2020届二轮复习冠词和代词

2020届二轮复习冠词和代词

‎2020届二轮复习 冠词和代词 ‎【考情分析】‎ ‎(1)冠词在高考中的考查重点：‎ 冠词是历年高考的必考知识点,主要出现在单项选择和短文改错题中. 虽说只有两类,共三个（不定冠词a, an和定冠词the),但其使用规则很复杂,考生对此语法束手无策。纵观历年高考试题,冠词考点主要集中在以下几点:‎ ‎1.考查不定冠词a/an表示个别或泛指的用法 ‎2.考查定冠词the特指某一个人或事物的用法 ‎3.考查不定冠词和定冠词在固定搭配中的用法 ‎4.考查零冠词（即省略冠词)表示泛指及其习惯搭配用法 ‎5.考查冠词在表示类别名词前的用法 ‎6.考查不定冠词在具体化抽象名词前的用法 ‎7.考查冠词在比较级前的用法 ‎8.考查冠词在其他特殊结构中的用法 ‎9.考查有无冠词而迥异短语 ‎(2)数词在高考中的考查重点：‎ ‎1.数词表示确切数目和不确切数目的区别；‎ ‎2.数词复数的特殊用法；‎ ‎3.基数词和序数词的用法 ‎4.dozen和score 的特殊用法 ‎5.倍数表达法 ‎【知识归纳】‎ 冠词 考点一：不定冠词的基本用法 ‎1．泛指一个。如：There is a book on the table.‎ ‎2．指人或事物的某一种类。如：His father is a driver. Longjing is a wonderful tea.‎ ‎3．指某一个人或事物，但不具体说明。如：My sister was saved by a PLA man in the fire.‎ ‎4．用于某一些表示重量、长度、时间等单位前，表示“每一”。如：We have meals three times a day.‎ ‎5．表示同样的。如：They are of an age.(他们是同岁。)‎ ‎6．表数量，相当于one，但语意较弱。如：There is a pen and two books on the desk. ‎ ‎7．使抽象名词具体化。如：The little girl is a help to her mother. (a hand译为“帮手”)‎ ‎8．固定搭配。如：as a matter of fact , in a hurry, in a word ‎ 考点二：定冠词的基本用法 ‎1．表示上文提到过的人或事物。如：I have bought a book. The book is very useful.‎ ‎2．用于说话人与听话人心中都有数的人或事物。如：Close the window, please.‎ ‎3．用于表示世界上独一无二的事物前。如：the sun, the moon, the earth, the world等。‎ ‎4．用于表示方位的名词之前。如：the east, the right。‎ ‎5．用于序数词或形容词的最高级之前。如：the first, the tallest。‎ ‎6．用于形容词之前，使其名词化。如：the sick, the wounded。‎ ‎7．用于由普通名词构成的专有名词之前。如：the United States, the United Nation。‎ ‎8．用于江河、海洋、海峡、山脉、群岛、建筑物等的名词之前。如：the Changjiang River, the East Lake。‎ ‎9．用于复数姓氏之前，表示“夫妇”或“全家”。如：The Smiths。‎ ‎10．用于乐器的名词前。如：play the piano; play the violin。 ‎ ‎11．发明物。如：The compass was invented in China. ‎ ‎12．年代名词前。如：He lived in the countryside in the 1970s. ‎ ‎13．固定词组中。如：in the morning(afternoon, evening), on the ‎ other hand , at the same time 考点三：零冠词的基本用法 ‎1．表示总称的复数名词之前。如：Children love cartoons.(儿童喜欢卡通影片。)‎ ‎2．不含普通名词的专有名词前。如：We are studying English.‎ ‎3．名词前有指示代词、物主代词、不定代词或名词所有格修饰时。如：I like this picture; I do not have any money; As time went on, Einstein’s theory proved to be correct.‎ ‎4．官职、季节、月份、星期等名词前，一般不用冠词。如：She likes spring most.‎ ‎5．呼语前不用冠词。如：What shall I do next, Mother?‎ ‎6．三餐饭前不用冠词。如：What did you have for lunch?‎ ‎7．节假日前不用冠词。如：People give gifts to each other on Christmas Day.‎ ‎8．球类和棋类运动的名称前不用冠词。如：She is fond of playing basketball.‎ ‎9．在一些成对出现的短语中不用冠词。如：arm in arm(手挽手); hand in hand(手牵手); side by side(肩并肩); day and day(日日夜夜); young and old(老老少少); from door to door(挨门挨户); from beginning to end(从头到尾); from morning till night(从早到晚)‎ 等。‎ ‎10.