phoned the shoe company and asked if they wanted the shoes back.”可知Ebbesmeyer给制鞋公司打电话问他们还要不要收回这些鞋子，再结合下文“Ebbesmeyer realized this could be a great experiment.”可知他打算利用这些鞋子进行研究。故选C。‎ ‎43. A　细节理解题。根据第三段的“…there is a group of serious beachcombers in the area. Ebbesmeyer got to know a lot of them and asked for their help in collecting information about where the shoes landed.”可知Ebbesmeyer是从海滩搜寻者那里得到信息的。故选A。‎ ‎ 2014·湖北卷] ‎ C Working with a group of baboons(狒狒) in the Namibian desert, Dr Alecia Carter of the Department of Zoology, Cambridge University set baboons learning tasks involving a novel food and a familiar food hidden in a box. Some baboons were given the chance to watch another baboon who already knew how to solve the task, while others had to learn for themselves. To work out how brave or anxious the baboons were, Dr Carter presented them either with a novel food or a threat in the form of a model of a poisonous snake.‎ She found that personality had a major impact on learning. The braver baboons learnt, but the shy ones did not learn the task although they watched the baboon perform the task of finding the novel food just as long as the brave ones did. In effect, despite being made aware of what to do, they were still too shy to do what the experienced baboon did.‎ The same held true for anxious baboons compared with calm ones. The anxious individuals learnt the task by observing others while those who were relaxed did not, even though they spent more time watching.‎ This mismatch between collecting social information and using it shows that personality plays a key role in social learning in animals, something that has previously been ignored in studies on how animals learn to do things. The findings are significant because they suggest that animals may perform poorly in cognitive(认知的) tasks not because they aren't clever enough to solve them, but because they are too shy or nervous to use the social information. ‎ The findings may impact how we understand the formation of culture in societies through social learning. If some individuals are unable to get information from others ‎ because they don't associate with the knowledgeable individuals, or they are too shy to use the information once they have it, information may not travel between all group members, preventing the formation of a culture based on social learning. ‎ ‎59. What is the first paragraph mainly about?‎ A. The design of Dr Carter's research.‎ B. The results of Dr Carter's research.‎ C. The purpose of Dr Carter's research.‎ D. The significance of Dr Carter's research.‎ ‎60. According to the research, which baboons are more likely to complete a new learning task?‎ A. Those that have more experience.‎ B. Those that can avoid potential risks.‎ C. Those that like to work independently.‎ D. Those that feel anxious about learning.‎ ‎61. Which best illustrates the “mismatch” mentioned in Paragraph 4?‎ A. Some baboons are intelligent but slow in learning.‎ B. Some baboons are shy but active in social activities.‎ C. Some baboons observe others but don't follow them.‎ D. Some baboons perform new tasks but don't concentrate.‎ ‎62. Dr Carter's findings indicate that our culture might be formed through ________．‎ A. storing information B. learning from each other C. understanding different people D. travelling between social groups ‎【要点概述】 本文是一篇科普类文章。文章通过叙述Dr Alecia Carter在狒狒身上进行的一项研究显示，动物的性格在社会化的学习中起着很重要的作用。勇敢的、急躁的狒狒乐于学习，而胆小的、安静的狒狒不乐于学习。同样，人类也与此相似，我们的文化的形成正是通过交换信息等社会化的学习活动来实现的。‎ ‎59. A　主旨大意题。根据第一段中的“…Dr Alecia Carter of the Department of Zoology, Cambridge University set baboons learning tasks involving a novel food and a familiar food hidden in a box. Some baboons were given the chance to watch another baboon who already knew how to solve the task, while others had to learn for themselves.”‎ 可知，本段主要描述她进行的这项研究的设计方案，也就是她在这项研究里是如何做的。所以A项正确。‎ ‎60. D　细节理解题。根据第三段第二句“The anxious individuals learnt the task by observing others while those who were relaxed did not, even though they spent more time watching.”可知，那些很急切想学习的狒狒学得更快、更好，而那些害羞的狒狒却没能做到。所以D项正确。‎ ‎ 2014·江苏卷] ‎ C Most damagingly, anger weakens a person's ability to think clearly and keep control over his behaviour. The angry person loses objectivity in evaluating the emotional significance of the person or situation that arouses his anger.‎ Not everyone experiences anger in the same way; what angers one person may amuse another. The specific expression of anger also differs from person to person based on biological and cultural forces. In contemporary culture, physical expressions of anger are generally considered too socially harmful to be tolerated. We no longer regard duels(决斗) as an appropriate expression of anger resulting from one person's awareness of insulting behaviour on the part of another.‎ Anger can be identified in the brain, where the electrical activity changes. Under most conditions EEG(脑电图) measures of electrical activity show balanced activity between the right and left prefrontal(额叶前部) areas. Behaviourally this corresponds to the general evenhanded disposition(意向) that most of us possess most of the time. But when we are angry the EEG of the right and left prefrontal areas aren't balanced and, as a ‎ result of this, we're likely to react. And our behavioural response to anger is different from our response to other emotions, whether positive or negative.‎ Most positive emotions are associated with approach behaviour: we move closer to people we like. Most negative emotions, in contrast, are associated with avoidance behaviour: we move away from people and things that we dislike or that make us anxious. But anger is an exception to this pattern. The angrier we are, the more likely we are to move towards the object of our anger. This corresponds to what psychologists refer to as offensive anger: the angry person moves closer in order to influence and control the person or situation causing his anger. This approachandconfront behaviour is accompanied by a leftward prefrontal asymmetry(不对称) of EEG activity. Interestingly, this asymmetry lessens if the angry person can experience empathy(同感) towards the individual who is bringing forth the angry response. In defensive anger, in contrast, the EEG asymmetry is directed to the right and the angry person feels helpless in the face of the angerinspiring situation.‎ ‎61．The “duels” example in Paragraph 2 proves that the expression of anger ________．‎ A．usually has a biological basis B．varies among people C．is socially and culturally shaped D．influences one's thinking and evaluation ‎62．What changes can be found in an angry brain?‎ A．Balanced electrical activity can be spotted.‎ B．Unbalanced patterns are found in prefrontal areas.‎ C．Electrical activity corresponds to one's behaviour.‎ D．Electrical activity agrees with one's disposition.‎ ‎63．Which of the following is typical of offensive anger?‎ A．Approaching the source of anger.‎ B．Trying to control what is disliked.‎ C．Moving away from what is disliked.‎ D．Feeling helpless in the face of anger.‎ ‎64．What is the key message of the last paragraph?‎ A．How anger differs from other emotions.‎ B．How anger relates to other emotions.‎ C．Behavioural responses to anger.‎ D．Behavioural patterns of anger.‎ ‎【文章大意】 本文是一篇医学类说明文，介绍了人们生气的危害、不同原因、生气时大脑的状态以及其行为模式等。最后心理学家又分别对进攻型的愤怒和防守型的愤怒做了具体阐述。‎ ‎61．C　推理判断题。根据第二段第二、三句“The specific expression of anger also differs from person to person based on biological and cultural forces. In contemporary culture, physical expressions of anger are generally considered too socially harmful to be tolerated.”可知，表达愤怒的方式不尽相同，受生理、文化和社会驱使的影响，故C项正确。‎ ‎62．B　细节理解题。根据第三段中“But when we are angry the EEG of the right and left prefrontal areas aren't balanced …”可知当我们生气时，脑电图反映出在左、右前额叶脑区活动不均衡，由此确定B项正确。‎ ‎ 2014·辽宁卷] ‎ A A new study shows students who write notes by hand during lectures perform better on exams than those who use laptops(笔记本电脑)．‎ Students are increasingly using laptops for notetaking because of speed and legibility(清晰度)．But the research has found laptop users are less able to remember and apply the concepts they have been taught.‎ Researchers performed experiments that aimed to find out whether using a laptop increased the tendency to make notes “mindlessly” by taking down word for word what the professors said.‎ In the first experiment，students were given either a laptop or pen and paper.They listened to the same lectures and were told to use their usual notetaking skills.Thirty ‎ minutes after the talk，they were examined on their ability to remember facts and on how well they understood concepts.‎ The researchers found that laptop users took twice as many notes as those who wrote by hand.However，the typists performed worse at remembering and applying the concepts.Both groups scored similarly when it came to memorizing facts.‎ The researchers' report said，“While more notes are beneficial，if the notes are taken mindlessly，as is more likely the case on a laptop，the benefit disappears.”‎ In another experiment aimed at testing longterm memory，students took notes as before but were tested a week after the lecture.This time，the students who wrote notes by hand performed significantly better on the exam.‎ These two experiments suggest that handwritten notes are not only better for immediate learning and understanding，but that they also lead to superior revision in the future.‎ ‎21．More and more students favour laptops for notetaking because they can ________.‎ A．write more notes B．digest concepts better C．get higher scores D．understand lectures better ‎22．While taking notes，laptop users tend to be ________.‎ A．skillful B．mindless C．thoughtful D．tireless ‎23．The author of the passage aims to ________.‎ A．examine the importance of longterm memory B．stress the benefit of taking notes by hand C．explain the process of taking notes D．promote the use of laptops ‎24．The passage is likely to appear in ________.‎ A．a newspaper advertisement B．a computer textbook C．a science magazine D．a finance report ‎【文章大意】 本文是一篇议论文，主要讨论用笔记本电脑记笔记和手写记笔记的优劣。作者认为手写记笔记不仅更有利于立即记忆和理解，而且还有利于以后复习。‎ ‎21．A　细节理解题。根据第二段第一句以及第五段第一句“研究者发现笔记本电脑使用者记笔记的内容是手写记笔记者的两倍”可知选A。‎ ‎22．B　 细节理解题。根据第五段第一、二句“笔记本电脑使用者记笔记的内容是手写记笔记者的两倍，但是在记忆和运用概念方面表现很差”可知选B。‎ ‎23．B　写作意图题。根据最后一段“两个实验表明，手写记笔记不仅更有利于立即记忆和理解，而且还有利于以后复习”可知，作者写这篇文章的目的是介绍手写记笔记的好处。‎ ‎24．C　 推理判断题。这是一项关于怎样记笔记更有效的研究，所以可能出现在科学杂志上。‎ ‎ 2014·辽宁卷] ‎ C Would it surprise you to learn that，like animals，trees communicate with each other and pass on their wealth to the next generation?‎ UBC Professor Simard explains how trees are much more complex than most of us ever imagined.Although Charles Darwin thought that trees are competing for survival of the fittest，Simard shows just how wrong he was.In fact，the_opposite_is_true：trees survive through their cooperation and support，passing around necessary nutrition “depending on who needs it”．‎ Nitrogen(氮) and carbon are shared through miles of underground fungi(真菌) networks，making sure that all trees in the forest ecological system give and receive just the right amount to keep them all healthy.This hidden system works in a very similar way to the networks of neurons(神经元) in our brains，and when one tree is destroyed，it affects all.‎ Simard talks about “mother trees”，usually the largest and oldest plants on which all other trees depend.She explains how dying trees pass on the wealth to the next generation，transporting important minerals to young trees so they may continue to grow.When humans cut down “mother trees” with no awareness of these highly complex “tree societies” or the networks on which they feed，we are reducing the chances of survival for the entire forest.‎ ‎“We didn't take any notice of it，” Simard says sadly.“Dying trees move nutrition into the young trees before dying，but we never give them chance.” If we could put across the message to the forestry industry，we could make a huge difference towards our environmental protection efforts for the future.‎ ‎29．The underlined sentence “the opposite is true” in Paragraph 2 probably means that trees ________.‎ A．compete for survival B．protect their own wealth C．depend on each other D．provide support for dying trees ‎30．“Mother trees” are extremely important because they ________.‎ A．look the largest in size in the forest B．pass on nutrition to young trees C．seem more likely to be cut down by humans D．know more about the complex “tree societies”‎ ‎31．The underlined word “it” in the last paragraph refers to ________.‎ A．how “tree societies” work B．how trees grow old C．how forestry industry develops D．how young trees survive ‎32．What would be the best title for the passage?‎ A．Old trees communicate like humans B．Young trees are in need of protection C．Trees are more awesome than you think D．Trees contribute to our society ‎【文章大意】 本文是一篇议论文，主要介绍Simard的观点：认为树与树之间相互合作和支持，传递相互需要的营养来生存。‎ ‎29．C　句意理解题。Simard 不同意达尔文“适者生存”的观点，Simard的观点和达尔文“适者生存”观点相反：树通过它们之间的合作和支持，传递相互需要的营养来生存。故C项正确。‎ ‎30．B　推理判断题。根据第四段前两句“…pass on the wealth to the next generation…”可推知B项正确。‎ ‎31．A　 词义猜测题。这里it指第四段中mother trees运输营养给年轻的树，以便年轻的树能够继续生长的树生态社会工作原理。‎ ‎32．C　 主旨大意题。Simard认为树与树之间相互合作和支持，传递相互需要的营养来生存，这比我们以前认为的“适者生存”的观点更令人敬畏。‎ ‎ 2014·山东卷] ‎ D How fit are your teeth? Are you lazy about brushing them? Never fear: an inventor is on the case. An electric toothbrush senses how long and how well you brush, and it lets you track your performance on your phone. ‎ The Kolibree toothbrush was exhibited at the International Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas this week. It senses how it is moved and can send the information to an Android phone or iPhone via a Bluetooth wireless connection. ‎ The toothbrush will be able to teach you to brush right (don't forget the insides of the teeth！) and make sure you're brushing long enough. “It's kind of like having a dentist actually watch your brushing on a daytoday basis，” says Thomas Serval, the French inventor. ‎ The toothbrush will also be able to talk to other applications on your phone, so developers could, for instance, create a game controlled by your toothbrush. You could score points for beating monsters among your teeth. “We try to make it smart but also fun，” Serval says. ‎ Serval says he was inspired by his experience as a father. He would come home from work and ask his kids if they had brushed their teeth. They said “yes”， but Serval would find their toothbrush heads dry. He decided he needed a brush that really told him how well his children brushed. ‎ The company says the Kolibree will go on sale this summer, for $99 to $199, developing on features. The US is the first target market. ‎ Serval says that one day, it'll be possible to replace the brush on the handle with a brushing unit that also has a camera. The camera can even examine holes in your teeth while you brush. ‎ ‎56．Which is one of the features of the Kolibree toothbrush? ‎ A．It can sense how users brush their teeth.‎ B．It can track users' school performance. ‎ C．It can detect users' fear of seeing a dentist.‎ D．It can help users find their phones. ‎ ‎57．What can we learn from Serval's words in Paragraph 3? ‎ A．You will find it enjoyable to see a dentist. ‎ B．You should see your dentist on a daytoday basis. ‎ C．You can brush with the Kolibree as if guided by a dentist. ‎ D．You'd like a dentist to watch you brush your teeth every day. ‎ ‎58．Which of the following might make the Kolibree toothbrush fun? ‎ A．It can be used to update mobile phones.‎ B．It can be used to play mobile phone games. ‎ C．It can send messages to other users.‎ D．It can talk to its developers. ‎ ‎59．What is Paragraph 5 mainly about? ‎ A．How Serval found out his kids lied to him. ‎ B．Why Serval thought brushing teeth was necessary. ‎ C．How Serval taught his kids to brush their teeth. ‎ D．What inspired Serval to invent the toothbrush. ‎ ‎60．What can we infer about Serval's children? ‎ A．They were unwilling to brush their teeth. ‎ B．They often failed to clean their toothbrushes. ‎ C．They preferred to use a toothbrush with a dry head. ‎ D．They liked brushing their teeth after Serval came home. ‎ ‎61．What can we learn about the future development of the Kolibree? ‎ A．The brush handle will be removed. ‎ B．A mobile phone will be built into it. ‎ C．It will be used to fill holes in teeth. ‎ D．It will be able to check users' teeth. ‎ ‎57．C　推理判断题。根据第三段可知，使用这款牙刷刷牙就好像牙医在指导着你刷牙。故选C。‎ ‎58．B　细节理解题。根据第四段内容可知答案为B。‎ ‎59．D　段落大意题。本段内容讲Serval下班回家发现孩子们谎称刷了牙，但牙刷头还是干的，这激起了他发明这款牙刷的想法。故选D。‎ ‎60．A　推理判断题。根据第五段的“They said ‘yes’， but Serval would find their toothbrush heads dry…how well his children brushed.”可知孩子们是不愿意刷牙的。‎ ‎61．D　推理判断题。根据最后一段内容可知将来这款牙刷会安上摄像机以检查牙齿上的洞。‎ ‎ 2014·陕西卷] ‎ C Why do Americans struggle with watching their weight, while the French, who consume rich food, continue to stay thin? Now a research by Cornell University suggests how life style and decisions about eating may affect weight. Researchers conclude that the French tend to stop eating when they feel full. However, Americans tend to stop when their plate is empty or their favourite TV show is over.‎ According to Dr Joseph Mercola, a health expert, the French see eating as an important part of their life style. They enjoy food and therefore spend a fairly long time at the table, while Americans see eating as something to be squeezed between the other daily activities. Mercola believes Americans lose the ability to sense when they are actually full. So they keep eating long after the French would have stopped. In addition, he points out that Americans drive to huge supermarkets to buy canned and frozen foods for the week. The French, instead, tend to shop daily, walking to small shops and farmers' markets where they have a choice of fresh fruits, vegetables, and eggs as well as highquality meats for each meal.‎ After a visit to the United States, Mireille Guiliano, author of French Women Don't Get Fat, decided to write about the importance of knowing when to stop rather than ‎ suggesting how to avoid food. Today she continues to stay slim and rarely goes to the gym.‎ In spite of all these differences, evidence shows that recent life style changes may be affecting French eating habits. Today the rate of obesity—or extreme overweight—among adults is only 6%. However, as American fast food gains acceptance and the young reject older traditions, the obesity rate among French children has reached 17%—and is growing.‎ ‎53. In what way are the French different from Americans according to Dr Joseph Mercola?‎ A. They go shopping at supermarkets more frequently. ‎ B. They squeeze eating between the other daily activities.‎ C. They regard eating as a key part of their life style.‎ D. They usually eat too much canned and frozen food.‎ ‎54. This text is mainly the relationship between ________．‎ A. Americans and the French ‎ B. life style and obesity C. children and adults ‎ D. fast food and overweight ‎55. The text is mainly developed ________．‎ A. by contrast B. by space ‎ C. by process D. by classification ‎56. Where does this text probably come from?‎ A. A TV interview. B. A food advertisement. ‎ C. A health report. D. A book review.‎ ‎【文章大意】 本文是一篇科普说明文，大意是说美国康奈尔大学的专家的一项研究：美国人和法国人的饮食习惯对各自的体重的影响。‎ ‎53. C　细节理解题。根据第二段的首句可知法国人认为吃饭是他们日常生活的重要组成部分，故选C。‎ ‎54. B　主旨大意题。根据主题段——第一自然段的大意可知本文主要是说明生活习惯与肥胖之间的关系，故选B。‎ ‎ 2014·四川卷] ‎ E Women are friendly. But men are more competitive. Why? Researchers have found it's all down to the hormone oxytocin(荷尔蒙催生素). Although known as the love hormone, it affects the sexes differently.‎ ‎“Women tend to be social in their behaviour. They often share with others. But men lend to be competitive. They are trying to improve their social status，” said Professor Ryan.‎ Generally, people believe that the hormone oxytocin is let out in our body in various social situations and our body creates a large amount of it during positive social interactions (互动) such as falling in love or giving birth.‎ But in a previous experiment Professor Ryan found that the hormone is also let out in our body during negative social interactions such as envy.‎ Further researches showed that in men the hormone oxytocin improves the ability to recognize competitive relationships, but in women it raises the ability to recognize friendship. ‎ Professor Ryan's recent experiment used 62 men and women aged 20 to 37. ‎ Half of the participants(参与者) received oxytocin. The other half received placebo(安慰剂)．‎ After a week, the two groups switched with participants. They went through the same procedure with the other material.‎ Following each treatment, they were shown some video pictures with different social interactions. Then they were asked to analyze the relationships by answering some questions. The questions were about telling friendship from competition. And their answers should be based on gestures, body language and facial expressions.‎ The results indicated that, after treatment with oxytocin, men's ability to correctly recognize competitive relationships improved, but in women it was the ability to correctly recognize friendship that got better.‎ Professor Ryan thus concluded, “Our experiment proves that the hormone oxytocin can raise people's abilities to better distinguish different social interactions. And the behaviour differences between men and women are caused by biological factors(因素) that are mainly hormonal.”‎ ‎47. What causes men and women to behave differently according to the text? ‎ A. Placebo. B. Oxytocin.‎ C. The gesture. D. The social status.‎ ‎48. What can we learn from Professor Ryan's previous experiment?‎ A. Oxytocin affects our behaviour in a different way.‎ B. Our body lets out oxytocin when we are deep in love.‎ C. Our body produces oxytocin when we feel unhappy about others' success.‎ D. Oxytocin improves our abilities to understand people's behaviour differences.‎ ‎49. Why did Professor Ryan conduct the recent experiment?‎ A. To test the effect of oxytocin on the ability to recognize social interactions.‎ B. To know the differences between friendship and competition.‎ C. To know people's different abilities to answer questions.‎ D. To test people's understanding of body language.‎ ‎50. The author develops the text by ________．‎ A. explaining people's behaviours B. describing his own experiences C. distinguishing sexual differences ‎ D. discussing research experiments ‎【文章大意】本文是一篇科普类文章。文章通过瑞安教授所做的调查实验发现，荷尔蒙催生素能提高人们更好地辨认不同的社会交往的能力；男女之间行为的差异主要是由荷尔蒙的生物因素引起的。‎ ‎47. B　细节理解题。根据文章首段的“Women are friendly. But men are more competitive. Why? Researchers have found it's all down to the hormone oxytocin(荷尔蒙催生素)．”可知，男女之间行为表现的不同是由于荷尔蒙催生素引起的。‎ ‎48. C　推理判断题。根据文章第四段“But in a previous experiment Professor Ryan found that the hormone is also let out in our body during negative social interactions such as envy.”可知，在消极情绪的社会交往中，我们身体也释放荷尔蒙。‎ ‎ 2014·天津卷] ‎ B A worldfamous Canadian author, Margaret Atwood, has created the world's first longdistance signing device(装置), the LongPen.‎ After many tiring booksigning tours from city to city, Atwood thought there must be a better way to do them. She hired some technical experts and started her own company in 2004. Together they designed the LongPen. Here's how it works: the author writes a personal message and signature on a computer tablet(手写板) using a special pen. On the receiving end, in another city, a robotic arm fitted with a regular pen signs the book. The author and fan can talk with each other via webcams(网络摄像机) and computer screens.‎ Work on the LongPen began in Atwood's basement(地下室). At first, they had no idea it would be as hard as it turned out to be. The device went through several versions, including one that actually had smoke coming out of it. The inventing finally completed, test runs were made in Ottawa, and the LongPen was officially launched at the 2006 London Book Fair. From here, Atwood conducted two transatlantic book signings of her latest book for fans in Toronto and New York City.‎ The LongPen produces a unique signature each time because it copies the movement of the author in real time. It has several other potential applications. It could increase credit card security and allow people to sign contracts from another province. The video exchange between signer and receiver can be recorded on DVD for proof when legal documents are used.‎ ‎“It's really fun，” said the owner of a bookstore, who was present for one of the test runs. “Obviously you can't shake hands with the author, but there are chances for a connection that you don't get from a regular book signing.”‎ The response to the invention hasn't been all favourable. Atwood has received criticism from authors who think she's trying to end book tours. But she said, “It will be possible to go to places that you never got sent to before because the publishers couldn't afford it.”‎ ‎41. Why did Atwood decide to invent the LongPen?‎ A. To set up her own company.‎ B. To win herself greater popularity.‎ C. To write her books in a new way.‎ D. To make book signings less tiring.‎ ‎42. How does the LongPen work?‎ A. It copies the author's signature and prints it on a book.‎ B. It signs a book while receiving the author's signature.‎ C. The webcam sends the author's signature to another city.‎ D. The fan uses it to copy the author's signature himself.‎ ‎43. What do we know about the invention of the LongPen?‎ A. It has been completed but not put into use.‎ B. The basement caught fire by accident.‎ C. Some versions failed before its test run.‎ D. The designers were wellprepared for the difficulty.‎ ‎44. How could the LongPen be used in the future?‎ A. To draft legal documents.‎ B. To improve credit card security.‎ C. To keep a record of the author's ideas.‎ D. To allow author and fan to exchange videos.‎ ‎45. What could be inferred from Paragraphs 5 and 6?‎ A. Atwood doesn't mean to end book tours.‎ B. Critics think the LongPen is of little use.‎ C. Bookstore owners don't support the LongPen.‎ D. Publishers dislike the LongPen for its high cost.‎ ‎【文章大意】 ‎ 本文是一篇记叙文。如果你是一位著名的作家，需要到处签名的话，你会感到很累的。有了LongPen，一切烦恼皆无，快来看看LongPen是什么吧！本文主要介绍了LongPen的诞生、工作原理以及它的发展前景。‎ ‎41. D　细节理解题。根据第二段中的第一句“After many tiring booksigning tours from city to city，Atwood thought there must be a better way to do them.”可知D项正确。‎ ‎42. B　推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Here's how it works…”可知下面的内容是描述LongPen的工作原理的。根据下文“…the author writes a personal message and signature on a computer tablet(手写板) using a special pen. On the receiving end, in another city, a robotic arm fitted with a regular pen signs the book.”可知B项正确。‎ ‎43. C　细节理解题。根据第三段中的“The device went through several versions…inventing finally completed…” 可知C项正确。‎ ‎ 2014·浙江卷] ‎ C Last summer，two nineteenthcentury cottages were rescued from remote farm fields in Montana，to be moved to an Art Deco building in San Francisco.The houses were made of wood.These cottages once housed early settlers as they worked the dry Montana soil；now they hold Twitter engineers.‎ The cottages could be an example of the industry's odd love affair with “low technology”， a concept associated with the natural world，and with oldschool craftsmanship(手艺) that exists long before the Internet era.Low technology is not virtual(虚拟的)—so，to take advantage of it，Internet companies have had to get creative.The rescued wood cottages，fitted by hand in the late eighteenhundreds，are an obvious example，but Twitter's designs lie on the extreme end.Other companies are using a broader interpretation(阐释) of low technology that focuses on nature.‎ Amazon is building three glassspheres filled with trees，so that employees can “work and socialize in a more natural，parklike setting”．At Google's office，an entire floor is carpeted in grace.Facebook's second Menlo Park camping will have a rooftop park with a walking trail.‎ Olle Lundberg，the founder of Lundberg Design，has worked with many tech companies over the years.“We have lost the connection to the maker in our lives，and our tech engineers are the ones who feel most impoverished(贫乏的)，because they're surrounded by the digital world，”he says.“They're looking for a way to regain their individual identity，and we've found that introducing real crafts is one way to do that.”‎ This craftbased theory is rooted in history.William Morris，the English artist and writer，turned back to preindustrial arts in the eighteensixties，just after the Industrial Revolution.The Arts and Crafts movement defined itself against machines.“Without creative human occupation，people became disconnected from life，” Morris said.‎ Research has shown that natural environments can restore(恢复) our mental capacities.In Japan，patients are encouraged to “forestbathe”， taking walks through woods to lower their blood pressure.‎ These health benefits apply to the workplace as well.Rachel Kaplan，a professor of environmental psychology，has spent years researching the restorative effects of natural environments.Her research found that workers with access to nature at the office—even simple views of trees and flowers—felt their jobs were less stressful and more satisfying.If lowtech offices can potentially nourish the brains and improve the mental health of employees then，fine，bring on the cottages.‎ ‎50．The writer mentions the two nineteenthcentury cottages to show that ________.‎ A．Twitter is having a hard time B．old cottages are in need of protection C．early settlers once suffered from a dry climate in Montana D．Internet companies have rediscovered the benefits of low technology ‎51．Low technology is regarded as something that ________.‎ A．is related to nature B．is out of date today C．consumes too much energy D．exists in the virtual world ‎52．The main idea of Paragraph 5 is that human beings ________.‎ A．have destroyed many preindustrial arts B．have a tradition of valuing arts and crafts C．can become intelligent by learning history D．can regain their individual identity by using machines ‎53．The writer's attitude to “low technology” can best be described as ________.‎ A．positive B．defensive C．cautious D．doubtful ‎54．What might be the best title for the passage?‎ A．Past glories, future dreams B．The virtual world，the real challenge C．Hightech companies, lowtech offices D．The more craftsmanship，the less creativity ‎【文章大意】 科技的发展似乎让人们觉得我们已经不需要过去，而只要未来就行了。但文章中作者告诉我们，越是高科技的公司，办公室越是原始和自然，正所谓“一张一弛，阴阳和谐”。‎ ‎50. D　推理判断题。从第一段were rescued from remote和第二段的“…an example of the industry's odd love affair with ‘low technology’…to take advantage of it，Internet companies have had to get creative.”可知，作者提到这两幢19世纪小木屋得到了互联网巨头很好的保护旨在告诉我们，高科技公司需要从“低科技”的原始自然中寻求发展的灵感。故选D项。‎ ‎51. A　细节理解题。 从第二段的“Other companies are using a broader interpretation(阐释) of low technology that focuses on nature.”推断知，所谓“低科技”其实是与自然息息相关的原始元素。故选A项。 ‎ ‎52. B　段落大意题。 从第五段主题句“This craftbased theory is rooted in history.”并结合“The Arts and Crafts movement defined itself against machines.”知，人类有珍惜艺术和手艺的传统，这深深植根于悠久的人类历史中。故选B项。‎ ‎ 2014·重庆卷] ‎ C The idea of being able to walk on water has long interested humans greatly. Sadly, biological facts prevent us ever accomplishing such a thing without artificial aid—we simply weigh too much，and all our mass pushes down through our relatively small feet, resulting in a lot of pressure that makes us sink.‎ However, several types of animals can walk on water. One of the most interesting is the common basilisk Basilicus basilicus, a lizard (蜥蜴) native to Central and South America. It can run across water for a distance of several metres, avoiding getting wet by rapidly hitting the water's surface with its feet. The lizard will take as many as 20 steps per second to keep moving forward. For humans to do this, we'd need huge feet that we could bring up to our ears in order to create adequate “hitting”．‎ But fortunately there is an alternative: cornflour. By adding enough of this common thickening agent to water (and it does take a lot), you can create a “nonNewtonian” liquid that doesn't behave like normal water. Now, if the surface of the water is hit hard enough, particles(粒子) in the water group together for a moment to make the surface hard. Move quickly enough and put enough force into each step, and you really can walk across the surface of an adequately thick liquid of cornflour.‎ Fun though all this may sound, it's still rather messy and better read about in theory than carried out in practice. If you must do it, then keep the water wings handy in case you start to sink—and take a shower afterwards!‎ ‎44. Walking on water hasn't become a reality mainly because humans ________．‎ A. are not interested in it B. have biological limitations C. have not invented proper tools D. are afraid to make an attempt ‎45. What do we know about Basilicus basilicus from the passage?‎ A. It is light enough to walk on water.‎ B. Its huge feet enable it to stay above water.‎ C. It can run across water at a certain speed.‎ D. Its unique skin keeps it from getting wet in water.‎ ‎46. What is the function of the cornflour according to the passage?‎ A. To create a thick liquid.‎ B. To turn the water into solid.‎ C. To help the liquid behave normally.‎ D. To enable the water to move rapidly.‎ ‎47. What is the author's attitude towards the idea of humans' walking on water?‎ A. It is risky but beneficial.‎ B. It is interesting and worth trying.‎ C. It is crazy and cannot become a reality.‎ D. It is impractical though theoretically possible.‎ ‎【文章大意】 本文通过介绍一种被认为可行的水上行走方式来说明人类要实现在水上行走的可行性和难度。‎ ‎44．B　细节理解题。从第一段第二句可知，如果没有其他的人为辅助手段，人在水上会由于受重量太大而受到限制，最终会沉入水中。‎ ‎45．C　细节理解题。从第二段可知Basilicus basilicus能在水上自由行走是因为它能快速拍打水面而不至于弄湿身体。‎ ‎46．A　细节理解题。第三段介绍了用一定稠密度的玉米粉末来增加水面厚度的方法，它可以使人类在水上行走。‎ ‎47．D　推理判断题。根据短文最后一段中的“…it's still rather messy and better read about in theory than carried out in practice.”(这个方法还是很没道理，可以权当高级理论谈论但不宜付诸实施)，且最后说如果有人一定要尝试的话，最好配备救生设施以防不测。由此说明用玉米粉末铺垫水面来行走理论上可行，实际上却无法操作。‎ ‎【两年模拟】2015、2016名校模拟题及其答案解析 ‎2016年模拟题 ‎1. 【河南省焦作市2016届高三第一次模拟】C Scientists have discovered thirteen kinds of vitamins. They say vitamins help to carry out chemical ‎ changes within cells. If we do not get enough of the vitamins we need in our food, we are at risk of developing a number of diseases. Which foods should be eaten to keep us healthy? Let us look at some important vitamins.‎ ‎ Vitamin A helps prevent skin and other tissues from becoming dry. People who do not get enough vitamin A cannot see well in darkness. Vitamin A is found in fish liver oil and the yellow part of eggs.‎ ‎ Vitamin B-1 is also called thiamine. Thiamine changes starchy（含淀粉的）foods into energy. Thiamine is found not just in whole grains like brown rice, but also in beans and peas, nuts, and meat and fish.‎ ‎ Vitamin B-12 is needed so folic acid can do its work. Together, they help produce red blood cells. Folic acid has been shown to prevent physical problems in babies when taken by their mothers during pregnancy. Vitamin B-12 is found naturally in foods like eggs, meat, fish and milk products. Vitamin B-12 is found in green leafy vegetables and other foods, like legumes and citrus fruits （柑橘类水果).‎ ‎ Vitamin C is needed for strong bones and teeth. The body stores little vitamin C. So we must get it every day in foods such as citrus fruits, tomatoes and uncooked cabbage.‎ ‎ Vitamin D prevents the children’s bone disease rickets （佝偻病）. Ultraviolet light from the sun changes a substance in the skin into vitamin D. Fish liver oil also contains vitamin D.‎ ‎ Vitamin K is needed for healthy blood. It thickens the blood around a cut to stop bleeding. It can also be found in pork products, liver and in vegetables like cabbage, kale and spinach （菠菜）.‎ Vitamins are important to our health. A lack of required vitamins can lead to health problems.‎ ‎28. What is the main idea of the passage?‎ A. There are thirteen kinds of vitamins in total.‎ ‎ B. One can not live without enough vitamins.‎ ‎ C. Vitamins can carry out chemical changes within cells.‎ ‎ D. Enough vitamins are vital to keep healthy.‎ ‎29. Women who wish to become mothers should take in ________.‎ ‎ A. vitamin A B. vitamin B-1 C. vitamin B-12 D. vitamin C ‎30. What can change a substance in the skin into vitamin D?‎ ‎ A. Fish liver oil. B. Ultraviolet light from the sun.‎ ‎ C. Fresh milk drunk by people. D. Doing a certain amount of exercise.‎ ‎31. According to the passage, taking in enough vitamin C can ________.‎ ‎ A. make our eyesight better B. help to stop bleeding C. make our bones and teeth strong D. help produce red blood cells ‎【答案】‎ ‎28.D ‎29.C ‎30.B ‎31.C ‎30.B细节理解题。根据文中Ultraviolet light from the sun changes a substance in the skin into vitamin D．可知紫外线可以促进维生素D的形成，故答案B正确。‎ ‎31.C细节理解题。根据文章Vitamin C is needed for strong bones and teeth．维生素C被用来强健骨骼和牙齿。可知，答案C正确。‎ 考点：考查健康保健类阅读 ‎2.【广东省深圳市2016年高三第二次调研】D Humans and many other mammals have unusually efficient internal temperature regulating systems that automatically maintain stable core body temperatures（核心体温）in cold winters and warm summers. In addition, people have developed cultural patterns and technologies that help them adjust to extremes of temperature and humidity（湿度）.‎ In very cold climates, there is a constant danger of developing hypothermia（低体温）, which is a life threatening drop in core body temperature to below normal levels. The normal temperature for humans is about 37.0°C. However, differences in persons and even the time of day can cause it to be as much as 6°C higher or lower in healthy individuals. It is also normal for core body temperature to be lower in elderly people. Hypothermia begins to occur when the core body temperature drops to 34.4°C. Below 29.4°C, the body cools more rapidly because its natural temperature regulating system usually fails. The rapid decline in core body temperature is likely to result in death. However, there have been rare cases in which people have been saved after their temperatures had dropped to 13.9-15.6°C. This happened in 1999 to a Swedish woman who was trapped under an ice sheet in ‎ freezing water for 80 minutes. She was found unconscious, not breathing, and her heart had stopped beating, yet she was eventually saved despite the fact that her temperature had dropped to 13.7°C.‎ In extremely hot climates or as a result of uncontrollable infections, core body temperatures can rise to equally dangerous levels. This is hyperthermia. Life threatening hyperthermia typically starts in humans when their temperatures rise to 40.6-41.7°C. Only a few days at this extraordinarily high temperature level is likely to result in the worsening of internal organs and death.‎ ‎32．Why can humans keep stable body temperatures in different seasons?‎ A．Because their bodies are unusually efficient.‎ B．Because they experience different climates.‎ C．Because they can adjust to cultural patterns and technologies.‎ D．Because they have internal temperature regulating systems.‎ ‎33．What does Paragraph 2 mainly discuss?‎ A．The dangerous effects of hypothermia. ‎ B．The change of body temperature.‎ C．The survival of the Swedish woman.‎ D．The regulating systems of natural temperature.‎ ‎34．People are unlikely to survive under the body temperature .‎ A．higher than 34.4°C B．lower than 29.4°C C．between 40.6-41.7°C D．between 34.4-37°C ‎35．What is the best title for the passage?‎ A．Surviving in an ice trap B．Getting to know hypothermia C．Adapting to climate extremes D．Changing core body temperature ‎【答案】‎ ‎32D ‎33A ‎34B ‎35C ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：本文主要讲述的是人体内有调节体温的系统，能让人适应不同的外部气温。‎ ‎32. D 细节理解题。根据文章第一句Humans and many other mammals have unusually efficient internal temperature regulating systems that automatically maintain stable core body temperatures（核心体温）in cold winters and warm summers.‎ 可知人类保持稳定的核心体温是因为人体内有调节体温的系统。故D正确。‎ ‎33. A 段落大意题。第二段第一句In very cold climates, there is a constant danger of developing hypothermia（低体温）, which is a life threatening drop in core body temperature to below normal levels.中提出低体温对人来说是一大威胁。接下来对这一情况展开说明。可知本段主要讲述的是低体温对人体健康的影响。故A正确。‎ ‎34. B 细节理解题。根据第二段第六句Below 29.4°C, the body cools more rapidly because its natural temperature regulating system usually fails.可知在29.4度以下，人体的温度会迅速下降，因为调节体温的系统已经失灵了，人就很难存活下来。故B正确。‎ ‎35. C 标题概括题。本文主要讲述的是人体内有调节体温的系统，能让人适应不同的外部气温。