【英语】2020届二轮复习语法专项形容词和副词教案

【英语】2020届二轮复习语法专项形容词和副词教案

形容词和副词 一、 ‎【知识精讲】‎ ‎（一）形容词 ‎1. 作定语 形容词作定语时一般放在它所修饰词的前面。‎ There was a long queue for coffee at the interval. 休息时人们排长队喝咖啡。‎ ‎【归纳拓展】‎ 在下列情况下，形容词要放在被修饰词的后面。‎ ‎（1）形容词作定语修饰somebody, something, anything,everything, nothing, anyone, anything, nobody等复合代词时，需后置。‎ Is there anything wrong with your car? 你的汽车出什么毛病了吗？‎ ‎（2）以able或ible结尾的形容词可置于由形容词的最高级或all, every, only等词修饰的名词后面。‎ This is the best computer available. 这是现在可用的最好的一台电脑。‎ ‎（3）表语形容词(如：alive活着的，awake醒着的，alike相似的)作定语，一般要后置。‎ He is the most famous scientist alive in the world.他是当今世界上活着的最著名的科学家。‎ ‎（4）形容词与介词短语、动词不定式或其他附加词连用作定语时，需放在所修饰词之后，作后置定语。‎ He is one of the leading members responsible for the work. 他是负责这项工作的领导之一。‎ English is a language easy to learn but difficult to master. 英语是一门易学而难精通的语言。‎ ‎（5）表示计量(长、宽、高、深)及年龄的形容词，应放在相应的名词之后。这类词有：deep(深的)，long(长的)，wide(宽的)，tall(高的)。‎ Please fetch me a rope ten metres long. 请给我拿来一条10米长的绳子。‎ ‎（6）两个表示相对或相反意义的形容词连用作定语时，需放在所修饰词之后，作后置定语。‎ All countries, big and small, should be equal. 不论大小国家都应一律平等。‎ ‎（7）作前置定语和后置定语意义不同的形容词，如present, concerned, involved等。‎ The new stadium being built for the next Asian Games will be three times as big as the present one. (现在的)‎ The number of people present at the concert was much smaller than expected. (出席)‎ Nowadays people are more concerned about the environment where they live. (关心的)‎ All parties concerned should attend the discussion. (有关的)‎ There are a small number of people involved. (参与的)‎ It is an involved (＝complicated) sentence. (复杂的)‎ ‎2. 作表语 ‎（1）某些以a开头的形容词(afraid害怕的，alive活着的，ashamed羞愧的，awake醒着的，aware意识到的)通常作表语，有些不能用very修饰。‎ People are now aware that helping others is helping themselves. 人们现在意识到帮助别人就是帮助自己。‎ ‎（2）某些表示健康的形容词(fine 健康的，ill有病的，poorly健康欠佳的，well身体健康的) 通常作表语。‎ He was ill and couldn't come. 他病了，不能来。‎ 注意：ill作定语，表示“不好的”，如 ill luck厄运；have an ill effect on对……有不好的影响。‎ （3） ‎ed形容词与ing形容词。ed形容词多表示主语所处的状态，意为“感到……的”。ing形容词多表示主语所具有的特征，意为“令人……的”。‎ amazed感到惊奇的amazing令人惊奇的；embarrassed感到窘迫的embarrassing令人窘迫的；interested感兴趣的interesting令人感兴趣的；pleased感到高兴的 pleasing令人高兴的；tired感到疲倦的 tiring令人疲倦的；satisfied感到满意的satisfying令人满意的 ‎（4）be动词和连系动词(appear, seem, look, taste, sound, feel, smell, become, come, fall, get, go, grow, turn, run, turn out, keep, remain, stay, stand, prove)后常接形容词，作表语。‎ She stepped a little back, appearing surprised. 她往后退了一点，好像很吃惊。‎ ‎（5）常见的形容词作表语的句型 ‎①It is/was＋形容词＋of/for＋名词/代词＋不定式 It's foolish of me to make such a mistake. 犯这样的错误，我真是太傻了。‎ ‎②形容词＋不定式，不定式表示原因或结果。常用于这种句型的形容词有：able, sure, lucky, ready, happy, likely等。‎ Studies show that people are more likely to suffer from back problems if they always sit before computer screens for long hours. 研究表明，如果人们总是坐在电脑屏幕面前很长时间会有背部的问题。‎ ‎3. 