与by连用表示交通方式的名词前；以and连接的两个相对的名词连用时；‎ 数词 考点一： hundred, thousand和million的用法 若hundred, thousand, million, billion等词的前面有基数词或several修饰时，hundred, thousand, million, billion等只能用单数形式；注意hundred, thousand, million, billion等词前不能用many，若表示不确定数目的数百、数千、数百万等时，要用它们的复数形式，还要加上of。‎ 考点二：dozen与score的用法 ‎(1)dozen （一打，十二），score （二十）与具体数词或与many, several 等连用时，后不加s，所修饰的名词前常省去of。如:two dozen eggs 两打鸡蛋，many dozen pencils好多打铅笔；dozen, score的复数形式后接of时，表示"许多"，是概数。如:dozens of eggs几十个鸡蛋，scores of pencils几十支铅笔。‎ ‎(2)当所修饰的名词之前有限定词these, those, my, your等或是修饰人称代词宾格them, us, you时，这时需要加of。如：two dozen of these pens, three score of them。‎ 考点三： 分数的表达法：‎ 分子用基数词，分母用序数词，若分子大于1，则分母用复数。如：one-fourth (a quarter) 1/4 two-fifths 2/5‎ 考点四：年龄表达法 表示某人的确切年龄，用"基数词＋years old"或"基数词＋of age"或者"at the age of＋基数词"，也可直接用基数词；表示某人几十多岁时，用"in one’s + 逢十的基数词的复数(如tens, twenties, thirties等)"来表达。‎ He is in his late twenties. 他快30了。‎ The old lady died in her early seventies beside a church in New York. ‎ 那位老太太70来岁就死在了纽约的一个教堂附近。‎ 考点五：年代表达法 表示"几十年代"时，在阿拉伯数字后加s或’s。in the 1990s 考点六：倍数的表达方式 ‎(1)……倍数＋形容词(或副词)的比较级＋than。如：‎ ‎①This rope is twice longer than that one.‎ 这根绳的长度是那根绳的三倍。(比那根绳长二倍)‎ ‎②This hall is five times bigger than our classroom.‎ 这个大厅比我们的教室大五倍。(是我们教室的六倍)‎ ‎(2)……倍数＋as＋形容词(或 much)或副词＋as。如：‎ ‎①This big stone is three times as heavy as that one.‎ 这块大石头的重量是那一块的三倍。(这块石头比那块重二倍)‎ ‎②The plane flew ten times as high as the kite.‎ 那架飞机飞行高度是那个风筝的十倍。(高出九倍)‎ ‎(3)……倍数＋the size(length，height...)of。如：‎ ‎①This street is four times the length of that street.‎ 这条街是那条街的四倍长。‎ ‎②This hill is four times the height of that small one.‎ 这座山的高度是那座小山的四倍。(比那座小山高三倍)‎ 也可用：The height of this hill is four times that of that small one.‎ ‎【考点例析】‎ ‎【高考真题】‎ ‎1．The Smiths don’t usually stay at_____ hotels, but last summer they spent a few days at a very nice hotel by ________ sea. 【2012江西卷】‎ ‎ A．/; a B．the; the C．/; the D．the; a ‎1．C　考查冠词。hotel为复数，前不会用定冠词the来修饰；江，河，湖，海前要加定冠词 ‎2. The development of industry has been_______ gradual process ‎ throughout _______ human existence, from stone tools to modern technology. 【2012浙江卷】‎ A. 不填, the B. the; a C. a; 不填 D. a; a ‎2. C 考查冠词。第一空process是可数名词，第一次出现一般用不定冠词，且此次表示“一个”的概念；第二空existence是不可数名词，其此处表示抽象概念，故用零冠词。‎ ‎3. Carl is studying _____food science at college and hopes to open up ____meat processing factory of his own one day. 【2012安徽卷】‎ A. / ； a B. / ；the C. the ; a D. the ; the ‎ ‎3.A 本题考查冠词。science是不可数名词，用零冠词，后面的factory是一个可数名词，用a 表示泛指。‎ ‎4. Sam has been appointed _______ manager of the engineering department to take ____ place of George. 【2012重庆卷】‎ ‎ A. /,/ B. the,/ C the the D./, the ‎4. D 考查冠词用法。句意：Sam被任命为工程部经理取代了George。表示官衔职务的名词作补语和同位语时，前不加冠词。