2020届二轮复习书面表达技巧之一：立足写作全局，宏观把握备考

2020届二轮复习书面表达技巧之一：立足写作全局，宏观把握备考

‎2020届二轮复习书面表达技巧之一：立足写作全局，宏观把握备考 近五年全国卷的书面表达基本上都是提纲形式的书信体，此类书面表达在涉外交流或需要使用英语的具体语境中，能够体现出邀请、咨询、求助、道歉、宣传等交际功能，联系日常生活，反映中外文化特色。‎ 对于高考书面表达能力的要求，《课程标准》特别强调“真实语境”、“语篇知识”、“语用知识”和“文化知识”。 “真实语境”要求考生在备考时多思考，多关注学习、生活、成长中的问题，在答题时，文章的语言表达要真实、务实。“语篇知识”要求考生能根据表达的需要谋篇布局，列出主要内容，设计语篇结构，利用构思、起草、修改、编辑等手段创建和完善文章，利用语篇衔接手段，使内容更有条理。“语用知识”要求考生了解文化的价值观和社会习俗，选择得体的语言，有效地实现与他人的沟通与合作。“文化知识”要求考生要注意中外文化的学习，特别是优秀的中华文化，学会用英文讲述好中国故事。‎ ‎[考情分析·一目了然]‎ 试卷 年份 体裁 题材内容 信息提示 高考命题者说 ‎2019‎ 申请信 申请志愿者 汉语提示 ‎1.选题特点 ‎：体裁和题材相对稳定。以应用文为主，选材内容均与学生学习、生活及社会热点相关。‎ 全国卷Ⅰ ‎2018‎ 建议信 餐桌礼仪 汉语提示 ‎2017‎ 告知信 学习计划安排 汉语提示 ‎2019‎ 告知信 校球队赛事 汉语提示 ‎2018‎ 通知 观看英文短片 汉语提示 全国卷Ⅱ ‎2017‎ 邀请信 参观剪纸艺术展 汉语提示 全国卷Ⅲ ‎2019‎ 邀请信 参加音乐节 汉语提示 ‎2018‎ 告知信 体育运动开展情况 汉语提示 ‎2017‎ 邀请信 邀请留学生朋友加入校乒乓球队 汉语提示 第一讲 立足写作全局，宏观把握备考 答题的秘密，“数据”告诉你 ‎(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)假定你是李华，你的新西兰朋友Terry将去中国朋友家做客，发邮件向你询问有关习俗。请你回复邮件，内容包括：‎ ‎1．到达时间；‎ ‎2．合适的礼物；‎ ‎3．餐桌礼仪。‎ 注意：1.词数100左右；‎ ‎2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。‎ ‎ [答题情况]　‎ 据笔者所在省份统计， 2018年高考书面表达平均分为12.23分， 约50%以上的学生得分在第三档(11－15分)和第四档(16－20分)，第五档(21－25分)占比不足10%, 第一档(1－5分)和第二档(6－10分)约占三分之一。‎ ‎[考查意图]‎ 本题考查考生有效运用所学语言知识和写作技能进行书面交流的能力，要求考生能够清楚、连贯地传递信息，准确表达意思。‎ ‎[解答分析]‎ 本题要求考生给新西兰朋友Terry写封邮件，告知在中国家庭做客的有关习俗，试题所提供的情景材料是文字说明和提纲。给外国朋友回复邮件，属于应用文写作，试题涉及的内容是考生非常熟悉的日常生活交际场景，可自然融入中国的优秀传统文化。‎ 写作内容包括到达时间、合适的礼物和餐桌礼仪等，试题开放性很强，给考生留有较大的自主发挥空间，在考查语言运用能力和写作技能的同时，更突出考查文化意识和思维品质，指向核心素养。‎ ‎[错因分析]‎ ‎1．审题不清，误解要点。‎ ‎(1)题目要求是你的新西兰朋友Terry将去中国朋友家做客，有些考生错误地理解为“我”(李华)去新西兰朋友Terry家做客。‎ ‎(2)有些考生把“到达时间”误认为是Terry乘飞机抵达中国的时间。‎ ‎(3)不少考生没有对“合适的礼物”和“餐桌礼仪”这两个要点进行适当扩展或具体描述，只是蜻蜓点水，一带而过。‎ ‎(4)有些考生把主题误当作宣传中国传统节日，如端午节、中秋节或春节，从而导致作文跑题。‎ ‎2．基础薄弱，能力欠佳。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎3．思维凌乱，缺乏衔接。‎ 有些考生的作文思路凌乱，文章结构不合理，内容不连贯，句子支离破碎，句与句、段与段之间缺乏衔接或过渡。出现这些错误的原因与中、英两种语言的差异有关。中文重“意合”，英文重“形合”。中文的句与句之间的关系通常隐含在句中，往往不需要连接词来连接。英文更侧重句子之间的逻辑关系，需要一定的语言形式来明确表达句子之间的语义关系。有些考生习惯用中文思维写英文作文，导致中式表达比比皆是。‎ ‎4．字体潦草，卷面脏乱。‎ 部分考生的卷面脏、乱、差，字体潦草，导致评卷教师看不清或看不懂其所写内容，这在一定程度上会影响考生的得分。‎ 水平的高下，范文告诉你 ‎[范文1]‎ Dear Terry，‎ How happy I'm to know that I have a chance to clear your doubts. Some details ∧,are) as following——————— follows.‎ It's universally acknowledged that China, a conventional country, which————— is most famous for its culture. I think that your friends would appreciate it if you could arrive ahead of time. From my perspective, your gifts not only need ∧,to) express your sincere heart but also should make them feel comfortable. Additionally, what matters most is that you should follow the table manners.‎ If there happens to be something you can't understand, I will be more than glad to clear your doubts. Looking forward to your good news.