AB项只涉及低温，D项只提到改变核心体温。C项较为全面地介绍了全文内容。‎ ‎【名师点睛】‎ 选择“标题”则是让考生给所读的文章选择一个合适的标题。通常标题由一个名词或名词短语充当，用词简短、精练。常见的提问方式有： ‎ ‎1. What would be the best title for the text? ‎ ‎2. Which of the following is the best / most suitable title for this text? ‎ ‎3. The best / most suitable title for this text would be ________. ‎ ‎4. The topic of this passage is _________. ‎ 不管是选择“主题”还是选择“标题”，实质上都是要求考生从整体上理解语篇内容，找出贯穿语篇的主线；不管是何种体裁的文章，总是围绕一个主题来展开的。在试题设计上，3个干扰项内容一般在文章里或多或少都有涉及，但并非主要内容，需要注意甄别。 ‎ 文章标题的选择或拟定 ‎ ‎1. 要在阅读原文的基础上，仔细考虑这句话或短语与文章主题是否有密切的联系； ‎ ‎2. 再看它对文章的概括性或覆盖面如何； ‎ ‎3. 要注意题目是过大还是过小； ‎ ‎4. 要避免下列三种错误：①概括不够（多表现为部分代整体，从而导致范围太小）；②过度概括（多表现为人为扩大范围）；③以事实、细节替代抽象概括的大意。 ‎ 要恰当地选好标题，还需要了解标题的基本拟定方式。一般来说，标题的拟定方式是：以话题为核心，将控制性概念的词按一定的语法浓缩为概括主题句句意或中心思想的词组。 ‎ 比如某一文章的中心句子为：Coffee is a universal drink that is served in different ways around the world. ‎ 话题：Coffee ‎ 控制性概念：is a universal drink that is served in different ways around the world 标题：‎ Coffee Around the World。‎ 考点：考查科普说明文阅读 ‎3.C【吉林省松原市油田高中2016届高三上学期第三次模拟】‎ To prevent the deserts coming near, China has planted billions of trees---to replace destroyed forests and as barriers against the sand. This isn’t a cure, though, say experts, as thirsty trees can make the problem worse by taking in groundwater. ‎ ‎“Planting trees is one way, but it isn’t that simple. It doesn’t solve the basic issue of water resources,” says Wu Bo, a professor. “We need to calculate how much water the trees will absorb, or else it could have a negative effect.”‎ Villagers in Zhengxin have taken on this challenge, with limited success. When the irrigation channels began to run dry, Lu Xianglin switched from wheat to cotton on his land. He also planted trees to protect his fields from sandstorms. He says he still gets good yields（产量） using flood irrigation and earns a good income for his family. ‎ Other farmers haven’t stuck it out（坚持到底）: about one in three have left Zhengxin in the past 10 years after their wheat crops died. Young people who can find jobs in the towns rarely return. ‎ Last week, Mr Lu joined the other men in his village on a government-arranged trip to see the land that has been set aside for their relocation, nearly 40 miles to the south. The next day, he was back, shaking his head at the plan. The idea of uprooting his family troubles him, as does the idea of giving up the land that fed his forefathers. He prefers to stay and keep up the fight.‎ ‎“With enough water, this problem can be solved,” Lu says. “We can plant trees and grass, and they will grow bigger. That will stop the desert.”‎ Experts say that farmers could switch to drip irrigation （滴灌）to lessen their water intake for growing crops. Elsewhere in the region, farmers have built brick greenhouses as part of a plan to grow vegetables using less water. Roadside signs urge farmers to “Save Water, Protect the Environment”. ‎ ‎28. The negative effect of planting trees in deserts is that __________.‎ ‎ A. it can make groundwater become less ‎ B. it can prevent the sand moving freely ‎ C. it can stop crops growing well ‎ D. it can get the soil to become poor ‎29. Why did Mr. Lu NOT accept the idea of relocation?‎ ‎ A. Because the plan of relocation will cost him much money.‎ ‎ B. Because his family had trouble moving away. ‎ ‎ C. Because he was reluctant to give up his land. ‎ ‎ D. Because he would rather stay than fight against the deserts.‎ ‎30. What can we infer from the passage?‎ ‎ A. The deserts drive more and more people to leave their homes for their lives.‎ ‎ B. People have no means to fight against the land becoming desert.‎ ‎ C. Water is the biggest barrier for people to stop the desert. ‎ ‎ D. Planting trees cannot solve the problem of desertification of farmland.‎ ‎31. What advice is given by experts to save water?‎ ‎ A. To plant more trees. ‎ B. To build greenhouses.‎ ‎ C. To change crops. ‎ D. To use drip irrigation. ‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎28A ‎29C ‎30C ‎31D ‎ ‎29. C 推理判断题。根据第五段最后两句The idea of uprooting his family troubles him, as does the idea of giving up the land that fed his forefathers. He prefers to stay and keep up the fight.由于沙漠化，政府计划让他们搬迁。但是这个想法让他很难过，因为他还想待在这里和沙漠化做斗争。他不情愿离开祖辈生活的地方。故C正确。‎ ‎30. C 推理判断题。根据最后一段首尾句Experts say that farmers could switch to drip irrigation （滴灌）to lessen their water intake for growing crops. 和Roadside signs urge farmers to “Save Water, Protect the ‎ Environment”.可知专家建议农民转换成滴灌来减少用水量。路边的标牌上也要求农民节约用水，这都说明缺水才是人们与沙漠做斗争的最大的障碍。故C正确。‎ ‎31. D 细节理解题。根据最后一段第一句Experts say that farmers could switch to drip irrigation （滴灌）to lessen their water intake for growing crops. 可知专家建议农民转换成滴灌来减少用水量。故D正确。‎ 考点：考查科普类阅读 ‎4.D 【广东省华南师范大学附属中学、广东实验中学、深圳中学、广雅中学四校2016届高三上学期期末联考】People with an impulsive personality refer to those who tend to do things without considering the possible dangers or problems first. According to a new study by researchers at the University of Georgia, such people may be more likely to have food addiction. The study found that people exhibiting impulsive behavior weren’t necessarily overweight, but impulsiveness was related to a direct relationship with food, and therefore, less healthy weight.‎ Food addiction has been compared to addictive drug use. Studies have linked the dopamine (多巴胺) release that occurs after tasting delicious food to the dopamine release that happens when people consume other addictive substances.‎ Impulsive behavior involves several personality traits (特点). Two of these traits, known as negative urgency and lack of perseverance, were particularly associated with food addiction and high BMI (身体质量指数) during the study.‎ Negative urgency is characterized by the tendency to behave impulsively when experiencing negative emotions. Some people might drink alcohol or take drugs. For others, it could mean eating to feel better. Lack of perseverance is when a person has a hard time finishing hard or boring tasks. People with a lack of perseverance might have difficulty attempting to change addictive eating behavior, which could also cause obesity.‎ ‎“Impulsiveness might be one reason why some people eat in an addictive way despite motivation to lose weight,” said Dr. Ashley Gearhardt, a clinical psychologist. He was involved in developing the Yale Food Addiction Scale in aid of those people. “We are theorizing that if food addiction is really a thing, then our measure, the Yale Food Addiction Scale, should be related to helping control impulsive action,” said Gearhardt. ‎ Clinical psychologist Dr. James MacKillop, whose lab was conducting the study, believes that therapies used to treat addictive drug behavior could help people who suffer from addictive eating habits.‎ ‎“Most of the programs for weight loss at this point focus on the most obvious things, which are clearly diet and exercise,” MacKillop said. “It seems that managing strong desires to eat would ‎ naturally fit in with the skills a person would need to eat healthily.”‎ ‎12. According to Paragraph 1, the result of food addiction is ________.‎ A. less healthy weight B. motivation to lose weight ‎ C. negative emotions D. taking alcohol or drugs ‎13. How does the author introduce the two personality traits in Paragraph 4?‎ A. By making comparisons and conclusions. B. By explaining causes and effects.‎ C. By presenting questions and answers. D. By giving definitions and examples. ‎ ‎14. What can be inferred about the Yale Food Addiction Scale from the text?‎ A. It has been successfully carried out among overweight people. ‎ B. It might help some impulsive people with food addiction to lose weight. ‎ C. It will prove whether food addiction is a problem to impulsive people. ‎ D. It is theoretically a proper treatment for addictive food and drug behavior. ‎ ‎15. Which of the following can be the best title for the text?‎ A. Dopamine release caused by food addiction B. Food addiction compared to drug use ‎ C. Impulsive personality linked to food addition D. Food addiction contributing to obesity ‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎12A ‎13D ‎14B ‎15C ‎【解析】‎ ‎ 试题分析：本文属于科普说明文，一项新的研究显示性格冲动的人很可能会有食物成瘾的行为，同时在文章中作者还介绍了人们对于这两者之间联系的研究。‎ ‎12. A 推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句The study found that people exhibiting impulsive behavior weren’t necessarily overweight, but impulsiveness was related to a direct relationship with food, and therefore, less healthy weight.可知研究说明冲动的人不一定就会超重，但是冲动和食物是有关系的，所谓的食物有关系，也就是说有不健康的体重问题有关。故A正确。‎ ‎13. D 推理判断题。根据第四段第一句Negative urgency is characterized by the tendency to behave impulsively when experiencing negative emotions.和第四段第三句Lack of perseverance is when a person has a hard time finishing hard or boring tasks.可知这两句是Negative urgency 和Lack of perseverance两个概念的定义。同时本段2、3句Some people might drink alcohol or take drugs. For others, it could mean eating to feel better.和最后一句People with a lack of perseverance might ‎ have difficulty attempting to change addictive eating behavior, which could also cause obesity给出的是这两个概念的例子。所以作者是通过定义和举例来介绍这两个定义的。故D正确。‎ ‎14. B 推理判断题。根据第五段最后一句“We are theorizing that if food addiction is really a thing, then our measure, the Yale Food Addiction Scale, should be related to helping control impulsive action,” said Gearhardt. 和第六段第一句Clinical psychologist Dr. James MacKillop, whose lab was conducting the study, believes that therapies used to treat addictive drug behavior could help people who suffer from addictive eating habits可知耶鲁大学的这个研究可以帮助控制冲动的行为，并帮助那些因为冲动而有不好的饮食习惯的人。故B项说法正确。‎ ‎ 考点：考查科普说明文阅读 ‎ ‎5.C【广东省汕头市金山中学2016届高三上学期期末考试】A team of engineers at Harvard University has been inspired by Nature to create the first robotic fly. The mechanical fly has become a platform for a series of new high-tech integrated systems. Designed to do what a fly does naturally, the tiny machine is the size of a fat housefly. Its mini wings allow it to stay in the air and perform controlled flight tasks.‎ ‎“It’s extremely important for us to think about this as a whole system and not just the sum of a bunch of individual components (元件),” said Robert Wood, the Harvard engineering professor who has been working on the robotic fly project for over a decade. A few years ago, his team got the go-ahead to start piecing together the components. “The added difficulty with a project like this is that actually none of those components are off the shelf and so we have to develop them all on our own,” he said.‎ They engineered a series of systems to start and drive the robotic fly. “The seemingly simple system which just moves the wings has a number of interdependencies on the individual components, each of which individually has to perform well, but then has to be matched well to everything it’s connected to,” said Wood. The flight device was built into a set of power, computation, sensing and control systems. Wood says the success of the project proves that the flying robot with these tiny components can be built and manufactured.‎ While this first robotic flyer is linked to a small, off-board power source, the goal is eventually to equip it with a built-in power source, so that it might someday perform data-gathering work at ‎ rescue sites, in farmers’ fields or on the battlefield. “Basically it should be able to take off, land and fly around,” he said.‎ Wood says the design offers a new way to study flight mechanics and control at insect-scale. Yet, the power, sensing and computation technologies on board could have much broader applications. “You can start thinking about using them to answer open scientific questions, you know, to study biology in ways that would be difficult with the animals, but using these robots instead,” he said. “So there are a lot of technologies and open interesting scientific questions that are really what drives us on a day to day basis.”‎ ‎8. The difficulty the team of engineers met with while making the robotic fly was that __________.‎ A. they had no model in their mind B. they did not have sufficient time C. they had no ready-made components D. they could not assemble the components ‎9. It can be inferred from paragraphs 3 and 4 that the robotic fly __________.‎ A. consists of a flight device and a control system B. can just fly in limited areas at the present time C. can collect information from many sources D. has been put into wide application ‎10. Which of the following can be learned from the passage?‎ A. The robotic flyer is designed to learn about insects.‎ B. Animals are not allowed in biological experiments.‎ C. There used to be few ways to study how insects fly.‎ D. Wood’s design can replace animals in some experiments.‎ ‎11. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?‎ A. Father of Robotic Fly B. Inspiration from Engineering Science C. Robotic Fly Imitates Real Life Insect D. Harvard Breaks Through in Insect Study ‎【答案】 ‎ ‎8C ‎9B ‎10D ‎11C ‎9. B 推理判断题。根据第三段倒数第二句“he flight device was built into a set of power, computation, sensing and control systems”可知A项是错误的。根据第四段第一句“While this first robotic flyer is linked to a small, off-board power source”和“Basically it should be able to take off, land and fly around,”可知，目前由于电池等的限制，只能在有限的区域飞行。因此B项是正确的。根据第四段的“so that it might someday perform data-gathering work at rescue sites, in farmers’ fields or on the battlefield”可知该飞行器是在someday将来的某一天才能从不同的地方收集信息，而不是现在，因此排除C项。纵观全文，讲述的是该飞行器尚处于开发的初级阶段，有很多地方需要改善，因此D项广泛投入使用是错误的。综上所述，选B项。 10. D 细节理解题。根据第四段的it might someday perform data-gathering work at rescue sites, in farmers’ fields or on the battlefield可知，A项是错误的。B项中animals are not allowed 是错的，应该是difficult with animals,即有些用动物来做试验是困难的，不是不允许。C项在文中并没有提到以前方法的多少，文中只是说offers a new way to study，提供了新的方法，故排除C项。根据最后一段的 you know, to study biology in ways that would be difficult with the animals, but using these robots instead，可知，有些试验用动物很苦难，但是可以用机器人来替代，故选择D项。 11. C 标题概括题。文章的重点观点在第一段，主要讲述的是哈佛大学从自然界的昆虫那里得到了灵感，设计开发了第一款机器苍蝇。因此选择C项，A重点在father，与文章中心不符，B项没有突出得出的灵感是什么，不够具体，D项讲的是在昆虫研究方面的突破，与文章中心不符。‎ ‎【名师点睛】‎ 本文属于主旨大意题中的标题概括题。我们可以根据以下原则来选择最好的标题—选帽原则 。‎ 英语文章的标题可以是单词、短语，也可以是句子，它高度概括了文章内容，点明文章主题，它是文章中心思想最精练的表达形式。那如何选择文章的标题呢？如同选择文章的主题思想一样，标题要有概括性、全面性、针对性。标题要避免概括不够，即以部分代整体，或以事实细节代替具体的大意；也要避免概括过度，即脱离了文本内容的过度发挥，导致标题范围太大，缺乏针对性。像帽子一样，大小合适才行。另外，标题要简洁、突出、新颖。标题是文章的点睛之笔，所以它还要具有醒目的特点，能吸引读者。  ‎ 本文的重点观点在第一段，主要讲述的是哈佛大学从自然界的昆虫那里得到了灵感，设计开发了第一款机器苍蝇。所以C项最概括第说明了文章的大意。‎ 考点：考查科普说明文 ‎6.D 【湖南省长沙市长郡中学2016届高三下学期第六次月考】Most of the time, the ground feels solid beneath our feet. That's comforting. But it's also misleading because there's actually a lot going on underground. Masses of land (called plates) slip, slide, and bump against each other, slowly changing the shape of continents and oceans over millions and billions of years.‎ ‎ Scientists know that Earth formed about 4. 5 billion years ago. They also know that our planet was hot at first. As it cooled, its outermost layer, called the crust （地壳), eventually formed moving plates. Exactly when this shift happened, however, is an open question.‎ ‎ Now, an international group of researchers has an answer. They've found new evidence suggesting that Earth's crust started shifting at least 3.8 billion years ago. The new estimate is l. 3 billion years earlier than previous ones.‎ ‎ Not long before 3. 8 billion years ago, lots of small planets were hitting Earth, keeping its crust in a hot, melting state. After the hard crust formed, much of it sank at various times into the planet's hot insides. There, it melted before returning to the surface.‎ ‎ In some places, however, the crust never sank. One of the oldest such places is in Greenland, in an area called the Isua supracrustal (上地壳) belt. The rocky crust there is between 3. 7 and 3. 8 billion years old. The belt was once part of the seafloor, but now it is exposed to air.‎ ‎ The researchers recently took a close look at the Isua supracrustal belt. They noticed long, parallel cracks（裂缝）in the rock that have been filled in with a type of volcanic rock.‎ ‎ To explain this structure, the scientists propose that tension in the crust caused the seafloor to crack open long ago. Hot, liquid rock oozed from deep inside Earth to fill the cracks. Finally, the whole area cooled, forming what we see today.‎ ‎ That explanation, plus chemical clues inside the rock, suggests that the Isua supracrustal belt was once part of plate under the ocean, beginning around 3.8 billion years ago.‎ ‎ “It's a fantastic case of solving a jigsaw puzzle（拼图）,”says one of the researchers. He notes that the puzzle was “a very difficult one because these rocks are all very old and have been badly ruined".‎ ‎32. The underlined phrase “oozed from" in Paragraph 7 is closest in meaning to ‎ A. filled up gradually ‎ B. washed away quickly ‎ C. flew out of slowly ‎ D. broke through suddenly ‎33. What can we infer from the text?‎ ‎ A. The shapes of continents and oceans changed slowly.‎ ‎ B. The Earth's crust started shifting l.3 billion years ago.‎ ‎ C. The crust began to shift when the Earth was hot.‎ ‎ D. The hit from small planets made the Earth cool.‎ ‎34. What do scientists know about the past of the Isua supracrustal belt?‎ ‎ A. It was once covered by hot, liquid rock.‎ ‎ B. It remained under the deep sea.‎ ‎ C. It stayed hot and sinking.‎ ‎ D. It kept moving slowly.‎ ‎35. The text is mainly about ‎ A. why the Earth cooled ‎ B. how the Isua supracrustal belt formed ‎ C. whether the ground beneath our feet is still ‎ D. when Earth's crust began shifting ‎【答案】‎ ‎32.C ‎33.A ‎34.B ‎35.D ‎34.B细节理解题。根据第五段In some places, however, the crust never sank. One of the oldest such places is in Greenland, in an area called the Isua supracrustal (上地壳) belt. The rocky crust ‎ there is between 3. 7 and 3. 8 billion years old. The belt was once part of the seafloor, but now it is exposed to air.可知Isua supracrustal以前是属于海底的。故选B。‎ ‎35.D主旨大意题。根据第二段最后一句Exactly when this shift happened, however, is an open question.‎ 可知地壳什么时候开始发生转变是这篇文章的讨论话题。故选D。‎ ‎【名师点睛】‎ 细节理解题最常用的方法是对原文句子中的关键词进行替换，把原文中的一些词换成意义相近的词，成为正确选项。如34题，问题的问的是Isua supracrustal belt，那么就在原文中找到Isua supracrustal belt，再看关于它的描述，发现原文中The belt was once part of the seafloor 与选项B中的It remained under the deep sea.是同等替换。‎ 考点：考查科普说明文阅读 ‎7.D 【海南省文昌中学2016届高三上学期期末】Think about what you usually have for a meal: Is it a hamburger? What about vegetables? Would it surprise you to learn that what you eat can affect the whole planet?‎ ‎ It can--in a big way. Scientists attending the American Association for the Advancement of Science meeting in Chicago presented new studies showing how food and its production affect the globe and its warming climate. It is generally believed that global warming is caused by the large amounts of greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere. One of these greenhouse gases is carbon dioxide.‎ ‎ What does this have to do with food? A big part of the carbon dioxide comes from the process of making and eating food, the scientists reported in Chicago. The production of meat contributes to a lot of that carbon dioxide.‎ ‎ The process of making a hamburger, for example, requires a lot of energy. A cow has to be fed and raised on farmland, and cow manure(肥料)is a major source of methane(甲烷)--an especially powerful greenhouse gas. By the time a hamburger is finally served on a dinner plate, it has done great harm to the environment.‎ ‎ The message from the research is clear: We can greatly reduce the production of greenhouse gases by eating less meat.‎ ‎ All kinds of meat, the scientists reported, are harder on the planet than vegetables. To grow and eat a pound of potatoes, for example, sends less than one-quarter pound of carbon dioxide or other greenhouse gases into the air. So shifting our diet to less meat and more vegetables ,as it turns out, may do the world some good.‎ 33. Generally speaking , people believe that global warming is caused by ________.‎ A. cutting down too many trees.‎ B. releasing too many greenhouse gases.‎ C. growing too many vegetables.‎ D. raising too many cows.‎ 34. Which of the following is NOT true?‎ A. To make and eat meat requires a great deal of energy.‎ B. To feed and raise cows on farmland contributes to greenhouse gases.‎ C. To make and eat hamburgers sends greenhouse gases into the air.‎ D. To grow and eat vegetables does no harm to the environment.‎ 35. According to the passage , the writer seemingly intends to ________.‎ A. appeal to us to protect the environment by eating less meat food.‎ B. persuade us to develop a good eating habit to keep healthy C. advise us to make less hamburgers in order to save energy.‎ D. encourage us to grow more vegetables to reduce greenhouse gases.‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎33B ‎34D ‎35A ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：作者在本文中叙述了肉食会释放出更多的二氧化碳，会对环境带来更大的影响，呼吁我们吃素来保护环境。‎ ‎33. B 细节理解题。根据第二段第二句It is generally believed that global warming is caused by the large amounts of greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere.可知人们通常认为全球变暖是由于释放进大气层的大量的温室气体导致的。故B正确。‎ ‎34. D 推理判断题。根据文章最好一段第二句To grow and eat a pound of potatoes, for example, sends less than one-quarter pound of carbon dioxide or other greenhouse gases into the air.可知种植和吃一磅土豆向空气中释放的二氧化碳要减少四分之一。但是仍然对大气有很影响，而不是D项中所说的没有影响。故D项说法错误。‎ 考点：考查说明文阅读 ‎8.C 【黑龙江省大庆第一中学2016届高三下学期开学考试】Nature is full of color, from rainbows and roses to butterfly wings and peacock tails. Even the fruits and vegetables you eat have different colors: blue blueberries, red strawberries, green broccoli, and orange carrots.‎ ‎ Plant and animals often use color to attract attention. The substances responsible for these ‎ colors belong to a class of chemical called antioxidants(抗氧化物). Plants make antioxidant to protect themselves from the sun's ultraviolet(紫外线)light.‎ ‎ Ultraviolet light causes chemicals called free radicals(自由基)to form within plant cells. They can destroy parts of plant. Free radicals also have damaging effects on human beings. Some of these effects like wrinkled skin can be seen. The damage is caused by the free radicals attacking cells in our bodies. Certain cancers and heart disease are linked to free radicals.‎ ‎ Our bodies have natural defences for fighting off free radicals. While we are young, our defences are pretty strong. However, they get weaker as we get older. The body’s built-in defences can only go so far without extra help.‎ ‎ The key to fighting free radicals with fruits and vegetables is to mix and match colors. It’s like sunscreen(防晒霜)for the inside of your body. Go for a range of very bright colors. Colorful foods contain hundreds of healthy chemicals not found anywhere else.‎ ‎ Research into how chemicals in blueberries affect the brain's function in rats suggests that these chemicals may help our own brains work more efficiently.‎ ‎ Don't just blame the sun. Ultraviolet light isn't the only source of free radicals. If you breathe polluted air such as smog, automobile exhaust(废气), or wasted gas from a factory, you take in chemicals that also cause such damage. And, the body itself produces free radicals as it processes food.‎ ‎29. Which of the following NOT true?‎ ‎ A．Antioxidants are responsible for plant colors.‎ ‎ B．Plants use color to attract attention.‎ ‎ C．Antioxidants help free radicals to attack plants.‎ ‎ D．Antioxidants can protect plants from ultraviolet light.‎ ‎30. In which order do the following facts occur?‎ ‎ a .Wrinkled skin can be seen ‎ b .Ultraviolet light causes free radicals to form ‎ c .Free radicals damage cells in our bodies ‎ d .The sun gives out ultraviolet light ‎ A．a,b,c,d B．d,b,a,c ‎ C．c,a,d,b D．d,b,c,a ‎31. We need extra help for fighting off free radicals from fruits and vegetables because ____.‎ ‎ A．our defences get weaker as we get older ‎ B．our bodies’ defences are not natural ‎ C．we are too young to defend ourselves ‎ D．our bodies’ built-in defences can only go away ‎32. Which of the following can NOT cause free radicals to form?‎ ‎ A．Ultraviolet light from the sun B．Colorful food ‎ C．Polluted air D．The body itself ‎【答案】 ‎ ‎29C ‎30D ‎31A ‎32B ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：这篇文章讲述了太阳的紫外线、烟雾、汽车的排气、工厂的废气等都可造成自由基的生成，自由基会破坏人体细胞，各种颜色的食物是帮助我们抗自由基的有效方法。 29. C 细节理解题。本题属于细节题中的是非题。根据第二段第一句Plant and animals often use color to attract attention.说明B项正确；第二句The substances responsible for these colors belong to a class of chemical called antioxidants(抗氧化物). 说明A项正确。第三句Plants make antioxidant to protect themselves from the sun’s ultraviolet(UV)(紫外线)light.说明D项正确。文章中并没有说明抗氧化物帮助自由基攻击植物。所以C项正确。 30. D 细节理解题。根据文章第三段前四句Ultraviolet light causes chemicals called free radicals(自由基)to form within plant cells. They can destroy parts of plant. Free radicals also have damaging effects on human beings. Some of these effects like wrinkled skin can be seen.内容可知事情发生的先后顺序是：先是太阳释放出紫外线，然后紫外线造成自由基的生成，接着自由基破坏我们身体的细胞，最后皮肤起皱纹，故选D。 31. A 细节理解题。根据第四段第二句However, they get weaker as we get older. The body’s built-in defences can only go so far without extra help.说明档我们变老的时候，我们身体的防御能力也随之变弱，已经无法抵抗外来的侵袭了。在这时我们就需要外来的帮助。所以答案为A。 ‎ ‎【名师点睛】‎ 本文【属于细节理解题中的是非题。通常说来是非题并不难，但是比较耗时间。我们要明确是非题的四个选项有三种情况：      1．四个选项中的信息集中在一、二个句子里。这种是非题比较容易做。只要找到相关句，细细读一下就不难选定正确答案。      2．四个选项中的信息集中在一段里。这样查读的范围要大一些，但还是比较容易的。验证一个，排除一个，答案就出来了。      3．四个选项中的信息分散在全文。这种是非题就比较难做，因为要化较多的时间去找各个相关句，一一去查证。一般说来，应首先把四个选项都看一遍，根据第一遍读的印象和基本常识，尽可能先排除掉一、二个，以减少查的选项。实在排除不了，需要到文章中去一一查证的，次序也应从易到难，即从印象最深的，相关句最易找的，最容易证实的那个选项开始查。      由于时间关系，要到全文中去一一查证四个选项，效率太低。因此我们还可以首先对所有选项作一分析，根据常理，根据自己的知识结构，看看哪一选项最有可能是答案。如问哪一个true，就把四个中最可能正确的一项挑出来首先去查证；如问哪一个NOT true，就把四个中最可能是错误的一项挑出来首先去查证。用这一方法，最多查证两项，答案就会出来。‎ 考点：考查科普说明文阅读 ‎ ‎9. D 【山东省实验中学2016届高三上学期第三次诊断】Modern inventions have speeded up people’s loves amazingly. Motor-cars cover a hundred miles in little more than an hour, aircraft cross the world inside a day, while computers operate at lightning speed. Indeed, this love of speed seems never-ending. Every year motor-cars are produced which go even faster and each new computer boats (吹嘘) of saving precious seconds in handling tasks.‎ All this saves time, but at a price. When we lose or gain half a day in speeding across the world in an airplane, our bodies tell us so. We get the uncomfortable feeling known as jet-lag; our bodies feel that they have been left behind on another time zone. Again, spending too long at computers results in painful wrists and fingers. Mobile phones also have their dangers, according to some scientist; too much use may transmit harmful radiation into our brains, a consequence we do not like to think about.‎ However, what do we do with the time we have saved? Certainly not relax, or so it seems. We are so accustomed constant activity that we find it difficult to sit and do nothing or even just one thing at a time. Perhaps the days are long gone when we might listen quietly to a story on the radio, letting imagination take us into another world.‎ There was a time when some people’s lives were devoted simply to the cultivation of the land ‎ or the care of cattle. No multi-tasking there; their lives went on at a much gentler pace, and in a familiar pattern. There is much that we might envy about a way of life like this. Yet before we do so, we must think of the hard tasks our ancestor faced: they farmed with bare hands, often lived close to hunger, and had to fashion tools from wood and stone. Modern machinery has freed people from that primitive existence.‎ ‎32. The new products become more and more time-saving because .‎ A. our love of speed seems never-ending B. time is limited.‎ C. the prices are increasingly high. D. the manufactures boast a lot.‎ ‎33. What does “the days” in Paragraph 3 refer to ?‎ A. Imaginary life B. Simple life in the past.‎ C. Times of inventions D. Time for constant activity.‎ ‎34. What is the author’s attitude towards the modern technology?‎ A.Critical B.Objective. C.Optimistic. D. Negative.‎ ‎35. What does the passage mainly discuss?‎ A. The present and past times. B. Machinery and human beings.‎ C. Imaginations and inventions. D. Modern technology and its influence.‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎32.A ‎33.B ‎34.B ‎35.D ‎33.B词义猜测题。根据后文提到的“when we might listen quietly to a story on the radio, letting imaginations take us into another world.”可知是那种生活简单的日子，故选B。‎ ‎34.B作者态度题。一方面作者对于现代发明给人们带来的便利予以肯定，另一方面又承认了它的负面影响，所以作者的观点是中立的、客观的，故选B。‎ ‎35.D主旨大意题。本文主要讲述了现代发明提高了人们的生活以及人们该如何处理它所带来的负面影响，故选D。 ‎ 考点：考查社会现象类短文阅读 ‎10.【湖北省武汉市武昌区2016届高三元月调研】B Brooke Martin’s golden retriever(金毛猎犬) Kayla hated being left alone or separated. She would howl, pace, and chew on things. Brooke learned that other people had the same problem with their pets. She wondered: ―What if you could talk to your dog if you were gone?‖ 【来.源：全,品…中&高*考*网】‎ Working with her father in their garage, the 16-year-old came up with several ideas. Finally, she invented a device that allowed pet owners to video chat with their pets! She calls the device iCPooch. ―The dog doesn’t have to answer the call,‖ explains Brooke. ―It comes up immediately on the screen on their end. It’s a two-way audio and video—you can see and hear each other.‖ With a click of a button you can even send the dog a treat! ‎ Her invention has earned her a spot competing against nine other finalists in a young scientist competition for middle-school students. These finalists, selected based on their short video presentations, are working with mentors over the summer before heading to the final competition in St. Paul, Minn. ‎ After Martin’s video put her among the 10 finalists in the Discovery Education 3M Young Scientist Challenge, she was paired with Delony Langer-Anderson, a product development scientist in 3M’s consumer health care division. ―I just lead her down the product development path,‖ Langer-Anderson told Live Science. This path includes guidance on how to test the potential product, which combines a video chat device that answers immediately on the dog’s end with a dog treat device the owner can remotely activate. ‎ One thing I have thought about a lot is, what happens if while the device is on the floor, what if your dog knocks it over, or scratches the screen?‖ Martin said. She and Langer-Anderson discussed this, and Martin is now testing materials at a local dog shelter by taping them to the dog house floors to see how well they withstand sharp teeth and claws. ‎ The finalists create models they can test, with the guidance from a mentor. Their projects include a fuel cell that transforms cut grass into electricity and an app that rewards drivers for not texting or calling. Langer-Anderson tries to help the students work through the scientific method, testing their hypothesis, in a determined way, ―so the kids don’t get buried in data.‖ she said. ‎ ‎24. Which of the following would be the best title of the text? ‎ A.“iCPooch” wins in a young scientist competition. ‎ B. A 16-year-old girl invents a device for dog hunger. ‎ C. A man-made device lets people chat with their pets. ‎ D. A kid-invented device calm dogs’ separation anxiety.‎ ‎25. “iCPooch”calms pet dogs by ________. ‎ A. allowing video chat B. making dogs sleep C. answering the call D. giving them food ‎ ‎26. What is the probable meaning of the underlined word “mentor” ‎ A. competitor B. assistant C. instructor D. companion ‎ ‎27. What do the inventions of the finalists have in common? ‎ A. They are all new inventions dealing with pets. ‎ B. They are possible solutions to everyday problems. ‎ C. They cope with the problems related to computers. ‎ D. They are all accomplished through individual work. ‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎24.D ‎25.A ‎26.C ‎27.B ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：本文主要讲述了一项发明，一种人造设备使得人们和他们的宠物能够聊天。‎ ‎24.D细节理解题。根据文中内容分析，本文主要讲述了一个人造设备使得人们和他们的宠物能够聊天的事，故选D。‎ ‎25.A细节理解题。根据文中she invented a device that allowed pet owners to video chat with their pets，可知选项A正确，故选A。‎ ‎26.C细节理解题。根据后文可知，具有一定的指导意义，就如同说明书一样，故选C。‎ ‎27.B推理判断题。根据上下文分析可知，这个设备的发明可以解决了人们每天办不到的问题，故选B。‎ 考点：考查科技类短文阅读。‎ ‎11.D【广东省惠州市2016届高三上学期第三次调研】Do you suffer from cybersickness？‎ The rise of mobile phones has been blamed for a number of social ills, but your smart phone may also be making you physically sick as well. Scientists have identified a condition called “cybersickness”, which they say is the digital version of motion sickness. The phenomenon, which affects up to 80 percent of the population who own smart phones or tablets, leads to feelings of sickness and unsteadiness. It is caused by seeing fast motion on a screen, which covers anything from a car chase in a film to scrolling through web pages on your phone. ‎ The more realistic the visual content appears to you, the higher your chances of getting cybersickness are . The condition was identified in a piece in the New York Times in which British and US experts said that it needed solving. Motion sickness leaves sufferers feeling ill because they feel movement in your muscles and your inner ear but do not see it. The mismatch in digital sickness is the opposite—you see movement on the screen but do not feel it. The effect is the same and the symptoms include a headache, wanting to throw up, confusion and the need to sit down. Often cybersickness shows itself in a subtle way and sufferers put it down to stress or eyestrain.‎ Steven Rauch, a professor of otolaryngology（耳鼻喉科学） at Harvard Medical School, said: “Your sense of balance is different from other senses in that it has lots of inputs. When those inputs don’t agree, that’s when you feel dizziness and sickness. ”‎ Some studies that have been carried out into cybersickness found that women are more susceptible than men, the New York Times reported. Those who have Type A’ personalities—meaning they are confident and determined—are more likely to suffer from cybersickness as well. Among those who have reported experiencing the condition have been video gamers who spend hours playing fast paced games. Engineers at Oculus VR, the virtual headset manufacturer, have admitted that digital motion sickness is one of their biggest problems. ‎ ‎12. From the text, we know that cybersickness ______.‎ ‎ A. is completely equal to motion sickness B. affects up to 80% of the population.‎ ‎ C. leads to people’s feelings of sickness and unsteadiness D. is caused by seeing fast moving objects around ‎13. What’s the difference between motion sickness and digital sickness?‎ ‎ A. Digital sickness means sufferers see movement but do not feel it.‎ ‎ B. Digital sickness means sufferers feel movement but do not see it.‎ ‎ C. Motion sickness means sufferers see movement but do not feel it.‎ ‎ D. Motion sickness means sufferers don’t see or feel movement ‎14. What does the underlined word “susceptible” in the last paragraph mean?‎ ‎ A. likely to accept B. likely to be affected ‎ C. likely to suspect D. likely to be cured ‎15. This passage is most probably ____________.‎ ‎ A. a science fiction B. a newspaper ad ‎ ‎ C. a book review D. a science news report ‎【答案】 ‎ ‎12.C ‎13.A ‎14.B ‎15.D ‎13.A 细节理解题。由“The mismatch in digital sickness is the opposite—you see movement on the screen but do not feel it.”可知，“数字头晕”是你感受不到运动但是“运动头晕”可以。故选A。‎ ‎14.B 词义猜测题。从后面一句的“as well”可推测，女性应该是比男性更容易受到侵扰。Accept承认；affected受影响；suspect可疑； cured治愈。故选B。‎ ‎15.D 主旨大意题。文章讲了一项关于“数码症”的新的科学研究，所以最可能出现在科学报纸上。a science fiction科学小说；a newspaper ad报纸广告；a book review复习用书。故选D。‎ 考点：考查科普类短文阅读。‎ ‎12.B【四川省资阳市2016届高三上学期第二次诊断】Are you trying to learn a new language in a foreign land? You might be better off if you stopped looking at that picture of your family and friends.‎ New research from Columbia University found that prompting (提示) someone who is learning a new language with images and reminders of their own culture could temporarily ruin everything that the brain was trying to build. ‎ When native Chinese students were asked to talk with a Caucasian avatar (白种人的虚拟头像) and a Chinese avatar, their English skills were so different. Simply exposing students to a Chinese person affected their ability to speak English. Subjects who talked with the Chinese version felt more comfortable in their speech, but they produced 11% fewer words per minute. They actually became less fluent speakers. ‎ To make sure it wasn’t just the avatar, researchers also showed people random images of China while the participants told a story. When pictures of their homeland appeared, fluency dropped 16% and volunteers were 85% more likely to use a literal (照字面的) translation, for example, calling pistachios “happy nuts”, because that’s literally what the Chinese word for pistachio means. ‎ When the students were shown pictures of fish with one swimming ahead of the others, their culture would change how they look at the photo. With Chinese prompt, like photos of the Great Wall or Chinese Dragon, etc. they saw more students thinking that the fish was being chased, while an American prompt, like pictures of Marilyn Monroe or Superman, saw those students believing that it was a leader fish.‎ The bottom line is: when attempting to learn a new culture it is far better to surround yourself with that culture than create an island of the old one. ‎ ‎25. Why does the author use a question in the first paragraph? ‎ A. To raise a question. B. To arouse readers’ awareness. ‎ C. To introduce the topic. D. To tell a story. ‎ ‎26. The underlined word “pistachios” in the fourth paragraph refers to ______. ‎ A. pictures B. volunteers C. an image D. a kind of food ‎27. From the passage we can infer that ______. ‎ A. different images would change with different people ‎ B. different cultures would affect how students look at the photo ‎ C. with Chinese prompts, more students thought that it was a leader fish ‎ D. with an American prompt, more students thought that the fish was being chased ‎ ‎28. According to the research, which is a better way for a student in a foreign land to learn a new culture? ‎ A. To surround himself with that culture. B. To create an island of the old one. ‎ C. To see random images of China. D. To talk with a Caucasian avatar. ‎ ‎【答案】 ‎ ‎25.C ‎26.D ‎27.B ‎28.A ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析: 学习新语言需要什么？哥伦比亚大学的最新研究发现，在熟悉的旧文化环境里，人们说外语的能力会差于在新文化的环境里。熟悉的环境会让人产生原有的思维方式而阻碍新语言。‎ ‎25. C 主旨大意题。文章主要讲了哥大的新研究让人们在学新语言的时候尽量避免原有文化的影响，因此是为了引出主题。故选C。‎ ‎26. D 细节理解题。根据“When pictures of their homeland appeared, fluency dropped 16% and volunteers were 85% more likely to use a literal (照字面的) translation, for example, calling pistachios “happy nuts”,”可知，照字面上翻译，中国人称之为“开心果”，所以应该是一种食物。Pictures图片； volunteers志愿者；an image影像；a kind of food一种食物。故选D。‎ ‎27.B 细节理解题。根据“When the students were shown pictures of fish with one swimming ahead of the others, their culture would change how they look at the photo.”可知，不同文化的人在看照片的时候也是不一样的。故选B。‎ 考点：考查科普类短文阅读。‎ ‎13.【浙江省杭州市五校联盟2016届高三年级上学期第一次诊断】A Tens of thousands of ancient pictures carved into the rocks at one of France’s most important tourist sites are being gradually destroyed. Scientists and researchers fear that the 36,000 drawings on rocks in Mont Bego in the French Alps are being damaged so rapidly that they will not survive for future generations.‎ The mountain, believed to have once been a site for prayer, is scattered (散布) with 4,000-year-old drawings cut into bare rock. They include pictures of cows with horns, cultivated fields (耕地) and various gods and goddesses. But as the popularity of the site increases, the pictures are being ruined by thoughtless graffiti (涂鸦).‎ Jean Clottes is the chairman of the International Committee on Rock Art. He says, “People think that because the pictures have been there so long they will always continue to be there. But if the damage continues at this rate there will be nothing left in 50 years.”‎ He describes seeing tourists stamping on the drawings, wearing away the rock and definition (清晰) of the artwork as they do so. Some visitors, he says, even cut off parts to take home as souvenirs. “When people think they can’t take a good enough photograph, they rub the drawings to get a clearer picture,” he said. “The drawings are polished by the weather, and if the sun is shining and the visitors can’t see them properly they simply rub them to make them look fresher.” Other researchers describe how people arrive carrying long sticks with sharp ends to scratch (刮) their own drawings, or even their names, in the rocks.