在题干中，“manager”表示职务，作主语补足语，不需要加冠词，而第二个空白处为固定短语“take the place of”，是“代替，取代”‎ 之意。因此，正确答案为D选项。‎ ‎5.I woke up with ______bad headache, yet by ______evening the pain had gone. 【2012辽宁卷】‎ A. the; the B. the; an C. a; the D. a; an ‎5.C 考查冠词。第一空表示泛指；第二空为固定用法，用定冠词the，故选C项 ‎6. Sarah looked at _____finished painting with _______satisfaction. 【2012全国卷】‎ A.不填；a B. a; the C. the; 不填 D. the; a ‎6.C考查冠词用法。句意：Sarah满意地看着那幅已画完的画。第一空特指“已经画完的画”；第二空考查介词短语with satisfaction意为：满意地，作状语。此处satisfaction为抽象名词，在此短语中不用冠词。‎ ‎7. Being able to afford _______ drink would be ______ comfort in those tough times. 【2012山东卷】‎ A. the; the B. a; a C. a; 不填 D. 不填；a ‎ ‎7.B考查冠词的用法。句意：在那些艰难的岁月里，能买得起一杯饮料是一种莫大的安慰。‎ 第一空中的a drink意为：一杯饮料；第二空中的a comfort意为：一件令人安慰的事。‎ ‎8. The new stadium being built for the next Asian Games will be________ the present one. (2011·陕西)卷 A．as three times big as B．three times as big as C．as big as three times D．as big three times as ‎8. B 考查倍数表达法。倍数＋as＋adj.as表示“一物是另一物的几倍”。‎ ‎9. It took us quite a long time to get to the amusement park.It was ________ journey. (2010·上海)‎ A．three hour　　　B．a three hours C．a three hour D．three hours ‎9. C考查数词。句意：去游乐园花了我们很长一段时间，是3个小时的路程。一段3个小时的路程有两种表达方式：a three hour journey；three hours’ journey。‎ ‎10. One-third of the country_____covered with trees and the majority of the citizens ____ black people. (2011 湖南卷)‎ A. is; are B. is; is C. are; are D. are; is ‎10 A‎ 考查数词与主谓一致。因为one-third ‎ 后面的中心词为country这个不可数名词，谓语动词应使用单数；第二空中的citizens为复数,谓语动词使用复数形式。‎ ‎【名校试题】‎ ‎1. I heard you have vacant position for a secretary. I’ve come to apply for job. ‎ A．the; a B．a; the C．/; a D．a; /‎ ‎【答案】B一个职位岗位，可数名词；特指上文说的空缺的那个工作，所以用定冠词 ‎2. People think that ______ opening ceremony of the 29th Olympic Games is _____ great success. ‎ A. an; a B. the ; a C. the ;the D. the ; /‎ ‎【答案】D专指奥运会开幕式；成功，抽象名词不可数。‎ ‎3.Shenzhou VII，          country’s third manned spaceship, was launched successfully on September 25, ‎2008 in         northwestern Gansu Province，China．‎ A. a；不填         B. the；the        C. the；不填         D. a；the ‎【答案】B序数词表顺序用定冠词；指具体地点，特指，所以用定冠词。‎ ‎5.John is ______ European but doesn’t know or speak ‎ ‎______English language at all. ‎ A. an，a B. a，the C. the ，an D. a，不填 ‎【答案】D一个欧洲人，可数名词；语言的前面是零冠词。‎ ‎6. General speaking, ___ graduate from ____ well—known university is more likely to find a good job. ‎ A．a, the B．a, a C．the, a D．the, the ‎ ‎【答案】B类指或说泛指，表明一个来自一所著名大学的毕业生。‎ ‎7.For each individual, sport is ___ possible source for inner improvement. Olympism seeks to create a way of life based on ___ joy found in effort. ‎ A．