‎ Yours，‎ Li Hua 评价：本文结构清晰，覆盖了题目要求的主要内容。文中尝试使用了一些较高级的句型，也使用了过渡词(词组)。文中出现的错误有的是简单错误，有的是尝试使用较复杂的句式结构所致的错误。另外，内容也不充实，礼物不具体，餐桌礼仪没有展开描写。本文建议得分：17分。‎ ‎[范文2]‎ Dear Terry, ‎ I'm Li Hua. Having learnt from you——— your email that you will go to a Chinese friend's house to be a guest, I feel extremly——————— extremely happy for you. It's my honor to tell ‎ you something about the custom.‎ To begin with, I'd like to tell you that you can arrive at 10：00 so that you can avoid meeting them when they are having a meal. Besides, it will be a good idea to buy a gift for your friend, such as a book, a pen, a cup. I'm sure that your friend will be very happy if you buy him a gift. Last but not least, I want to make you know that you'd better not eat before others eat.‎ I'm looking forward to your early reply.‎ Yours，‎ Li hua 评价：本文内容要点齐全，使用了一些较高级的句型，语言侧重交际。但是文章中有一些单词拼写错误和用词错误。如extrem(e)ly, you(r)等。本文建议得分：21分。‎ ‎[范文3]‎ Dear Terry，‎ I am glad to receive your letter. Having learnt that you are uncertain of related customs when visiting a Chinese friend, I'd like to offer you some details.‎ Firstly, I suggest you arrive there on Sunday morning, when people are usually free and available at their home. Besides, it couldn't be better if you could carry a suitable gift. As far as I am concerned, a few kilos of fruit or a bunch of flowers is good enough to show your respect. What are ‎ the most important are absolutely table manners. Mind your behavior when having a meal. You'd better not speak much when eating. And it is polite to express your appreciation when you are served by the host. Last but not least, be relaxed. Since Chinese people are usually kind and warmhearted, you don't have to worry too much.‎ If there still exist any questions, don't hesitate to contact me. I will try my best to assist you. Hope you enjoy a happy time. Best wishes!‎ Yours，‎ Li Hua 评价：本文内容要点齐全，结构合理，段落清晰，过渡自然，句式结构多样，合理地运用了很多较高级的词汇和句型，清楚、连贯地表达了自己的思想，完全达到了交际的目的。考生综合运用语言知识的能力较强，且卷面整洁。本文建议得分：24分。‎ 书面表达稳拿分，步骤告诉你 低档作文升五档，策略告诉你 书面表达得分在11－19分之间的学生的写作特点：①只使用简单的词或短语；②句式单一，单句较多；③缺乏承上启下的词语和句子；④不会使用从句；⑤不会正确运用谓语动词或短语；⑥不会使用倒装和强调句型。‎ 高考书面表达侧重考查考生的语言运用能力，这就要求考生能够正确运用高级的词汇和语法结构并能够熟练运用句与句之间的连接成分以使行文流畅。因此， 平时的写作训练中，要学会恰当地运用高级句式和过渡语，使文章“闪亮登场”。‎ 策略一、 洗词炼句，地道准确 从书面表达的评分标准可知，如果要提高书面表达的得分档次，考生的文章应包含诸多要点，使用较多的语法结构、高级词汇和恰当的连接词。即使只有一处点睛之处，也能给文章增加亮点，让人有耳目一新的感觉。‎ ‎1．多用具体词，少用笼统词 常用笼统词及其对应的具体词：‎ 笼统词 具体词 good outstanding 出色的 pleasant 令人愉快的 fantastic 极好的 amazing 令人惊叹的 bad unpleasant 令人不愉快的 awful 很坏的 terrible 非常讨厌的 happy cheerful 快乐的，高兴的 pleased 高兴 delighted 高兴的，快乐的 ‎ sad depressed 沮丧的，抑郁的 upset 沮丧的，不高兴的 like admire 欣赏 cherish 珍爱 treasure 珍视 appreciate 欣赏 enjoy 喜爱，欣赏 want wish希望　long渴望　desire渴望 have hold 持有(信念、意见等)‎ possess 具有 keep 保有 enjoy 享有 own 拥有 ‎2．