‎ But experts are divided over the best way to preserve the drawings. Henry de Lumley, director of the Museum of Natural History in Paris, believes that the only way to save the site is to turn the whole mountain into a “no-go” area, preventing the public from going there except on guided tours. Otherwise, he says, not only will the site be completely destroyed but important research work will be reduced.‎ Clottes disagrees, “The measure suggested by Henry de Lumley is the most severe, and while it is the most effective, it is also certain to bring about protests from people who live there,” he said. “The site was classified as a historic monument years ago by the Ministry of Culture, and we must do as much as possible to save what is there.”‎ David Lavergne, the regional architect, also wants to avoid closing the site. “Henry de Lumley’s idea isn’t ideal,” he said. “Our department feels that the best solution is to let people look at the site, but because the area is very big it is difficult to prevent visitors from damaging it. I would prefer that ‎ everyone was able to look at it, but the main problem is money. We do not have the funds to employ the necessary number of guards. We may have to consider charging a fee. It doesn’t seem to be possible to get the government support.”‎ In Nice, Annie Echassoux, who also worked on researching the site, is alarmed that as the mountain becomes easier to reach — tourists can now avoid the three-and-a-half-hour walk by hiring vehicles — the damage will increase rapidly. She thinks that the only solution is to rope off the area and provide guides. “You can’t say the plan can’t go ahead because there is no money,” she said. “That is not good enough. Money must be provided because the Ministry of Culture has classified this area as a historic site. If we don’t take steps, we will be responsible for losing the drawings for the next generation.”‎ ‎41．Jean Clottes says that people who visit the mountain____.‎ A. do not believe the drawings are old. B. believe they are allowed to paint there C. think the drawings should be left alone D. think the drawings will not disappear ‎42．According to Jean Clottes, some of the visitors to the area have____.‎ A. helped to clean the drawings B. taken bits of the rock home C. been unable to take photographs D. misunderstood what the pictures mean ‎43．Henry de Lumley is eager to ____.‎ A. set up research projects B. protect public rights C. keep out individual visitors D. ban traffic in the area ‎44．Which word best describes Annie Echassoux’s attitude towards saving the historic site?‎ A. Supportive. B. Disappointed. C. Worried. D. Hesitant.‎ ‎45．This passage has been written about Mont Bego to ____.‎ A. advertise the closing of the site B. warn visitors about the dangers of the site C. encourage scientists to visit the site D. describe fears for the future of the site ‎【答案】 ‎ ‎41.D ‎42.B ‎43.C ‎44.A ‎45.D ‎42.B 细节理解题。由“Some visitors, he says, even cut off parts to take home as souvenirs.”可知，有些游客甚至把岩石的一部分带回了家。故选B。‎ ‎43.C 细节理解题。由“Henry de Lumley, director of the Museum of Natural History in Paris, believes that the only way to save the site is to turn the whole mountain into a “no-go” area, preventing the public from going there except on guided tours.”可知，亨利认为应该把整座山认定为禁止进入的地区，除了导游团，所以他反对个人游客。故选C。‎ ‎44.A 推理判断题。由“If we don’t take steps, we will be responsible for losing the drawings for the next generation.”可知，Annie Echassoux认为我们应该采取行动，所以她的态度应该是支持的。Supportive支持的；Disappointed失望的；Worried担心的； Hesitant迟疑的。故选A。.‎ ‎45.D 主旨大意题。文章写了法国蒙特贝格地区岩石画像的破坏现状，并对此表示担忧，还引述了许多专家的不同观点。因此是为了讲述这一地区的未来的担忧。故选D。‎ 考点：考查科普类短文阅读。‎ ‎14.【浙江省杭州市五校联盟2016届高三年级上学期第一次诊断】C The practice of students endlessly copying letters and sentences from a blackboard is a thing of the past. With the coming of new technologies like computers and smartphone, writing by hand has become something of nostalgic (怀旧的)skill. However, while today’s educators are using more and more technology in their teaching, many believe basic handwriting skills are still necessary for students to be successful---both in school and in life.‎ Virginia Berninger, professor of educational psychology at the University of Washington, says it’s important to continue teaching handwriting and help children acquire the skill of writing by hand.‎ Berninger and her colleagues conducted a study that looked at the ability of students to complete various writing tasks---both on a computer and by hand. The study, published in 2009, found that when writing with a pen and paper, participants wrote longer essays and more complete sentences and had a faster word production rate.‎ In a more recent study, Berninger looked at what role spelling plays in a student’s writing skills and found that how well children spell is tied to know well they can write. “Spelling makes some of ‎ the thinking parts of the brain active which helps us access our vocabulary, word meaning and concepts. It is allowing our written language to connect with ideas.” Berninger said.‎ Spelling helps students translate ideas into words in their mind first and then to transcribe “those words in the mind written symbols on paper or keyboard and screen,” the study said. Seeing the words in the “mind’s eye” helps children not only to turn their ideas into words, says Berninger, but also to spot spelling mistakes when they write the words down and to correct then over time.‎ ‎“In our computer age, some people believe that we don’t have to teach spelling because we have spell checks,” she said. “But until a child has a functional spelling ability of about a fifth grade level, they won’t have the knowledge to choose the correct spelling among the options given by the computer.”‎ ‎50．What makes writing by hand a thing of the past?‎ A. The absence of blackboard in classroom B. The use of new technologies in teaching.‎ C. The lack of practice in handwriting. D. The popular use of smartphones.‎ ‎51．Berninger’s study published in 2009 ___________.‎ A. focused on the difference between writing by hand and on a computer.‎ B. indicated that students prefer to write with a pen and paper.‎ C. found that good essays are made up of long sentences.‎ D. discussed the importance of writing speed.‎ ‎52．Which of the following best shows the role of spelling?‎ A. Spelling improves one’s memory of words.‎ B. Spelling ability is closely related to writing ability.‎ C. Spelling benefits the translation from words into ideas.‎ D. Spelling slows down finding exact words to express ideas.‎ ‎53．What does “mind’s eye” in paragraph 5 mean?‎ A. Window. B. Soul C. Picture. D. Imagination.‎ ‎54．What conclusion could be drawn from the passage?‎ A. Computers can help people with their choice of words.‎ B. Spell checks can take the place of spelling teaching.‎ C. Handwriting still has a place in today’s classrooms.‎ D. Functional spelling ability develops fast in the fifth grade.‎ ‎ 【答案】 ‎ ‎50.B ‎51.A ‎52.B ‎53.D ‎54.C ‎51.A。细节理解题。由“Berninger and her colleagues conducted a study that looked at the ability of students to complete various writing tasks---both on a computer and by hand.”可知，贝朗宁格的实验在于关注用手写和电脑写文章的时候会产生什么差异。故选A。‎ ‎52.B。细节理解题。由In a more recent study, Berninger looked at what role spelling plays in a student’s writing skills and found that how well children spell is tied to know well they can write.”可知，拼写能力可以帮助学生更好的写作。故选B。‎ ‎53.D。词义推测题。学生不仅可以把自己的想法转换成文字，也可以在写出来之后做出纠正。因此这些需要孩子们用心，发挥想象。Window窗户，Soul灵魂；Picture图片；Imagination.想象力。故选D。‎ ‎54.C。主旨大意题。由文章最后一段结论可知，手写在今天仍然可以帮助孩子们锻炼拼写和写作能力，具有新科技难以替代的作用。故选C。‎ 考点：考查科普类短文阅读。‎ ‎15.D【安徽省“皖南八校”2016届高三第二次联考】 To pollute or not to pollute? That is the question. In order to survive, we all need to cause pollution. Factories that process the food we eat, clothes we wear, and cars we drive have to cause pollution. The environment has the ability to absorb our waste or the pollution, but its absorption ability has its limits. If the pollution level is higher than what the environment can cope with, then that's the time when pollution is bad.‎ ‎ If the pollution level becomes too high, human health can be affected badly. Then, the productivity level of the sick people is low and the economy suffers. The economy suffers not only because of the lost productivity of the people, but also because the government must pay for the damage the pollution has done to its people.‎ ‎ This is the reason why the government prefers taxation policy. Imposing（征收）a tax on firms that ‎ pollute the environment can be considered a good strategy, as long as the tax covers all the external costs or the cost of the damage the firm has created during production.‎ ‎ Taxation, if enforced（执行）really well, can make firms create a technology that may reduce pollution, if they find out that it will be cheaper than continuously paying the tax. The disadvantage of this policy, however, lies in the possibility that some big firms will find the tax cheap and then they will just produce more and pollute the environment more. If other small firms find the tax expensive, thus closing down, their production will be eaten up by those firms which can afford the tax.‎ ‎ Therefore, it is important that lawmakers in each country, when deciding to impose a tax on pollutant emissions, first review and analyze very carefully the real cost of the damage.‎ ‎32. We can infer from the first paragraph that A. for human beings pollution is unavoidable B. it's not easy to figure out how bad pollution is C. humans should reduce the use of everyday products D. we can survive without causing pollution.‎ ‎33. The underlined word "absorb" here refers to”____”．‎ A. reduce B. fit in C. avoid D. deal with ‎34. What is the second paragraph mainly about?‎ A. The effects of pollution on human health.‎ B. The relationship between people and their government.‎ C. The effects of pollution on economic development.‎ D. The relationship between human health and economic development.‎ ‎35. Which of the following can be the result of imposing a higher tax according to Paragraph 3 ？‎ A. Firms may reduce the prices of their products.‎ B. Firms may develop some environmental technology.‎ C.A big firm will be broken up into small firms.‎ D.A small firm will try to pass the tax on to consumers.‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎32A ‎33.D ‎34.C ‎35.B ‎33.D 词义猜测题。根据句子：The environment has the ability to absorb our waste or the pollution, 可知环境有吸收处理我们产生的废物和污染的能力。A. reduce 减少； B. fit in 适应； C. avoid 避免； D. deal with处理。故选D。‎ ‎34.C 主旨大意题。文章第二段的句子：If the pollution level becomes too high, human health can be affected badly. Then, the productivity level of the sick people is low and the economy suffers. ‎ 可知污染指数高，人们的健康受损严重，生产力就会低，经济就会遭遇。故选C。‎ ‎35.B推理判断题。根据最后一段的句子：Taxation, if enforced（执行）really well, can make firms create a technology that may reduce pollution, .可知对污染企业征税，他们就会创造环保技术，由此判断选B。‎ 考点：考查环保类阅读 ‎ ‎16.B 【黑龙江省哈尔滨市第六中学2016届高三上学期期末】Death is natural, but do you have any idea of the process of dying? Modern scientists divide the process of dying into two phases --- clinical or temporary death and biological death. Clinical death occurs when the vital organs, such as the heart or lungs, have ceased to function, but have not suffered permanent damage. The organism can still be revived(复活). Biological death occurs when changes in the organism lead to the “breaking up” of vital cells and tissues. Death is then unchangeable and final.‎ Scientists have been seeking a way to prolong the period of clinical death so that the organism can remain alive before biological death occurs. The best method developed so far involves cooling of the organism, combined with narcotic sleep. By slowing down the body’s metabolism(新陈代谢), cooling delays the processes leading to biological death.‎ To illustrate how this works, scientists performed an experiment on a six-year-old female monkey called Keta. The scientist put Keta to sleep with a narcotic. Then they surrounded her body with ice-bags and began checking her body temperature. When it had dropped to 28 degrees the scientists began draining blood from an artery. The monkey’s blood pressure decreased and an hour later both the heart and breathing stopped: clinical death set in. For twenty minutes Keta remained ‎ in this state. Her temperature dropped to 22 degrees. At this point the scientists pumped blood into an artery in the direction of the heart and started artificial breathing. After two minutes Keta’s heart became active once more. After fifteen minutes, spontaneous(自发的)breathing began, and after four hours Keta opened her eyes and lifted her head. After six hours, when the scientists tried to give her a penicillin injection, Keta seized the syringe and ran with it around the room. Her behavior differed little from that of a healthy animal.‎ ‎24．For a person who suffers from the clinical death, _________.‎ A. his most important organs are damaged.‎ B. he still has the possibility of getting back to life.‎ C. he cannot avoid final death.‎ D. he is still very much alive ‎25．Scientists try to make the time of clinical death longer in order to __________.‎ A. slow down the body’s metabolism.‎ B. bring vital cells and tissues back to active life.‎ C. cool the organism.‎ D. delay the coming of biological death.‎ ‎26． How did the scientists put Keta into clinical death?‎ A. By putting her to sleep, lowering her temperature and draining her blood.‎ B. By surrounding her body with ice-bags and draining her blood.‎ C. By lowing her blood pressure and stopping her heart from beating.‎ D. By draining her blood, lowering her blood pressure and stopping her breathing.‎ ‎27. All of the following indicate that the monkey has almost restored to her original physical state except the fact that__________.‎ A. her heart beat again.‎ B. she regained her normal breath.‎ C. she rejected a penicillin injection.‎ D. she acted as lively as a healthy monkey.‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎24.B ‎25.D ‎26.A ‎27.C ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：文章通过对一只雌猴进行临床死亡再对其用冷冻的方法进行延长生物死亡时间，最后这只猴子活了过来，和一般的身体健康的猴子只有一点点不同。‎ ‎24.B细节理解题。从第一段The organism can still be revived(复活).机体依旧可以复活，可知发生了临床死亡之后，是有可能复活的。故选B。‎ ‎25.D细节理解题。第二段Scientists have been seeking a way to lengthen the period of clinical death so that the organism can remain alive before biological death occurs.科学家在寻找一个方法来延长临床死亡时间以至于机体可以在生物死亡发生之前就复活。以及cooling delays the processes leading to biological death.冷却延迟了走向生物死亡的过程。说明科学家把临床死亡时间延长是为了延迟生物死亡。故选D。‎ ‎26.A细节理解题。第三段put Keta to sleep with a narcotic先用麻醉药使柯特进入睡眠，surrounded her body with ice-bags再用冰块把她的身体包住，blood pressure decreased血压降低，both the heart and breathing stopped心跳和呼吸都停止了，此时就表明她进入了临床死亡。故选A。‎ ‎27.C此题的题目是，哪一项没有表明这只猴子几乎完全恢复生命力了。A项her heart beat again.心脏重新跳动了起来；B项 she regained her normal breath.重获正常的呼吸；D项she acted as lively as a healthy monkey. 表现得和健康的猴子一样的有活力。而C项 she rejected a penicillin injection.拒绝注射青霉素并不能说明什么。故选C。‎ 考点：考查科普类短文阅读。‎ ‎17.C【吉林省吉林大学附属中学2016届高三上学期第四次摸底】More than 2.25 billion cups of coffee are consumed across the globe each day, and it’s likely that many taste bitter. ‎ Now, a new study suggests that coffee fans can make their drink taste sweeter by simply changing the color of their cups.‎ Scientists claim that blue and glass mugs, which are popular in some coffee shops, can reduce coffee’s bitterness, without any need for sugar, and that coffee drunk from white cups tastes the bitterest. ‎ To prove their claims, the researchers invited 36 volunteers and used three different colored cups— blue, white and transparent glass—to do an experiment. ‎ In the experiment, coffee consumed from the white cup was found to taste less sweet when compared to the other two colored cups, while the blue cup made the coffee taste the sweetest. ‎ ‎ The scientists believe that the color brown may be associated with coffee’s bitterness because coffee in a white cup appears the brownest and tastes the bitterest. ‎ ‎“Our study clearly shows that the color of a coffee cup does influence the perceived (感受到的) taste and flavor of coffee,” said Dr George Doorn of Federation University Australia, “but the potential effects may be different between a one-time purchase and a return customer.” ‎ ‎“Anyhow, the effect of the color of the cup on the flavor of the coffee suggests that café owners, baristas (服务员), as well as coffee cup manufacturers should carefully consider the color of their cups, ” he added. ‎ However, the idea that color can alter the taste of food and drink is not new.‎ A study published last year revealed that red, strawberry-flavored mousse (慕斯蛋糕) served on a white plate was rated as 10 percent sweeter and 15 percent more flavorous than the same food presented on a black plate.‎ ‎29. What color of the cup can best reduce coffee’s bitterness without adding sugar?‎ ‎ A. Blue. B. Brown. C. White. D. Transparent.‎ ‎30. The scientists used ________ to do the experiment to prove their claims. ‎ ① different brands of coffee ② different colored coffee cups ‎ ③ several volunteers ④ several manufactures ‎ ‎ A. ① ② B. ② ③ C. ② ④ D. ③ ④‎ ‎31. Why does coffee in white cups taste the least sweet?‎ ‎ A. Because white cups are not as beautiful as other cups.‎ ‎ B. Because white cups make coffee appear the brownest.‎ ‎ C. Because white cups reduce the sugar in them.‎ ‎ D. Because white cups are better used to serve cakes.‎ ‎32. According to the article, which of the following statements is TRUE?‎ ‎ A. Black plates increase the sweetness of food and drink.‎ ‎ B. Strawberry-flavored mousse is 10 percent sweeter than coffee.‎ ‎ C. People consume more than 2.5 billion cups of coffee across the globe every year. ‎ ‎ D. People can make coffee taste sweeter by changing the color of their coffee cups. ‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎29.A ‎30.B ‎31.B ‎32.D ‎30.B细节理解题。根据文章第四段To prove their claims, the researchers invited 36 volunteers and used three different colored cups -- blue, white and transparent glass -- to do an experiment. 可知研究者通过一些志愿者和不同颜色的咖啡杯来做实验，故选B。‎ ‎31.B细节理解题。根据短文第六段The scientists believe that the colour brown may be associated with coffee’s bitterness because coffee in a white cup appears the brownest and tastes the bitterest. 可知棕色和咖啡的苦度有关联，而白色最能凸显咖啡的棕色，因此白色杯子里的咖啡合起来更苦，故选B。‎ ‎32.D细节理解题。根据第二段Now, a new study suggests that coffee fans can make their drink taste sweeter by simply changing the colour of their cups.可知如今一个新的调查显示，咖啡爱好者们能够只是通过简单的切换被子的颜色就能让咖啡尝起来更甜。D项符合题意，故选D。‎ 考点：考查科普类短文阅读。‎ ‎18.C【2016届河北省保定市高三期末调研】It pays to be smart. We are not all smart in the same way. You may be a talented musician, but you might not be a good reader . Each of us is different .‎ Psychologists have two different views on intelligence .Others believe there are many different intelligence .Some psychologists say there is one type of intelligence that can be measured with IQ tests .These psychologists support their view with research that concludes that people who do well on one kind of test for mental ability do well on other tests .They do well on tests using words , numbers or pictures. They do well on individual or group tests , and written or oral tests .Those who do poorly on one test , do the same on all tests .‎ ‎　 Studies of the brain show that there is a biological basis for general intelligence . The brain waves of people with higher intelligence show a quicker reaction .Some researchers conclude that differences in intelligence result from differences in the speed and effectiveness of information processing by the brain .‎ ‎　 Howard Gardner , a psychologist at the Harvard School of Education , has four children .He believes that all children are different and shouldn’t be tested by one intelligence test .Although Gardner believes general intelligence exists , he doesn’t think it tells much about the talents of a person outside of formal schooling .He think that the human mind has different intelligences .These ‎ intelligences allow us to solve the kinds of problems we are presented with in life .Each of us has different abilities within these intelligences .Gardner believes that the purpose of school should be to encourage development of all of our intelligences .‎ ‎28. What does the text mainly talk about?‎ ‎　　A. How to understand intelligence . 　　B. How to become intelligent .‎ ‎　　C. The importance of intelligence tests . 　　D. The causes of different intelligences.‎ ‎29. Which of the following statements is TRUE concerning general intelligence ?‎ ‎　　A. Intelligent people do not do well on group tests .‎ ‎　　B. Most intelligent people do well on the intelligence tests .‎ ‎　　C. Intelligent people do better on written tests than on oral tests .‎ ‎　　D. People doing well on one type of intelligence test do well on other tests .‎ ‎30. Gardner believes that ________ .‎ ‎　　A. all children are alike . 　B. children should take one intelligence test .‎ ‎　　C. there is no general intelligence . 　D. children have different intelligences .‎ ‎31. According to Gardner, schools should ________ .‎ ‎　　A. test students’ IQs once at least. 　　B. promote development of all intelligences .‎ C. train students who do poorly on tests . 　D. focus on finding the most intelligent students ‎ ‎【答案】 ‎ ‎28.A ‎29.D ‎30.C ‎31.B ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析:每个人都有着自己与众不同的才能和天赋，你也许是个有才能的音乐家，但你可能不擅长阅读。对于人们的智力问题，心理学家们的观点各不相同。‎ ‎28.A 主旨大意题。 文章主要介绍了心理学家们关于人们的智力差异和衡量产生的不同观点，因此是理解。D项是解释，但是文章中并没有一个定论的解释。故选A。‎ ‎29.D 细节理解题。 由“.These psychologists support their view with research that concludes that people who do well on one kind of test for mental ability do well on other tests .”可知，一般智力的人在一方面做得很好在其他方面也会做的好。故选D。‎ 考点：考查科普类短文阅读。‎ ‎19.D【2016届河北省保定市高三期末调研】The 115-year-old famous Oxford Dictionary will now include popular new Chinese terms like “shanzhai” “youtiao” and “fangnu”, as part of the modern Chinese language.‎ As China plays a more and more important role in the world economy, the Chinese language is forever developing, attracting more attention from people who want to understand this ancient yet powerful language．‎ For instance, the word “shanzhai” is used to describe the countless knockoffs（名牌仿制品）.Another new term in the new edition is the word “fangnu”, a term used to describe the phenomenon in large cities where well-educated youth complain of a miserable existence due to the heavy burden of a home mortgage(按揭贷款).All these new or often fashionable terms can be found in the new Oxford English –Chinese, Chinese-English dictionary. that was unveiled(公布于众的)in the recently concluded Beijing International Book Fair last week．‎ This dictionary is the largest single volume English-Chinese, Chinese-English dictionary and contains 670,000 words and phrases after five years of preparation. Sixty editors from the Oxford University Press and its partner in China—the Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press worked together on the project. According to Julie Kleeman, the dictionary’s chief editor, most of the firm’s editors were Chinese, while about one fourth were native-English speakers．‎ ‎“We don’t want to make it florid（绚丽的）, we want it to be modern and conversational. Many of the words in the present dictionary are no longer in use.” said Kleeman. “The need for studying Chinese by foreigners today is totally different from decades ago. Precise, native and practical—that is our main advantage,” she said. She added the dictionary also has a sidebar section that explains words which contain too much cultural information, like “hutong”, a traditional architecture style of Beijing. Another would be “youtian” the popular Chinese breakfast choice usually eaten with soybean milk.‎ Kleeman said in the future newer updated versions will be only available online as language often changes too quickly for book versions to keep up with. The online version will also offer a Chinese pronunciation guide．‎ The online version, allowing access via different platforms from the PC to the iPhones, will be ready “as soon as possible”, Kleeman said.‎ ‎32.Why will Oxford Dictionary include popular new Chinese terms?‎ ‎ A. To attract those who want to get a better understanding of Chinese.‎ ‎ B. To develop the international working language, English.‎ ‎ C. To keep up with the development of the world economy.‎ ‎ D. To interest people and sell at a higher price.‎ ‎33.We can use the following words to describe this new dictionary EXCEPT__________.‎ ‎ A. accurate B. flowery C. practical D. native ‎34.The newer updated versions will be only available online because______.‎ ‎ A. book versions are too expensive to buy ‎ B. book versions can’t offer a Chinese pronunciation guide ‎ C. they can keep up with the quickly changing language ‎ D. they will allow access in different languages ‎35.What can we learn from the text?‎ ‎ A. Oxford Dictionary has a history of more than 100 decades.‎ ‎ B. the word “shanzhai” can be only found in online versions.‎ ‎ C. Most of the dictionary’s editors are native English speakers.‎ ‎ D. Oxford Dictionary will be modern, practical and multifunctional ‎【答案】 ‎ ‎32.A【来.源：全,品…中&高*考*网】‎ ‎33.B ‎34.C ‎35.D ‎33.B 细节理解题。由““We don’t want to make it florid（绚丽的）, we want it to be modern and conversational.”可知，这本词典并不是绚丽的。Accurate精确的；flowery华丽的；practical实用的；native本土的。故选B。‎ ‎34.C 细节理解题。由“Kleeman said in the future newer updated versions will be only available online as language often changes too quickly for book versions to keep up with.”可知，由于语言传播和更新的速度越来越快，因此网络将成为未来交流学习的主要渠道。故选C。‎ ‎35.D 推理判断题。This dictionary is the largest single volume English-Chinese, Chinese-English dictionary and contains 670,000 words and phrases after five years of preparation.文章中表示牛津词典今后将会更加现代、实用和多功能的。A、B、C三项选项均与原文不符合。故选D。‎ 考点：考查科普类短文阅读。‎ ‎20.【辽宁省实验中学分校2016届高三12月月考】Death is natural, but do you have any idea of the process of dying? Modern scientists divide the process of dying into two phases --- clinical or temporary death and biological death. Clinical death occurs when the vital organs, such as the heart or lungs, have ceased to function, but have not suffered permanent damage. The organism can still be revived(复活). Biological death occurs when changes in the organism lead to the “breaking up” of vital cells and tissues. Death is then unchangeable and final.‎ Scientists have been seeking a way to prolong the period of clinical death so that the organism can remain alive before biological death occurs. The best method developed so far involves cooling of the organism, combined with narcotic sleep. By slowing down the body’s metabolism(新陈代谢), cooling delays the processes leading to biological death.‎ To illustrate how this works, scientists performed an experiment on a six-year-old female monkey called Keta. The scientist put Keta to sleep with a narcotic. Then they surrounded her body with ice-bags and began checking her body temperature. When it had dropped to 28 degrees the scientists began draining blood from an artery. The monkey’s blood pressure decreased and an hour later both the heart and breathing stopped: clinical death set in. For twenty minutes Keta remained ‎ in this state. Her temperature dropped to 22 degrees. At this point the scientists pumped blood into an artery in the direction of the heart and started artificial breathing. After two minutes Keta’s heart became active once more. After fifteen minutes, spontaneous(自发的)breathing began, and after four hours Keta opened her eyes and lifted her head. After six hours, when the scientists tried to give her a penicillin injection, Keta seized the syringe and ran with it around the room. Her behavior differed little from that of a healthy animal.‎ ‎24．For a person who suffers from the clinical death, _________.‎ A. his most important organs are damaged.‎ B. he still has the possibility of getting back to life.‎ C. he can not avoid final death.‎ D. he is still very much alive ‎25．Scientists try to make the time of clinical death longer in order to __________.‎ A. slow down the body’s metabolism.‎ B. bring vital cells and tissues back to active life.‎ C. cool the organism.‎ D. delay the coming of biological death.‎ ‎26． How did the scientists put Keta into clinical death?‎ A. By putting her to sleep, lowering her temperature and draining her blood.‎ B. By surrounding her body with ice-bags and draining her blood.‎ C. By lowing her blood pressure and stopping her heart from beating.‎ D. By draining her blood, lowering her blood pressure and stopping her breathing.‎ ‎27． All of the following indicate that the monkey has almost restored to her original physical state except the fact that__________.‎ A. her heart beat again.‎ B. she regained her normal breath.‎ C. she rejected a penicillin injection.‎ D. she acted as lively as a healthy monkey.‎ ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：本文介绍了两种死亡的形式：临床死亡和生物死亡。并介绍了一个使用猴子进行的实验来证明临床死亡的人或者动物是可以复活的。‎ ‎24. B 推理题。根据文章第一段第三句Clinical death occurs when the vital organs, such as the heart or lungs, have ceased to function, but have not suffered permanent damage. The organism can still ‎ be revived(复活).可知临床死亡只是一种暂时性死亡，各种器官仍然有可能复活。也就是说临床死亡的人仍然有复活的机会。故B正确。‎ ‎25. D 推理题。根据文章第二段第一句Scientists have been seeking a way to prolong the period of clinical death so that the organism can remain alive before biological death occurs.可知科学家努力延长临床死亡的时间，就了为了争取时间以延迟生物死亡，也就是真正的死亡的时间，以此争取到复活的机会。故D正确。‎ ‎26. A 细节题。根据第三段第二、三句The scientist put Keta to sleep with a narcotic. Then they surrounded her body with ice-bags and began checking her body temperature. When it had dropped to 28 degrees the scientists began draining blood from an artery.科学家先让Keta睡觉，然后再降低温度，再抽血。以此让它进入临床死亡状态。故A正确。‎ ‎【名师点睛】‎ 影响学生阅读成绩的一个重要原因就是没有厘清选项中的干扰项，干扰项也是以文章中的某个细节设题，若不仔细辨别，很容易把它当成正确选项。干扰项有以下特征： 1、将原文内容扩大或缩小。把原文中的限定词去掉或替换，使该选项看似正确，实际上却是错误选项。 2、把未然当已然。改变文中某句话的时态，如把将来时变成现在时，把未发生的事情当成已发生的事情。 3、无中生有。即选项内容是根据主观想象或推测得出的结论，而文中并未涉及。 4、偷换概念。把原来做该事的“张三”换成“李四”，所述细节确实与原文一致，一不小心就会误选。 5、文不对题。这类题最不容易辨别，选项中的描述与原文完全一致，确属原文中的一个细节，这时要回到题干，看该选项是否能回答题干所提的问题。‎ 以本文27题为例 ：All of the following indicate that the monkey has almost restored to her original physical state except the fact that____.要求找出四个选项中不能够说明猴子已经恢复原来状态的事实。最后一段After two minutes Keta’s heart became active once more. After fifteen minutes, spontaneous(自发的)breathing began, and after four hours Keta opened her eyes and lifted her ‎ head.可知它的心脏重新开始跳动，有了自发呼吸，同时和其他的健康的猴子一样活动。这些现象都说明它复活了。C项中猴子扔掉注射器并不能说明它复活。与其余三项相比这一项是复活以后的后续行为。‎ 考点：考查科普类阅读 ‎2015年模拟题 ‎ 阅读理解-科普知识 C【全国百强校】山东省枣庄第八中学南校2015届高三11月月考】‎ Latest research shows that yawning（打哈欠） helps in keeping the brain cool, which is quite different from the popular belief that yawning promotes sleep and is a sign of tiredness．‎ ‎ Yawning involves opening the mouth while taking a long, deep breath of air．It is commonly believed that people yawn as a result of being sleepy or tired because they need oxygen．However, researchers at the University of Albany in New York said their experiments on 44 students showed that drawing in air helps cool the brain and helps it work more effectively．They said that their experiments showed that raising or lowering oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood did not produce that reaction．‎ ‎ Study participants were shown videos of people laughing and yawning, and researchers counted how many times the volunteers responded to their own “contagious（传染性的） yawns,” reported the online edition of BBC News．The researchers found that those who breathed through the nose rather than the mouth were less likely to yawn when watching a video of other people yawning．This was because the blood vessels（脉管）in the nasal cavity sent cool blood to the brain．‎ ‎ The same effect was found among those who held a cool pack to their forehead, whereas those who held a warm or room-temperature pack yawned while watching the video．‎ ‎ “Since yawning occurs when brain temperature rises, sending cool blood to the brain serves to maintain the best levels of mental efficiency,” the authors wrote in the journal Evolutionary Psychology．‎ ‎9．According to the new study, people yawn when ____．‎ ‎ A．they are sleepy or tired B．they need more oxygen ‎ ‎ C．their brain temperature rises D．oxygen levels in the blood is lowered ‎10．Which of the following statements about the new study is NOT true?‎ ‎ A．Yawning can promote sleep． ‎ ‎ B．The study was carried out by researchers at the University of Albany．‎ ‎ C．Yawning can making our brain work more efficiently． ‎ ‎ D．Yawning can maintain the best levels of mental efficiency．‎ ‎11．The underlined phrase “the volunteers ”probably refers to ____．‎ ‎ A．study participants B．people laughing and yawning ‎ ‎ C．researchers D．videos ‎12．In which section of a newspaper can you read this passage? ____．‎ ‎ A．Science and technology B．Health ‎ ‎ C．Entertainment D．Culture．‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎9.C ‎10.A ‎11.A ‎12.B ‎10.A 考查细节理解题。根据第二段提到However, researchers at the University of Albany in New York said their experiments on 44 students showed that drawing in air helps cool the brain and helps it work more effectively．最新研究表明打哈欠帮清醒大脑，能更有效的工作，故A是错误的；‎ ‎11.A 考查推理判断题。根据第三段提到Study participants were shown videos of people laughing and yawning, and researchers counted how many times the volunteers responded to their own “contagious（传染性的） yawns研究参与者要听录音中人们的笑声和打哈欠声，研究者记录参与对这传染性哈欠的反应次数，故选A项。‎ ‎12.B 考查推理判断题。根据文章内容来看，与health关系最密切，是对打哈欠进行研究，但这研究与科学技术无关，故选B项。‎ 考点：科普类阅读。‎ D【河北省邯郸市2015届高三上学期1月份教学质量检测】‎ ‎ Since Henry Ford turned it into a mass-market product a century ago, the car has delivered many benefits. It has promoted economic growth, increased social mobility and given people a lot of fun. But the car has also brought many problems. It pollutes the air, creates traffic jams and kills people. An astonishing 1.24 million people die, and as many as 50 million are hurt, in road accidents each year.‎ ‎ Drivers and passengers waste around 90 billion hours in traffic jams each year. In some car-choked cities as much as a third of the petrol used is burned by people looking for a space to park.‎ ‎ Fortunately, a new technology promises to make motoring safer, less polluting and less tendency to hold-ups. “Connected cars”--which may eventually develop into driverless cars but for the foreseeable future will still have a human at the wheel-can communicate wirelessly with each other and with traffic-management systems, avoid walkers and other vehicles and find open parking spots.‎ ‎ Some parts of the transformation are already in place. Many new cars are already being fitted with equipment that lets them keep their distance and stay in a motorway automatically at a range of speeds. Soon, all new cars in Europe will have to be able to warn the emergency services if their on-board sensors(传感器) discover a crash. Singapore has led the way with using variable tolls(道路通行费) to smooth traffic flows during rush-hours; Britain is pioneering “smart motorways”, whose speed limits vary constantly to achieve a similar effect. Combined, these new inventions could create a much more highly effective system in which cars and their drivers are constantly warned of dangers and showed the ways, traffic always flows at the proper speed and vehicles can travel closer together, yet with less risk of crashing.‎ ‎ In the past, more people driving meant more roads, more jams, more death and more pollution. In future, the connected car could offer mankind the pleasures of the road with rather less of the pain.‎ According to Paragraph 2, the problem of parking has resulted in ______.‎ A. more time on the road B. a great waste of fuel C. even heavier traffic jams D. increased death and injuries What does “a similar effect” in the Paragraph 4 refer to?‎ A. Reducing traffic jams. B. Building smart motorways.‎ C. Setting proper speed limits. D. Keeping steady traffic flows.‎ What is the author’s attitude towards connected cars?‎ A. Curious. B. Doubtful. C. Supportive. D. Disappointed.‎ Which of the following can be the best title of the text?‎ A. The Future of Cars: Wireless Wheels B. The Future Traffic Management System C. The Benefits and Problems of Cars D. The Promising Future of Car Production ‎【答案】‎ B D【来.源：全,品…中&高*考*网】‎ C A ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：文章主要介绍了未来的汽车。汽车给人们带来方便之余，也给人们的生活带来了许多问题，甚至威胁到了人们的生命和安全。幸运的是，一项新科技有望减少污染和拥堵，并使驾驶变得更安全。‎ 细节理解题。根据“In some car-choked cities as much as a third of the petrol used is burned by people looking for a space to park.”可知，在一些拥挤的城市里，寻找停车位所耗费的汽油占汽油使用量的三分之一，说明停车造成大量汽油的浪费，故选B。‎ 猜测词义题。根据“Singapore has led the way with using variable tolls(道路通行费) to smooth traffic flows during rush-hours”可知，新加坡通过使用浮动的道路通行费来疏导车流，英国也正在采取措施来取得类似的效果，故选D。‎ 观点态度题。根据第四段“these new inventions could create a much more highly effective system”和第五段“In future, the connected car could offer mankind the pleasures of the road with rather less of the pain.”可知，作者认为这种新的发明能创造出一种更有效的交通体制，在带给人们驾车的乐趣的同时，也会减少事故带来的伤痛，说明作者对这项发明是支持的，故选C。‎ 考点：科技类短文阅读 B【宁夏回族自治区银川一中2015届高三第四次模拟】‎ Everyone knows that eating too much junk food is not good to our health. Yet, what is it about junk food that is so completely irresistible(无可抗拒的)? For one thing, it’s everywhere. From chips in fast food restaurants to candy in supermarkets, junk food always seems available. Thankfully, science is now providing new clues to help us reduce snacking. ‎ Make friends with dainty(讲究的) eaters.‎ ‎ Studies have found that people tend to increase or reduce the amount of food they eat depending on what their companions are taking in.‎ See happy movies… and always get the smaller bag of popcorn(爆米花).‎ ‎ According to some experts, people eat up to 29% more popcorn if they are watching a sad or serious movie, compared to when they are watching a comedy. Viewers consumed almost 200 calories more when snacking from a large bucket, as opposed to when given a medium-sized container.‎ Eat breakfast.‎ ‎ Nutritionists have gone back and forth（来来回回）about the question of how much to eat in the morning, but new studies suggest that consuming a good breakfast is a must. Surveys on long-term ‎ weight-loss show that two key factors in keeping weight down are eating breakfast and exercising.‎ Divide your food and conquer overeating.‎ ‎ Any kind of dividing your food into portions slows down your eating. Any kind of marker makes you aware of what you’re eating and of portion size. Researchers advise reallocating（再分配）snack foods into small plastic bags. It sounds simplistic, but it works.‎ ‎5.Why do people eat too much junk food though it is bad for our health?‎ ‎ A. It’s delicious from chips to candy. ‎ B. It’s easily taken everywhere. ‎ C. Because it’s available here and there. ‎ D. It’s easily bought in fast food restaurants.‎ ‎6.Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?‎ ‎ A. People are likely to eat more food when staying with friends.‎ ‎ B. Nutritionists have the same opinion about how much to eat in the morning.‎ ‎ C. People prefer to snake from a large bucket.‎ D. If people are watching a tragedy, they eat up to 29% more popcorn.‎ ‎7.What will he or she do if he or she wants to lose weight?‎ ‎ A. To eat nothing in the morning. ‎ B. To eat breakfast and exercise. ‎ ‎ C. To get up early and to go to bed late. ‎ D. To snack from a medium-size bucket.‎ ‎8.What is the text mainly about the rule(s)?‎ A. how to eat properly and healthily. ‎ B. how to make friends with dainty eaters. ‎ C. how much to eat in the morning. ‎ D. how to control overeating. ‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎5.C ‎6.D ‎7.B ‎8.A ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：人人都知道吃过多的垃圾食品对健康有害，但人人都无法抗拒它。幸运地是，科学为我们提供了减少零食摄入的方法。‎ ‎5.C 细节理解题。根据第一段的“For one thing, it’s everywhere.”可知零食无处不在，我们无法抗拒，故选C。‎ ‎6.D 细节理解题。根据第四段的“According to some experts, people eat up to 29% more popcorn if ‎ they are watching a sad or serious movie, compared to when they are watching a comedy.”可知答案，故选D。