作宾语补足语 形容词作宾语补足语，常用于“动词＋it＋形容词＋不定式”结构，常见的动词有：make, keep, leave(表示“使，使……处于状态”), consider, think, find, cut, set。‎ The guard brought out his knife and cut one boot open. 士兵把刀拿出来，把一只长筒靴切开。‎ ‎4. 作状语 形容词作状语表示伴随、结果、时间、条件，并不表示动作的方式。‎ After the long journey, the three of them went back home, hungry and tired. (伴随状语)长途旅行后，他们三人回家了，又累又饿。‎ Ripe, these apples are sweet. (表示时间/条件) 熟了的时候这种苹果很甜。‎ ‎5. 易混形容词的用法辨析 ‎（1）pleased, pleasing与pleasant ‎① pleased一般用作表语，表示“(感到)满意、高兴”，后常跟介词with。‎ She's pleased with our programme. 她对我们的节目很满意。‎ ‎② pleasing表示“令人高兴/满意的”，用作表语或定语，修饰物。‎ My sister's progress in dancing is pleasing. 我姐姐在舞蹈方面的进步令人高兴。‎ ‎③ pleasant可用作定语或表语，表示“令人愉快的”时，不能修饰人；表示“友好的”时，可修饰人或物。‎ The girl has a pleasant childhood. 这个女孩有一个快乐的童年。‎ ‎（2）living, alive与live ‎① living意为“活着的”，可作定语或表语，指人或动植物的生命没有消失，依然存在的状态。‎ He is the greatest living writer in America. 他是当今美国最伟大的作家。‎ ‎② alive意为“活着的，活跃的”，可作表语或后置定语，指生命从奄奄一息到精力旺盛的各种状态。‎ Is that sheep dead or alive? 那只羊是死了还是活着？‎ ‎③ live表示“活的；现场直播的”，通常作定语，位于名词之前。‎ The club has live music most nights. 该俱乐部大多数晚上有现场演出的音乐。‎ （二） 副词 ‎1. 副词分类 副词在句子中主要用作状语，许多副词由“形容词＋ly”构成，如：careful—carefully。副词主要分为以下几种：‎ ‎（1）时间副词，如：often, early, usually, tomorrow 等。‎ ‎（2）地点副词，如：here, outside, below, there, abroad, indoors, overseas等。‎ ‎（3）方式副词，如：hard, badly, well, bravely, cleverly, cruelly, foolishly等。‎ ‎（4）程度副词，如：very, fairly, pretty, rather, quite, very, much, too, greatly等。‎ ‎（5）连接副词，如：therefore, besides, otherwise, however, instead, moreover, still, thus, meanwhile等。‎ ‎【归纳拓展】‎ ‎（1）下列单词以ly结尾，但却是形容词而非副词：friendly友好的；lovely可爱的；lively活泼的；lonely孤独的；deadly致命的；orderly有秩序的；manly有男子气概的；daily每日的；weekly每星期的。‎ ‎（2）表示方向和地点的副词(out, in, up, down, here, there等)置于句首，句子要完全倒装。‎ There stood a desk against the wall. 靠墙放着一张书桌。‎ ‎2. 易混同根副词 ‎（1）有些与形容词同形的副词表示具体概念，而加ly的副词则往往表示抽象的概念。‎ high高地highly高度地；wide宽地，大大地；widely广泛地；deep深地 deeply深深地；close近地closely仔细地，严密地 They had to dig very deep in order to find water. 他们必须挖得很深，才能发现水。‎ I am deeply grateful to you. 我非常感谢你。‎ The plane flies high. 飞机飞得很高。‎ They spoke very highly of him. 他们高度称赞他。‎ ‎（2）含义迥然不同的副词 late迟；晚 lately(同recently)；hard努力地 hardly几乎不；just正好；刚才 justly公正地；near近；临近；在附近 nearly几乎；差不多；将近 The bus arrived 5 minutes late. 公共汽车晚了五分钟。‎ What have you been doing lately? 最近你在做什么？‎ （二） 形容词/副词的原级、比较级和最高级 ‎1. 形容词、副词的原级 ‎（1）as＋adj./adv.原级＋as... 和……一样…… not as/so＋adj./adv.原级＋as... 不如……‎ The old man walks as fast as a young man. 这位老人走路与年轻人一样快。‎ ‎（2）as＋adj.原级＋a/an＋n.＋as... 和……一样……‎ Our neighbour has as big a house as ours. 我们邻居的房子和我们的一样大。‎ ‎（3）as＋adj.原级＋as＋数量词＝数量词＋adj.‎ The building is as tall as 100 metres.＝The building is 100 metres tall. 这栋楼有100米高。‎ ‎【归纳拓展】‎ ‎（1）as... as结构有时并不用来表示两个人或两个物之间的比较，如：‎ as soon as一……就……；as far as就……而言；as long as只要；as well as……也 ‎（2）can't(can never)．.. too＋adj./adv.