多用高级的表达方式，少用普通的表达方式 书面表达要想得高分就需要做到用高级的词汇传达通俗的信息。考生在平时的训练和考试中，要有意识地强化“复杂”和“高级”这两个概念，使自己的作文能区别于一般考生的作文，充分显示自己的实力。‎ ‎ ‎ 策略二、丰富表达，妙笔生花 高考书面表达首先要涵盖诸多要点。考生还要注意适当运用含有较高级语法结构的句式，比如强调句、倒装句、省略句、各类从句、非谓语动词等。这些结构的恰当运用，可以使文章语言丰富、可读性强。合适的连接词也可以使文章结构更紧凑，从而反映出考生较高的语言运用能力。‎ ‎(一)特殊句式，风景独好 ‎1．运用强调句：强调句型由“It is/was＋被强调部分＋that＋其他成分”构成。强调句型的运用可以加强语气，更加突出所表达的情感或者突出某些人物或事件的重要性。‎ It is with your generous help that I believe that I will adapt to the college life as soon as possible.‎ 在你慷慨的帮助下，我认为我会很快地适应大学生活的。‎ ‎2．运用倒装句 Only then did I realize that it was by getting involved in the competition that I gained more selfconfidence and enjoyed the pleasure of teamwork.‎ 只有在那时我才认识到通过参与比赛，我获得了更多的自信，享受到了合作的乐趣。‎ ‎3．运用虚拟语气 If you should accept my application, I would spare no effort to commit myself to your satisfaction. ‎ 如果您接受我的申请，我将会尽一切努力让您满意。‎ ‎4．运用省略句 While travelling along the way, we can enjoy the beautiful scenery as well as the new looks of the villages and towns.‎ 在沿途旅行中， 我们能欣赏大自然的美和村庄城镇的新面貌。‎ ‎(二)三大句式，编排巧妙 ‎1．运用定语从句 ‎(2019·全国卷Ⅱ书面表达)Further, it is necessary for you to take a good rest, which will provide enough energy for you.‎ 此外，你有必要好好休息，这将为你提供足够的能量。‎ ‎2．运用名词性从句 My hard work has paid off, and I am quite proud of what I have achieved.‎ 我的努力得到了回报， 我对自己所取得的成就感到自豪。‎ ‎3．运用状语从句 ‎(1)Once the decision was made, we immediately set out to collect money to buy as many umbrellas as possible.‎ 一旦做出决定，我们马上开始筹集资金尽可能多地买雨伞。‎ ‎(2)No matter how (however) tough the task is, there is no doubt that we will overcome all the difficulties and succeed.‎ 无论任务多么艰巨，毫无疑问我们都会克服困难取得成功。‎ 策略三、活用非谓，手法老到 ‎1．运用非谓语动词整合简单句，提升表达档次。‎ 写作时，考生可以利用非谓语动词对两个简单句进行整合，使其成为较高级的表达。‎ ‎(1)另一方面，我将帮着建立英语角，给我们学生提供一个练习英语口语的平台。‎ 普通表达：On the other hand, I will help set up the English Corner. I will provide us students with a platform to practice our oral English.‎ 可用现在分词作状语将其转换为：On the other hand, I will help set up the English Corner, providing us students with a platform to practice our oral English.‎ ‎(2)我对于那件事非常遗憾，我开始考虑应该帮忙做些什么。‎ 普通表达：I feel quite sorry for that, I begin to think about what to do to help.‎ 可用现在分词作原因状语将其转换为：Feeling quite sorry for that, I begin to think about what to do to help.‎ ‎2．运用非谓语动词简化复合句，使语言简练。‎ ‎(1)明年这个机场将完工，到时它将促进这个地区旅游业的发展。‎ 普通表达：When the airport is completed next year, it will help promote tourism in this area.‎ 用不定式作定语将其转换为：The airport to be completed next year will help promote tourism in this area.‎ ‎(2)惊诧于他们的熟练程度，我决心要像他们一样好。‎ 普通表达：Because I was amazed at how skillful they were, I determined to be just as good as them.‎ 用过去分词作状语将其转换为：Amazed at how skillful they were, I determined to be just as good as them.