‎ 考点：考查保健类短文阅读 C【江西省吉安市第一中学2015届高三第二次阶段考】‎ Talking plants might sound like characters in a fairy tale. But recent scientific studies have shown that plants communicate with each other and with other living things in a surprising number of ways. To understand them, scientists say, we just have to learn their language. Farmers are especially interested in what plants have to say. ‎ ‎“Plants are able to communicate with all sorts of organisms(有机体). They can communicate with giant bacteria, with other plants and with insects. They do this chemically, ”said Cahill, an Ecology Professor of the University of Alberta in Canada. ‎ Plant scientists are just beginning to understand this chemical “language”. Cahill says studies have shown, for example, that plants can evaluate conditions in their immediate environment and take appropriate actions. Plants have an ability, for example, to signal pain or discomfort caused by anything from temperature extremes to an insect attack. Jack Schultz, a professor of chemical ecology at the University of Missouri, says when a plant senses that it’s being eaten, it cannot walk away from trouble；on the contrary, it will release a chemical vapor that alerts other plants nearby. ‎ ‎“Their language is a chemical language, and it involves chemicals that move through the air, which are easily to be changed, and most of all are smells that we are familiar with, ” Schultz explained. ‎ ‎“All plants responded to the attack by changing their chemistry to defend themselves, ” Schultz recalled. “But we were quite surprised to find that nearby plants also changed their chemistry to defend themselves, even though they were not part of the experiment. ”‎ Studies have also shown that plants under attack release pleasant chemicals. Those chemicals attract friendly insects that attack the pests eating the plant. ‎ In the end, plants’ ability to communicate their needs－and our ability to understand them－could help farmers reduce the use of poisonous chemicals, cut operating costs and limit damage to ‎ the environment. ‎ ‎. The recent scientific studies have shown that plants can __________. ‎ A. communicate with other living things in a chemical way B. hardly react to any sudden change in temperature C. use a very special chemical language which is familiar to us D. respond to the attack by giving off poisonous chemicals ‎. When being eaten by a pest, the plant will ___________. ‎ A. walk away from trouble B. change its chemistry to kill the insect C. release a chemical vapor to “ask” other plants for help D. give off nice chemicals to attract friendly insects to a tack the pest ‎. The underlined word “alerts” most probably means “___________”. ‎ A. warns B. protects C. threatens D. allows ‎. Which would be the best title for the passage?‎ A. Communication between Plants B. A Chemical “Language”‎ C. Plants Can Talk D. How Plants Protect Themselves ‎【答案】‎ A ‎ D ‎ A C ‎ ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：本文是一篇科普文，主要讲述了“植物的特殊语言”及其功能以及这种特殊语言对农业生产可能产生的指导意义。‎ 细节理解题。根据第二段“Plants are able to communicate with all sorts of organisms(有机体). They can communicate with giant bacteria, with other plants and with insects. They do this chemically,,”可知植物可以通过化学反应来与所有有机体沟通交流。所以选A。 ‎ 细节理解题。根据第三节when a plant senses that it’s being eaten, it cannot walk away from trouble; on the contrary, it will release a chemical vapor…以及倒数第二段Those chemicals attract friendly insects that attack the pests eating the plant.可知当植物被昆虫吞食的时候，植物会释放一种化学蒸汽，这种化学蒸汽能够吸引有益的昆虫来袭击害虫。 选D。 ‎ 考点：科研类文章 ‎ B【山西省大同一中、同煤一中2015届高三联考】‎ ‎ Apparently everyone knows that global warming only makes climate more extreme. A hot, dry summer has caused another flood of such claims. And one of the players that benefit the most from this story is the media: the idea of “extreme” climate simply makes for more exciting news.‎ ‎ Consider Paul Krugman writing breathlessly in The New York Times about the “rising incidence of extreme events.” He claims that global warming caused the current drought in America’s Midwest, and that supposedly record-high corn prices could cause a global food crisis(危机)。‎ ‎ But the United Nations’s latest assessment tells us precisely the opposite—there has an overall slight tendency toward less dryness in North America. Moreover, there is no way that Krugman could have identified this drought as being caused by global warming without a time machine since climate models estimate that such detection will be possible by 2048, at the earliest.‎ ‎ And, fortunately, this year’s drought appears unlikely to cause a food crisis, as global rice and wheat supplies are plentiful. Moreover, Krugman overlooks inflation(通货膨胀)：Prices have increased six-fold since 1969.So, the inflation-adjusted price of corn was higher throughout most of the 1970s.‎ ‎ Finally, Krugman forgets that concerns about global warming are the main reason that corn prices have skyrocketed since 2005.Nowadays 40 percent of corn grown in the United States is used to produce ethanol(乙醇)，which raises the price of corn –at the expense of many of the world’s poorest people.‎ ‎ Bill Mickbben similarly worries in The Guardian About the Midwest drought and corn prices.He confidently tells us that fierce wildfires from New Mexico and Colorado to Siberia are “exactly” what the early stages of global warming look like.‎ ‎ In fact, the latest study on global wildfire suggests that fire incidence has declined over the past 70 years and is now close to its preindustrial level.‎ ‎ When well—meaning campaigners want us to pay attention to global warming, they often end up making overstatements. And exaggerated(夸张的) claims merely fuel public distrust and unconcern. That is unfortunate, because global warming is a real problem, and we do need to address it.‎ In what way do the media benefit from extreme weather?‎ ‎ A. They can give voice to different views.‎ ‎ B. They can make themselves better known.‎ ‎ C. They can choose from a greater variety of topics.‎ ‎ D. They can attract people’s attention to their reports.‎ ‎ What is the author’s comment on Krugman’s claim about the current drought in America’s Midwest?‎ ‎ A. It will eventually get proof in 2048.‎ ‎ B. It is based on an erroneous climate model.‎ ‎ C. So far there is no way to prove its validity.‎ ‎ D. A time machine is needed to tell if it is true.‎ What is the chief reason for the rise in corn prices according to the author?‎ ‎ A. Inflation rates have been skyrocketing since the 1970s.‎ ‎ B. A considerable part of corn is used to produce green fuel.‎ ‎ C. Climate change has caused corn supply to drop markedly.‎ ‎ D. Demand for food has been rising in the developing countries.‎ ‎ What does the author think of the exaggerated claims in the media about global warming?‎ ‎ A. They lead to public distrust about science.‎ ‎ B. They create confusion about climate change,‎ ‎ C. They are strategies to raise public awareness.‎ ‎ D. They do a disservice to addressing the problem.‎ ‎【答案】‎ D C B D ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：本文主要驳斥Krugman关于全球变暖引起美国中西部干旱，玉米涨价以及全球食品危机的的夸张言论，但同时提出虽然其言论夸张但全球变暖已经成为了一个我们需要引起极大注意的问题。‎ D细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句benefit the most from this story is the media: the idea of “extreme” climate simply makes for more exciting ‎ news.仅是为了更令人兴奋的新闻的媒体从中获利，可知这些媒体就是靠吸引人们的注意而获利，故选D C细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句Moreover, there is no way that Krugman could have identified….. Krugman无法证明其论断，可知作者认为Krugman的论断无法证明其真实性，故选C B细节理解题。根据第五段最后一句.Nowadays 40 percent of corn grown in the United States is used to produce ethanol(乙醇)，which raises the price of corn美国40%的玉米被用来生产乙醇，这提高了玉米的价格，可知一部分玉米被用来生产绿色燃料是导致其价格上涨的主因，故选B D细节理解题。根据最后一句And exaggerated(夸张的) claims merely fuel public distrust and unconcern. That is unfortunate, because global warming is a real problem, and we do need to address it.这种言论虽然夸大但全球变暖确实需要我们引起注意，故选D 考点：考查说明文阅读 A【山东省实验中学第三次诊断考试】‎ Humans aren’t the only ones getting a buzz from coffee．Caffeine can improve memory among honeybees and lead to better pollination(授粉)．According to a recent study published in the journal Science．‎ The study was conducted by a team of researchers at Newcastle University in the United Kingdom．They found that the nectar(花蜜)of some flowers，such as those from grapefruit and lemon plants，as well as certain coffee flowers，contains low doses of caffeine．To get bees to feed on these flowers，the team trained the insects to associate food with the smell of the flowers．They also trained another group of bees to feed on nectar from flowers that were sweetened with a sugar, but did not contain caffeine．After 24 hours，the bees trained on caffeinated flowers returned to these plants three times as often as those trained on the sweetened flowers returned to the uncaffeinated plants．‎ Professor Geraldine Wright led the researchers．“Remembering floral traits(花部特征)is difficult for bees to perform at a fast pace as they fly from flower to flower and we found that caffeine helps the bee remember where the flowers are，”Wright said in a statement．‎ Improved memory led to the better pollination．That’s because once bees sip the caffeine nectar, they continue to look for more coffee plants to pollinate．This also suggests that caffeine plays a role in improving the bees’ability to search for food．‎ Researchers found that caffeine’s effect on the bee brain is similar to its effect on mammals．“The change is similar to that produced by caffeine in neurons(神经元)associated with learning and memory in the rat brain，”Wright said．‎ Bee populations have declining since 2007．The dramatic drop in the insects’numbers has serious effects for ecosystems and the farming industry．Bees are needed in the reproduction of crops and spreading wild flower species．Understanding what keeps bees buzzing could help to make sure that the insects are able to remember and pollinate their favorite flowers．‎ Which of the following is mentioned in the passage?‎ A．Caffeine has no effect on the rat brain．‎ B. Bee population has been increasing．‎ C．The nectar of lemon plants contains caffeine．‎ D．Bees dislike nectar from sweetened flowers．‎ After reading the passage，John，who works in the farming industry, will probably feel________.‎ A．annoyed B．angry C．nervous D．excited Which of the following relationship is correct according to the passage?‎ A．improved memory—caffeine nectar—better pollination B．caffeine nectar—improved memory—better pollination C．improved memory—better pollination—caffeine nectar D．caffeine nectar—better pollination—improved memory What section of a newspaper may this passage be taken from?‎ A．Science B．Education C．Culture D．Sports ‎【答案】【来.源：全,品…中&高*考*网】‎ C D B A ‎【解析】‎ 细节分析题。从本文最后一段，The dramatic drop in the insects’numbers has serious effects for ecosystems and the farming industry．昆虫数量的急剧下滑对生态系统和农业造成了严峻的影响，以及Understanding what keeps bees buzzing could help to make sure that the insects are able to remember and pollinate their favorite flowers．了解是什么让蜜蜂嗡嗡可以帮助确保这种昆虫能够记得并对他们最喜欢的花授粉。故选D。‎ 细节分析题。从第三段we found that caffeine helps the bee remember where the flowers are我们发现咖啡因可以帮助蜜蜂记得花在哪里，和第四段Improved memory led to the better pollination．提高的记忆能导致更好的授粉。故可知caffeine nectar与improved memory与better pollination的关系，故选B。‎ 细节理解题。从文中第一段According to a recent study published in the journal Science．根据最近一项发表在科学杂志上的研究。故可知这篇研究是在报纸的科学部分。‎ 可知选A。‎ 考点：考察科普说明类阅读 D【山东省实验中学第三次诊断考试】‎ Robots that can chat，find misplaced glasses，draw aeroplanes and play with your children are attracting thousands of visitors during an expo in Tokyo as Japan adapts to changes in society．‎ Robots，such as the sound．sensitive Chapit，answer simple questions and even joke with people to help them fight loneliness and stay alert in old age．‎ Japan has one of the world’s fastest-ageing societies and the government predicts that by 2050 the proportion of people over 65 will reach 40 percent．”Many older people in Japan live alone and have no one to talk to，”said Kazuya Kitamura representative of the expo ‎ organizer．“Communication robots accompany people and don’t mind listening to the same stories over and over again．”‎ Matsumoto’s“Personal Mobility Robot，”equipped with four cameras and a sensor to recognize the user's centre of gravity, is designed to help elderly move around without pressing buttons．using joysticks(操纵杆)or rotating wheels as in traditional wheelchairs．‎ The robot can also help find misplaced glasses by identifying them with a sensor．‎ Other robots，such as the award-winning“DiGRO”can support busy parents who have little time to play with their children．The robot can use the Internet to find a simple image and then draw pictures，keeping children company while parents work．‎ While Chapit，a relatively simple robot，managed to attract a corporate partner many researchers，such as Kiyoshi Matsumoto，a professor at the University of Tokyo，struggle to attract sponsors for more expensive projects．‎ ‎“We have developed a robot that can assist many people，but we still haven’t found a sponsor,”said Matsumoto，who added that the cost of the machine，if mass-produced，would be comparable to that of a car．”In the current economic environment there are few companies willing to invest in such a costly project，”he said．‎ It can be inferred from the text that_______．‎ A．many children lack love from parents B．robots helpful to the old will be in great demand C．robots are the most useful to children D．robots do better than people in healthcare It is difficult to find sponsors for robots because______.‎ A．Japan is suffering economy depression B．the robots are of poor design C．the production of robots costs a lot D．the future market is worrying What is the author’s attitude towards the robots referred to?‎ A．Unsatisfied． B．Doubtful． C.Favorable． D．Regretful．‎ ‎【答案】‎ B C C 细节分析题。从文中最后一段who added that the cost of the machine，if mass-produced，would be comparable to that of a car．他补充说如果批量生产，机器的成本就相当于一辆汽车的成本。可见机器人的成本太高，故很难找到赞助商，故选C。‎ 细节分析题。结合全文来看，作者介绍了诸多关于日本生产的这些机器人的功能，从第一段“可以聊天、 帮人找眼镜、 画飞机和你的孩子一起玩耍的机器人吸引了在东京的世博会期间成千上万的参观者因为日本人适应社会的变化。”最能体现作者的态度，虽然机器人生产的赞助商很难找，但是这些新型机器人确实吸引人眼球，故作者对于机器人的发展是赞成的。故选C。‎ 考点：考察社会科学类阅读 ‎ D【辽宁省丹东五校协作体2015届高三考试】‎ If the earth's population is in growth at this rate, there will not be enough resources. By the middle of the 21st century, if present trends continue, we will have used up all the oil that drives our cars, for example. Even if scientists develop new ways of feeding the human race, the crowded conditions on the earth will make it necessary for us to look for open space somewhere else. But none of the other planets in our solar system are capable of supporting life at present. One possible solution to the problem, however, has recently been suggested by American scientist, Professor Carl Sagan.‎ ‎　　Sagan believes that before the earth's resources are completely exhausted it will be possible to change the atmosphere of Venus and so create a new world almost as large as the earth itself. The difficult is that Venus is much hotter than the earth and there is only a tiny amount of water there.‎ ‎　　Sagan proposes that algae organisms(海藻有机体) that can live in extremely hot or cold atmospheres and at the same time produce oxygen, should be bred in condition similar to those on Venus. As soon as this has been done, the algae will be placed in small rockets. Spaceship will then fly to Venus and fire the rockets into the atmosphere .In a fairly short time, the algae will break down the carbon dioxide into oxygen and carbon.‎ When the algae have done their work, the atmosphere will become cooler, but before man can set foot on Venus it will be necessary for the oxygen to produce rain. The surface of the planet will still be too hot for man to land on it but the rain will eventually fall and in a few years something like earth ‎ will be reproduced on Venus.‎ In the long run, the most difficult problem caused by population growth on the earth will probably be the lack of ______.‎ A. oil B. food C. resources D. space　‎ Carl Sagan believes that Venus might be a living place because _____‎ A. the days on Venus are long enough B. it might be possible to change its atmosphere C. there is a good supply of water on Venus D. its atmosphere is the same as the earth's Algae are plants that can____.‎ A. live in very hot temperature 　 B. live in very cold temperature C. produce oxygen 　 D. all of the above ‎ Man can land on Venus only when_______.‎ A. it rains there ‎ B. there is oxygen ‎ C. the atmosphere becomes cooler ‎ D. the algae have done their work ‎【答案】‎ D B D A ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：本文是一篇科普说明文。讲述了在未来，人类将会耗尽所有的资源，因此应考虑移民金星。当然金星上的环境并不完全适合人类，可以考虑先在金星上投放藻类植物，使金星上的温度降低，空气中含有大量氧气，这样人类就可以移民金星。‎ 细节理解题。根据第一段的Even if scientists develop new ways of feeding the human race, the crowded conditions on the earth will make it necessary for us to look for open space somewhere else.可知未来人们面临的是生存空间的问题。故选择D。‎ 细节理解题。根据第二段Sagan believes that before the earth's resources are completely exhausted it will be possible to change the atmosphere of Venus and so create a new world almost as large as the earth itself.可知Sagan认为可以改变金星的气候。故选择B。‎ 考点：考查说明文阅读 B【山东省潍坊市重点中学2015届高三12月阶段性教学质量检测】‎ The extraordinary Eastgate Building in Harare, Zimbabwe’s capital city, is said to be the only one in the world to use the same cooling and heating principles as the termite mound(白蚁堆). ‎ Architect Mick Pearce used precisely the same strategy when designing the Eastgate Building, which has no air-conditioning and almost no heating. The building—the country’s largest commercial and shopping complex—uses less than 10% of the energy of a conventional building of its size. The Eastgate’s owners saved $3.5 million on a $36 million building because an air-conditioning equipment didn’t have to be imported.‎ The complex is actually two buildings linked by bridges across a shady, glass-roofed atrium(天井) open to the air. Fans suck fresh air in from the atrium, blow it upstairs through hollow spaces under the floors and from there into each office through baseboard vents(通风口). As it rises and warms, it is drawn out via ceiling vents and finally exists through forty-eight brick chimneys. ‎ During summer’s cool nights, big fans blow air through the building seven times an hour to cool the empty floors. By day, smaller fans blow two changes of air an hour through the building, to circulate the air which has been in contact with the cool floors. For winter days, there are small heaters in the vents. ‎ This is all possible only because Harare is 1600 feet above sea level, has cloudless skies, little dampness and rapid temperature changes—days as warm as 31℃ commonly drop to 14℃ at night. “You couldn’t do this in New York, with its hot summers and cold winters,” Pearce said. ‎ The engineering firm of Ove Arup&Partners monitors daily temperatures. It is found that the temperature of the building has generally stayed between 23℃ and 25℃, with the exception of the annual hot period just before the summer rains in October and three days in November, when a doorkeeper accidentally switched off the fans at night. And the air is fresh—far more so than in air-conditioned buildings, where up to 30% of the air is recycled. ‎ Why was Eastgate cheaper to be built than a conventional building? ‎ A. No air conditioners were fixed in. ‎ B. It was designed in a smaller size. ‎ C. Its heating system was less advanced.‎ D. It used rather different building materials.‎ What does “it” refer to in Paragraph 3?‎ A. Baseboard vent. B. Heat in the building. ‎ C. Hollow space. D. Fresh air from outside. ‎ Why would a building like Eastgate Not work efficiently in New York?‎ A. Its temperature changes seasonally rather than daily.‎ B. New York has less clear skies as Harare.‎ C. Its dampness affects the circulation of air.‎ D. New York covers a larger area than Harare.‎ The data in the last paragraph suggests Eastgate’s temperature control system_____.‎ A. allows a wide range of temperatures B. can recycle up to 30% of the air C. functions well for most of the year D. works better in hot seasons ‎【答案】‎ A D A C ‎【解析】‎ D 考查推理判断题。根据第三段第二句话“ Fans suck fresh air in from the atrium, blow it upstairs through hollow spaces under the floors and from there into each office through baseboard vents(通风口).”风扇将新鲜空气从天井下沉，通过通风口将这股空气从地下向楼上吹到每一个办公室。可以推测这里指这股新鲜空气的上升和下降。故选D。‎ A 考查细节理解题。根据倒数第二段最后一句话““You couldn’t do this in New York, with its hot ‎ summers and cold winters,” Pearce said. ”你不能在纽约这样做，因为纽约有很热的夏天和很冷的冬天。可知，纽约的温度四季变化较大，不适合这样的建筑。故选A。‎ C 考查细节理解题。根据最后一段第二句话“ It is found that the temperature of the building has generally stayed between 23℃ and 25℃, with the exception of the annual hot period just before the summer rains in October and three days in November, when a doorkeeper accidentally switched off the fans at night. ”据观察，这栋楼房的温度通常能保持在23到25摄氏度，除了每年十月份夏雨之前的一段热天以及十一月的三天，这几天看门者会在夜间关掉风扇。据此可知这栋楼房的温控系统在全年的大部分时间都可以很好的工作。故选C。‎ 考点：考查说明文阅读。‎ C【山东省青岛市2015届高三考试】‎ In a computer age，a broadband Internet connection is very popular now．Whether cable or mobile broadband，today’s connections are many times faster than those in the early days. Videos play smoothly, complex websites load quickly，and files download much faster than ten years ago．And the files are much bigger too．‎ There’s a hidden problem：You have to live near enough to a major city to get broadband Internet. If you don’t，it's slow dial-up access for you. And for those living really far out，there may be no Internet access at a11．‎ Technology experts often talk about the “last mile” problem， which refers to the difficulty of bringing Internet access to remote locations．In cities and suburbs(郊区)，it's relatively easy to provide access for everyone．It is much more difficult to deliver access to those living far from cities，especially in developing countries．Internet service providers．for their part，have been reluctant to provide access to sparsely(稀疏地)populated areas．The handful of Internet users they would reach wouldn’t cover the expense.‎ But every year, technological advancements allow of more and more Internet users. Most broadband connections today run over existing cable TV and telephone lines although these technologies aren’t available everywhere．‎ Some companies have delivered the Internet over standard power lines. Advancements in cheaper more efficient fiber optics cables(光纤电缆)promise to bring extremely fast Internet connections to more users．Still．the“last mile”problem remains hard to deal with．There will always be somewhere that doesn’t have an affordable broadband connection．But someday that might not matter．If the rapid progress in cell phone technology is any indication，it may not be too long before an Internet connection simply follows you wherever you go.‎ ‎ Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?‎ A．Internet connections have been popular everywhere．‎ B．Internet service providers are willing to care about rural(农村的)customers．‎ C. The problem of Internet access hasn’t been completely dealt with D. Computer can’t become popular in developing countries．‎ Paragraph 4 mainly tells us that technological advancements_______.‎ A．make TV and telephone available everywhere B．bring great change to people’s everyday life C. bring faster Internet connections to users D. make it possible for more people to use the Internet What may eventually settle the“last mile”problem?‎ A. The broadband connection’s getting faster．‎ B．The rapid progress in cell phone technology．‎ C．More and more Internet connections．‎ D. More and more Internet users The best title for this passage may be________．‎ A．Internet Connection Problems B．Internet Connections Need Improving C. Progress in Internet Connections D．Internet Connections Today ‎【答案】‎ C D B A C细节理解题。根据第三段第一句Technology experts often talk about the “last mile” problem， which refers to the difficulty of bringing Internet access to remote locations．技术专家经常谈论最后一米的问题，即将网络权限带给边远地区，可知网络权限的问题还未完全解决，故选C D细节理解题。根据第四段第一句technological advancements allow of more and more Internet ‎ users技术进步允许更多的网络使用者，可知这一段主要就是讲技术进步使越来越多的人使用网络，故选D B细节理解题。根据最后一句If the rapid progress in cell phone technology is any indication，it may not be too long before an Internet connection simply follows you wherever you go.如果手机技术的迅速发展是一个征兆，无论你去哪里都会有网络连接不会太久，可知手机技术的迅速发展最终会解决最后一米的问题，故选B A推理分析题。本文开头首先讲述现今网络连接的发展，然后提出隐藏的问题，即边远地区网络权限的问题，并提出了将来可能的解决之道，故本文最佳标题应是网络连接的问题，故选A 考点：考查科技文阅读 ‎ D【黑龙江省双鸭山市第一中学2015届高三】‎ As we enter into this new age of cities in which more than half the world’s population will live in an urban area, we must also take a hard look at how we will care for the significant increase in our elderly population. While many will be living longer, they will be doing so with age-related health issues and disease.  Of special concern, the number of people living with dementia（痴呆）worldwide is set to treble by 2050. Alzheimer’s Disease International reports that 44 million people live with the disease now but that figure will increase to 135 million by 2050. With this added pressure to health systems, technology is the critical factor to success.‎ In Oslo, Norway, a retired engineer, Mr. Helge Farsund cares for his wife, Kari. Kari, who had been an intensive-care nurse who served with the Red Cross in Rwanda, was diagnosed with Alzheimer’s three years ago. Looking to live as normal a life as possible as Kari’s condition progressed, they are participating in a pilot project studying how a smart home powered by sensors enables people with Alzheimer’s Disease to stay in their home.‎ The system is created by Abilia. At the center of the system is an iPad-like device. The screen has Skype, which allows carers to regularly check in with patients．‎ Some l,000 people now have the system installed in their homes, and 25 of them, including the Farsunds, are testing the latest version, which combines the screen with wirelessly connected sensors around the house to detect motion. If a door is opened or left open, or if the stove is left on, the system alerts patients and caretakers of danger. The planner also provides spoken reminders about daily tasks, such as when they need to take medicine and events like birthdays as well as enabling caretakers and family members to check in remotely via Skype.‎ ‎ “With this kind of system, it allows people to take care of themselves, which is the most important thing,” says vice president Oystein Johnsen. For him, any move to improve city life needs to begin with people. “Smart cities are coming and they need to start with individuals in their own ‎ home,” he says. “It also saves the government money. In Norway it cost one million Norwegian krone (￡100,000) per year to have someone in a home, while this system costs 15,000. That is a lot of money to save.”‎ ‎. Which section of BBC news is most likely to include this passage?‎ A. Health B. Entertainment C. Technology D. Business ‎. The case of Helge and Kari Farsund in the second paragraph serves to .‎ A. expose a social problem ‎ B. introduce the main topic C. show sympathy to the elderly D. arouse medical workers’ interest ‎. Which of the following functions can all be performed by the system?‎ ‎ ① To warn people of possible dangers ② To help check in with patients ‎ ③ To offer people some medicine ④ To cure people of Alzheimer's ‎ ⑤ To remind people of daily tasks ⑥ To play movies like an iPad A. ①②⑤‎ B. ②③⑤ ‎ C. ①④⑥‎ D. ③④⑤‎ ‎. According to the last paragraph, Oystein Johnsen will approve that .‎ A. smart cities should be human-based B. the system should reduce its cost C. mass production is still impossible ‎ D. individuals are responsible for future ‎【答案】‎ C B A A 推理判断题。第二段中通过讲述“Helge and Kari Farsund”的事件，从而引出这个“smart house”，所以为引出文章主题。故选B.‎ 细节分析题。此题定位在第四段。文中有说这个系统可以提醒病人何时该吃药了，并未说给人提供一些药，或者是能治愈病人等。第三段“At the center of the system is an iPad-like device.”可知那是一个长得像ipad的一个装置，并未说能放电影。故排除③④⑥。选A.‎ 细节分析题。最后一段“For him, any move to improve city life needs to begin with people.‎ ‎”可知，提高城市生活要从人们开始。故选A.‎ 考点：科技文阅读。‎ C【浙江省重点中学协作体2015届高三第二次适应性测试】‎ You never see him, but they're with you every time you fly. They record where you are going,how fast you're traveling and whether everything on your airplane is functioning normally. Their ability to withstand almost any disaster makes them seem like something out of a comic book.They're known as the black box. ‎ When planes fall from the sky, as a Yemeni airliner did on its way to Comoros Islands in the India ocean June 30, 2009, the black box is the best bet for identifying what went wrong. So when a French submarine (潜水艇) detected the device's homing signal five days later, the discovery marked a huge step toward determining the cause of a tragedy in which 152 passengers were killed. ‎ In 1958, Australian scientist David Warren developed a flight-memory recorder that would track basic information like altitude and direction. That was the first mode for a black box, which became a requirement on all U.S. commercial flights by 1960. Early models often failed to withstand crashes, however, so in 1965 the device（装置） was completely redesigned and moved to the rear of the plane – the area least subject to impact – from its original position in the landing wells (起落架舱). The same year, the Federal Aviation Authority required that the boxes, which were never actually black, be painted orange or yellow to aid visibility. ‎ Modern airplanes have two black boxes: a voice recorder, which tracks pilots' conversations,and a flight-data recorder, which monitors fuel levels, engine noises and other operating functions that help investigators reconstruct the aircraft's final moments. Placed in an insulated ( 隔绝的) case and surrounded by a quarter-inch-thick panels of stainless steel, the boxes can withstand massive force and temperatures up to 2,000℉. When submerged, they're also able to emit signals from depths of 20,000 ft. Experts believe the boxes from Air France Flight 447, which crashed near Brazil on June 1,2009, are in water nearly that deep, but statistics say they're still likely to turn up. In the approximately 20 deep-sea crashes over the past 30 years, only one plane's black boxes were never recovered.‎ ‎. In Paragraph 1，the author wants to say the black box_________.‎ A. is an necessary device on an airplane B. comes from a comic book C. can prevent disasters D. can control the function of an airplane ‎. From the black box on the Yemeni airliner_________could be found.‎ A. the scene of the crash and the degree of the damage B. the total number of passengers on board C. data for analyzing the cause of the crash D. homing signals sent by the pilot before the crash ‎. Why was the black box redesigned in 1965?‎ A. New materials became available by that time.‎ B. The early models often got damaged in the crash.‎ C. Too much space was needed for its device.‎ D. The early models didn't provide the needed data.‎ ‎. The black boxes were painted orange or yellow to_________.‎ A. distinguish them from the colour of the plane.‎ B. warn people to handle them with care C. make them easily identified.‎ D. obey the international standards.‎ ‎. What do we know about the black boxes from Air France Flight 447?‎ A. There is still a good chance of their being recovered.‎ B. There is an urgent need for them to be reconstructed.‎ C. They have stopped sending homing signals.‎ D.They were destroyed somewhere near Brazil.‎ ‎【答案】‎ A C B C A ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：本文主要讲的是黑匣子。他们记录了你要去哪里，你的旅行是否你的飞机上的一切运作正常；几乎能经受住任何灾难，这就是黑匣子。当飞机失事时，黑匣子就是识别真相的有力证据。1958，澳大利亚科学家戴维Warren研发了一个飞行记录器，高度、速度、方位等基本信息。这是黑盒子的开端。现代飞机有两个黑盒子：一个录音机，跟踪飞行员的对话，和飞行数据记录器，监控燃料量，发动机的噪声和其他的操作功能，帮助研究人员重建了飞机的最后时刻。耐压耐高温。在过去的三十年的深海里，只有一架飞机的黑匣子没有恢复。‎ 主旨大意题。从第一段中“They record where you are going,how fast you're traveling and whether everything on your airplane is functioning normally. Their ability to withstand almost any disaster makes them seem like something out of a comic book”句意：他们记录了你要去哪里，你的旅行是否一切运作正常。他们几乎能经受住任何灾难，使它们看起来就像一本漫画书。可以看出黑匣子在飞机上的重要性，可以说是飞机上必不可少的设备。故选A。‎ 细节理解题。文中第二段“the black box is the best bet for identifying what went wrong.”以及“the discovery marked a huge step toward determining the cause of a tragedy in which 152 passengers were killed. ”意思是黑匣子是最好的赌注来识别到底是什么出了错。该发现标志着对确定一个悲剧，152名乘客死亡原因的巨大的一步。可见黑匣子在分析事故原因起着很重要的作用。故选C。‎ 细节理解题。文中第三段“That was the first mode for a black box, which became a requirement on all U.S. commercial flights by 1960. Early models often failed to withstand crashes,”那是黑匣子的第一个模型，1960年成为美国所有的商业航班要求。但是早期的模型往往无法承受撞击。所以在1965年又被重新设计了。故选B。‎ 细节理解题。第三段末尾处“...be painted orange or yellow to aid visibility. ”被刷成橙色或黄色来提高能见度。根据常识，我们知道在飞机失事时要找到黑匣子，黑匣子就一定要显眼，所以刷成橙色和黄色容易会被人发现。故选C。‎ 考点：考查说明文阅读。 ‎ A【天津市第一中学2015届高三上学期月考】‎ ‎ Here’s one number to keep in mind during your next cell phone conversation: 50. A new experiment shows that spending 50 minutes with an active phone pressed up to the ear increases activity in the brain. This brain activity probably doesn't make you smarter. When cell phones are on, they emit (发出) energy in the form of radiation that could be harmful, especially after years of cell phone usage. Scientists don't know yet whether cell phones are bad for the brain. Studies like this one are attempting to find it out.‎ ‎ The 47 participants in the experiment may have looked a little strange. Each one had two Samsung cell phones attached to his or her head — one on each ear. The phone on the left ear was off. The phone on the right ear played a message for 50 minutes, but the participants couldn't hear it because the sound was off.‎ ‎ With this set-up, the scientists could be sure they were studying brain activity from the phone itself, and not brain activity due to listening and talking during a conversation. After 50 minutes with two phones strapped to their heads, the participants were given PET scans.‎ ‎ The PET scan showed that the left side (the side with the phone turned off) of each participant's brain hadn't changed during the experiment. The right side of the brain, however, had used more glucose, which is a type of sugar that provides fuel to brain cells. These right-side brain cells were using almost as much glucose as the brain uses when a person is talking. This suggests that the brain cells there were active ― even without the person hearing anything. That activity, the scientists say, was probably caused by radiation from the phone.‎ ‎ Henry Lai, who works at the University of Washington in Seattle, is uncomfortable with the data related to cell phones. Holding a cell phone to your ear during a conversation is “not really safe,” Lai told Science News. Lai is a bioengineer at the University of Washington in Seattle. He wrote an article about the new study for a journal, but he did not work on the study. Bioengineers bring together ideas from engineering and biology.‎ ‎ For those who don't want to wait to find out for sure whether cell phones are bad for the brain, there are ways to talk more safely. You can have short and sweet conversations, use a speakerphone or keep the phone away from your head.‎ Which of the following statement is true?‎ ‎ A. Scientists are sure that cell phones are bad for the brain.‎ ‎ B. In the experiment, the left side of the brain used more glucose.‎ ‎ C. Radiation from the phone probably causes the change in the brain.‎ ‎ D. Henri Lai wrote a lot of articles about this new study.‎ Why weren’t the participants allowed to have a conversation on the phone during the experiment?‎ ‎ A. Because that would be too noisy and bad for the experiment.‎ ‎ B. Because they really looked strange and no one wanted to talk to others.‎ ‎ C. Because they were given PET scans and they lost the ability to talk.‎ ‎ D. Because the scientists want to be sure of the accuracy of the experiment.‎ What is glucose?‎ ‎ A. A type of sugar that provides vitamin to brain cells.‎ ‎ B. Something that the right side of the brain used.‎ ‎ C. A type of sugar that gives energy to brain cells.‎ ‎ D. Something that makes a human excited.‎ According to the last two paragraphs, which is the safest way to use a cell phone?‎ ‎ A. Holding the cell phone close to your head.‎ ‎ B. Using a cell phone more than three hours a day.‎ ‎ C. Taking the most powerful cell phone.‎ ‎ D. Keeping the cell phone at a distance.‎ Where is this article probably taken from?‎ ‎ A. Literature magazine. B. Science News.‎ ‎ C. Story books. D. Art Journal.‎ ‎【答案】‎ C D C D B ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析: 下次打电话可要记住不要超过50分钟，因为实验表明使用耳机接听电话超过50分钟，耳机会发出一种辐射。而这种辐射会对大脑有一定的影响。 ‎ C 细节题。根据第一段When cell phones are on, they emit energy in the form of radiation that could be harmful, especially after years of cell phone usage. Scientists don't know yet whether cell phones are bad for the brain可知长时间通话后手机发出的辐射会对大脑有一定影响。故选C.‎ D 推理判断题。根据第二段The phone on the left ear was off. The phone on the right ear played a message for 50 minutes, but the participants couldn't hear it because the sound was off可知参加实验的人左耳的耳机被关掉，右耳的耳机播放着，但声音被关了。再根据第三段With this set-up, the scientists could be sure they were studying brain activity from the phone itself, and not brain activity due to listening and talking during a conversation.可知科学家这样做的目的是为了确定他们在研究由于手机本身引起的大脑活动，而不是谈话中因为听或者讲话而引起的大脑活动。可知为了保证实验的准确性，所以参加实验的人在实验中不被允许谈话。故选D.‎ C 词义猜测题。根据第四段The right side of the brain, however, had used more glucose, which is a type of sugar that provides fuel to brain cells可知glucose的意思是给脑细胞提供能量的一种糖类物质。故选C.‎ ‎ B【天津市第一中学2015届高三上学期月考】‎ ‎ Global warming may or may not be the great environmental crisis of the 21st century, but—regardless of whether it is or isn’t — we won’t do much about it. We will argue over it and may even, as a nation, make some fairly solemn-sounding commitments to avoid it. But the more dramatic and meaningful these commitments seem, the less likely they are to be observed.  　　Al Gore calls global warming an “inconvenient truth,” as if merely recognizing it could put us on ‎ a path to a solution. But the real truth is that we don’t know enough to relieve global warming, and—without major technological breakthroughs—we can’t do much about it.  　　From 2003 to 2050, the world’s population is estimated to grow from 6.4 billion to 9.1 billion, a 42% increase. If energy use per person and technology remain the same, total energy use and greenhouse gas emissions (mainly, CO2) will be 42% higher in 2050. But that’s too low, because societies that grow richer use more energy. We need economic growth unless we condemn（注定）the world’s poor people to their present poverty and freeze everyone else’s living standards. With modest economic growth, energy use and greenhouse emissions more than double by 2050.  　　No government will adopt rigid restrictions on economic growth and personal freedom (limits on electricity usage, driving and travel) that might cut back global warming. Still, politicians want to show they’re “doing something.” Consider the Kyoto Protocol (京都议定书). It allowed countries that joined to punish those that didn’t. But it hasn’t reduced CO2 emissions (up about 25% since 1990), and many signatories (签字国) didn’t adopt tough enough policies to hit their 2008-2012 targets.  　　The practical conclusion is that if global warming is a potential disaster, the only solution is new technology. Only an aggressive research and development program might find ways of breaking our dependence on fossil fuels or dealing with it.  　　The trouble with the global warming debate is that it has become a moral problem when it’s really an engineering one. The inconvenient truth is that if we don’t solve the engineering problem, we’re helpless. ‎ What is said about global warming in the first paragraph?  　　A. It may not prove an environmental crisis at all.  　　B. It is an issue requiring worldwide commitments.  　　C. Serious steps have been taken to avoid or stop it.  　　D. Very little will be done to bring it under control.  According to the author’s understanding, what is A1 Gore’s view on global warming?  　　A. It is a reality both people and politicians are unaware of.  　　B. It is a phenomenon that causes us many inconveniences.  　　C. It is a problem that can be solved once it is recognized.  　　D. It is an area we actually have little knowledge about.  Greenhouse emissions will more than double by 2050 because of ________.  　　