a; a B．the; the C．a; the D．the; a ‎【答案】C一种可能的资源，用不定冠词；特指通过努力而寻找到的快乐。‎ ‎8. Sit on the edge of _____ bed _____ minute before putting your feet on the floor. ‎ A. /; a B. the; a C. the; the D. /; the ‎【答案】B具体指哪一张床；一分钟可数名词。‎ ‎9.The Spring Festival is ________unique day for families. It is also _______ day for special foods like niangao. ‎ A. an, a B. an, the C. a, a D. the, a ‎【答案】C独一无二的一天，unique开头读音为辅音，用a;泛指一天，也用a. ‎ ‎10.Mary couldn’t remember the exact date of the hurricane, but she knew it was ____ Saturday because everybody was at ___ church. ‎ A. /; the B. a; / C. /; a D. the; /‎ ‎【答案】B a表示某一，at church 表示“在做礼拜”，故church前不加the;‎ ‎【易错典例】‎ ‎1. “Do you know________English for ‘帅哥’？” “I’m afraid I don’t. I’m not interested in________English language.”‎ A. the；the　　　　　　　　B. the；不填 C. 不填；the D. 不填；不填 ‎【易误分析】　容易误选D，因为表示语言的名词前通常不用冠词。‎ ‎【名师指津】　最佳答案为A。在英语中，表示语言的名词前通常不用冠词，但在某些特殊情况下可用冠词。如：‎ ‎(1) 当语言名词表特指意义，其前可用定冠词。如：‎ The English spoken in America and Canada is a little different from that spoken in England. 美国和加拿大讲的英语与英国讲的英语有点不同。‎ ‎(2) 当语言名词表示某一语言中的对应词时，其前要用定冠词。如：‎ What’s the English for this? 这个东西用英语怎么说？ ‎ ‎(3) 当在语言名词后加上 language一词时，也要用冠词。如：‎ There have been many changes in the history of the English language. 英语发展过程中有很多变革。‎ ‎2. I couldn’t remember the exact date of the storm, but I knew it was________Sunday because everybody was at________church ‎ A. a；the B. a；不填 C. 不填；a D. 不填；不填 ‎【易误分析】　容易误选D，因为星期名词前不加冠词；而 at church 表示在教堂里做礼拜，其中也不用冠词。‎ ‎【名师指津】　最佳答案为B。确实，在通常情况下星期名词前不用冠词，但在某些特殊情况下还是可以用冠词的，如表示特指，其前可用定冠词；表示“某一个”或受描绘性定语修饰表示“某种”这样的意义等，其前可用不定冠词。如： ‎ He came on the Sunday and went away on the Monday. 他星期日来，星期一就走了。‎ My birthday happened to be on a Saturday. ‎ 我的生日碰巧是星期六。‎ ‎3. Which person do you refer to, the one with________long hair or the one with________long beard?‎ A. a；a B. 不填；不填 C. a；不填 D. 不填；a ‎【易误分析】　误选A或B，认为hair(头发)和beard(胡须)性质和用法应该差不多，要么都可数，要么都不可数，或者说要么都用不定冠词，要么都不用。‎ ‎【名师指津】　最佳答案选D。hair 和 beard 在用法上并不完全相同：hair 可用作可数或不可数名词，用作可数名词时，指一根一根的毛发或头发，如说 There’s a hair in my soup .(我的汤里有根头发)；用作不可数名词(集合名词)时，则是整体地指一个人的头发。比较：‎ He has gray hairs. 他有几根白发了。‎ He has gray hair. 他满头白发了。‎ 而beard 则通常只用作可数名词，且指的是一个人所有的胡须，而不是指一根胡须，它的复数形式，通常是指多个人的胡须，而不是指多根胡须，如：‎ He no longer wears a beard. 他不再留胡须。‎ Not all men grow beards. 并不是所有的男人都留胡须。‎ ‎4. “May I take your order now？”“ We’d like three ‎ black________and two green________.”‎ A. coffee, cups of teas B. coffees, teas C. cups of coffee, tea D. cup of coffees, teas ‎【易误分析】　误选C，认为coffee和tea均为不可数名词，不能后加复数词尾s，从而排除选项A、B、D。‎ ‎【名师指津】　选B。