‎ 策略四、适时感叹，必要强调 How happy I was to be one of the members in this warm family! This is one of the most treasured moments in my memory.‎ 成为这个温暖大家庭的一员，我是多么高兴啊！这是我记忆中最珍贵的时刻之一。‎ Not only did it get us close to nature and relieve us of the heavy schoolwork, but it also promoted the friendship among us. What a wonderful time!‎ 这件事不仅使我们亲近自然，摆脱繁重的功课，而且增进了我们之间的友谊。多么美好的时光啊！‎ How considerate of you to remember my birthday!‎ 您真的很体贴，还记得我的生日！‎ 策略五、高级表达，佳作之道 运用一些高级句式和复合句式，并注意句式的灵活多变，让文章读起来抑扬顿挫，让考生深厚的语言功底得以体现，让作文跨上五档线！‎ ‎1．As the old saying goes, ...常言道，……‎ Just as the saying goes，“One tree doesn't make a forest.” Our success is based on cooperating with others.‎ 正如谚语所言：“独木难成林。”我们的成功是建立在与别人合作的基础上的。‎ ‎2．There is a famous saying that ...有句名言说……‎ There is a famous saying that “Early birds catch worms”， which shows the importance of diligence.‎ 有句名言说：“早起的鸟儿有虫吃”，这表明了勤奋的重要性。‎ ‎3．It goes without saying that ...毋庸置疑……‎ It goes without saying that nothing is more important than health.‎ 毋庸置疑，没有什么比健康更重要。‎ ‎4．If I were ..., I would ...如果我是……，我会……‎ If I were you，I would make good use of my spare time to help him get rid of this bad habit step by step.‎ 如果我是你，我会充分利用业余时间帮助他渐渐地改掉这个坏习惯。‎ ‎5．I hold the view/belief that ...“我持……观点/我认为……”‎ We hold the firm belief that the visitors will know more about ‎ traditional Chinese culture and at the same time enjoy the beauty of it. ‎ 我们坚信游客会了解更多的中国传统文化，与此同时享受中国传统文化的美。‎ ‎6．I wonder if ...我想知道是否……‎ I'm a student who will graduate from a high school.I've learnt English for 10 years and I can speak English fluently，but I wonder if there are any further requirements.‎ 我是一名即将高中毕业的学生。我学了十年英语并会说一口流利的英语，但是我还是想知道是否还有更多的要求。‎ ‎7．with复合结构 With time going by, more and more people begin to realize the importance of protecting the environment.‎ 随着时间的推移，越来越多的人开始意识到保护环境的重要性。‎ ‎8．It is no use/good doing sth.做某事没有用的 In fact，it is no use complaining that you don't have an opportunity to get an ideal job.‎ 事实上，你抱怨得不到理想工作的机会是没有用的。‎ ‎9．It is the first time for sb. to do sth.某人第一次做某事 It is the first time that sb. has/ have done sth.某人第一次做某事 Since it is the first time for us to go to Australia, we'd like to know the details about the accommodations so that we can make good preparations in advance.‎ ‎＝Since it is the first time that we have gone to Australia, we'd like to know the details about the accommodations so that we can make full preparations in advance.‎ 因为这是我们第一次去澳大利亚，我们想了解住宿的详细情况以便我们能提前做好充分准备。‎ ‎10．It offers sb. a chance to do sth.它给某人提供做某事的机会 It offers teenagers, like you and me, a chance to enjoy sports and learn about Chinese culture.‎ 它给像你和我一样的青少年提供了一个享受运动和了解中国文化的机会。‎ ‎11．When it comes to ...