原级； can't... enough无论……也不为过分 You cannot be too careful when you drive a car. 你开车时无论怎么小心也不为过。‎ I cannot thank you enough for you great kindness. 我对你的盛情美意感激不尽。‎ ‎2. 形容词、副词的比较级 ‎（1）比较级＋than... 比……更 This year they have produced less grain than they did last year. 今年他们生产的谷物比去年少。‎ ‎（2）the＋比较级，the＋比较级　越……，越……‎ The more learned a man is, the more modest he usually becomes. 一个人越有学问，他就会越谦虚。‎ ‎（3）the＋比较级＋of the＋名词/代词，表示“两者中较……的”。‎ Who is the younger of the two boys? 两个男孩中谁较小？‎ ‎（4）比较级＋and＋比较级，表示“越来越……”。‎ As there is less and less coal and oil, scientists are exploring new ways of making use of alternative energy. 由于石油和煤都越来越少，科学家正在探索新的方法利用可替代能源。‎ ‎（5）比较级＋than any other＋单数名词，表示“比其他任何……都”。‎ Li Lei is taller than any other boy in his class. 李雷比他班上其他任何一个男孩都高。(暗指李雷最高)‎ ‎（6）no＋比较级＋than　和……一样不……‎ He is no taller than I. 他和我一样矮。‎ 比较：He is not taller than I. 他没有我高。(暗指我比他高) ‎ ‎【归纳拓展】‎ ‎（1）no more than＝only只有，仅仅，只不过 What he is saying is no more than a joke. 他所讲的只不过是个玩笑而已。‎ ‎（2）not more than＝at the most不超过，至多 There are not more than a hundred people in the hall. 大厅里至多100人。‎ ‎（3）no less than不少于，多达 He found no less than three books were stolen. 他发现不少于三本书被盗。‎ ‎（4）less than不到；少于 The game took her less than an hour to finish. 她用了不到一个小时就结束了这场比赛。‎ ‎（5）more than多于，超过(＝over，后接数词)；不只是(＝not only，后接名词、动词或副词)；非常，十分(＝very，后接形容词、副词、动词或分词)；难以，完全不能(用于more than... can... )‎ He's more than a coach; he's a friend. 他不只是教练，更是朋友。‎ The job is more than I could do myself. 这工作超出了我力所能及的范围。‎ Lizzie was more than a little sad to see her friend off at the airport.‎ 莉齐在机场给朋友送别时有些悲伤。‎ ‎（6）more or less(＝almost, nearly, about) 基本上，差不多，大约 I've more or less finished reading the book. 我差不多已经把这本书全看完了。‎ ‎（7）sooner or later迟早，早晚，总有一天(＝in time)‎ Sooner or later we will succeed. 我们迟早会成功的。‎ ‎3. 形容词、副词的最高级 ‎（1）三者或三者以上的人或物进行比较，用“the＋最高级＋名词＋范围”结构。‎ Racing is the most interesting sport I've ever known. 赛跑是我知道的最有趣的运动。‎ 注意：a＋most＋adj.原级，表示“非常……”。‎ We heard a most interesting talk about Japan. 我们听了一个关于日本的非常有趣的谈话。‎ ‎(2) 表示“最……之一”，用“one of the＋形容词最高级＋名词复数”。‎ Nowadays, cycling is regarded as one of the best allround forms of exercise. 现在骑自行车被认为是最全面的锻炼方式之一。‎ ‎【归纳拓展】‎ ‎1. 比较级表示最高级含义 ‎（1）否定词(no/not/nothing/never)和比较级连用可以表示最高级的含义。‎ Nothing is more valuable than health. 健康最重要。‎ I can't agree more. 我完全同意。‎ ‎（2）比较级＋than＋any other/all the other/anyone(anything) else/any of the other...‎ John is cleverer than all the other children in his class. 约翰比他班上的其他孩子都聪明。‎ Steve really values your friendship more than anything else. 史蒂夫真的把你的友谊看得比其他任何东西都重要。‎ ‎2. 比较级和最高级的修饰词或短语 ‎（1）比较级的修饰词或短语。表示“稍稍，一点”的有：a bit, a little, rather, some, any 等；表示“……得多”的有：much, far, a great/good deal, a lot等；表示“更加”的有：still, even, yet 等。‎ Compared with his sister, Jerry is even more sensitive to emotional and relationship problems. 