A. economic ‎ growth  　　B. wasteful use of energy  　　C. the widening gap between the rich and poor  　　D. the rapid advances of science and technology  The author believes that, since the signing of the Kyoto Protocol, ________.  　　A. politicians have started to do something to better the situation  　　B. few nations have adopted real tough measures to limit energy use  　　C. reductions in energy consumption have greatly cut back global warming  　　D. international cooperation has contributed to solving environmental problems  What is the message the author intends to convey?  　　A. Global warming is more of a moral issue than a practical one.  　　B. The ultimate solution to global warming lies in new technology.  　　C. The debate over global warming will lead to technological breakthroughs.  　　D. People have to give up certain material comforts to stop global warming.  【答案】‎ D C A B B ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析: 本文主要将关于全球变暖的问题。关于全球变暖在当前如何解决，作者指出了两点，一是它已经演变成了道德问题，二是只能通过技术突破来解决。 ‎ D 推理判断题。根据第一段Global warming may or may not be the great environmental crisis of the 21st century, but—regardless of whether it is or isn’t — we won’t do much about it可知全球变暖可能成为危机也可能不会变成危机，但不管会否变为，我们都不会采取什么措施。这是一个转折句，通常情况下，转折之后的句子具有更重要的意义。可知焦点是我们不会采取措施来应对它。故选D.‎ C 推理判断题。第二段提到Gore的观点只用了一个词组，即inconvenient truth，字面意思是“会给人们带来不方便的真相”，从这个词组无法判断出其具体含义。此后作者使用了一个as if从句As if merely recognizing it could put us on a path to a solution对这个词组进行描述，“好像仅仅承认它就会使我们走上解决它的道路”‎ ‎，意思也就是承认它就能解决它。这应该是作者对Gore观点的全部理解，此后的几句以But引出转折，是作者开始表达自己的观点，与Gore无关。故选C.‎ A 细节题。根据第三段With modest growth, energy use and greenhouse emissions more than double by 2050可知温室排放翻倍的原因是modest growth，即适度增长。这里的增长当然是指经济增长，economic作了承前省略处理。故选A.‎ B 推理判断题。根据第四段No government will adopt rigid restrictions on economic growth and personal freedom (limits on electricity usage, driving and travel) that might cut back global warming可知没有政府抵制经济增长和限制个人的自由(限制用电，驾车和旅行)。再根据后文But it hasn’t reduced CO2 emissions (up about 25% since 1990), and many signatories didn’t adopt tough enough policies to hit their 2008-2012 targets可知它没有减少二氧化碳排放量，许多签署国没有采取足够严格的措施来实现2008-2012的目标。这里所说的目标即是限制能源使用。故选B.‎ B 态度观点题。根据文章最后一段the trouble with the global warming debate is that it has become a moral problem when it’s really engineering one。engineering one是指工程问题，也就是实际问题。可知作者更倾向于认为全球变暖是一个实际问题，只是现实情况使它变成了一个道德问题，体现出作者的一种无奈感。故选B.‎ 考点：考查说明类短文阅读 C【江苏省南京市、盐城市2015届高三第一次模拟】‎ Exercise seems to be good for the human brain, with many recent studies suggesting that regular exercise improves memory and thinking skills. But an interesting new study asks whether the apparent cognitive benefits from exercise are real or just a placebo effect — that is, if we think we will be “smarter” after exercise, do our brains respond accordingly? The answer has significant implications for any of us hoping to use exercise to keep our minds sharp throughout our lives.‎ While many studies suggest that exercise may have cognitive benefits, recently some scientists have begun to question whether the apparently beneficial effects of exercise on thinking might be a placebo effect. So researchers at Florida State University in Tallahassee and the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign decided to focus on expectations, on what people anticipate that exercise will do for thinking. If people’s expectations jibe (吻合) closely with the actual benefits, then at least some of those improvements are probably a result of the placebo effect and not of exercise.【来.源：全,品…中&高*考*网】‎ For the new study, which was published last month in PLOS One, the researchers recruited 171 people through an online survey system, they asked half of these volunteers to estimate by how much a stretching and toning regimens (拉伸运动) performed three times a week might improve various measures of thinking. The other volunteers were asked the same questions, but about a regular ‎ walking program.‎ In actual experiments, stretching and toning program generally have little if any impact on people’s cognitive skills. Walking, on the other hand, seems to substantially improve thinking ability.‎ But the survey respondents believed the opposite, estimating that the stretching and toning program would be more beneficial for the mind than walking. The estimates of benefits from walking were lower.‎ These data, while they do not involve any actual exercise, are good news for people who do exercise. “The results from our study suggest that the benefits of aerobic exercise are not a placebo effect,” said Cary Stothart, a graduate student in cognitive psychology at Florida State University, who led the study.‎ If expectations had been driving the improvements in cognition seen in studies after exercise, Mr. Stothart said, then people should have expected walking to be more beneficial for thinking than stretching. They didn’t, implying that the changes in the brain and thinking after exercise are physiologically genuine.‎ The findings are strong enough to suggest that exercise really does change the brain and may, in the process, improve thinking, Mr. Stothart said. That conclusion should encourage scientists to look even more closely into how, at a molecular level, exercise remodels the human brain, he said. It also should encourage the rest of us to move, since the benefits are, it seems, not imaginary, even if they are in our head.‎ Which of the following about the placebo effect is TRUE according to the passage? ‎ A. It occurs during exercise. B. It has cognitive benefits. ‎ C. It is just a mental reaction. D. It is a physiological response. ‎ Why did the researchers at the two universities conduct the research? ‎ A. To discover the placebo effect in the exercise. ‎ B. To prove the previous studies have a big drawback. ‎ C. To test whether exercise can really improve cognition. ‎ D. To encourage more scientists to get involved in the research. ‎ What can we know about the research Cary Stothart and his team carried out? ‎ A. They employed 171 people to take part in the actual exercise. ‎ B. The result of the research removed the recent doubt of some scientists. ‎ C. The participants thought walking had a greater impact on thinking ability. ‎ D. Their conclusion drives scientists to do research on the placebo effect. ‎ ‎ What might be the best title for the passage?‎ A. Is it necessary for us to take exercise? B. How should people exercise properly? ‎ C. What makes us smarter during exercise? D. Does exercise really make us smarter? ‎ ‎【答案】‎ C C B D ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：本文针对运动是否有益大脑认知这一现象展开讨论，搬出了一个由大学合作得出的结论，的确有益，可信度较高。看来四肢发达的人不见得头脑简单哦！‎ C细节理解题。第二段第一句recently some scientists have begun to question whether the apparently beneficial effects of exercise on thinking might be a placebo effect，句意：最近一些科学家开始质疑，运动对思维有益的显著效果是不是一种安慰剂效应。由此得知， To test whether exercise can really improve cognition实验论证是两所大学实验的目的。故选C B 细节理解题。第六段第二句Cary Stothart说的话 The results from our study suggest that the benefits of aerobic exercise are not a placebo effect，句意：我们的实验结果表明有氧健身（对大脑）的益处不是一种安慰剂效应。由此The result of the research removed the recent doubt of some scientists.便移除了那些科学家质疑的念头。故选B D主旨大意题。Does exercise really make us smarter?运动使人聪明吗？全文围绕这一观点展开讨论，举出两所大学合作实验的成功案例来作为论据。其他选型偏离太大，故选D 考点：考查社科类说明文阅读 ‎ C【湖南省怀化市中小学课程改革教育质量监测2015届高三期中】‎ If you are sending a text message, watching TV or listening to the radio, you may stop and give this your full attention. Multi-tasking shrinks(使……萎缩) the brain, research suggests.‎ ‎  ‎ A study found that men and women who frequently used several types of technology at the same time had less grey matter in a key part of the brain. University of Sussex researchers said, “Using mobile phones, laptops and other media devices simultaneously could be changing the structure of our brains.”‎ ‎  Worryingly, the part of the brain that shrinks is involved in processing emotion. The finding follows research which has linked multi-tasking with a shortened attention span, depression, anxiety and lower grades at school.‎ ‎  The researchers began by asking 75 healthy men and women how often they divided their attention between different types of technology. This could mean sending a text message while listening to music and checking email, or speaking on the phone while watching TV and surfing the internet. The volunteers were then given brain scans which showed they had less grey matter in a region called the anterior cingulated cortex (ACC)(前扣带皮质). Scientists have proved that brain structure can be changed on exposure to fresh environments and experience.‎ ‎  Other studies have shown that training – such as learning to play magic tricks or taxi drivers’ learning the map of London – can increase grey-matter densities(密度) in certain parts.‎ ‎  Experts have also warned of the harmful impact technology can have on our memory and attention span. The University of California team conducted a survey of more than 18,000 people aged between 18 and 99, and found 20% had problems with memory. Researchers were shocked greatly by the 14% of 18 to 39-year-old people who also worried about their memories.【来.源：全,品…中&高*考*网】‎ ‎  Multi-tasking may shorten attention span, making it harder to focus and form memories, the researchers said, adding that youngsters may be particularly affected by stress.‎ ‎. The underlined word "simultaneously" in Para.2 means _________.‎ A. on one’s own B. at no time C. at the same time D. by accident ‎. All of the following are possible effects of multi-tasking except _________.‎ A. saving time B. a shortened attention span C. lower grades at school D. depression and anxiety ‎ ‎. What can increase grey-matter densities?‎ A. Sending a text message while listening to music . ‎ B. Students’ doing their homework.‎ C. Taxi drivers’ learning the map of London. ‎ D. Speaking on the phone while watching TV.‎ ‎. In which section of a newspaper can the passage be found?‎ A. Entertainment. B. Economy. C. Tourism. D. Science.　 ‎ ‎. Which of the following can be the best title of this passage?‎ A. Media multi-tasking is becoming more popular. ‎ B. Multi-tasking shrinks the brain.‎ C. Multi-tasking may shorten attention span. ‎ D. People are worried about their memories.‎ ‎【答案】‎ C A C D B 推理判断题。从第一段“Multi-tasking shrinks(使……萎缩) the brain, research suggests.”知道研究表明：多任务能够使人的大脑萎缩。从第二段“A study found that men and women who frequently used several types of technology at the same time had less grey matter in a key part of the brain.”看出，经常同时使用多种类型的技术的男性或女性在大脑的关键部分有较少的灰质。综合这两点可以推断出"simultaneously"的意思，故选C。‎ 细节理解题。从第三段“The finding follows research which has linked multi-tasking with a shortened attention span, depression, anxiety and lower grades at school.”可以看出多任务已经和学生在学校缩短的注意力，抑郁，焦虑，成绩低下等联系在一起了，文中并没有提到节省时间。故选A。‎ 细节理解题。从第五段“Other studies have shown that training – such as learning to play magic tricks or taxi drivers’ learning the map of London – can increase grey-matter densities(密度) in certain ‎ parts.”可以看出一些训练，比如说学习魔术或者出租车司机学习伦敦地图，能够增加大脑某个区域灰质密度。故选C。‎ 推理判断题。本文讲的是多任务影响着我们大脑中灰质的密度，从而影响我们的日常生活，因此可以推理出该文章属于科学类文章。故选D。‎ 推理判断题。第一段首先提出了多任务能够使人的大脑萎缩，接着例举了一系列的研究发现，多任务对我们日常生活多方面产生的负面影响，采用了总-分的结构。故选B。‎ 考点：考查社会现象类阅读。‎ C【广东省深圳市2015届高三第一次调研考试】‎ If you are a sleep deprived(被剥夺) teacher, you may not be aware of the term woodpeckering(啄木鸟式点头), but you’ve probably done it. It happens the day following a bad night’s sleep. You’re sitting in a long meeting and you can barely keep your eyes open, so you support your head up with your hand. Next thing you know, you are moving your sleeping head back to its upright position. Do this a few times and you are woodpeckering.‎ I thought I knew sleep deprivation when I did my medical internship(实习) in hospital. That year I frequently went 36 hours with no sleep. When I finished my stay in neurology(神经内科), I welcomed the promise of full nights of sleep ever after. It went pretty well for the next 10 years until I became a school teacher and experienced a whole new level of sleep deprivation.‎ Teachers’ working hours go far beyond the 8 am to 5 pm schedule of kids in school. There are hours spent at staff meetings, correcting homework, preparing for the next day- and then there is the worrying. What I did in a hospital emergency room required no more intensive mental energy than what is need to keep 30 kids attentive enough to learn what I was teaching.‎ Good teachers are like magicians keeping a dozen balls in the air to come at right time, with alarm set for 6 am to finish grading papers, memories of the day that’s gone- including the students who didn’t understand something, forgot their lunch or were embarrassed by wrong answers. All these will become sleep-resistant barriers. And also with some financial stress, you’ll have a cycle of insomnia(失眠) with unwelcome consequences.‎ With inadequate sleep comes irritability(易怒), forgetfulness, lower tolerance of even minor annoyances, and less efficient organization and planning. These are the very mental muscles that teachers need to meet the challenges of the next day. In wanting to do a better job the next day, the brain keeps bringing up the worries that deny the rest it needs.‎ After a bad night’s sleep, usually the direct effect for the next day is to ______.‎ A. keep one’s eyes open all the time B. move head back and forth C. raise one’s head in upright position D. keep nodding like a woodpecker The writer’s new level of sleep deprivation began since he _____.‎ A. did his medical internship in hospital B. began to teach in a school C. left hospital ten years ago D. went 36 hours with no sleep From paragraph 3 we can infer that ____.‎ A. teachers’ work is comfortable B. correcting homework needs less time C. working in hospital is even tougher D. teaching needs more mental energy Good teachers’ sleep problems are mainly due to the _____.‎ A. common sleep-resistant barriers B. embarrassment for wrong answers C. diligence and devotion to teaching D. misunderstanding of their students What does the writer really want to tell us in the last paragraph?‎ A. Unfavorable effects of inadequate sleep are various B. Lay down worries and sleep well first for the next day.‎ C. Teachers should often practice mental muscles.【来.源：全,品…中&高*考*网】‎ D. Better job has nothing to do with inadequate sleep.‎ ‎【答案】‎ D B D C B 事实细节题。根据It went pretty well for the next 10 years until I became a school teacher and experienced a whole new level of sleep deprivation可知此处最佳选项B项。‎ 推理判断题。B项文章并未提及，又依据What I did in a hospital emergency room required no more intensive mental energy than what is need to keep 30 kids attentive enough to learn what I was teaching可以排除A和C项，D项最为贴切。‎ 事实细节题。根据第四段可知好的老师睡眠问题主要在于对教学的认真负责，以至于花费大量时间在教学方面，所以C项最佳。‎ 段落大意题。根据In wanting to do a better job the next day, the brain keeps bringing up the worries that deny the rest it needs.可知作者想告知读者为了更好地迎接第二天的工作，最好放下焦虑，然后睡个好觉，B项。‎ 考点：考查科普文阅读 D【广东省深圳市2015届高三第一次调研考试】‎ An absolute description of the threat hanging over the world’s mammals, reptiles, amphibians(哺乳、爬行、两栖动物) and other life forms has been published by the well-known scientific journal, Nature. A special analysis carried out by the journal indicates that an astonishing 41% of all amphibians on the planet now face extinction while 26% of mammal species and 13% of birds are similarly threatened.‎ Many species are already critically endangered and lose to extinction, including the Sumatran elephant, Amur leopard and mountain gorilla. But also in danger of vanishing for the wild, it now appears, are animals that are currently rated as merely being endangered.‎ In each case, the finger of blame points directly at human activities. The continuing spread of agriculture is destroying million of hectares of wild habitats(栖息地)every year, leaving animals without homes, while the introduction of newly-come species, often helped by humans, is also damaging native populations. At the same time, pollution and overfishing are destroying ocean ecosystems.‎ ‎“Habitat destruction, pollution or overfishing either skill off wild creatures and plants or keaves them badly weakened,” said Derek Tittensor, an ocean ecologist at the World Conservation Monitoring Center in Cambridge. “The trouble is that in coming decades, the additional threat of worsening climate change will become more and more common and could then kill off these survivors.”‎ The problem, according to Nature, is worsened because of the huge gaps in scientists knowledge about the planet’s biodiversity. Evaluations of the total number of species of animals and ‎ plants alive vary from 2 million to 50 million. In addition, evaluations of current rates of species’ disappearances vary from 500 to 36, 000 a year. “That is the real problem we face,” added Tittensor. “The scale of uncertainty is huge.”‎ In the end, however, the data indicate that the world is heading cruelty towards a mass extinction-which is defined as one involving a loss of 75% of species or more. This could arrive in less than a hundred years or could take a thousand, depending on extinction rates.‎ What’s the main idea of the first two paragraphs?‎ A. Figures about some wild animals are astonishing.‎ B. “Nature” is the famous journal around the world.‎ C. Many endangered species are close to extinction.‎ D. Some rare species have appeared around the world.‎ The direct reason for the extinction of some species is _____.‎ A. continuous appearance of new species B. destructive activities of human beings C. more and more homeless animals D. the great change of ocean ecosystem From paragraph 4 we know that another future threat is ______.‎ A. destruction of habitats B. overfishing and pollution C. the worsening climate change D. killing off wild creatures and plants What is the real problem we are facing now according to paragraph 5?‎ A. The killing of wild creatures and cutting of trees.‎ B. The global warming caused by human beings.‎ C. The destruction of ocean ecosystem by pollution.‎ D. Evaluation of current rates of species’ disappearances.‎ What does “This” in the last sentence refer to _____?‎ A. mass extinction B. extinction rates C. extinction time D. 75% of species or more ‎【答案】‎ C B C D A ‎【解析】试题分析：这是一篇科普文章。世界著名科学杂志“自然”，做了一个特别分析，用一些惊人的数据说明世界上一些动物正面临灭绝，同时指出，造成灭绝的直接原因是人类的破坏活动。 ‎ 段落大意题。综合第一段濒临灭绝以及已消亡物种的惊人数据以及第二段首句Many species are already critically endangered and lose to extinction可知C项最具有概括性。‎ 事实细节题。根据第三段首句In each case, the finger of blame points directly at human activities可知答案为B项。‎ 事实细节题。第四段提到The trouble is that in coming decades, the additional threat of worsening climate change will become more and more common and could then kill off these survivors，未来的威胁主要来自于气候变化，所以此处选择C项。‎ 考点：考查科普类题材阅读 ‎2014年模拟题 ‎1.【2014届安徽省江南十校联考】E ‎ A new study has found evidence of aggressive (攻击性的) behavior in children who drink four or more servings of soft drinks every day. Information for the study came from the mothers of 3,000 5-year-olds. Researchers asked the women to keep a record of how many servings of soft drinks their children drank over a two-month period. They were also asked to complete a checklist of their children’s behavior.‎ ‎ The researchers have found that 43 percent of the children drink at least one daily serving of soda, and 4 percent of the youngsters have even four or more sodas to drink every day.‎ ‎ Shakira Suglia, a famous expert, says they’ve found that children who drink the most soda are more than twice as likely as those who drink no soda to show signs of aggression.‎ ‎ “For the children who consume four or more soft drinks per day, we see more withdrawn behaviors, which make them hard to get along well with others.”‎ ‎ The aggressive behaviors include destroying possessions belonging to others, taking part in fights and physically attacking people.‎ ‎ The researchers have determined the link after considering factors like the child’s age and sex. They have also considered other possible influence, such as whether the boys and girls are eating sweets or giving fruit drinks on a normal day. In addition, the researchers have examined parenting styles and other social conditions that may be taking place in the home.‎ ‎ Researches are trying to find why young children who drink a lot of soda have behavior problems. An ingredient often found in soft drinks is caffeine, which helps to make people feel energetic. Doctor Suglia suggests that caffeine could cause the 5-year-olds to be more aggressive. Earlier studies of adults have found the highest sugar levels in those who carry weapons (武器) and show signs of negative social behavior.‎ What section of a newspaper is the passage probably taken from?‎ A. Scientific Technology B. Science Fictions C. Social News D. Health Report The underlined word “withdrawn” in paragraph 4 can probably be replaced by the word ______.‎ A. backward B. unsocial C. generous D. friendly Researchers studied the following aspects of the children except ______.‎ A. age B. sex C. games D. parents According to the research, which of the following is right?‎ A. Mothers were asked to keep a record of how many servings of soft drinks their children drank over a three-month period.‎ B. 4 percent of the youngsters have even four or fewer sodas to drink every day.‎ C. Children who drink no soda show fewer aggressive behaviors.‎ D. Children with the highest sugar levels tend to carry weapons and show signs of negative social behavior.‎ After a further study on ingredients in soda, Shakira Suglia implies that the direct cause of the aggressive behaviors may be ______.‎ A. soft drinks B. attention problems C. caffeine D. social conditions ‎【答案】‎ D B C C C ‎【解析】‎ 根据“which make them hard to get along well with others”可知，一天喝四杯以上软饮料的儿童，会出现孤僻的行为，他们很难与他人相处好，故选B。‎ 根据第六段“The researchers have determined the link after considering factors like the child’s age and sex. ...the researchers have examined parenting styles”可知，研究人员研究了儿童的年龄、性别和父母的抚养风格，故选C。‎ 根据第一、二段和最后一段“over a two-month period ...4 percent of the youngsters have even four or more sodas to drink every day ...Earlier studies of adults have found the highest sugar levels in those”可知，A、B、D错误。根据第三段“Shakira Suglia, a famous expert, says they’ve found that children who drink the most soda are more than twice as likely as those who drink no soda to show signs of aggression.”可知，饮用软饮料最多的儿童，出现攻击性行为的可能性是不喝软饮料儿童的两倍。不喝软饮料的儿童，出现较少的攻击性行为，故选C。‎ 根据最后一段“An ingredient often found in soft drinks is caffeine, which helps to make people feel energetic. Doctor Suglia suggests that caffeine could cause the 5-year-olds to be more aggressive.”可知，caffeine能促使人们感觉精力充沛，能使5岁大的孩子变得更具攻击性。故选C。‎ 考点：健康类短文阅读 ‎2.【2014届福建省漳州七校第二次联考】E The Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution has just published a report on new materials and has looked at the case of nanotechnology（纳米技术）, which describes the science of the very small. Nanotechnology covers those man-made materials or objects that are about a thousand times smaller than the microtechnology（微电子技术）we use, such as the silicon chips of computers.‎ Nanotechnology gets its name from the nanometer, which is a billionth of a meter. There are about 600 consumer products already on the market that use nanotechnology. Nanomedicine is also being developed to fight cancer and other fatal diseases.‎ The Royal Commission found no evidence of harm to health or the environment from nanomaterials, but this “absence of evidence” is not being taken as “evidence of absence”. In other words, just because there are no apparent problems, this is not to say that here is no risk now or in the future. The commission is concerned about the pace at which we are inventing and adopting new nanomaterials, which could result in future problems that we are ill-equipped to understand or even find with current testing methods. ‎ One of the problems about nanotechnology is that when we make something very small out of a well known material, we may actually change the functionality of that material even if the chemical composition remains the same. Indeed, it is not the particle（颗粒）size that should concern us, but its functionality. Take gold, for example, which is a famously inert (惰性) substance, and valuable because of it. It doesn’t rust or corrode because it doesn’t interact with water or oxygen. However, a particle of gold that is between 2 and 5 nanometers in diameter becomes highly reactive. This is not due to a change in chemical composition, but because of a change in the physical size of the gold particles. How can a change in size result in a change of function? One reason is to do with surface area. Nanoparticles have relatively a much bigger surface area. It is like comparing the surface area of a basketball with the total surface area of many pea-sized balls with the same weight of the single basketball. The pea-sized balls have a surface area many hundreds, indeed thousands of times bigger than the basketball, and this allows them to interact more easily with the environment. It is this increased interactivity that changes their functionality—and makes them potentially more dangerous to health or the environment.‎ Why does the writer mention microtechnology in the first paragraph?‎ A. to introduce the topic of nanotechnology B. to help us better understand nanotechnology C. to help us know more about microtechnology D. to compare microtechnology with nanotechnology The example of the “gold” in the last paragraph is intended to show that_________.‎ A. gold is valuable because it is an inert substance B. an inert substance like gold doesn’t interact with water or oxygen C. the function of gold is steady because it is an inert substance D. the function of gold changes when made into something very small ‎ Which process explains that there might be risks in nanotechnology? ‎ A. expand surface area →increase interactivity → change functionality ‎→cause possible dangers B. expand surface area → change functionality → increase interactivity ‎ ‎→cause possible dangers【来.源：全,品…中&高*考*网】‎ C. increase interactivity → expand surface area → change functionality ‎→cause possible dangers ‎ D. increase interactivity → change functionality → expand surface area ‎→cause possible dangers ‎ ‎ What does the passage mainly focus on?‎ A. the introduction of nanotechnology and its wide use ‎ B. the present use of nanotechnology and its future ‎ C. the potential danger nanotechnology may bring us ‎ D. the proposal to stop nanotechnology due to the potential danger ‎【答案】‎ B D A C B推理判断题 。人们仅仅知道纳米技术这个术语，但是很多人不明白其含义，于是作者通过与微电子技术相对比，让读者更好的了解纳米技术，所以答案选B。‎ D 推理判断题。文章末段首先介绍One of the problems about nanotechnology is that when we make something very small out of a well known material, we may actually change the functionality of that material纳米技术会改变一种物质的功能，然后提出以黄金为例（Take gold, for example）,由此可知作者用黄金这种物质为例来说明当黄金通过纳米技术被制成微小的物质时，它的功能性质会发生变化，答案选D。‎ A细节理解题。根据文章末段中用同等重量的篮球和很多豌豆大小的球相比The pea-sized balls have a surface area many hundreds,…… and this allows them to interact more easily with the environment. It is this increased interactivity that changes their functionality—and makes them ‎ potentially more dangerous to health or the environment.可以得知A选项的过程能准确反映纳米技术可能导致的危险，故答案选A。‎ C主旨大意题。文章首段向人们介绍了纳米技术，然后在第二段提出Nanomedicine is also being developed to fight cancer and other fatal diseases.，再从下文中通过举例来说明纳米技术可能对人类以及环境存在的危害，故C选项内容更能反映文章中心。‎ 考点：考查科学知识类短文阅读。‎ ‎3.【2014届湖北省荆州市毕业班质检II】D Our love of music and appreciation of musical harmony is learnt and not based on natural ability, a new study by University of Melbourne researchers has found. The researchers said previous theories about how we appreciate music were based on the physical functions of sound, the ear itself and a born ability to hear harmony.‎ The study shows that musical harmony can be learnt, and it is a matter of training the brain to hear the sounds. So if you thought that the music of some foreign culture (or Jazz) sounded like the crying of cats, it’s simply because you haven’t learnt to listen by their rules.‎ The researchers used 66 volunteers with a range of musical training and tested their ability to hear combinations of notes(音符) to determine if they found the combinations familiar or pleasing. They found that people needed to be familiar with combinations of notes. If they found the notes unfamiliar they also found the sound unpleasant. This finding put an end to centuries of theories claiming that physical functions of the ear determine what we find attractive.‎ The study found that trained musicians were much more sensitive to unpleasant notes than non-musicians. When they couldn’t find the note, the musicians reported that the sounds were unpleasant, while non-musicians were much less sensitive. This shows the importance of training or nurturing(培养) the brain to like particular sound of combinations of notes, like those found in jazz or rock. ‎ Depending on their training, a strange chord(和弦) sound was pleasant to some musicians, but very unpleasant to others. This showed us that even the ability to hear a musical note is learnt.‎ To confirm this finding, they trained 19 non-musicians to find the notes of a random selection of western chords. Not only did the participants’ ability to hear notes improve rapidly, afterward they reported that the chords they had learnt sounded more pleasant -- regardless of how the chords were played. ‎ The question of why some combinations of musical notes are heard as pleasant or unpleasant has long been debated. “We have shown in this study that for music, beauty is in the brain of the beholder(观看者)”, a researcher said. ‎ According to the study, people find foreign music quite unpleasant because_____.‎ ‎ A. they hear the music much too often B. they don’t like the person playing it C. they have no idea about how to listen D. they have no born musical ability at all ‎ Although non-musicians were less sensitive to music, they can still_____.‎ ‎ A. be trained to like particular music B. make friends with real musicians C. find the beauty of chords without training D. enjoy the beauty of music when played by musicians The 19 non-musicians were trained in order to show_____.‎ ‎ A. the brain likes particular combinations of notes ‎ B. not a strange note was pleasant to all musicians ‎ C. how the chords were played was very important ‎ D. people’s ability to hear a musical note can be learnt What is the main idea of the passage? ‎ ‎ A. Love of musical harmony can’t be taught.‎ ‎ B. Love of music is not natural but nurtured.‎ C. Listening to music can improve your brain.‎ ‎ D. You can be a musician without being trained.‎ ‎【答案】‎ C A D B A细节理解题。根据第四段提到This shows the importance of training or nurturing(培养) the brain to like particular sound of combinations of notes, like those found in jazz or rock.这就表明训练与后天培养的重要性，所以选A项。‎ D 细节理解题。根据第六段提到Not only did the participants’ ability to hear notes improve rapidly, afterward they reported that the chords they had learnt sounded more pleasant -- regardless of how the chords were played. 不仅是参与者听记迅速提高超过十短的会话能力，之后他们说他们已经知道和弦听起来更加愉快——不管和弦进行调整 所以选D项。‎ B ‎ 主旨大意。本文开篇提到对于音乐的爱好不仅仅是天生的，还是可能通过培养与训练能得到，通过举例及对于研究对象的分析，The study found that trained musicians were much more sensitive to unpleasant notes than non-musicians.被训练的音乐人能对不是那么动听的音乐比不被训练的人更为敏感，所以B项对于音乐的爱好不是天生的而是可有后天培养出来的。‎ 考点 ：科普类阅读。‎ ‎4.【2014届河北省衡水中学第一次调研】A ‎ New crime prediction software should reduce not only the murder rate, but the rate of other crimes. Developed by Richard Berk, a professor at the University of Pennsylvania, the software has already used in Baltimore and Philadelphia to predict which individuals on probation(缓刑) or parole(假释) are most likely to murder and to be murdered.‎ ‎ “When a person goes on probation or parole he is supervised(监督) by an officer. The question is ‘what level of supervision is appropriate?’” said Berk. It used to be that parole officers used the person’s criminal record, and their judgment to make decisions.‎ ‎ “This research replaces those seat-of-the –pants calculations,” he said.‎ ‎ Technology helps determine level of supervision. On average there is one murder for every 100,000 people. Even among high-risk groups the murder rate is one in 100. Predicting such a rare event is very difficult, but advances in computer technology works.‎ ‎ Years ago, the researchers made a dataset of more than 60,000 various crimes. Using the software they developed, they found some much more likely to commit murder when paroled or probated. They could identify eight future murderers out of 100.‎ ‎ Berk’s software examines roughly two dozen variables(可变因素), from criminal record to geographic location. The type of crimes, and more importantly, the age at which that crime was committed, were two of the most predictive variables.‎ ‎ “People assume that if someone murdered then they will murder in the future,” said Berk. “ What really matters is what that person did as a young individual. Predicting future crimes sounds well. But we aren’t anywhere near being able to do that.”‎ ‎ “Berk’s scientific answer leaves policymakers with difficult questions. By labeling one group of people as high risk, and supervise them closely, there should be fewer murders, which the potential victims should be happy about. It also means that those high-risk individuals will be supervised more aggressively. For human rights advocates, that means punishing people who, most likely, will not commit a crime in the future,” said Bushway. “It comes down to a question of whether you would rather make these errors or those errors.”‎ ‎. The underlined words(in Para.3) probably mean___. ‎ ‎ A. calculations based on subjective opinions ‎ B. calculations based on widespread voting ‎ C. calculations made by advanced technology ‎ D. calculations based on serious considering ‎. For 650 people with crime records, how many potential murderers would the software find?‎ ‎ A. 6.5. B. 13. C. 52. D. 65.‎ ‎. From Para 7, we can infer that______.‎ ‎ A. the technology developed by Richard Berk will soon be widely used in the US B. the technology would not be widely accepted in the short term C. whether a person murders or not largely decided by his upbringing while young D. if a person murdered when he was fifty, he is sure to murder again while on probation ‎. Bushway’s attitude to the technology put forward by Richard Berk is ____.‎ A. positive B. negative C. objective D. indifferent ‎ . Which would be the best title for the passage?‎ ‎ A. Closely Supervise Potential Murders ‎ ‎ B. Measures Taken to Prevent Criminal Behavior ‎ C. Technology Revolutionizes Judges’ Way of Working ‎ ‎ D. Software is Developed to Predict Criminal Behavior ‎【答案】‎ A C B C D ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：文章全篇介绍了预测犯罪行为软件的开发是把双刃剑，虽然可以提高对高危人群发生犯罪行为预测的精准度，预防犯罪行为发生，但也会给那些不会再发生犯罪行为的人带来不必要的实时监控，使他们的权益受到损害。‎ 推理题：划线部分“seat-of-the –pants calculations”可用上一段中“It used to be that parole officers used the person’s criminal record, and their judgment to make decisions”解释，指的是过去假释官根据一个人的犯罪记录和自己的判断来做决定，可知假释官的主观因素很大。A项符合原句意。故选A。‎ 细节题：根据文章第四段中“They could identify eight future murderers out of 100”他们将来可以确定100个人中有8个杀人犯，因此650个人中会有52个罪犯。故选C。‎ 推理题： 根据第七段最后一句“ But we aren’t anywhere near being able to do that.”但我们现在还做不到，可知这项技术短时间内还不能被广泛接受。故选B。‎ 考点：考查科学技术类阅读 ‎ ‎5.【2014届湖北省荆州市毕业班质检II】E When Hurricane Phailin hit India in late 2013, it became the largest storm to strike the subcontinent in over a decade. The storm affected more than 12 million people in India and neighboring countries, and damaged or destroyed many houses. However, good news is that cleverly-designed beach house created by architect Ray Huff can survive such strong winds and storm waves.‎ Located on the shore of an Indian island, Huff’s award-winning cube-shaped beach house was built to replace one smashed to pieces by Hurricane Phailin.‎ Huff pointed out that many houses built along shoreline were poorly constructed, and enforcement(执行) of building codes wasn’t strict. After Phailin’s attack, all new shoreline houses are required to meet stricter, better-enforced codes. The new beach house should be able to stand a Category 3 hurricane with peak winds of 179 to 209 kilometers per hour. ‎ At first sight, Huff's house looks anything but hurricane-proof. Its redwood shell makes it resemble “a large party lantern” at night, according to one observer. But looks can be misleading. The house’s wooden frame is reinforced(加固) with long steel rods to give it extra strength. ‎ To further protect the house from hurricane damage, Huff raised it 2.7 meters off the ground on pilings---long columns of wood anchored(固定) deep in the sand. Pilings might appear insecure, but they are strong enough to support the weight of the house. They also balance the house above storm waves. The pilings allow the waves to run under the house instead of running into it. “These swells of water come ashore at great speeds and cause most of the damage done to beach-front buildings,” said Huff.‎ Huff designed the wooden pilings to be partially hidden by the house’s ground-to-roof shell. “The shell masks the pilings so that the house doesn’t look like it’s standing with its pant legs pulled up,” said Huff. In case of a storm wave, the shell should break apart and let the waves rush under the house, the architect explained. ‎ After Hurricane Phailin, new houses built along shore line are required_____. 【来.源：全,品…中&高*考*网】‎ A. to be easily reinforced ‎ B. to look smarter in design C. to meet stricter building standards ‎ D. to be designed in the shape of cubes ‎ The award-winning beach house is quite strong because____. ‎ A. it is made of redwood ‎ B. it is in the shape of a shell C. it is strengthened by steel rods ‎ D. it is built with wood and stones ‎ Huff raised the house 2.7 meters off the ground on wooden pilings in order to _____. ‎ A. support the weight of the house B. allow the waves to run through the house C. anchor stronger pilings deep in the sand D. prevent water from rushing into the house ‎ The main function of the shell is_____.‎ A. to give the house a better appearance ‎ B. to strengthen the pilings of the house C. to protect the wooden frame of the house ‎ D. to slow down the speed of the swelling water ‎【答案】‎ C C D A ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析: 本文讲述在2013年的飓风中建筑师Ray Huff造的房子经受考验，对他所建造的房子进行分析。‎ C 细节理解题。根据第三段提到After Phailin’s attack, all new shoreline houses are required to meet stricter, better-enforced codes所有新的海岸线的房屋必须符合严格的，更好的强制执行的代码标准，所以选C项。‎ C 细节理解题。根据第四段提到The house’s wooden frame is reinforced(加固) with long steel rods to give it extra strength. 房子的木框架钢筋（加固）长钢筋给予额外的力量 所以选C项。‎ D 细节理解题。根据第五段提到To further protect the house from hurricane damage, Huff raised it 2.7 meters off the ground on pilings---long columns of wood anchored(固定) deep in the sand.得出为了抵御飓风，所以选D项。‎ A 细节理解题。根据最后一段提到The shell masks the pilings so that the house doesn’t look like it’s standing with its pant legs pulled up这个壳掩盖了桩，使房子看来不象站着，让房子看起来更好看，所以选A项。‎ 考点：科普类阅读。‎ ‎6.【2014届吉林省白山市一中第二次模拟】D ‎ In a society such as the United States or Canada, which has many national, religious and cultural differences, people highly value individualism--the differences among people. Teachers place a lot of importance on the qualities that make each student special. The educational systems in these countries show these values. Students do not memorize all possible basic knowledge. Instead, they work individually and find answers by themselves.There is often discussion in the classroom. At an early age, students learn to form their own ideas and opinions.‎ In most Asia societies, by contrast, the people have the same language, history and culture. Perhaps for this reason, the educational system in much of the orient reflects society’s belief in group goals and purposes rather than individualism. Children in China, Japan and Korea often work together and help one another on assignments.‎ There are advantages and disadvantages of both systems of education. For example, one advantage of the system in Japan is that students there learn much more about math, physics, biology and chemistry than American students by the end of high school. They also study more hours each day and more days each year than North Americans do. The system is difficult, but it prepares students for a society that values discipline and self-control. There is, however, a disadvantage. Memorization is an important learning method in Japanese schools, yet many students say that after an exam, they forget much of the information that they have memorized.