当谈到……‎ When it comes to improving spoken English, my advice is that you should listen to English every day and practice speaking it whenever possible.‎ 当谈到提高英语口语水平时，我的建议是你每天尽可能地听、练习说英语。‎ ‎12．As sb. puts it正如某人所说的那样 As our coach often puts it, everything is possible if we keep on.‎ 正如我们教练常说的那样，只要我们坚持，一切皆有可能。‎ ‎13．主语＋think/believe/feel/make/find＋it＋adj./n.＋(of/for sb.)＋to do sth.‎ I think it good manners to say hello to your teachers whenever you ‎ meet them.‎ 我认为每当你遇到老师时向他们问好是礼貌的行为。‎ ‎14．It is a good idea to do sth.做……是个好主意 It is a good idea to travel with a good friend，which will reduce your travelling expenses.‎ 与好朋友一起旅行是个好主意，这能减少旅行的费用。‎ ‎15．It is a virtue and tradition for sb. to do sth.‎ 做某事是某人的优良传统和美德 It is a virtue and tradition for us Chinese people to help those in need.‎ 帮助需要帮助的人是我们中华民族的优良传统和美德。‎ ‎16．It's a great honor for sb. to do sth.‎ 对某人来说做某事是一件非常荣幸的事情 ‎(2018·全国卷Ⅱ书面表达)It is a great honour for me on behalf of our school to inform you that an English short film named Growing Together will be shown in the school hall.‎ 我非常荣幸代表我们学校告知你们一部名叫“Growing Together”的英文短片将在学校大厅放映。‎ ‎17．It is strongly recommended that ...强烈建议……‎ It is strongly recommended that the school should give students more free time to take part in sports activities.‎ 强烈建议学校给学生们更多的自由时间参加体育活动。‎ ‎18．It is a pity that ...遗憾的是……‎ It is a pity that many people don't realize the importance of environmental protection.‎ 遗憾的是，很多人没有意识到环境保护的重要性。‎ ‎19．It is (high/about) time that＋主语＋did/should do 该是……的时候了 It is time that we human beings took/should take proper steps/measures to keep the balance of nature.‎ 该是我们人类采取适当的措施来维护生态平衡的时候了。‎ ‎20．It's necessary/important that sb.(should) do ...‎ 某人做……是必要的/重要的 It is important that everyone should learn to get along well with others in a new environment.‎ 在新环境中学会和他人和睦相处对每个人都很重要。‎ ‎21．I sincerely hope that ...我真诚地希望……‎ I know that ... 我知道……‎ We sincerely hope that all students will provide original artworks to celebrate the 60th anniversary of our school. ‎ 为庆祝我校60周年校庆， 我们真诚地希望所有的学生提供原创艺术作品。‎ I'm more than delighted to receive your letter and know you've been admitted to the University of Cambridge.‎ 我很高兴收到你的来信，并且知道了你已被剑桥大学录取。‎ ‎22．The problem with ... is that ...……的问题是……‎ The truth is that ...事实是……‎ The most important factor is that ...‎ 最重要的因素是……‎ This is because/why ...这是因为/这就是为什么……‎ But the problem is that a number of middle school students are addicted to phones. ‎ 但是问题是许多中学生沉溺于手机。‎ The truth is that everyone will have one of those periods when things seem to be going wrong, so you don't have to worry so much.‎ 事实上每个人都有似乎诸事不顺的一段时期，因此你没有必要太担心。‎ The most important factor is that I have a good command of English and have a lot of teaching experience. ‎ 最重要的因素是我精通英语并且拥有丰富的教学经验。‎