和姐姐相比，杰里对情感问题和关系问题更敏感。‎ ‎（2）最高级的修饰词或短语。最高级前可用the very, the second, much the, (by) far the, not quite the, nearly, almost, by no means 等修饰。‎ Hainan is China's second largest island. 海南是中国第二大岛。‎ This is quite far the most expensive bicycle in the shop. 这是这家商店里最最贵的自行车。‎ （二） 倍数的几种表达 1. be＋倍数＋形容词/副词的比较级＋than The hall is five times bigger than our classroom. 这个大厅的面积比我们教室大五倍。‎ ‎2. be＋倍数＋as＋形容词/副词的原级＋as...‎ Ten years ago the population of our village was twice as large as that of theirs. 10年前，我们村人(口)数是他们村的两倍。‎ ‎3. be＋倍数＋the＋名词(size/height/weight/length/width 等)＋of...‎ The earth is 49 times the size of the moon. 地球的体积是月球的49倍大。‎ ‎4. be＋倍数＋what从句 The price of the meat is twice what it was last year. 肉价是去年的两倍。‎ ‎5. 倍数＋as many/much＋名词＋as We've produced twice as much cotton this year as (we did) ten years ago. 今年我们生产的棉花比十年前多了一倍。‎ He has got three times as many books as his sister. 他拥有的书的数量是他妹妹的三倍。‎ 一、 ‎【典例精练】‎ 1. Running is cheap, easy and it's always(energy).‎ ‎【答案】energetic ‎【解析】考查形容词。句意：跑步既便宜又简单，而且让人精力充沛。‎ 2. The Central London Railway was one of the most(success) of these new lines, and was opened in 1900.‎ ‎【答案】successful ‎【解析】考查形容词。句意：伦敦中央铁路是这些新线路中最成功的一条。它于1900年开通。‎ 3. According to the World Bank, China accounts for about 30 percent of total (globe) fertilizer consumption.‎ ‎【答案】global ‎【解析】考查形容词。句意：根据世界银行的数据，中国大约占全球化肥消费总量的30%。‎ 4. Instead, learn to be(satisfy) with what you have and you will be happy.‎ ‎【答案】satisfied ‎【解析】考查形容词。句意：相反的是，学会满足于你所拥有的，你就会快乐。‎ 5. A taste for meat is(actual) behind the change:an important part of its corn is used to feed chickens, pigs, and cattle.‎ ‎【答案】actually ‎【解析】考查副词。句意：这种变化的背后其实是人们对肉类的喜好:玉米的一个重要部分被用来饲养鸡、猪和牛。‎ 6. Running a company is not(simple) a matter of hiring people—they also need to be trained.‎ ‎【答案】simply ‎【解析】考查副词。句意：经营一家公司不仅仅是雇佣员工的事情——他们还需要接受培训。‎ 7. As he works in a remote area, he visits his parents only(occasion). ‎ ‎【答案】occasionally ‎【解析】考查副词。句意：由于他在偏远地区工作，他很少看望父母。‎ 8. According to a review of evidence in a medical journal, runners live three years(long) than nonrunners.‎ ‎【答案】longer ‎【解析】考查比较级。句意：根据医学杂志上的一篇证据综述，跑步的人比不跑步的人多活3年。‎ 9. He screams the(loud) of all. The noise shakes the trees as the male beats his chest and charges toward me.‎ ‎【答案】loudest ‎【解析】考查最高级。句意：他叫得最响。雄象拍打着胸脯向我冲过来，声音震得树都摇动了。‎ 1. People will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing. Even(bad), the amount of fast food that people eat goes up.‎ ‎【答案】worse ‎【解析】考查比较级。句意：人们会吃更多的食物，试图弥补这一缺憾。更糟糕的是，人们吃的快餐数量在增加。‎ 2. I have seldom seen my motherpleased with my progress as she is now.‎ ‎【答案】so/as ‎【解析】考查比较级。句意：我很少看到我母亲像现在这样对我的进步感到高兴。‎ 3. Peter has a good memory so he learns(quick) than others.‎ ‎【答案】more quickly ‎【解析】考查比较级。句意：彼得记忆力好，所以他比别人学得快。‎