‎ The advantage of the educational system in North America, on the other hand, is that students learn to think for themselves. The system prepares them for a society that values creative ideas. There is, however, a disadvantage. When students graduate from school, they haven’t memorized as many basic rules and facts as students in other countries have.‎ ‎. The writer’s purpose of writing this passage is .‎ A. to share his idea with others in a new way B. to introduce two different systems of education through contrast C. to criticize the society that values memorization ‎ D. to prepare students for society ‎. Which is NOT true according to the passage?‎ A. The system of education in the West is more creative than that in the East B. Japanese students learn much more about science than American students.‎ C. Canadian students are more individual than Korean students.‎ D. Students in North America are not so friendly as those in Asia.‎ ‎. From the facts, we can infer that .‎ A. Asian students are more likely to do better in teamwork than American students B. Chinese students are more hard-working in their studies than Mexican students C. the Western educational system is much better than the Eastern educational system.‎ D. the Eastern educational system is as difficult as the Western educational system.‎ ‎. What is the best title for the passage?‎ A. Advantages and Disadvantages of Educational System.‎ B. The Value of Individualism.‎ C. Educational System-an Obvious Difference between the East and the West.‎ D. Memorization-an Important Learning Method.‎ ‎【答案】‎ B D A C 推理题：根据最后一段中“The system prepares them for a society that values creative ideas. ”这个体系为培养他们的社会价值观的创造性做了准备，可知西方教学体系更注重培养学生的创造力，因此A正确；根据倒数第二段中“For example, one advantage of the system in Japan is that students there learn much more about math, physics, biology and chemistry than American students by the end of high school”可知日本学生在高中后一时期比美国学生学习更多的自然科学。因此B正确；同A项一样，加拿大属于西方教学体制，西方教学体系更注重培养学生的创造力，因此比韩国学生的创造力更强一些，故C正确；D项中友不友好在文中并未体现，因此D错误。故选D。‎ 推理题：阅读前两段可知，在西方教育体制下的孩子更倾向于自己独立思考，遵循自己的意见，而东方教育体质之下上课时教师讲，学生听，讨论并不多，孩子们更倾向于团队合作。故选A。‎ 主旨题：阅读全文可知本文讨论的是东西方教育系统的不同之处。故选C。‎ 考点：考查科教类阅读 ‎7、【2014届山东省潍坊市3月模拟】B Starting in l972，the National Park Service established a policy for forest fires calle Natural Burn．It was acknowledged that some forest fires，such as those caused by lightning were necessary for forests to maintain balanced ecosystems，so the fire should be allowed to burn．However, a big fire in Yellowstone National Park in l988 caused this policy to be abandoned since the fire was initially allowed to burn yet soon out of control．As a result，the fire of l988 destroyed much of Yellowstone，which is America’s oldest and most beloved national park．Massive areas of plants were destroyed，and large empty spaces and acres of burned and blackened trees greeted visitors．The rivers and streams were choked with ash，and the ecosystem of the park was changed beyond repair.‎ ‎ In addition，great numbers of animals were killed by the fires that bumed out of control. The fires were driven by high winds，moving as many as ten miles a day．Many small animals died in the flames．The fires’ rapid advances gave the wildlife little chance to escape. Even today，few of these small forest animals have returned to live in the park. In the years immediately following the fires，the numbers of visitors declined rapidly．No one was interested in seeing a blackened and treeless park on vacation．Yellowstone had previously been famous for its amazing views and unique geological formations such as the geyser Old Faithful. But now its reputation as America's wonder is damaged permanently.‎ Natural Burn was adopted because some forest fires were ‎ A．hard to put out B．started by lightning C．good for the balance of nature D．approved by National Park Service The big fire in Yellowstone in 1988 ．‎ ‎ A．became out of control at first ‎ B．destroyed the park completely ‎ C．was allowed to burn continuously ‎ D．brought the natural burn policy to an end Why were so many animals killed in the big fire?‎ ‎ A．Because winds were blown from high places．‎ ‎ B．Because the animals moved only ten miles a day．‎ ‎ C．Because the animals lived in lower places．‎ ‎ D．Because strong winds contributed to the fire a lot．‎ Yellowstone was famous for its ．‎ A．rare animals B．unique plants C．beautiful scenery D．little streams The text probably comes from ．‎ A．a science fiction B．a news report C．a commercial ad D．a geography magazine ‎【答案】‎ C D D C D C细节理解题。根据文章首段such as those caused by lightning were necessary for forests to maintain balanced ecosystems，可知在过去人们认为自然火灾会对生态平衡有益，答案选C。‎ D细节理解题。根据第一段中However, a big fire in Yellowstone National Park in l988 caused this policy to be abandoned可知黄石火灾的发生结束了这一制度，故D选项正确。‎ D细节理解题。根据文章第二段中The fires were driven by high winds，moving as many as ten miles a day．Many small animals died in the flames．可以判断因为大风助长了火势，很多动物来不及逃走就被烧死了，所以选D。‎ C细节理解题。从文章第二段Yellowstone had previously been famous for its amazing views and unique geological formations such as the geyser Old Faithful.可知黄石公园因为自然风光而闻名，答案选C。‎ 本文介绍的是自然火灾对于森林的影响，属于自然地理范畴，由此判断文章应选自地理杂志，所以答案选D。‎ 考点：考查自然科学类短文阅读。‎ ‎8.【2014届福建省莆田市3月质检】D ‎ Dr．Ferguson energetically pushed the preparations for his departure，and in person directed ‎ the construction of his balloon．For a long time past he had been applying himself to the study of the Arab language and the various Mandingoe idioms，and，thanks to his talents in language，he had made rapid progress．‎ In the meanwhile，his friend，the sportsman，never let him out of his sight-afraid，no doubt，that the doctor might take his departure，without saying a word to anybody．On this subject，he tried to discourage him with the most persuasive arguments，which，however，did NOT persuade Samuel Ferguson，and wasted his breath，by which the latter seemed to be but slightly moved．In fine，Dick felt that the doctor was slipping through his fingers．‎ ‎ The poor Scot was really to be pitied．He could not look upon the blue sky without a wild terror: when asleep，he felt dizziness(眩晕)that made his head turn around；and every night he had visions of crashing down from immeasurable heights．‎ We must add that，during these nightmares，he once or twice fell out of bed. His first care then was to show Ferguson a severe bump(肿块)that he had received on the fall．“And yet，”he would add，with warmth，“that was at the height of only three feet一not an inch more一and such a bump as this! Only think，then!”‎ This appeal，full of sad meaning as it was，did not seem to touch the doctor's heart．Not even the shadow of a doubt was ever suggested；and Samuel made an intolerable misuse of the first person plural：“‘Our’balloon，‘our’ car ；‘our’expedition.”‎ ‎ Dick trembled at them，although he was determined not to go ; he did not want to annoy his friend．Let us also disclose the fact that，without knowing exactly why himself，he had sent to Edinburgh for a certain selection of heavy clothing，and his best hunting-tools and fire-arms．‎ Why did Dr．Ferguson start to learn new languages?‎ A．To keep himself occupied．‎ B．To get ready for the departure．‎ C．To show his talent in language．‎ D．To Know more about balloon construction．‎ We Call infer from the passage that Dick ＿＿＿＿.‎ A．suffered from a disease during the nights B．got hurt in a fall from the balloon in the evening C．decided to take the adventure with the doctor at last D．equipped himself with arms to frighten his friend Which word best describes Dr．Ferguson’s attitude towards his balloon flight?‎ A．Excited． B．Optimistic． C．Worried. D．Determined What’s the writing pattern of the passage?‎ A．News． B．Fiction． C．Journal． D．Biography．‎ ‎【答案】‎ B C D B B 细节理解题。根据第一段提到Dr．Ferguson energetically pushed the preparations for his departure，and in person directed the construction of his balloon．For a long time past he had been applying himself to the study of the Arab language and the various Mandingoe idioms弗格森博士忙于出发前的准备工作。他亲自指导制作气球，并且对设计作了某些改动，不过他只字不提此事。很长时间以来，他专心学习阿拉伯语和非洲西部地区曼丁哥人的各种语言，可见是为离开做准备的，所以选B项。‎ C 细节理解题。根据第二段提到In the meanwhile，his friend，the sportsman，never let him out ofhis sight-afraid，no doubt，that the doctor might take his departure，without saying a word to anybody在此期间，他的猎人朋友寸步不离地跟着他，生怕他连招呼都不打就飞走。肯尼迪还在执意劝说弗格森博士放弃该计划所以选C项。‎ D 细节理解题。根据第五段提到This appeal，full of sad meaning as it was，did not seem to touch the doctor's heart这番暗示充满了伤感，但是并没打动博士，所以博士十分坚定要用气球，故选D项。‎ B 推断猜测题。根据图片可知这是《气球上的五星期》是法国著名作家儒勒·凡尔纳的第一部科幻长篇小说，也是他的成名作，所以是科幻小说，故选D项。‎ 考点：文化类阅读。‎ ‎9.【2014届安徽省江南十校联考】A ‎ A smart phone (智能手机) is a mobile phone built on a mobile operating system, with more advanced computing abilities than a common phone. The first smart phones enabled the users to send and receive emails. Later models added the function of portable media players, pocket video cameras, and GPS navigation (导航) units to form one multi-use device. Many modern smart phones also include touchscreens and web browsers (浏览器) that display web pages.‎ ‎ A recent report says we spend an average of two hours and 40 minutes each day looking at a smart phone. That doesn’t mean making calls, but playing phone games and browsing the Web.‎ ‎ Nowadays we always find people checking emails in a restaurant, taking a picture of the food when it arrives, or checking a message during a conversation instead of traditional communication. It’s no secret that our lives are being affected by our smart phones obsession.‎ ‎ However, this phenomenon has never been presented so vividly as in the short YouTube film I Forgot My Phone. Despite only being online for a few days, it's already been viewed more than 10.5 million times. Whether it will be screened in the cinema remains to be seen.‎ ‎ Ironically, YouTube’s data show that the site gets a billion views per day from mobile devices, so a lot of those people watched it on their phones.‎ ‎ The short film, written by and starring actress Charlene Deguzman, shows groups of people in various social situations, the majority of whom are absorbed in their phones instead of the world around them. To a certain extent, we all do it.‎ People prefer a smart phone to a common one, because the latter only can help us ______.‎ A. check emails B. send messages C. find the destination D. watch a video The underlined word “obsession” in the third paragraph most probably means “______”.‎ A. devotion B. contribution C. addiction D. emotion Which of the following is right?‎ A. People spend as average of two hours and 40 minutes each day using smart phones.‎ B. The film hasn’t been put on in the cinema.‎ C. The film is written by an actor named Charlene Deguzman.‎ D. The film has already been viewed more than 105 million times in the first few days.‎ When the writer mentions the number of people watching the film from mobile devices in the fifth ‎ paragraph, he mainly feels ______.‎ A. encouraged B. depressed C. proud D. satisfied ‎【答案】‎ B C B B ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：文章主要讲述了智能机对人们日常生活的影响。一部智能机是基于一个手机操作系统的职能手机，比一般的手机带有更多的高级处理能力。有报告显示，人们每天平均花2小时40分钟的时间看智能手机，玩手机游戏或浏览网页。‎ 根据第一段“The first smart phones enabled the users to send and receive emails. Later models added the function of portable media players, pocket video cameras, and GPS navigation (导航) units to form one multi-use device.”可知，A、C、D是智能机的功能，故选B。‎ 根据第三段“checking emails in a restaurant, taking a picture of the food when it arrives, or checking a message during a conversation...”可知，人们无时无刻不在用智能机，这在一定程度上，已经成为了一种癖好，故选C。‎ 根据第四段“Whether it will be screened in the cinema remains to be seen.”可知，这个视频是否会被拍成电影在电影院上映还未可知。故选B。‎ 根据第五段的“Ironically”可知，作者对用手机看视频感到哭笑不得，A、C、D都是积极词汇，故选B。‎ 考点：科技类短文阅读 ‎ ‎10.【2014届福建省漳州七校第二次联考】B A device that stops drivers from falling asleep at the wheel is about to undergo(接受) testing at Department of Transport laboratories and could go on sale within 12 months.‎ ‎ The system, called driver Alert, aims to reduce deadly road accidents by 20%--40% that are caused by tiredness. Airline pilots can also use it to reduce the 30% of all pilot-error accidents that are related to fatigue（疲劳）.‎ ‎ Driver Alert is based on a computerized wristband. The device, worn by drivers or pilots gives out a sound about every four minutes during a car journey. After each sound the driver must respond by squeezing the steering wheel(方向盘). A sensor in the wristband detects this pressing ‎ action and measures the time between the sound and the driver’s response.‎ ‎ Tiredness is directly related to a driver’s response time. Usually, a watchful driver would take about 400 milliseconds to respond, but once that falls to more than 500 milliseconds, it suggests that the driver is getting sleepy.‎ ‎ In such cases the device gives out more regular and louder sounds, showing that the driver should open a window or stop for a rest. If the driver’s response continues to slow down, the sounds become more frequent until a nonstop alarm warns that the driver must stop as soon as possible. ‎ ‎ The device has been delivered to the department’s laboratories for testing. If these tests, scheduled for six months’ time, are successful, the makers will bring the product to market within about a year.‎ How should a driver respond to the sounds from Driver Alert?‎ ‎ A. By sounding a warning. B. By touching the wristband.‎ ‎ C. By checking the driving time. D. By pressing the steering wheel.‎ ‎ We can learn from the text that the driver needs to stop for a break when his response time is ________‎ ‎ A. about 400 milliseconds B. below 500 milliseconds ‎ ‎ C. over 500 milliseconds D. about 4 minutes When the driver gets sleepy while driving, Driver Alert ______.‎ ‎ A. moves more regularly B. stops working properly C. opens the window for the driver D. sounds more frequently and loudly ‎ ‎ According to the text, Driver Alert ______.‎ ‎ A. aims to reduce tiredness-related accidents ‎ ‎ B. has gone through testing at laboratories ‎ C. aims to prevent drivers from sleeping ‎ ‎ D. has been on sale for 12 months ‎【答案】‎ D C D A C细节理解题。根据文章第四段a watchful driver would take about 400 milliseconds to respond, but once that falls to more than 500 milliseconds, it suggests that the driver is getting sleepy.可知司机需要休息的反应时间为500毫秒以上，答案选C。‎ D细节理解题。从文章四、五段内容可知如果司机对Driver Alert 的声音反应不及时，就表明司机困倦了，在这种情况下这种装置就会发生均匀的、很大的声音以提醒司机，（In such cases the device gives out more regular and louder sounds）, 故D选项内容正确。‎ A细节理解题。根据文章第二段The system, called driver Alert, aims to reduce deadly road accidents by 20%--40% that are caused by tiredness.可知这项装置的目的在于提醒司机，以减少因疲劳驾驶而发生的意外，答案选A。‎ 考点：考查社会科学类短文阅读。‎ ‎11.【2014届山东省潍坊市3月模拟】E Researchers at the University of Kansas say that people can accurately juage 90 percent of a stranger's personality simply by looking at the person’s shoes．“Shoes convey useful information about their wearers，’’the authors wrote in the new study published in the Journal of Research in Personality．‎ Lead researcher Omri Gillath said the judgments were based on the style，cost，color and condition of someone’s shoes．In the study，63 University of Kansas researchers looked at pictures showing 208 different pairs of shoes worn by the study’s participants．Volunteers in the study were photographed in their most commonly worn shoes，and then filled out a personality questionnaire．‎ Some of the results were expected：People with higher incomes most commonly wore expensive shoes，and flashier shoes were typically worn by outgoing people．However，some of the more specific results are strange enough．For example，“practical and functional’’ shoes were generally worn by more “pleasant" people，while ankle boots were more linked with ‘‘aggressive’’ personalities．The strangest of all may be that those who wore‘ ‘uncomfortable looking” shoes tend to have “calm” personalities．And if you have several pairs of new shoes or take extreme care of ‎ them，you may suffer from “attachment anxiety"，spending lots of time worrying about what other people think of your appearance．There was even a political calculation in the mix with more liberal(主张变革的)types wearing “shabbier and less expensive” shoes．‎ The researchers noted that some people will choose shoe styles to mask their actual personalities，but researchers noted that volunteers were also likely to be unaware that their footwear choices were showing the deep side of their personalities．‎ What does this text mainly tell us?‎ A．Shoes Call hide people’s real personalities．‎ B．Shoes convey false information about the wearer．‎ C．People’s personalities call be judged by their shoes．‎ D．People know little about their personalities．‎ The participants were asked to ‎ A．provide pictures of their shoes B．look at pictures of different shoes C．design a personality questionnaire D．hand in their commonly worn shoes Which of the results is beyond people’s expectation?‎ A．Wealthy people often wear expensive shoes．‎ B．Pleasant people like wearing uncomfortable shoes．‎ C．Aggressive people are likely to wear"ankle boots．‎ D．Fashion shoes are typically worn by outgoing people．‎ People suffering from“attachment anxiety” tend to ‎ A．wear strange shoes B．worry about their appearance C．have a calm character D．become a political leader The author wrote the text in order to ‎ A．inform us of a new study B．introduce a research method C．teach how to choose shoes D．describe different personalitie ‎【答案】‎ C A C B A ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析: 一项新的研究表明根据一个人的鞋子可以判断一个人，甚至是陌生人的性格，准确率能达到90%。研究人员指出有些研究结果是在意料之内的，而有些结果是出乎人们意料的。比如穿实用性鞋子的人一般具有令人愉快的性格，而穿及踝短靴的人却往往具有攻击性的性格。‎ C本文是一篇调查报告，开头提出“Shoes convey useful information about their wearers，’’然后对调查活动进行详细的介绍，最后通过their footwear choices were showing the deep side of their personalities进一步印证中心，所以文章主要讲述的是人们所穿的鞋子能反映出人的性格，答案选C。‎ A细节理解题。从文章第二段researchers looked at pictures showing 208 different pairs of shoes worn by the study’s participants以及Volunteers in the study were photographed in their most commonly worn shoes可知参与调查的人们要求提供他们鞋子的照片，答案选A。‎ C细节理解题。根据文章第三段However，some of the more specific results are strange enough．For example….. ankle boots were more linked with ‘‘aggressive’’ personalities．可知穿及踝短靴的人更具有攻击性是出乎人们意料的，故C选项正确。‎ B细节理解题。从文章第三段…..you may suffer from “attachment anxiety"，spending lots of time worrying about what other people think of your appearance．可知患有attachment anxiety的人们，会更担心他们的外表，答案选B。‎ A推理判断题。全文讲述的是根据鞋子来判断人性格的一项调查，文章开头提出中心，然后在下文进行详细介绍，由此可知作者的写作目的是给人们介绍一项新的调查结果，故A选项正确。‎ 考点：考查科学调查类短文阅读。‎ ‎12.【2014届福建省漳州七校第二次联考】C Special trees that grow faster, fight pollution, produce better wood, and even sense chemical attacks are being planted by scientists in the US．‎ ‎ When 40 per cent of Hawaii's US$14 million-a-year papaya （木瓜）industry was destroyed by a virus five years ago, work began on creating genetically engineered（转基因的）trees．K^S*5U.C#O%下 ‎ Researchers successfully introduced seeds that were designed to resist the virus．Since then, more and more people have been testing genetically engineered trees．Some researchers put special bacteria into trees to help them grow faster and produce better wood．Others are trying to create trees that can clean polluted soil．Meanwhile fruit farmers are looking for trees that are strong enough to resist worms, and paper companies want trees that produce more wood and therefore more paper．‎ ‎ The Pentagon （五角大楼） even gave the researchers US$500,000 this year after they developed a pine tree that changes its colours if it senses a chemical attack．So far, the poplar, eucalyptus （杨树与桉树）, apple and coffee trees are among those being engineered．All this can be done today because we have a better understanding of tree genomes （基因组）．‎ ‎ However, some people fear that the genetically engineered trees will cause dangerous results．They are worried that the new trees will breed with natural species and change the balance of the forest environment．‎ ‎ “It could be destructive,” said Jim Diamond, an environmentalist. “Trees are what is left of our natural environment and home to many endangered species.”‎ ‎ But researchers insist that science could give nature a fighting chance against both natural and man-made dangers．They hope to answer the critics by stopping the new trees from breeding, so their effect on the environment can be controlled．‎ Which kind of tree is not the ones that scientists are planting in the US?‎ ‎ A．Trees that worms can't hurt．‎ ‎ B．Genetically engineered trees．‎ ‎ C．Trees that can resist wind better．‎ ‎ D．Trees that can protect themselves at a chemical attack．‎ What caused the American scientists to work on special trees?‎ ‎ A．Tree genomes are mapped out so scientists know how to improve trees．‎ ‎ B．Great numbers of trees have been lost due to attacks by viruses．‎ ‎ C．Researchers successfully introduced seeds designed to resist the virus．‎ ‎ D．They think science could give nature a fighting chance against both natural and man-made dangers．‎ Which of the following was probably the first kind of trees being engineered?‎ ‎ A．Papaya． B．Pine． C．Apple． D．Poplar．‎ Why did critics think engineered trees dangerous? Because ________．‎ ‎ A．these trees can destroy the balance of nature ‎ B．everything except trees has been genetically engineered ‎ C．trees are home to many endangered species ‎ D．these trees may affect normal trees ‎【答案】‎ C B A D C细节理解题。通过文章第三段Meanwhile fruit farmers are looking for trees that are strong enough to resist worms；第四段中they developed a pine tree that changes its colours if it senses a chemical attack和So far, the poplar, eucalyptus, apple and coffee trees are among those being engineered．可以判断只有C选项中抗风的树木没有在美国种植，故答案选C。‎ B细节理解题。根据文章第二段内容When 40 per cent of Hawaii's US$14 million-a-year papaya industry was destroyed by a virus five years ago, work began on creating genetically engineered trees．可以判断是由于木瓜产业受到了病毒的危害，研究人员才开始了转基因树种的研究工作，故答案选B。‎ A细节理解题。从文章第二段内容可知自从五年前木瓜产业受到病毒危害后，研究转基因树种的工作就开始了，由此判断木瓜是首先被研究的转基因树种，答案选A。‎ D 细节理解题。根据文章倒数后三段内容They are worried that the new trees will breed with natural species and change the balance of the forest environment．可知人们反对种植这种树的原因是害怕这些树会和普通树木杂交从而会影响森林环境，故答案选D。‎ 考点：考查社会科学类短文阅读。‎ ‎13.【2014届福建省莆田市3月质检】E Recently we told you about a finding that more years of school could help students get higherscores on intelligence tests．That was the finding of a study of teenage males in Norway．Now，other research shows that physical activity may help students do better in their classes .‎ The research comes as educators in some countries are reducing time for activities like physical education．They are using the time instead for academic subjects like maths and reading．The studies appeared between 2007 and 2013．They included more than 55，000 children，aged 6 to 18．‎ Amika Singh：“Based on the results of our study，we can conclude that being physically active is beneficial for academic performance. There are，first，Physiological explanations，like more blood ‎ flow, and so more oxygen to the brain．Being physically active means there are more hormones(荷尔蒙)produced like endorphins(内啡肽)．And endorphins make your stress level lower and your mood improved, which means you also perform better.”‎ Also，students involved in organized sports learn rules and how to follow them．This could improve their classroom behavior and help them keep their mind on their work．‎ The study leaves some questions unanswered，however．Ms．Stash says it is not possible to say whether the amount or kind of activity affected the level of academic improvement．This is because of differences among the studies .‎ Also．they were mostly observational studies．An observational study is where researchers do not do controlled comparisons．They only describe what they observe．So they might observe a link that students who are more active often have better grades．But that does not necessarily mean being active was the cause of those higher grades．‎ The researchers said they found only two high - quality studies．They called for more high-‎ quality studies to confirm their findings．They also pointed out that “outcomes for other parts of the world may be quite different. ”‎ Still，the general finding was that physically active kids are more likely to do better in school．Ms．Singh says schools should consider that finding before they cut physical education programs．Her paper on “Physical Activity and Performance at School”is published in the Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine．‎ The passage mainly tells us that ＿＿＿＿‎ A．a research on physical education has been done by the researchers B．there exists a possibility that physical activity leads to higher grades C．the amount or kind of activity directly affects academic level D．the research shows that the children aged 6 to 1 8 don't do sports Which of the following is TRUE?【来.源：全,品…中&高*考*网】‎ A．Being mentally active is good for academic subjects．‎ B．The more hormones you have，the more stressed you will get．‎ C．They have found many high-quality studies to prove the research．‎ D．The educators in the research think studies，not exercise，mean much to students．‎ The underlined sentence in Paragraph 7 probably means ＿＿＿＿.‎ A．good marks result from high-quality study B．findings probably vary in different areas C．physical activity will spread all over the world D．academic performance depends on the surroundings What's the purpose of writing the passage?‎ A．To call our attention to the sports at school．‎ B．To introduce all types of physical activities．‎ C．To represent the academic performance．‎ D．To improve students' health ．‎ ‎【答案】‎ B D B A ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析: 本文讲的是体育锻炼能提高学习成绩吗？‎ B 细节理解题。根据第一段提到Recently we told you about a finding that more years of school could help students get higherscores on intelligence tests．That was the finding of a study of teenage males in Norway．Now，other research shows that physical activity may help students do better in their classes最近我们讲述了关于上学时间更长能够帮助学生在智力测验中得到更高分数的一项发现，这是针对挪威青年男子的一项研究。现在其它研究表明，体育锻炼可能帮助学生在功课上做得更好，所以选B项。‎ D 细节理解题。根据第五段提到The study leaves some questions unanswered，however．Ms．Stash says it is not possible to say whether the amount or kind of activity affected the level of academic improvement．This is because of differences among the studies然而该研究还留下了一些未解之谜。辛格女士说，无法确定是运动量还是运动类型影响到学术水平的提高。因为这些研究之间存在差异，所以D项正确。‎ B 细节理解题。根据第七段提到The researchers said they found only two high - quality studies．They called for more high-quality studies to confirm their findings．They also pointed out that “outcomes for other parts of the world may be quite different. 研究人员表示，他们只发现两项高质量研究。他们呼吁进行更多高质量研究以确认他们的发现。他们还指出，“世界上其它地区的结果可能大不一样，所以选B项。‎ 考点：科普类阅读。‎ ‎14.【2014届山东菏泽市3月模拟】E Televisions were among the most talked about items at the 2013 International Consumer Electronics Show last week in Las Vegas, Nevada. Some employed the most advanced technology ever.‎ Some of the TVs used a new technology called Organic Light Emitting Diodes, or OLED. They were thinner, lighter, offered better color and were brighter than traditional LEDs. Smart TVs this year were smarter. Many offered technology that let users have a more personalized experience. One such TV from the electronics company TCL uses sensors and voice recognition to determine who is watching. It then offers programming based on the specific user. Another TV from Panasonic offers a similar personalized user experience.‎ In addition to television technology, size also played a major part in CES 2013. Televisions varied in size from big to bigger, with at least two companies — Samsung and HiSense — exhibiting TVs measuring 110 inches.‎ The yearly Consumer Electronics Show is the biggest technology trade show in North America and one of the biggest in the world.‎ Gary Shapiro is president and CEO of the Consumer Electronics Association, the group that organizes CES. He gave one of the keynote speeches on opening day.‎ ‎“Now you know that CES is more than a trade show. It’s a gathering of the brightest minds and the top leaders from many industries and those seeking a glimpse into the future.”‎ That glimpse into the future included a look at digital health and fitness devices, which were also big at CES 2013. There were devices that track your activity and others that measure blood pressure, heart rate and weight. There was even a fork that tells you when you are eating too fast.‎ Cars, smart-phones, tablet computers and PCs also made news. And a 27-inch table computer drew quite a bit of attention.‎ CEA President Gary Shapiro says there was much to see but not nearly enough time to see it all. “You cannot see the show in the four days that you have. We have over 3200 different industries showing over 20,000 new products. It’s absolutely incredible.”‎ ‎ At the 2013 CES, which item drew the most attention?‎ ‎ A. Cars. B. Smart-phones. C. Computers. D. Televisions.‎ From the text, we can know that the TV from Panasonic _________.‎ ‎ A. is bigger than the others B. uses the technology of OLED ‎ C. offers a personalized experience D. can track your activity What can we know from Gary Shapiro?‎ ‎ A. CES is only a big trade show. B. CES offers a glimpse into the future.‎ ‎ C. CES lasts only four days in all. D. He thinks little of the new products’ quality.‎ At the CES, the biggest TV in size might be from ______. ‎ ‎ A. HiSense B. Panasonic C. TCL D. CEA From the passage we can infer that__________.‎ ‎ A. the CES is held every 4 years ‎ B. at the 2013 CES, the TV section was crowded C. if you watch TV every day, you needn’t see a doctor ‎ D. tablet computers drew more attention at the 2013 CES ‎【答案】‎ D C B A B 细节题：从第六段的句子：It’s a gathering of the brightest minds and the top leaders from many industries and those seeking a glimpse into the future.”可知我们可以从Gary Shapiro 了解到CES让我们展望未来，选B 细节题：从第三段的句子：Televisions varied in size from big to bigger, with at least two companies — Samsung and HiSense — exhibiting TVs measuring 110 inches.可知在展览上最大的电视是海信电视，选A。‎ 推理题：从文章第一段的句子：Televisions were among the most talked about items at the 2013 International Consumer Electronics Show last week in Las Vegas, Nevada.可知在the 2013 CES,最受关注的是电视，可以推断出电视展区是很拥挤的，选B 考点：考查科普类短文 ‎15.【2014届福建省福州市第八中学第四次质检】C Expensive and new gloves allow chatterboxes（话匣子）to take the term “handsfree” to a new level—by talking into them as they make a call. The gloves are known as “Talk to the Hand” and cost £1,000 a pair. They fixed a speaker unit into the thumb and a microphone into the little finger that can be connected to any mobile handset using Bluetooth.‎ Artist Sean Miles designed the new gloves that double as a phone in part of his project that shows the possibilities of gadget(小配件) recycling. He uses outdated gloves and combines them with parts from mobile handsets recycled through O2, which commissioned（承担）the project. Mobile phone users will be able to keep their hands warm while they chat without taking their phones out of their pockets or handbags.‎ Mr Miles designed two pairs of the new gloves—one in pink and the other in brown and yellow. They will appear in an exhibition this July and visitors will be able to win the gloves. If demand is high,‎ ‎ they will then be produced on a larger scale. O2 Recycle, which backed the project, estimates that there are already 70 million unused mobile handsets in the UK. The service pays up to £260 to those who recycle gadgets including phones, handheld consoles, MP3 players and digital cameras.‎ Designer Sean Miles hopes his work will get people thinking about recycling. The 41-year-old said, “I hope that my ‘Talk to the Hand’ project will get people to think again about the waste created by not recycling gadgets. If a few more people recycle their gadgets rather than send them to trash, I think this project will have fulfilled its aim.”‎ Bill Eyres, head of O2 Recycle, urges people to recycle their phone responsibly. He said, “There’s a pressing need for all of us to look at outdated handsets, and all the gadgets that we move on from or upgrade each year. Whether they are consoles or cameras, we should think of them as a resource that we need to recycle responsibly rather than throw them away.” ‎ The underlined word “O2” in Paragraph 2 is probably the name of ______.‎ ‎ A. an artist B. a company C. a mobile D. an exhibition Consumers can buy the “Talk to the Hand” gloves ______.‎ ‎ A. in the exhibition B. from Mr Miles【来.源：全,品…中&高*考*网】‎ ‎ C. when they are mass produced D. after they recycle the gadgets The purpose of the project is to _______.‎ ‎ A. promote the technology of IT ‎ B. enable people to talk to their hands ‎ C. raise people’s awareness of recycling ‎ D. attract visitors’ attention in the exhibition What is the passage mainly about?‎ ‎ A. New mobiles that are fashionable.‎ ‎ B. Outdated handsets that are upgraded.‎ ‎ C. Outdated gadgets that can be used for recycling.‎ ‎ D. New gloves that can be used for making phone calls. ‎ ‎【答案】‎ B C C D ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：文章介绍了一种新型的手套，可以当作是手机使用，可以省得人们打电话的时候把手机拿出来，很方便，但是最重要的是它是在鼓励人们回收一些不用的手机或电子设备。‎ 猜词题：从第二段O2后面的定语从句：which commissioned（承担）the project.可知承担这个项目的是一个公司，选B 推理题：从第三段的句子：if demand is high, they will then be produced on a larger scale.可知顾客只有在大量生产的时候，才能买到这个手套。选C 考点：考查科普类短文 ‎ ‎【一年原创】 原创试题及其解析 ‎1‎ Restaurant chefs, home cooks, and foodies — people who love good food — often say that we eat with all of our senses.‎ First, we use our sense of sight to appreciate how a meal is presented, either on a dinner plate or a dining table. Our sense of touch can also be important when preparing or sharing food.‎ Next, with our sense of smell, we breathe in the mouth-watering aromas (香味) rising up from the meal. Finally, we enjoy the food with our sense of taste.‎ But what about our sense of hearing? Does sound also affect our dining experience? A new report answers, “yes, it does.”‎ That answer comes from researchers at Brigham Young University in the United States. They found that hearing is important in the eating experience.‎ Hearing is often called “the forgotten food sense,” says Ryan Elder, “if people notice the sound the food makes as they eat it, they might eat less.”‎ On the other hand, watching loud television or listening to loud music while eating can hide such noises. And this could lead to overeating.‎ The researchers admit that the effects may not seem like much at one meal. But over a week, a month, or a year, all that food can really add up.‎ But besides not overeating, there is another upside.‎ Hearing the noises of your meal as you eat, could help you to be more mindful of the experience and perhaps help you to enjoy it more.‎ ‎【文章大意】 本文告诉人们享用食物时，会用到五种感觉：视觉、触觉、听觉、嗅觉和味觉；并着重说明了听觉对人们进食量的影响。‎ ‎25. How many senses are involved in enjoying foods?‎ A. 3. B. 4. C. 5. D. 6.‎ ‎25. C【命题意图】归纳总结题。‎ ‎【解题思路】根据第二段、第三段和第四段可知：人们享用食物时，涉及到五种感觉——the sense of sight, the sense of touch, the sense of hearing, the sense of smell和the sense of taste。故C项正确。‎ ‎26. The underlined phrase “such noises” in the seventh paragraph refers to _______.‎ ‎ A. the noises food being eaten makes B. the noises people hear while eating ‎ C. the loud music people hear while eating D. the noises from TV while people eat ‎26. A【命题意图】细节理解题。‎ ‎【解题思路】根据第六、七段的内容可知，such noises指上一段中“people notice the sound the food makes as they eat it”中的the sound。故A项“食物在被食用时所发出的噪音”为正确答案。‎ ‎27. Which sense does the passage mainly analyze when it comes to appreciating food?‎ A. The sense of taste B. The sense of hearing C. The sense of touch D. The sense of smell ‎27. B【命题意图】归纳理解题。‎ ‎【解题思路】从第四段开始至最后一段都在分析听觉对人们享用食物的影响。故B项正确。‎ ‎2‎ Robots industry is developing so rapidly that there is no denying that we may one day find ourselves surrounded by robots.‎ The humanoid (human like) robots with two legs such as Honda Motor Co. Ltd’s ASIMO would likely have an easier time climbing up stairs inside homes than a robot that moves on wheels, developers say. ‎ But it will be some time before such devices make their way into people’s homes. ‎ ‎“They may look smart, but they are still quite stupid,” Shimoyama said. “I don’t think they will ever be as smart as humans.” ‎ While safety is an obvious concern, robots also need to be sensitive to people’s needs. Researchers at Fujitsu Frontech Ltd and Fujitsu Laboratories responsible for developing “Enon”, a guide and patrol (巡逻) robot designed for use in shopping malls and corporate facilities (公共场所), are working on this. ‎ Enon, which has a humanoid upper body but no legs, is equipped with a touch screen on its chest and space in its stomach to carry loads weighting up to 10 kg. ‎ In guide mode, it will check a newcomer and approach the person with a nod and a greeting: “Are you a visitor? Hello.” ‎ Visitors requiring directions can point to icons (图标) displayed on Enon’s chest screen. If the restroom icon is pressed, the screen will display a map that shows the way. ‎ The robot will then face and point in the direction of the restroom, although it won’t actually walk the visitor there. ‎ Enon is now in use at four locations in Japan, including a shopping mall near Tokyo. The main goal is to make it more helpful for the elderly. ‎ ‎“People who work in the transportation sector often ask whether we can build a robot that will find elderly people who look lost in train stations, and ask them if they are all right,” said Toshihido Marita, director of Fujitsu Laboratories Ltd’s autonomous system laboratory. “Actually that is hard to do, very hard,” he said. ‎ 文章大意：机器人产业发展的如此迅速，不可否认我们有一天会发现自己会身处于机器人的包围之中。在本文中作者介绍了名叫“Enon”的机器人，它被广泛应用在商场、医院等公众场所。‎ ‎29. What can we know about robots according to the text?‎ A. They will replace human one day. ‎ B. They are difficult to control. ‎ C. They can do whatever humans do. ‎ D. They will be widely used in our life.‎ ‎30. What does Shimoyama think of robots?‎ A. Safe. B. Friendly. C. Stupid. D. Kind-hearted.‎ C细节理解题。根据第四段“They may look smart, but they are still quite stupid,”可知他认为机器人很愚笨，故选C。‎ ‎31. What is people’s concern about robots?‎ A. Safety. B. Appearance. C. Weight. D. Size.‎ A细节理解题。根据第五段While safety is an obvious concern, robots also need to be sensitive to people’s needs. 可以判断安全是人们关注的一个问题，故选A。‎ ‎32. What can be the best title of the passage?‎ A. The disadvantages of robots. B. The development and use of robots. ‎ C. The benefits that robots bring. D. The history of robots.‎ B主旨大意题。文章首先介绍了机器人的迅速发展，然后介绍了几种用来帮助人们的机器人，由此判断文章主要介绍机器人的发展和使用，故选B。‎ ‎3‎ If you pluck someone off the street, whether in New York or Seattle or Sacramento, and ask them how many steps people should aim for per day in order to get enough physical activity, they’ll probably tell you 10, 000.‎ But is there any medical reason to embrace this number? Not really. That’s because the 10, 000-step-a-day recommendation has nothing to do with sedentary, fast-food-drenched circa-2015 America. Rather, the recommendation first popped up in a very different food and environment: 1960s Japan.‎ ‎“It basically started around the Tokyo Olympics” in 1964, said Catrine Tudor-Locke, a professor who studies walking behavior at LSU’s Pennington Biomedical Center. “A company over there created a man-po-kei, a pedometer. And man stands for ‘10, 000, ’ po stands for ‘step, ’and kei stands for ‘meter’or ‘gauge.’” Whatever the reason for the adoption of this particular number, “It resonated with people at the time, and they went man-po-kei-ing all over the place,” said Tudor-Locke.‎ The problem, which barely needs stating, is that circa-1964 Japan was markedly different from the circa-2015 U.S. Data from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations shows that the average per-capita food supply for Japanese people in 1964 was 2, 632 calories, while the average for Americans in 2011 was 3, 639. That’s a difference of about 1, 000 calories —or, about 20, 000 steps for an average-sized person.