有的同学认为 coffee 和tea是物质名词，不可数，不能用 three coffees, two teas 这样的表达。其实，coffee既可用作不可数名词，表示“咖啡”这种物质，也可用作可数名词，表示“一杯咖啡”，即在口语中 three coffees 就等于 three cups of coffee。同样，“三杯茶”既可说成 three cups of tea，也可说成 three teas；“三杯啤酒”既可说成 three glasses of beer，也可说成 three beers。‎ ‎【方法技巧】‎ 冠词 ‎1. 平时熟记定冠词、不定冠词和零冠词的用法，做题时仔细分析所表达的意义。‎ ‎2. 熟悉一些名词的用法，和冠词结合。有很多不可数名词，有时候被具体化的情况，也是考查的重点。‎ ‎3. 多做练习，能够提高熟悉语境的能力，很多考题是要和语境相联系起来考查的，这方面一定要重视 ‎4. 特别注意形容词比较级、最高级前的冠词问题，以及序数词前加不定冠词或定冠词的区别。‎ 数词 ‎1．掌握基数词、序数词、分数词、倍数、百分数、年月日、钟点、年龄、序号的基本用法。‎ ‎2．掌握不定数量词、约数词的表达方法。‎ ‎3. 掌握倍数表达法 ‎【专题训练】‎ ‎1. Having received training of___ MS. Company，he was offered____ important position in management.‎ A. the；an　　　　　　　 B. 不填；an C. the；不填 D. ara ‎2．For many Beijingers, dreams of living in ______green area are becoming _______reality.‎ A. a；a B. the；the C. 不填；不填 D. a；the ‎3．—Did you enjoy yourself yesterday?‎ ‎—Yes. As you saw, ________party went on in ________most pleasant atmosphere.‎ A. the；a B. the；the C. a；the D. a；a ‎4．I often have conversations with John over _______telephone，while I keep in touch with Tom by ____letter.‎ A. 不填； the B. 不填；a C. the；不填 D. the；a ‎5. Many ________scientist wants to be ________second Newton.‎ A a；the B. a；a C．不填；a D. 不填； the ‎6. I’ve told him________ so she should remember it.‎ A. a hundred time B. hundred times C. hundred of times D. hundreds of times ‎ ‎7. —Were you educated in________good school?‎ ‎—Yes，________very good one in my hometown.‎ A. the; the B. a; a C. the；a D. a；不填 ‎8. The earth is nearly________the moon.‎ A. 50 time the size of B. 50 times the size of C. 50 times as size as D. 50 times as that of ‎9. It’s about________， the thickness of a human hair.‎ A. two fifteenth B. two fifteenths C. two fifteen D. two fifteens ‎10. South of the equator, 81 percent of the surface of the earth________ water.‎ A. is B. are C. was D. were ‎11. They sold ________boxes of such sweets last week.‎ A. four dozen B. four dozens C. four dozens of D. four dozen of ‎12. Don’t leave you work________.‎ A. done half B. half done C. a half done D. done a half ‎13. I had ________supper at my friend’s last Sunday and ________food was so delicious.‎ A. a; the B．不填；不填 C．不填；the D. the；不填 ‎14.—Would you mind giving your advice on how to improve our business management?‎ ‎—If you make ________most of the modern equipment, there will be ________rise in production.‎ A．不填； 不填 B．the; a C．不填； a D．the; 不填 ‎15. I like this jacket better than that one, but it costs almost three times________.‎ A. as much B. as many C. so much D. so many ‎【参考答案】‎ ‎1-5 AAACB 6-10DBBBA 11-15ABCBA