‎ More broadly, 10, 000 steps is just a bit too simplistic a figure, say nutrition researchers. All the ones I spoke to agreed that there’s nothing wrong with shooting for 10, 000 steps, and that walking more is better than walking less. But Tudor-Locke said that “The one-size-fits-all approach doesn’t necessarily work.”‎ ‎“Focusing exclusively on how many steps you’re getting and neglecting those other aspects isn’t going to lead to an overall improvement in health, unless you’re addressing those other factors simultaneously,” said Jeff Goldsmith, a biostatistics professor at Columbia’s Mailman School of Public Health.‎ Maybe it’s time, given just how unhealthy so many people are and how much they’d benefit from moving around just a little more, to embrace an improvement approach to exercise. “Stand rather than sit, walk rather than stand, jog rather than walk, and run rather than jog,” wrote Ulf Ekelund, lead author of the European mortality study, in an email. Tudor-Locke concluded even further: “Just move more than before,” she said.‎ ‎【文章大意】文章主要通过探究日行一万步是否真的有益来说明锻炼对人的健康是有益的。‎ ‎58. What do the first two paragraphs mainly tell us?‎ A. There is no evidence showing it is a must for us Americans to take 10,000 steps a day.‎ B. To get enough physical activity, people should take 10,000 steps a day.‎ C. The recommendation has something to do with Japan rather than America.‎ D. Any American will tell you it is necessary for us Americans to take 10,000 steps a day.‎ A 主旨大意题 依据文章前两段的意思可知主要讲解了事实上没有明确的证据表明日行一万步对于美国人来说是必须的，故A项正确。‎ ‎59. What does the underlined expression “resonate with” (Para 3) most probably mean?‎ A. had link with B. brought benefit to C. became popular with D. perfectly applied to ‎ ‎60. Which of the following sentences is incorrect according to the passage?‎ A. Nowadays, a lot of people are unhealthy due to lack of exercise.‎ B. To improve overall health, we should exercise as much as possible.‎ C. It is better to take as many steps as your overall health condition can allow.‎ D. Walking more is better than walking less.‎ B 细节理解题 依据文章第六段““Focusing exclusively on how many steps you’re getting and neglecting those other aspects isn’t going to lead to an overall improvement in health, unless you’re addressing those other factors simultaneously,”可知并不是走的越多越好的，故选B项正确。‎ ‎4‎ We spend a lot of time on our mobile devices these days and automakers have taken note, rolling out connected cars that make it easy to do nearly everything from your phone.‎ ‎“We all enjoy those kinds of experiences where you want something and by the push of a button everything gets taken care of for you.‎ You don’t have to go here and there and piece a bunch of things together by yourself.”‎ Ford recently introduced FordPass, a mobile platform that lets car owners access services like finding and paying for a parking spot.‎ ‎“Here’s the details of what charges will be in sign, and then I submit (点击接受), and then I receive a QRphoto allowing me entry access to that parking location.”‎ Over at Buick, the OnStar RemoteLink app connects owners to their cars no matter how faraway they are.‎ ‎“This car in Detroit, I could start from here in New York. Or let us say I have the only key to it and my wife in Detroit needs to get in the car, I can unlock it for her from here.”‎ The feature harnesses the car’s 4G LTE connectivity (连接性).‎ Up to seven mobile devices can connect to it at any given time.‎ ‎“We want people to feel as if they are at home within the car, which a lot of people want to be in just for the driving experience, now they can be in there as well, the passengers can be in there as well for the connectivity experience.”‎ But what does that connectivity mean for your privacy?‎ ‎“It is important to have personal information to create that individualized, personalized experience, but certainly it will be a customer’s option.”‎ For certain consumers, it may not even be an issue.‎ ‎“There certainly is a factor where a younger consumer is much more comfortable giving up a lot more privacy and data than an older consumer is, and more likely than not, you are going to see a similar behavior to how they handle their personal privacy within the vehicle.”‎ Considering how capable our mobile devices have become, perhaps the only question left to answer is: “Who's driving?” ‎ 试题分析：由于移动设备的广泛应用，制造商推出了装配有车载移动设备的轿车。这使轿车主人通过它与外界和车本身取得联系，进而可从事由智能手机发出指令的动作。‎ ‎21. Which of the following helps the owner to unlock his car faraway?‎ A. QRphoto B. FordPass, a mobile platform C. The Internet D. OnStar RemoteLink app D。细节理解题。根据第五段最后一句可知A项是指允许车主进入停车位置、短文没提到C项，因此A、C两项都不正确。根据第四段可知B项是寻找停车场和支付停车费用的移动平台，也不正确。根据第六、七段可知D项是远程控制车辆的软件，因此D项正确。‎ ‎22. What does the underlined phrase “rolling out” mean?‎ A. moving by rolling B. leaving C. bringing out D. running ‎23. Connected cars in the passage refer to those __________.‎ A. where the drivers and passengers can do everything through their phones B. equipped with mobile devices through which to keep you connected C. equipped with Fordpass connecting connects owners to their cars D. equipped with OnStar RemoteLink app helping their owners to find and pay a parking spot B。细节理解题。根据下文可知connected cars指的是装配有移动设备的轿车，这样的轿车不仅使你在车内与外界保持联系，也可使车主远程与轿车保持联系。因此B项正确。‎ ‎24. Judging from the last paragraph, we can conclude that mobile devices installed in cars ______.‎ A. are quite capable to do everything except driving B. can do almost everything, let alone drive C. are so capable that they are able to drive D. are so capable that they might drive soon D。推理判断题。根据短文最后一句可知：鉴于车载移动设备功能如此强大，唯一待回答的问题是谁在驾驶轿车（是人还是移动设备）？故D正确。‎ 字数：370‎ 出处：http://www.kekenet.com/broadcast/201604/434948.shtml ‎5‎ For grown-ups, an afternoon snooze(打盹) is often easier said than done. But many of us have probably experienced just how simple it can be to catch some sleep in a gently rocking hammock(吊床). By examining brain waves in sleeping adults, researchers reported in the June 21 issue of Current Biology, a Cell Press publication, that they now have evidence to explain why that is. ‎ ‎“It is a common belief that rocking causes sleep: we fall asleep in a rocking chair soon and, since ancient times, we cradle our babies to sleep,” said Sophie Schwartz of the University of Geneva. “Yet, how this works had remained a mystery. The goal of our study was made up of two parts: to test whether rocking does indeed improve sleep, and to understand how this might work at the brain level.”‎ Schwartz, Michel Mühlethaler, and their colleagues Laurence Bayer and Irina Constantinescu asked twelve adult volunteers to nap on a custom-made bed or “experimental hammock” that could either remain still or rock gently. All participants were good sleepers who didn’t typically nap and did not suffer from excessive sleepiness during the day. Each participant took two 45-minute afternoon ‎ naps, one with the bed still and one with the bed in motion, while their brain activity was monitored.‎ ‎“We observed a faster transition to sleep in each and every subject in the swinging condition,” Mühlethaler said. “Surprisingly, we also observed a dramatic boosting of certain types of sleep-related brain waves.”‎ More specifically, rocking increased the length of stage N2 sleep, a form of non-rapid eye movement sleep that normally occupies about half of a good night’s sleep. The rocking bed also had a lasting effect on brain activity, increasing slow brain waves and bursts of activity known as sleep spindles(纺锤体). ‎ Schwartz and Mühlethaler say the next step is to find out whether rocking can improve longer periods of sleep and to find out whether it may be useful for the treatment of sleep disorders, such as insomnia(失眠). ‎ ‎41. What does the June 21 issue of Current Biology tell us according to Paragraph 1?‎ A. It is more difficult for grown-ups to fall asleep. ‎ B. People today like to sleep in a rocking hammock.‎ C. Many people nowadays suffer from excessive sleepiness. ‎ D. There comes the evidence to explain why rocking benefits people’s sleep.‎ ‎42. What can we learn from Sophie Schwartz’s words?‎ A. Her team aimed to answer two questions. ‎ B. The study is going to benefit babies a lot.‎ C. The study had been kept secret before finished. ‎ D. People used to believe rocking was bad for sleep.‎ ‎43. What can we learn about the study?‎ A. The participants were divided into two groups. ‎ B. The participants had some problems in falling asleep.‎ C. Twelve adults and children were invited to take part in it. ‎ D. The participants’ brain waves were examined during their nap.‎ ‎44. What finding was beyond the researchers’ expectation?‎ A. The rocking seemed to improve participants’ sleep quality.‎ B. All the participants fell asleep faster in the swinging condition.‎ C. Some participants couldn’t fall asleep in the swinging condition. ‎ D. Participants had a tendency to sleep excessively in the swinging bed.‎ ‎45. What do Schwartz and Mühlethaler expect to figure out in the next research?‎ A. Whether swing can extend sleep time. ‎ B. Whether swing can cause insomnia.‎ C. Whether swing can change brain waves. ‎ D. Whether swing can benefit memory consolidation.‎ ‎42. A细节理解题。第二段中Sophie Schwartz说道，“……我们研究的目标由两部分组成：测试摇摆是否确实能改善睡眠，并了解摇摆如何在脑部起作用。”也就是说，该研究要解答这两个问题，由此可知答案为A项。‎ ‎43. D细节理解题。第三段介绍了研究的细节，本段最后一句指出：参与者要进行两次时间为45分钟的午睡活动，一次床不摇摆，一次床摇摆，与此同时，(用脑电图)监测他们的大脑活动。因此答案为D项。‎ ‎44. A推理判断题。第四段末Mühlethaler说道，“令人惊讶的是，我们还观察到某些与睡眠有关的脑电波的振动大幅提高。”接着下段进行详细说明，具体而言，摇摆增加了第二阶段的睡眠时间。由此可知，Mühlethaler指的是摇摆可能促进人的深度睡眠，提高人的睡眠质量。因此答案为A项。‎ ‎45. A 细节理解题。最后一段Sophie Schwartz和Mühlethaler指出，下一步要找出摇摆是否有利于更长时间的睡眠，是否可以用于治疗睡眠问题，如失眠，由此可知答案为A项。‎ 考点：科普说明文阅读 ‎6‎ In the past decade the number of people living past 100 has increased by 71 percent. While one expert believed this figure will continue to rise, he stated that anyone hoping to live for double or triple（三倍） this time will be disappointed. Speaking at a conference, Colin Blakemore, 70, a British scientist, claimed there is a ceiling on how long humans can live, and six score years “might be a real absolute limit to human lifespan.”‎ A group of scientists discussed the future of medicine, global health concerns and life expectancy. It agreed that medicines will have a limited impact on extending human life, and it was more important to improve the health and quality of life for older people, rather than prolonging it. The group also stated it was important to improve the life expectancy in poorer areas where people ‎ typically die much younger than other areas.‎ The 2014 Global Age Watch Index（全球年龄指数）, which ranks 96 nations on the quality of life for the elderly, recently stated that by 2050, the number of over 60s will be 21 percent of the global population. This is almost double the current figure of 12 percent. The percentage of over-80s is growing fastest, too --- expected to rise from two percent now to four percent of the global population by 2050.‎ While it could take years of research to extend humans’ lives, the study raises the possibility of anti-ageing treatments in a new way, according to Dr Kapahi. ‎ The research, reported in the journal Cell Reports, may explain why it has proved so difficult to identify single genes(基因) responsible for the long lives enjoyed by humans. “It’s quite probable that interactions between genes are critical in those fortunate enough to live very long, healthy lives,” said Dr Kapahi. Future research is expected to use mice to see if the same effects occur in mammals.‎ ‎【文章大意】在过去十年里，寿命达到100岁以上的老人的数量激增了71%。而这个数字还有望增加，并且人类的寿命会成倍增加。但是英国科学家柯林·布雷克莫尔提出，人类的寿命是有上限的，而120岁很可能就是这个上限。‎ ‎21.How many years can man live according to Colin Blakemore?‎ A. 120 years B. 200 years C. 130 years D. 150 years ‎ A细节理解题。根据文章首段末句中的six score years ‘might be a real absolute limit to human lifespan’可知Colin Blakemore认为人的寿命是有上限的，而120岁很可能就是这个上限，故选A。‎ ‎22. The underlined word “prolonging” in Paragraph 2 probably means_____.‎ A. limit B. enjoy C. shorten D. lengthen D词义猜测题。根据前半句内容可知人们都认为药物对延长人类寿命的影响是有限的，对于老年人来说，与其延长寿命，不如改善健康情况，提升生活质量。句中的extending human life 是信息词，故选D。‎ ‎23.According to the passage, we can know_____.‎ A. by 2050, the number of over 80s will rise by four percent B. people can depend on medicine for long life in the future C. scientists will use mice to do further research D. the research was carried out by the journal Cell Reports ‎24.Where can you find this passage?‎ A. A travel journal. B. A science fiction. C. A health report. D. An economic report.‎ C 推理判断题。文章介绍了科学家的最新研究—人类寿命的上限是120岁，这属于人类生命健康话题，故选C。‎ 字数：329‎ ‎7‎ New research from Weizmann Institute of Science, published in Nature Neuroscience has discovered that people can actually learn during sleep, which can unconsciously change their behavior while awake.‎ The study suggests that while people sleep, if certain odors(气味) are presented after hearing tones, people start sniffing even if there is no odor presented when they hear the same tones. This happens during sleep and even when people wake up. There have been several past studies explaining the importance of sleep for learning and memory consolidation(巩固). However, none of them have been able to show the human brain actually learning new information during sleep. Professor Noam Sobel from the Institute’s Neurobiology Department, and experts from Loewenstein Hospital and the Academic College of Tel Aviv-Jaffa, decided to try an experiment with a type of conditioning that exposes participants to a tone followed by an odor, so that they soon experience a similar response to the tone as they would to the odor. The researchers found many advantages from pairing tones with odors, for example, neither wakes the subject, yet the brain processes them and even reacts during sleep. Certain odors actually even help the participants to have a sound sleep. On the other hand, sleep-learning studies are extremely difficult to conduct, so the experts had to make sure the participants were really asleep during the ＂lessons＂.‎ In order to continuously monitor the subjects’ sleep state, the subjects slept in a special lab during the experiments. Even if a participant woke up for a second, the results had to be disqualified. During sleep time, the subjects heard a tone that was followed by either a pleasant or an unpleasant odor. Then another tone was heard, followed by an opposite odor.‎ The associations were repeated throughout the night, in order to expose the participants to the ‎ tones alone. The volunteers sniffed deeply or took shallow breaths when they heard the tones without the odor, reacting the same way as if the associated odors were still present. After volunteers awoke the next day, they heard the tones again with no odor following. Since they were asleep the night before, they had no conscious memory of ever listening to them, but their breathing patterns were showing something different. When the tones that were paired with bad smells were played for the volunteers, they produced short, shallow sniffs, and when they heard the tones that were associated with nice odors, they sniffed deeply.‎ ‎50. The underlined word ＂This＂ in Paragraph 2 refers to people’s .‎ A. reacting to odors ‎ B. reacting to tones C. hearing the same tones ‎ D. being exposed to odors ‎51. According to the studies, during sleep people can .‎ A. gain new knowledge B. process new information ‎ C. review what they have learned ‎ D. memorize something consciously ‎52. What’s the researcher’s attitude towards using tones and odors in the experiment?‎ A. Unclear.‎ B. Negative.‎ C. Doubtful. ‎ D. Satisfied.‎ ‎53. At the end of the experiment, the volunteers .‎ A. only heard the tones B. only smelled the odors C. were exposed to both tones and odors ‎ D. were exposed to neither tones nor odors ‎54. What leads to the volunteers’ different breathing patterns according to the last paragraph?‎ A. The volunteers’ mental attitude.‎ B. The volunteers’ personal interest.‎ C. Whether the odor is good or bad. ‎ D. Whether the tone is good or bad.‎ ‎51. C 推理判断题。根据第三段内容可知，科学研究发现，睡眠对学习和巩固记忆非常重要，既然是巩固记忆，那么C项正确；根据＂Since they were asleep the night before, they had no conscious memory of ever listening to them＂可知D项错误，其他选项文中没有相关信息，因此选C。‎ ‎52. D推理判断题。根据第五段内容可知，研究人员发现，在实验中使用气味和音调有很多好处，由此判断他们对此很满意，因此D项正确。‎ ‎53. A 细节理解题。根据最后两段可知，在实验的最后，那些接受实验的志愿者只听到音调，而不会闻到气味，由此可知A项正确。‎ ‎54. C 细节理解题。根据最后一段可知，当实验者听到与不好的气味相关的音调时，会发出浅而短暂的呼吸；当他们听到与好的气味相关的音调时，则会深呼吸。由此可知，造成他们呼吸模式差异的主要因素是气味的好坏，故C项正确。‎ 考点：科普类阅读 ‎8‎ A new phone app uses vibrations from smartphones to alert people about earthquakes.‎ The phone app recognizes sudden shaking of the earth’s surface through sensors in smartphones. The new app is called MyShake. It is the work of four researchers at the University of California, Berkeley. They said they created a worldwide warning system that would inform people and give them time to prepare. Other earthquake apps include QuakeFeed, Quakes and Earthquake. They show where earthquakes have happened, at what strength, and the aftershocks. Those use data from the U.S. Geological Survey. The MyShake app is available only for Android phones.‎ Smartphones are equipped with accelerometers(加速计). These instruments measure movement, like that of a car or airplane. They can also measure the shaking of a machine, a building or other structures. Accelerometers are used in activity trackers and apps that count steps or other exercise. They also are used in global positioning system apps, also called GPS. MyShake uses phone accelerometers to measure seismic activity. It has been programmed to know the difference between normal activity and earthquake movement. The software developers say their app is right 93 percent of the time.‎ A smartphone sends seismic information to the app developers. If the developers receive several notifications from one area, it recognizes that an earthquake may be taking place or will take place soon. Using information sent from the app, the network then estimates the location and strength of the quake in real time. MyShake can record magnitude 5.0 earthquakes at distances of 10 kilometers or less. MyShake uses very little power, according to its developers. Only when seismic activity is sensed by the app does it become active and sends data to the network.‎ The developers hope that MyShake can add to information collected by the U.S. Geological Survey. That U.S. agency has created the earthquake early warning system, also known as the EEW. The EEW has deployed sensors for measuring quakes in many areas. In places where no such equipment exists, MyShake may be the only method of early quake detection.‎ The app also shows ways to stay safer during an earthquake. The developers say it will become more effective as more people use it. ＂Our goal is to build a worldwide seismic network and use the data to reduce the effects of earthquakes on us as individuals and on society as a whole,＂ say the researchers. And they hope to add a feature that would warn people of a possible tsunami, or the huge waves after an earthquake.‎ ‎【文章大意】文章主要介绍了一款新的手机应用——使用智能手机的震动来提醒人们地震了。‎ ‎56. According to the researchers from Berkeley, the new app ＂MyShake＂ can _______.‎ ‎ A. shake sensors in smartphones to recognize different earthquakes ‎ B. make people aware of earthquakes in advance ‎ C. help find goods ways to prevent earthquakes ‎ D. predict earthquakes as well as other disasters ‎ B. 推理判断题。依据文章第二段中的 ＂They said they created a worldwide warning system that would inform people and give them time to prepare.＂ 可以判断出这款新的app是一款提醒人们地震的发生并让人们提前做好准备的应用软件，故选B。‎ ‎57. What’s the critical factor for the ＂MyShake＂ when it works?‎ ‎ A. GPS. B. Power. C. Accelerometer. D. EEW.‎ C. 推理判断题。依据文章可以推断出这款应用耗电极少，只有当地震活动被应用感知后这款应用才会被激活，并向网络发送数据，故这款应用首先要具备能感应地震活动的加速计，即 ＂accelerometer＂。‎ 字数：425 http://www.kekenet.com ‎9‎ Conventional wisdom says that hardship can make us old before our time. In fact, a new study ‎ suggests that violence not only leaves longterm scars on children’s bodies, but also changes their DNA, causing changes that are equal to seven to ten years of premature aging.‎ Scientists measured this by studying the ends of children’s chromosomes(染色体), called telomeres, says Idan Shalev, lead author of a study published in Molecular Psychiatry.‎ Telomeres are special DNA sequences which prevent the DNA in chromosomes from separating. They get shorter each time a cell divides, until a cell cannot divide any more and dies.‎ Several factors have been found to shorten telomeres, including smoking, radiation and psychological stresses such as being treated badly when young and taking care of a chronically ill person.‎ In this study, researchers examined whether exposure to violence could make children’s telomeres shorten faster than normal. They interviewed the mothers of 236 children at ages 5, 7 and 10, asking whether the youngsters had been exposed to domestic violence between the mother and her partner; physical maltreatment by an adult; or bullying. Researchers measured the children’s telomeres—in cells obtained by swabbing the insides of their cheeks—at ages 5 and 10.‎ Telomeres shortened faster in kids exposed to two or more types of violence, says Shalev. Unless that pattern changes, the study suggests, these kids could be expected to develop diseases of aging, such as heart attacks or memory loss, seven to 10 years earlier than their peers.‎ Shalev says there is hope for these kids. His study found that, in rare cases, telomeres can lengthen. Better nutrition, exercise and stress reduction are three things that may be able to lengthen telomeres, he says. ‎ The study confirms a smallbutgrowing number of studies suggesting that early childhood adversity imprints itself in our chromosomes, says Charles Nelson, a professor of pediatrics and neuroscience at Harvard Medical School.‎ ‎66. The new study found that ________.‎ A. hardship has a longterm effect on a child’s mind B. violence leaves scars on a child’s mind C. violence can speed up a child’s aging D. hardship can change a child’s aging ‎ (B)67. According to the text, telomeres ________.‎ A. are at the ends of people’s chromosomes B. can help prevent DNA from separating C. can make a cell die quickly D. become shorter before they die ‎68. All of the following things can shorten telomeres EXCEPT ________.‎ A. maltreatment B. cell division C. smoking D. doing exercise ‎69. Which of the following is TRUE, according to the text?‎ A. Violence can cause quick cell division in children’s body.‎ B. Researchers measured the children’s telomeres from their legs in the study.‎ C. Being treated badly will make a child’s telomeres shorten faster.‎ D. Children who have shorter telomeres may have a heart attack earlier.‎ ‎70. What is the best title for the text?‎ A. Violence Aging Children’s DNA B. Children’s Changing DNA Patterns C. Violence and Telomeres D. The Function of Telomeres ‎ ‎ ‎【文章综述】本文主要叙述了一些发展中国家女孩受教育的现状以及给社会带来的不利影响，呼吁人们重视最女孩的教育。‎ ‎【答案解析】‎ ‎66.C. 解析:细节理解题。根据文章第一段中的“In fact, a new study suggests that violence not only leaves long－term scars on children’s bodies, but also changes their DNA, causing changes that are equal to seven to ten years of premature aging.”，可知，C是正确答案。‎ ‎67.细节理解题。根据文章第三段中的“Telomeres are special DNA sequences which prevent the DNA in chromosomes from separating.”可知，端粒是DNA 的序列，可以阻止染色体中的DNA 分裂。根据第二段中“...by studying the ends of children’s chromosomes(染色体), called telomeres，”可知A项错误； 根据第三段中“They get shorter each time a cell divides, until a cell cannot divide any more and dies.”可知C、D项错误。‎ ‎68.D．解析：细节理解题。根据文章第四段中的“Several factors have been found to shorten telomeres, including smoking, radiation and psychological stresses such as being treated badly when young and taking care of a chronically ill person.”以及倒数第二段“Better nutrition, exercise and stress reduction are three things that may be able to lengthen telomeres, he says.”可以推知，做运动不能使端粒变短反而是变长。‎ ‎10‎ Since the 1970s, scientists have been searching for ways to link the brain with computers. Brain-computer interface(BCI) technology could help people with disabilities send commands to machines.‎ Recently, two researchers, Jose Milan and Michele Tavella from the Federal Polytechnic School in Lausanne, Switzerland, demonstrated a small robotic wheelchair directed by a person’s thoughts.‎ In the laboratory, Tavella operated the wheelchair just by thinking about moving his left or right band. He could even talk as he watched the vehicle and guided it with his thoughts.‎ ‎“Our brain has billions of nerve cells. These send signals through the spinal cord （脊髓）to the muscles to give us the ability to move. But spinal cord injuries or other conditions can prevent these weak electrical signals from reaching the muscles,” Tavella says. “Our system allows disabled people to communicate with external world and also to control devices.”‎ The researchers designed a special cap for the user. This head cover picks up the signals from the scalp(头皮) and sends them to a computer. The computer interprets the signals and commands the motorized wheelchair. The wheelchair also has two cameras that identify objects in its path. They help the computer react to commands from the brain. ‎ Prof. Milan, the team leader, says scientists keep improving the computer software that interprets brain signals and turns them into simple commands. “The practical possibilities that BCI technology offers to disabled people can be grouped in two categories: communication, and controlling devices. One example is this wheelchair.”‎ He says his team has set two goals. One is testing with real patients, so as to prove that this is a technology they can benefit from. And the other is to guarantee that they can use the technology over long periods of time.‎ ‎1. BCI is a technology that can ________.‎ A. help to update computer systems ‎ B. link the human brain with computers C. help the disabled to recover ‎ D. control a person's thoughts ‎ ‎2. How" did Tavella operate the wheelchair in the laboratory? A. By controlling his muscles. B. By talking to the machine. ‎ C. By moving his hand. D. By using his mind.‎ 3. Which of the following shows the path of the signals described in Paragraph 5?‎ A. scalp→computer→cap→wheelchair B. computer→cap→scalp→wheelchair C. scalp→cap→computer→wheelchair D. cap→computer→scalp→wheelchair 4. The team will test with real patients to ________. ‎ A. make profits from them B. prove the technology useful to them C. make them live longer D. learn about their physical condition 5. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?‎ A. Switzerland, the BCI Research Center B. New Findings About How the Human Brain Works C. BCI Could Mean More Freedom for the Disabled D. Robotic Vehicles Could Help to Cure Brain Injuries ‎【文章综述】本文主要讲述了电脑与人的大脑和脊椎等之间如何建立联系，以更好地为人类服务。‎ ‎【答案解析】‎ ‎1. B。解析：细节题，根据第一段Brain-computer interface(BCI) technology could help people with disabilities send commands to machines可知brain-computer帮助残疾人将大脑的信息传递给电脑，也就是在大脑和电脑之间建立联系。故选B。 2. D。解析：细节题，根据第三段In the laboratory, Tavella operated the wheelchair just by thinking about moving his left or right band可知Tavella在实验室是用大脑操作轮椅，故选D。‎ ‎3. C。解析：排序题。根据第五段This head cover picks up the signals from the scalp(头皮) and sends them to a computer. The computer interprets the signals and commands the motorized wheelchair可知C的排序正确。 ‎ ‎4. B。解析：细节题。根据最后一段One is testing with real patients, so as to prove that this is a technology they can benefit from.‎ 可知用真正的病人验证就是为了证明它们是否对病人有用，故选B ‎5. C。解析：概括题。通读全文，并根据文章关键段第一段判断文章的题目选C。‎ ‎11‎ ‎ The Cuban iguana is a species of lizard（蜥蜴） of the iguana family． It is the largest of the West Indian rock iguanas, one of the most endangered groups of lizards． This species with red eyes and a thick tail is one of the largest lizards in the Caribbean．‎ ‎ The Cuban iguana is primarily herbivorous; 95% of its diet consists of the leaves, flowers and fruits from as many as 30 plant species, including the seaside rock bush and various grasses． However, Cuban iguanas occasionally consume animal matter, and individuals have been observed eating the dead flesh of birds, fish and crabs, The researchers wrote that quite a few people on Isla Magueyes could have caused this incident．‎ ‎ The Cuban iguana is distributed throughout the rocky southern coastal areas of mainland Cuba and its surrounding islands with a wild population booming on Isla Magueyes, Puerto Rico． It is also found on the Cayman Islands of Little Cayman and Cayman Brac, where a separate subspecies occurs． Females guard their nest sites and often nest in sites half destroyed by Cuban crocodiles． To avoid the attack from them, the Cuban iguana often makes its home within or near prickly-pear cacti （仙人掌）．‎ ‎ In general the species is in decline, more quickly on the mainland than on the outlying islands． One of the reasons for their decline is habitat destruction caused by the over consuming of farm animals, housing development, and the building of tourist resorts on the beaches where the animals prefer to build their nests． Although the wild population is in decline, the numbers of iguanas have been sharply increased as a result of captive-breeding（圈养） and other conservation programs．‎ ‎25．The underlined word "herbivorous" （Paragraph 2） probably means ．‎ ‎ A． dangerous B． gentle C． plant-eating D． flesh-eating ‎26．Why does the Cuban iguana build its nest near prickly-pear cacti?‎ ‎ A． To keep itself cool． B． To get the food easily．‎ ‎ C． To stay away from people． D． To avoid crocodiles' attack．‎ ‎27．How many reasons are mentioned for the habitat destruction?‎ ‎ A． Two． B． Three． C, Four． D． Five．‎ ‎28．What's the author's purpose of writing the text?‎ ‎ A． To give us a brief introduction to the Cuban iguana．‎ ‎ B． To show he is concerned about the Cuban iguana．‎ ‎ C． To explain reasons for the Cuban iguana's decline．‎ D． To draw people's attention to the endangered Cuban iguana．‎ ‎【文章综述】本文是篇科普类文章介绍是古巴岩鬣蜥的形状，饮食，分布及栖息地被破坏的现状。‎ ‎26.D 细节理解题。根据第三段提到To avoid the attack from them, the Cuban iguana often makes its home within or near prickly-pear cacti可知为了避免来自他人的攻击，故选D项。‎ ‎27.B 细节理解题。根据最后一段提到One of the reasons for their decline is habitat destruction caused by the over consuming of farm animals, housing development, and the building of tourist resorts on the beaches where the animals prefer to build their nests可知被破坏原因是农场动物的消费造成的栖息地的破坏,房地产开发和建设旅游度假村，故选B项。‎ ‎28.A 推断题。第一段是对它的所属家庭的介绍，第二段介绍它的饮食，第三段讲它的分布，第四段讲面临灭绝的原因，故选A项。‎ ‎12‎ ‎ It’s illegal for the police to attach a GPS unit to your car without your permission, as the U.S. Supreme Court settled in 2012. But if the police are in hot pursuit of a bank robber or other escaping criminals that threaten public safety, a GPS tracker is acceptable. But exactly how can the police GPS track a car that is moving fast?‎ ‎ The answer to that question comes from StarChase, a new police technology being used by a small-but growing number of law enforcement agencies. It allows the police to fire 4.5-inch glue-covered GPS bullet-like projectiles (发射体) from an air gun fixed in their police cars. If the GPS tracker makes contact with the escaping robber’s car, it’ll stick no matter how fast the vehicle is going. That way, the police will have a constant read on the car’s location and heading. Aside from simply apprehending (逮捕) criminals, it’s believed this new technology could help save lives. If the police successfully fire a GPS unit at a speeding criminal, they can pull back from a high-risk chase. Chases can be incredibly dangerous to all involved, including innocent bystanders and other drivers. Once the GPS bullet connects, there’s no need for the chase any longer.‎ ‎ Now, predictably, a GPS-loaded gun isn’t cheap. Police departments need to pay about $5,000 per vehicle for the technology, and individual GPS bullets cost as much as $250 each. That may sound expensive, but remember: The alternative is often thousands of dollars in property damage, and great human cost in injury and lost life. According to Star Chase, their GPS bullet system has an apprehension rate of 80% without any report of injury or property damage. If you’d like to learn more about the StarChase system, Popular Mechanics has just published a good article about it. There’s also plenty more information available at the company’s website.‎ ‎28. When the GPS bullet sticks to the escaping robber’s car, the police can______ .‎ A. know the car’s condition ‎ B. ensure the robber’s safety C. play a fair game with the robber ‎ D. know the car’s position and direction ‎29.The GPS bullets could help save lives mainly because A. the bullets won’t hurt people ‎ B. they can make the robber’s car stop C. the police can stop the dangerous chasing D. they have more advantages than normal bullets ‎30.From the text we can learn that GPS bullets ‎ A. are useful for the police ‎ B. are widely used in America C. can control the rising crime rate ‎ D. can replace the police in the future ‎31. In which part of a newspaper can we read the text A.Life B.Nature C.Fashion D.Technology ‎【文章综述】本文讲述一种新型的GPS定位追踪子弹头，可用来追捕罪犯，来确定他的公位置与方向，也可用来避免高风险的追捕 ‎29. C 细节理解题。根据第二段提到If the police successfully fire a GPS unit at a speeding criminal, they can pull back from a high-risk chase. Chases can be incredibly dangerous to all involved,‎ ‎ including innocent bystanders and other drivers.可知如果警察把这种装置安在犯罪的车上，他们可以撤出高风险的追逐，避免危及自身以及周围无辜的群众，故选C项。‎ ‎30. A 推断题。根据最后一段提到According to Star Chase, their GPS bullet system has an apprehension rate of 80% without any report of injury or property damage.根据定位卫星，这个定位装置有个百分之八十的成功率，推断用于警方，故选A项。‎ ‎31. D 推断题。本文讲述一种新型的GPS定位追踪子弹头，可用来追捕罪犯，来确定他的公位置与方向，也可用来避免高风险的追捕，所以这篇文章出现在科技版面，故选D项。‎ ‎ 13‎ The movies just wouldn’t be the same without the warm buttery taste of popcorn. Amazingly, this delicious treat started its life as a corn kernel (玉米粒) , not just from any corn. Popcorn is a type of sweet corn that was originally grown in Mexico and spread to China, India and elsewhere. It is the only kind of corn that will pop. Today, most of the world’s popcorn is grown in the United States. ‎ Every popcorn kernel contains a tiny drop of water，surrounded by soft starch (淀粉). When the popcorn is heated, the water turns into steam. This puts pressure on the surrounding hard kernel, forcing it to explode. The soft starch increases about 40 times in size as the corn kernel turns itself inside out. ‎ In the 1500s popcorn was an important food source for the Aztec Indians of central and southern Mexico. But it wasn’t only food. It was also used in ceremonies or on red dresses and in necklaces. By the time the Europeans arrived in America，popcorn had spread through most of the American Indians. ‎ Some early American settlers ate popcorn with cream and sugar for breakfast. But it wasn’t until the late 1800s that popcorn became popular. The demand for popcorn increased and farmers began farming popcorn. The first mobile popping machine was invented in 1885, and popcorn was sold by street sellers much like hot dogs that are sold today. ‎ During the Great Depression of the 1930s, the popcorn business still thrived as people could still afford it. Then in the 1950s television arrived and popcorn consumption decreased. People stayed home and stopped going to the theatre. But the link between movies and popcorn had already existed. Soon people began making popcorn at home on the stove and, later，microwave popcorn was introduced. Today the movies have regained popularity and popcorn has once again become the favorite. ‎ ‎32. Popcorn was first planted in________. ‎ A. China B. America C. India D. Mexico ‎33. Why does the corn kernel pop when heated?‎ A. Because it is covered with soft starch. B. Because the pressure inside is too big. ‎ C. Because the starch becomes bigger in size. D. Because there is water inside the kernel. ‎ ‎34. We can know from the passage that________. ‎ A. popcorn began to be farmed in the late 1800s ‎ B. popcorn was only a kind of food in the 1500s ‎ C. hot dogs used to be sold by street sellers ‎ D. people stop eating popcorn while watching movies now ‎ ‎35. The underlined word “thrived” in the fifth paragraph probably means “________”. ‎ A. started to disappear B. was seriously affected C. suffered a lot D. developed very well ‎【文章综述】文章讲述了爆米花的起源、爆米花为什么会爆开以及它如何与电影如影随形，成为一种流行的娱乐食品。‎ ‎【答案解析】‎ ‎32.D。解析：细节理解题 根据第一段第二句Popcorn is a type of sweet corn that was originally grown in Mexico ‎33.B。解析：细节理解题 根据第二段When the popcorn is heated, the water turns into steam. This puts pressure on the surrounding hard kernel, forcing it to explode. 当玉米被加热，水便转化为蒸汽。这就对环绕于外的坚硬部分产生压力，使它爆裂。‎ ‎ 14‎ ‎ They tell us when to get up or when we’re running late for work and whether we are in danger of missing our favourite TV programme. But while our daily routines rely on clocks that tell us the time, science is discovering that our well-being is influenced by a very different kind of timepiece. Circadian rhythms---the human body’s own internal clock---have a powerful influence on our health and behaviour. They are programmed from birth and control functions ranging from temperature and blood pressure to sleep patterns.‎ In recent years researchers have also discovered that this built-in mechanism can influence everything from the way we react to medicines to how well we learn music.‎ The latest example, from experts at Harvard University in the US, shows that the human body clock can even dictate whether or not we are likely to tell the truth. Researchers found it was easier for people to fib（撒小谎） in the afternoon because, as they were tired, the self control that would normally prevent them from lying started to break down. Tiredness made it harder to resist the temptation to tell lies---especially if it meant they got a financial reward at the end.‎ ‎“The body clock has a great effect on us all,” says Professor Jim Horne from the Sleep Research Centre at Loughborough University. “Most people tend to feel good around late morning and then decline in the early afternoon. But the time most of us will feel our sharpest is between 6pm and 8pm. That’s because sleepiness tends to build up throughout the day. By early evening our body clock kicks in to wake us up. One reason may be to ensure we get home safely. When our ancestors were coming home after hunting all day their internal clocks kicked in to get them home in one piece.”‎ So what effects do circadian rhythms have and what’s the best time of day to take advantage of them?‎ ‎31. The underlined word “They” in the first paragraph refers to . ‎ A. our clocks B. scientists and experts C. our daily routines D. circadian rhythms ‎ ‎32. The research referred to in Paragraph 3 found that people tend to .‎ A. tell lies when they are tired B. tell lies if they are rewarded C. lose temper as they become tired D. break down because they are tired ‎33. According to the passage, when are people most quick-thinking? ‎ A. In the morning. B. Around midday.‎ C. In the late afternoon. D. In the early evening.‎ ‎34. What information will the writer probably present following the last paragraph?‎ A. Some practical suggestions to prevent people from lying.‎ B. Examples of how the human body clocks control the body.‎ C. Examples of the most suitable time to do different activities.‎ D. An explanation of how the human body clock controls the body.‎ ‎35. What is the best title for the passage?‎ A. Rebuild your body clock B. Timing is everything C. Sleep more, lie less D. Your time is limited 解析：文章概述：生物钟对人体及平时日常活动学习的影响。‎ ‎31选D，they 是代词，代词一般指代前一句中的主语 即circadian rhythms ‎32,选A,文章第三段可得出答案 ‎33,选D，倒数第二段第三句可知 ‎34，选C，最后一段围绕“几点干什么最合适”并举相关例句 ‎35，选B，排除法，A项 文章没提及 重建 ，C D项没提及 ‎ ‎15‎ People who are too happy die younger than their more downbeat（pessimistic） peers(同龄人), claims new research.‎ ‎　　A study which followed children from the 1920s to old age showed that people who were rated 'highly cheerful' by teachers at school died younger than their more reserved classmates。‎ ‎　　This was because people who were too happy were more likely to suffer from mental disorders such as bipolar, making them less fearful and more likely to take risks that increase the chance of having a fatal accident.‎ ‎　　Being too cheerful - especially at inappropriate times - can also rouse anger in others, increasing the risk of a person coming to harm.‎ ‎　　Researchers from a variety of universities worldwide also discovered that trying too hard to be happy often ended up leaving people feeling more depressed than before, as putting an effort into improving their mood often left people feeling cheated.‎ ‎　　And magazine articles offering tips on how to be happy were also blamed for worsening depression.‎ ‎　　One study saw participants asked to read an article offering ways to improve your mood, and follow one of the tips to see how effective it was.‎ ‎　　Participants then took the advice offered - such as watching an upbeat film - often concentrated too hard on trying to improve their mood rather than letting it lift naturally。‎ ‎　　This meant that by the time the film had ended, they often felt angry and cheated by the advice given, putting them in a far worse mood than when they had started watching.‎ ‎　　However, results of the study, published in the journal Perspectives on Psychological Science, revealed that the key to true happiness was much more simple: meaningful relationships with friends and family members.‎ Study co-author Professor June Gruber, from the department of psychology at Yale University in the ‎ United States, said of people who actively tried to be happy: 'When you're doing it with the motivation or expectation that these things ought to make you happy, that can lead to disappointment and decreased happiness. '‎ ‎　　'The strongest predictor of happiness is not money, or external recognition through success or fame. It's having meaningful social relationships.'‎ She added: 'That means the best way to increase your happiness is to stop worrying about being happy and instead divert your energy to nurturing the social bonds you have with other people.'‎ ‎32. People who are too happy die younger than their more downbeat（pessimistic） peers because________.‎ A. because they are more likely to suffer from mental disorders.‎ B.because they have more chance of having traffic accidents.‎ C. because they have meaningful social relationship.‎ D. because they stop worry about being happy.‎ ‎33. What does the underlined word in Paragraph 2 mean?‎ A. happy B. unwilling to show feelings C. angry D. narrow-minded ‎34.The most important factor(因素) of true happiness is __________.‎ A. to have meaningful relationships with friends and family members.‎ B. to stop worry about being happy.‎ C.to devote your energy to developing the social bonds.‎ D. to have feeling of success.‎ ‎35.Which of the following sentences is correct according to the passage?‎ A. magazine articles offering tips on how to be happy can help you reducing depression.‎ B. trying too hard to be happy often leaves people feeling more depressed than before.‎ C. When you're doing things with the motivation or expectation, that can lead to disappointment and decreased happiness.‎ D. The strongest factor of happiness is external recognition through success.‎ ‎ 32.A考查细节理解。根据文章第三段中的This was because people who were too happy were more likely to suffer from mental disorders可知，太高兴的人容易精神错乱。这是导致早死的原因。B选项中的traffic accidents与文章内容不符；C、D与题干内容不符。‎ ‎33.B考查猜测词义。根据文章第二段中的'highly cheerful'（非常开朗的）可以推知，reserved意为：内向的。它们是反义词。‎ ‎34.A考查细节理解。根据文章倒数第四段the key to true happiness was much more simple: meaningful relationships with friends and family members.可知，获得真正幸福的关键因素是和朋友及家庭成员建立有意义的关系。‎ ‎35.B考查细节理解。根据文章第五段中的trying too hard to be happy often ended up leaving people feeling more depressed than before可知，一个人如果过于努力地想使自己快乐起来，结果反而会感觉更郁闷。故选B。‎ ‎16‎ Weather changes when the temperature and the amount of water in the atmosphere change. We can see and feel water coming from the atmosphere when we have rain. But the water must somehow get back to the atmosphere. Meteorologists call this the water cycle.‎ There are many stages in the water cycle. Rain falls when water vapour in clouds condenses(冷却成液体). Drops of water form and fall to the ground. The water soaks into the ground and feeds streams and rivers. A lot of rain falls into the sea. The heat of the sun evaporates some of the water in the ground and in the rivers, lakes and the sea. It changes the liquid water into water vapour. The vapour rises onto the air. Water vapour is normally invisible. On a very damp or humid day, however, you can sometimes see water vapour rising from a puddle or pond in a mist above the water. Water vapour also gets into the air from living things. Trees and other plants take in water through their roots and give off water vapour from their leaves. People and land animals drink water and breathe out water vapour. In all these ways the water returns to the air. There it gathers to form clouds and condenses to form rain. The rain falls to earth, and the cycle starts again. It contains even if snow or hail fall instead because both eventually melt and form water. The amount of water vapour is more in the air tropics than in the cold polar regions.‎ ‎ ( ) 56. What is the main idea of the passage?‎ A. Water cycle. B. Water vapour.‎ C. How rain forms. D. Water, vapour, rain.‎ ‎ ( ) 57. How many ways of the water returning to the air are discussed in the text?‎ A. Three B. Four C. Five D. Six ‎( ) 58. Whether water vapour can be seen or not depends on_____.‎ A. how much water is evaporated B. how good your eyes are ‎ C. in which way water is evaporated D. climate or weather ‎( ) 59. From the passage, we get to know_____.‎ A. there is more water vapour in the air tropics than in cold polar regions B. there is more water vapour in the air in cold polar region than in the tropics C. it gets more rain in the tropics than in cold polar regions because there is less vapor D. the amount of water vapour in the air depends on how often it rains ‎【文章大意】本文是一篇科技说明文。文章讲述了自然界水循环的原理和过程。‎ ‎56.【答案】A ‎【解析】根据第一段的中心句“Meteorologists call this the water cycle”可知：文章讲述的是有关“水循环的问题”。故选A。‎ ‎【考点定位】考查文章的主旨、要义 ‎57.【答案】B ‎【解析】根据文章中的1. The heat of the sun evaporates some of the water in the ground. 2. The heat of the sun evaporates some of the water the rivers, lakes and the sea.3. Trees and other plants take in water through their roots and give off water vapour from their leaves.4. People and land animals drink water and breathe out water vapour.可知为4种。故选B。‎ ‎【考点定位】考查细节理解 ‎58.【答案】D ‎【考点定位】考查判断推理 ‎59.【答案】A ‎【解析】根据文章的最后一句话“It contains even if snow or hail fall instead because both eventually melt and form water. The amount of water vapour is more in the air tropics than in the cold polar regions.”可知A正确。‎ ‎【考点定位】考查判断推理 ‎ ‎17‎ Some kinds of mental skills naturally decrease as people get older. Yet research seems to show that some training can improve such skills. A recently published study also appears to demonstrate that the good effects of training can last for many years after that training has ended.‎ Researchers at Johns Hopkins University in Maryland wanted to learn how long memory and thinking skills would last in older people who trained to keep them. The people were part of the ten-year research project. They were taught methods meant to improve their memory, thinking and ability to perform everyday tasks.‎ More than 2,800 volunteered for the study called ACTIVE - short for Advanced (Cognitive) Training for Independent and Vital Elderly. Most studied when they were more than 70 years old. ‎ The volunteers took one of several short training classes meant to help them keep their mental abilities. One class trained participants in skills including how to remember word lists. Another group trained in reasoning. A third group received help with speed-of-processing - speed of receiving and understanding information. A fourth group - the control group did not get any training.‎ Earlier results had established that the training helped the participants for up to five years. Now, lead study writer George Rebok says, the research showed most of the training remained effective a full ten years later.‎ Professor Rebok and his team found that the people trained in reasoning and speed-of-processing did better on tests than the control group.‎ ‎"We are wondering whether those effects which endured over time would still be there ten years following the training, and in fact, that's exactly what we found."‎ The effect on memory, however, seemed not to last as long. Still, the old people in any of the three classes generally reported less difficulty in performing daily activities than the control group. The total training time for the older people was between 10 and 15 hours. ‎ ‎28.Which statement is true according to the text？‎ A． This kind of training can only have effect on people for a few years。‎ B． The people were trained during a period of ten years.‎ C． All the people who were studied were more than 70 years old.‎ D． The second group were trained how to remember word lists.‎ ‎29.What can be inferred from the passage？‎ A． There were four groups being trained.‎ B． The old people trained can remember words better.‎ C． The second and third group improved their skills better than the first one.‎ D． The research showed that the effect of the training could absolutely last 10 years.‎ ‎30.What’s the main idea of the fourth paragragh?‎ A. What was the meaning of the research?‎ A. How was the research conducted?‎ B. Why was the mental training effective?‎ C. How long did the research last?‎ ‎31.What is the best title of the passage？‎ A．Mental Training Helped Elderly Stay Sharp for Years B．How to improve our mental health C．Four groups of old people were trained mentally.‎ D. The result of a ten-year research ‎【文章大意】文章介绍了一项调查结果：老年人进行脑力训练有助于提高脑力水平，而且效果可以持续很长时间。‎ ‎28.B细节题：从第一段的句子：A recently published study also appears to demonstrate that the good effects of training can last for many years after that training has ended.可知A是错的，从文章的第二段的句子：The people were part of the ten-year research project. 可知这些受训练的人是参加的十年的研究项目。从第三段的句子：Most studied when they were more than 70 years old.可知C是错的，从第三段的句子：One class trained participants in skills including how to remember word lists. Another group trained in reasoning.可知D是错的，所以选B。‎ ‎31.A标题确定题：通读全文和第一段的句子：Some kinds of mental skills naturally decrease as people get older. Yet research seems to show that some training can improve such skills. 可知通过训练可以提高老人的脑力，而且效果可以持续多年，所以A是最贴切的标题。‎ ‎18‎ Three “Great Walls” built around the United States’ Tornado Alley could reduce tornadoes from destroying billions of dollars in property and endangering millions of lives, a physicist has claimed.‎ Professor Rongjia Tao of Temple University, Philadelphia unveiled a proposal this week calling for the construction of three 1,000-foot barriers up to 100 miles long, which would act like hill ranges and soften winds before tornadoes could form, the BBC reports.‎ The $16.9 billion plan would call for the faux hill ranges in North Dakota, along the border between Kansas and Oklahoma, and in Texas and Louisiana, ostensibly saving billions of dollars in ‎ damage every year, Tao said. The walls would not shelter towns, he said, but instead would soften the streams of hot southern and cold northern air that form tornadoes when they clash in the first place.‎ But critics laughed at Tao’s proposals. Leading tornado experts pointed to areas that are already protected by hill ranges the size of the barriers Tao is proposing, yet still have plenty of tornados, like parts of Oklahoma, Arkansas and Missouri. And even if the plan did work, it would create more problems than it would solve, scientists said, by creating catastrophic weather side effects.‎ ‎“Everybody I know is of 100% agreement – this is a poorly conceived idea,” Professor Joshua Wurman of the Center for Severe Weather Research. “From what I can gather his concept of how tornadoes form is fundamentally flawed（有缺陷的）. Meteorologists（气象学家） cringe（尴尬） when they hear about ‘clashing（交锋） hot and cold air’. It’s a lot more complicated than that.”‎ ‎61.What does the underlined word “unveiled”mean in the fourth paragraph？‎ A.reminded B. came up with C. referred D.applied ‎62.What’s the main idea of the passage?‎ A. The different opinions on the proposal that the walls will reduce the loss caused by tornadoes.‎ B. How to solve the problems that are caused by tornadoes.‎ C.The proposal mentioned in the paragragh is totally wrong.‎ D. The proposal to reduce tornadoes is effective.‎ ‎63. From the passage, we can infer that__________.‎ A. the tornadoes form by clashing（交锋） hot and cold air.‎ B. if the walls are built, they will work well.‎ C. if the plan is carried out, we will have more problems than expected.‎ D. The walls not only soften the winds but also shelter the towns.‎ ‎64.Which of following statements is true according to the passage？‎ A．Leading tornado experts think that would soften the streams of hot southern and cold northern air that form tornadoes.‎ B．Professor Joshua Wurman pointed out that the plan will be expensive.‎ C．Professor Rongjia Tao is against the construction of walls to prevent the tornadoes.【来.源：全,品…中&高*考*网】‎ D．the plan will not be carried out because it will creating serious weather side effects.‎ ‎【文章大意】本文是一篇报道。文章讲述了美国专家对Professor Rongjia Tao提出的“建高墙”阻止龙卷风计划的不同意见。‎ ‎61.B考查猜测词义。根据文章第一段中的Professor Rongjia Tao unveiled a proposal this week calling for the construction of three 1,000-foot barriers up to 100 miles long可知，这里是提出的意思。‎ ‎62.A考查主旨要义。根据这段话的内容可知，专家对建高墙防止龙卷风的发表的不同意见。故选A。‎ ‎63.C考查推理判断。根据文章第四段中的And even if the plan did work, it would create more problems than it would solve, scientists said, by creating catastrophic weather side effects.可知，即使高墙起作用，它会产生无法解决的恶劣气候的副作用。故选C。‎ ‎64.D考查细节理解。根据文章中对这个建议的不同意见可知，这个计划实施的可能性不大。故选D。‎ ‎19‎ Dyslexia（失读症）is a learning disorder, it interferes with the ability to recognise words, and for some readers to understand what they have read.‎ Experts say dyslexia affects about five to ten percent of the population of the United State. Researchers have long known that people with dyslexia write or read words and letters backwards in the wrong order.‎ But a new study shows that people with dyslexia may have trouble redirecting（重新传入） their attention between senses, from seeing something to hearing something. The study suggests something that might help dyslexic people learn more quickly - play video games.‎ Vanessa Harrar of Britain's University of Oxford led the study. She reported the findings in the journal Current Biology. The study suggests that dyslexic people may have trouble moving quickly from what they read to what they hear. Doctor Harrar calls this a "sluggish shifting of attention across the senses."‎ ‎"So, if you are trying to read something and then trying to listen to somebody who's reading aloud and you're trying to follow along with what they are reading -- they have to switch their attention from hearing what they are saying to looking at the piece of paper and back again. So we found they have quite sluggish shifting of attention across the senses," said Harrar.‎ In the study, Doctor Harrar tested 17 people with dyslexia, and 19 others without reading problems. The volunteers were asked to push a button as quickly as possible when they heard a sound, saw a light or experienced both together. Doctor Harrar compared the speed of their reactions.‎ She found that people with dyslexia were just as fast as the others when they saw only a picture ‎ or heard only a sound. But the dyslexics had a slower reaction time when they heard a sound and saw a picture at the same time.‎ Doctor Harrar feels like playing action video games could help dyslexic people shift from seeing to hearing more quickly. She adds that images in video games force the eyes to move and focus quickly.‎ ‎"Video game types of things pop out of here and there, they move your eyes around the screen quite quickly in response to things quite quickly, and the more you play a video game the faster you get that kind of thing. So, the video game is really training the attention system to move quickly," said Harrar.‎ The study also shows that dyslexic people have the most difficulty going between what they saw and what they heard, this may have an effect on how dyslexic children are taught how to read.‎ When children learn the alphabet，they usually see the letter first and then hear the sound, or they see and hear the letter at the same time. The study shows that dyslexics might learn more quickly if they hear the sound of a letter or word first before seeing it.‎ ‎61.What is the main idea of the passage？‎ A.Video Games are good for children.‎ B.Study Suggests Video Games Might Help Dyslexics C.A study about Video Games is being carried out.‎ D. Children with Dyslexics can learn better by playing video games.‎ ‎62.People with Dyslexia have the following problems except_________.‎ A. writing or reading words and letters backwards in the wrong order.‎ B. redirecting their attention between senses, from seeing something to hearing something.‎ C. moving quickly from what they read to what they hear.‎ D. seeing a picture or hearing a sound.‎ ‎63.What does the underlined word“sluggish”in Paragragh 4 mean？‎ A. slow B.wrong C.specific D.accurate ‎64.Why can playing video games help dyslexic people learn more quickly?‎ A. While playing video games, people will train their reading and hearing.‎ B. While playing video games, people will have a good knowledge of the system.‎ C. While playing video games, people should move their eyes around the screen quite quickly train the attention system to move quickly.‎ D. Video games can arouse their interest in reading.‎ ‎65.What is the importance of the finding?‎ A.The finding will prove video games are not necessarily bad for children.‎ B.People with Dyslexia will be cured by playing video games.‎ C. People with Dyslexia will not be made fun of by others.‎ D.The finding may have an effect on the way to teach dyslexic children how to read.‎ ‎【文章大意】文章介绍了一个新的研究结果，玩视频游戏可能能帮助失读症的人，文章具体介绍失读症的人的症状和通过玩视频游戏有什么改善。‎ ‎61.B主旨题：从全篇文章和第三段的句子：The study suggests something that might help dyslexic people learn more quickly - play video games.可知这篇文章讲的是玩视频游戏可能能帮助失读症的人。选B。‎ ‎62.D细节题：从文章第二段的句子：Researchers have long known that people with dyslexia write or read words and letters backwards in the wrong order.可知A是对的，从文章第三段的句子：But a new study shows that people with dyslexia may have trouble redirecting（重新传入） their attention between senses, from seeing something to hearing something.可知B是对的，从第四段的句子：The study suggests that dyslexic people may have trouble moving quickly from what they read to what they hear.可知C是对的，但是文章没有说失读症的人看图片和听声音有困难。选D。‎ ‎63.A猜词题：从第四段的句子：The study suggests that dyslexic people may have trouble moving quickly from what they read to what they hear. Doctor Harrar calls this a "sluggish shifting of attention across the senses."可知失读症的人很快的从读的东西转换到听见的东西有困难，也就是说注意力转换的慢。选A。‎ 考点：考查教育类短文 ‎20‎ If your dog looks pleased to see you – it is probably because it loves the particular way you smell.‎ The odour of a familiar human apparently lingers like perfume in the animal’s brain – where it triggers an instinctive emotional response, research published yesterday reveals.‎ Our scent acts on a part of the canine brain associated with reward and the strongest reactions are produced by humans that pets know best, say scientists in America.‎ Gregory Berns, of Emory University in Atlanta, said: ‘While we might expect that dogs should be highly tuned to the smell of other dogs, it seems that the “reward response” is reserved for their humans.‎ ‎'When humans smell the perfume or cologne of someone they love, they may have an immediate, emotional reaction that's not necessarily cognitive.‎ ‎'Our experiment may be showing the same process in dogs. But since dogs are so much more olfactory(嗅觉的) than humans, their responses would likely be even more powerful than the ones we might have.‎ ‎'It's one thing when you come home and your dog sees you and jumps on you and licks you and knows that good things are about to happen.‎ ‎'In our experiment, however, the scent donors were not physically present.‎ Why do animals avoid pylons? Because they emit terrifying flashes of light that are INVISIBLE to humans.‎ Dolphins use sponges to protect their sensitive noses while foraging for food on the sea floor ‎'That means the canine brain responses were being triggered by something distant in space and time. It shows that dogs' brains have these mental representations of us that persist when we're not there.'‎ The university’s experiment - the first of its type - involved 12 dogs of various breeds who underwent brain scans while five different scents were placed in front of them.‎ The scent samples came from the subject itself, a dog the subject had never met, a dog that lived in the subject's household, a human the dog had never met, and a human that lived in the subject's household.‎ The familiar human scent samples were taken from someone else from the house other than the handlers during the experiment, so that none of the scent donors were physically present.‎ The results showed that all five scents elicited a similar response in parts of the dogs' brains involved in detecting smells. Responses were significantly stronger for the scents of familiar humans, followed by that of familiar dogs.‎ The findings, which were published in the journal Behavioural Processes, showed that dogs reacted strongest to the scent of a familiar human even when they were not there.‎ Pets trained as help or therapy dogs showed greater brain activity than the other dogs in the test.‎ Researchers say the findings could improve the way animals who assist wounded veterans or disabled people are selected.‎ ‎67. Why does your dog look pleased to see you ?‎ A. because your dog wants to play with you ‎ B. because your dog is hungry ‎ C. because your dog wants to attract your attention ‎ D. because your dog loves the particular way you smell.‎ ‎68. What’s the purpose of Emory university’s experiment ?‎ A. To study dog’s reaction while five different scents were placed in front of them.‎ B. To learn how to get along well with dogs C. To know how to tell the difference between dogs D. To improve the way animals who assist wounded veterans or disabled people are selected.‎ ‎69. According to the passage, a dog will be most interested in____.‎ A. familiar dogs B. a human the dog had never met C. a dog the dog had never met D. familiar humans ‎70. Which of the following is true according to the passage?‎ A. The dog’s olfactory responses would likely be even more powerful than the ones we might have.‎ B. In our experiment, the scent donors were physically present.‎ C. Dogs reacted strongest to the scent of a familiar human even when they were there.‎ D. Dog’s brain responses were not being triggered(引发) by something distant in space and time.‎ ‎69.D细节题：根据The results showed that all five scents elicited a similar response in parts of the dogs' brains involved in detecting smells. Responses were significantly stronger for the scents of familiar humans, followed by that of familiar ‎ dogs.可知实验结果显示，狗脑内负责嗅觉的区域对这五种气味都产生了类似的反应。对于熟人的反应尤其强烈，对于熟悉的狗次之。故选D。‎ ‎70.A考查细节理解。根据文章第六段中的But since dogs are so much more olfactory(嗅觉的) than humans, their responses would likely be even more powerful than the ones we might have.可知，狗的嗅觉比我们人的嗅觉灵敏。故选A。‎ ‎21‎ Human beings have a natural desire to explore the unknown. People with a strong interest in space like to say it is the last place left to explore. But scientists are warning that space exploration for long periods is not going to be easy. They say the human body is not designed to stay in space over an extended period.‎ The New York Times recently published a report about scientists who are preparing astronauts for a trip to the Moon. The newspaper said the scientists want to make sure that their crews return home in good health. But there are many problems to be solved before people are ready for long trips to the Moon, an asteroid or even the planet Mars.‎ Humans developed on a planet with a surface that is more than 70 percent water. Our bodies are also about 70 percent water. When there is no gravity that water moves up toward the head, raising pressure in the skull. Arms and legs grow weaker at what is called zero gravity because they no longer need to push against the force of gravity.‎ Five years ago, astronauts who spent weeks in space reported a change in their eyesight. These astronauts were members of the crew on the International Space Station. Research showed a change in the shape of their eyes. Normally-round eyeballs had become flat during time in space. The research also showed that the right eye was affected more than the left, and that men were more affected than women. Scientists could not find an explanation for the differences.‎ Bone loss was one of the problems first reported by astronauts returning to Earth after longer stays in space. So scientists designed exercise machines to use on the space station. Tests showed that the exercise equipment helped space travelers keep their bones almost as strong as when they left Earth.‎ There are other health issues for astronauts who spend a long time in space. They may have problems eating and sleeping. But the biggest health issue is exposure to radiation. On Earth, human beings are protected by the atmosphere and the planet's magnetic field. In outer space, there is no such protection.‎ ‎61.What is the main idea of the passage？‎ A.Long periods in space will affect the health of astronauts.‎ B. Scientists are trying to find out how to protect astronauts.‎ C.Space is dangerous to human beings.‎ D.People shouldn’t explore space.‎ ‎62.What will happen to human bodies in space？‎ A.Arms and legs grow stronger at what is called zero gravity ‎ B. Blood moves up toward the head.‎ C. Pressure in the skull will be raised.‎ D.All of the above.‎ ‎63.The following are problems mentioned in the passage Except________.‎ A.bone loss B. loss of water C. eyesight D.exposure to radiation ‎64.Why did scientists design exercise machines to use on the space station?‎ A. To make sure that their crews return home in good health.‎ B. To help astronauts keep their bones almost as strong as when they left Earth.‎ C. To help astronauts get ready for long trips to the Moon, an asteroid or even the planet Mars.‎ D.To let astronauts adapt to the environment of space.‎ ‎65.What is true according to the passage?‎ A.The biggest health issue is exposure to Sunshine.‎ B.Research showed a change in the size of their eyes.‎ C.The right eye was affected less than the left.‎ D.Men were more affected than women.‎ 答案61.A62.C63.B64.B65.D 试题分析：文章介绍的是长时间在太空里会对宇航员的健康造成危害。具体谈论了有那些危害，是怎么造成的，怎么解决这样的问题。‎ ‎61.主旨题：从第一段的句子：But scientists are warning that space exploration for long periods is not going to be easy. They say the human body is not designed to stay in space over an extended period.可知这篇文章讲的是长时间在太空里会对宇航员的健康造成危害。选A。‎ ‎62.细节题：从第三段的句子：When there is no gravity that water moves up toward the head, raising pressure in the skull. Arms and legs grow weaker at what is called zero gravity because they no longer need to push against the force of gravity.可知在太空中人的头骨的压力会增加。A项错在腿和膀子会变弱，B项错在是水分会到头脑里面，所以选C ‎63.细节题：从文章的内容：可知在太空太长时间，会导致骨质疏松，视力问题和暴露于辐射，而没有说会脱水，选B ‎22‎ Air pollution by sources ranging from cooking fires to auto fumes contributed to an estimated seven million deaths worldwide in 2012, the UN health agency has said.‎ ‎"Air pollution, and we're talking about both indoors and outdoors, is now the biggest environmental health problem, and it is affecting everyone, both developed and developing countries," said Maria Neira, the World Health Organisation's public and environmental health chief.‎ Globally, pollution was linked to one death in eight in 2012, new WHO research found.‎ The biggest pollution-related killers were heart disease, stroke, pulmonary disease and lung cancer.‎ The hardest-hit regions of the globe were what the WHO labels Southeast Asia, which includes India and Indonesia, and the Western Pacific, ranging from China and South Korea to Japan and the Philippines. Together, they accounted for 5.9 million deaths.‎ The global death toll included 4.3 million deaths due to indoor air pollution, chiefly caused by cooking over coal, wood and biomass stoves. The toll from outdoor pollution was 3.7 million, with sources ranging from coal heating fires to diesel engines.‎ Many people are exposed to both indoor and outdoor pollution, the WHO said, and due to that overlap the separate death toll attributed to the two sources cannot simply be added together, hence the figure of seven million deaths. The new figure is "shocking and worrying", Ms Neira told reporters.‎ When it last released an estimate for deaths related to air pollution, in 2008, the agency had put the figure related to outdoor pollution at 1.3 million, while the number blamed on indoor pollution was 1.9 million. But a change in research methods makes comparison difficult between the 2008 estimate and the 2012 figures, Neira said.‎ In the past, for example, the WHO did not take into account the overlap between exposure to both forms, and only assessed urban pollution. Satellite imagery has made it easier to assess rural pollution, and new knowledge about the health impact of exposure has enabled a better count. "The risks from air pollution are now far greater than previously thought or understood, particularly for heart disease and strokes," said Neira. "Few risks have a greater impact on global health today ‎ than air pollution. The evidence signals the need for concerted action to clean up the air we all breathe."‎ According to the WHO, some 2.9 billion people in poor nations live in homes that use fires as their principle method of cooking and heating. Carlos Dora, the WHO's public and environmental health coordinator, said that turned homes into "combustion chambers". Simple measures to stem the impact include so-called "clean cook stoves", which are a low-tech option, as well as improved ventilation, he said.‎ Countries also need to rethink policies, Mr Dora said, pointing to the impact in the developed world of a shift to cleaner power sources, more efficient management of energy demand, and technical strides in the auto industry. He also said transport policies needed a shake-up. With air pollution having sparked a recent scare in France, leading to restrictions on car use and the temporary scrapping of public transport fees in Paris, Mr Dora said such measures could be applied in the longer term. "You can't buy clean air in a bottle," he said."The air is a shared resource. In order to breathe clean air, we have to have interventions in the areas that pollute air." The WHO said it planned by the end of this year to release a ranking of the world's 1,600 most polluted cities.‎ ‎46. The main idea of this article is that .‎ A. In the past, the WHO did not take into account the overlap between exposure to both forms.‎ B. Air pollution by sources ranging from cooking fires to auto fumes caused an estimated seven million deaths worldwide in 2012. ‎ C. According to the WHO, some 2.9 billion people use fires as their principle method of cooking and heating. ‎ D. The WHO will release a ranking of the world's 1,600 most polluted cities by the end of this year. ‎ ‎47. The underlined word “it” in the second paragraph refers to “ ”..‎ A. The risks B. cooking fires ‎ C. environmental health problem D. Air pollution ‎ ‎48.Which of the following is True according to the passage? .‎ A. The biggest pollution-related killers were heart disease, stroke, pulmonary disease and lung cancer.‎ B. Air pollution only affects developing countries. ‎ C. The risks from air pollution are now not serious.‎ D. Maria Neira said that we can't buy clean air in a bottle.‎ ‎49.What is main idea of the last paragraph?‎ A. The air is a our shared resource.‎ B. The WHO will release a ranking of the world's 1,600 most polluted cities.‎ C.The government should make effective policies to control the air pollution. ‎ D.The transport policies need a shake-up.‎ ‎50.The death toll in 2008 can hardly compare with that in 2012 because________.‎ A. the death toll included 4.3 million deaths due to indoor air pollution.‎ B. in 2008 the WHO only assessed rural pollution.‎ C. the research methods changed.‎ D. the risks from air pollution are now far greater than previously thought.‎ 试题分析：本文主要讲了世界卫生组织表示，据估计由于油烟与汽车尾气引起的空气污染在2012年导致了全世界700万人死亡。‎ ‎46.B主旨题：根据第一段Air pollution by sources ranging from cooking fires to auto fumes contributed to an estimated seven million deaths worldwide in 2012, the UN health agency has said.可知本文主要讲了世界卫生组织表示，据估计由于油烟与汽车尾气引起的空气污染在2012年导致了全世界700万人死亡。这是文章的主旨。故选B。‎ ‎47.D推理题：根据Air pollution, and we're talking about both indoors and outdoors, is now the biggest environmental health problem, and it is affecting everyone, both developed and developing countries可知这里想说空气污染影响着每一个人，包括发达国家和发展中国家，所以“it”指代的是空气污染。故选D。‎ ‎48.A细节题：根据The biggest pollution-related killers were heart disease, stroke, pulmonary disease and lung cancer.可知A的描述准确，故选A。‎ ‎23‎ The United Nations and the World Meteorological Organization created the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in 1988. The panel is a committee made up of hundreds of scientists. Last week, an IPCC working group released a report about climatic conditions around the world. ‎ Scientists are surer than ever before that the Earth is warming and that human activity is to blame. That is the message of the new report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. As we hear from Christopher Cruise, the report's findings will help inform policy makers and the public as they consider action to fight climate change.‎ One-hundred-ten governments approved this scientific agreement:‎ ‎"It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of observed warming since the mid-20th century."‎ The head of the World Meteorological Organization, Michael Jarraud, spoke at a press conference about the new report.‎ ‎"It should serve as yet another wake-up call that our activities today will have a profound impact on society, not only for us, but for many generations to come."‎ Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets have been losing mass and glaciers continue to shrink, the report says. It calls the decrease of Artic sea ice, "unprecedented," meaning nothing like this has been noted before. The report also examines the mean rate of sea level rise. It says that since the middle of the 19th century, the rate is higher than at any time in the past 2000 years.‎ The working group also examined the connection between extreme weather events and climate. Brenda Ekwurzel is a climate scientist with the Union of Concerned Scientists, a non-profit group. She has worked with the scientists who prepared the IPCC report.‎ ‎"The most we can say is that extreme events dealing with coastal flooding and extreme heat, (we have) very, very high confidence with these events being highly linked to climate change."‎ She says the report blames human activity for half of the increased warming over the past fifty or so years. One such activity is the burning of fossil fuels in factories, buildings and cars. This produces heat-trapping gasses.‎ Past IPCC reports have led the way to international agreements like the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. It ended in 2012. The United Nation's top climate official, Christiana Figueres, says the new report will help move new climate talks forward.‎ The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is sometimes criticized as appearing to be too conservative in its predictions. But, Ms. Figueres says this report is right on the mark.‎ ‎"Everything that we thought we knew about climate change has been underestimated, that we will have much faster and much more intense effects from the growing concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. So, it's a very sobering message that calls for a more invigorated and more accelerated policy response to address that."‎ Government leaders and climate experts will get a chance to do that at the climate negotiations next month. The talks will take place in the Polish capital, Warsaw.505‎ ‎【文章大意】本文是一篇科普说明文。文章主要讲述了：全球气候变暖的主要原因是：人类的活动。‎ ‎33.What does the underlined word “sobering”mean in the last paragraph?‎ A.satisfactory B.serious C.disappointing D.unbelievable ‎34.According to the passage, the Earth is warming due to_______.‎ A. human activity B. the burning of fossil fuels ‎ C. heat-trapping gasses ‎ D. the burning of fossil fuels in cars A考查细节理解。根据文章第二段中的Scientists are surer than ever before that the Earth is warming and that human activity is to blame.可知，人类活动是地球变暖的主语原因。其他选项以偏概全。‎ ‎35.Which of the following statements is true according to the passage？‎ A．Christopher Cruise says that our activities today will have a profound impact on society.‎ B．Ms. Figueres says that climate change calls for a more invigorated and more accelerated policy response to address that.‎ C．Michael Jarraud says that the report blames human activity for half of the increased warming over the past fifty or so years.‎ D．Brenda Ekwurzel says that It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of observed warming since the mid-20th century.‎ B考查细节理解。根据文章根据文章倒数第二段中的So, it's a very sobering message that calls for a more invigorated and more accelerated policy response to address that.可知B正确。‎ ‎24‎ The World Health Organization says reducing salt or sodium use can reduce your risk of heart disease, kidney failure or stroke. But researchers say the risk would be reduced even more if the amount of dietary potassium was increased at the same time. ‎ The World Health Organization says high blood pressure affects one billion people worldwide. It leads to many deaths or permanent disabilities. High blood pressure, also known as hypertension, is called the silent killer because there are few apparent signs. Many studies have shown that reducing salt or sodium in the diet can lower the risk of stroke and other health problems.‎ Graham MacGregor is with the Barts and London School of Medicine and Dentistry. He and other researchers have examined earlier studies and organized their own.‎ ‎“When you’re on the high salt intake you always have some extra salt in you and a slightly greater volume of blood. And that’s what puts up the blood pressure. I mean, if you wanted, an analogous thing would be really a central heating system. If you put more water into a closed system, the pressure will go up.”‎ He says the body does need salt, about less than half a gram each day. However, people in developing countries are eating about eight to 10 grams a day. Professor MacGregor says lowering salt can do a lot to reduce hypertension, but increasing potassium in the diet also helps. People in industrial nations eat about three grams of potassium a day through diet. Professor MacGregor says experts believe eating about four grams a day is the best choice.‎ Health officials have expressed concern about developing countries with growing economies. Those nations are increasingly turning to a western diet with its salty, sugary and fatty foods. Officials are predicting a sharp rise in heart disease and related problems. ‎ ‎【文章大意】本文是一篇科普文章。文章讲述了减少盐的摄入量对人体的好处，同时我们还要适当增加钾的摄入量。www.tingvoa.com ‎58.Which of following has nothing to do with having extra salt in you？‎ A．heart disease B．kidney failure C．stroke D．toothache D考查细节理解。根据文章第一段中的The World Health Organization says reducing salt or sodium use can reduce your risk of heart disease, kidney failure or stroke.可知，D项不是食用过量盐造成的。故选D。‎ ‎59.The writer uses “a central heating system”to_________.‎ A.give examples B.introduce a new thing ‎ C.compare the two things D.contrast the two things ‎60.According to the passage，which of the following statements is true？‎ A．The body needs salt, about three grams each day.‎ B．Eating about four grams potassium a day is the best choice.‎ C．Lowering potassium can do a lot to reduce hypertension.‎ D．Reducing sodium in the diet can higher the risk of stroke. ‎ B考查细节理解。根据文章倒数第二段中的Professor MacGregor says experts believe eating about four grams a day is the best choice.可知B正确。其他犯了偷梁换柱的错误。‎