2012高考英语：阅读理解课堂练学案（30）

2012高考英语：阅读理解课堂练学案（30）

‎2012高考英语：阅读理解课堂练学案（30）（结束） ‎ Passage Thirty-four ‎ ‎(The Relationship between Brain Process with Mental Experience)‎ ‎   By 1950, the results of attempts to relate brain processes to mental experience appeared rather discouraging. Such variations in size, shape, chemistry, conduction speed, excitation threshold, and the like as had been demonstrated in nerve cells remained negligible in significance for any possible correlation with the manifold dimensions of mental experience.‎ ‎   Near the turn of the century, it had been suggested by Hering that different modes of sensation, such as pain, taste and color, might be correlated with the discharge of specific kinds of nervous energy, However, subsequently developed methods of recording and analyzing nerve potentials failed to reveal any such qualitative diversity. It was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neuron types; however, proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its conduction was influenced by these differences, which seemed instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits. Although qualitative variance among nerve rigidly disproved, the doctrine was generally abandoned in favor of the opposing view, namely, that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as “common currency” throughout the nervous system. According to this theory, it is not the quality of the sensory nerve impulses that determines the diverse conscious sensations they produce, but, rather, the different areas of the brain into which they discharge, and there is some evidence for this view. In one experiment, when an electric stimulus was applied to a given sensory field of the cerebral cortex of a conscious human subject, it produced a sensation of the appropriate modality for that particular locus, that is, a visual sensation from the visual cortex, an auditory sensation from the auditory cortex, and so on. Other experiments revealed slight variations in the size, number, arrangement, and interconnection of the nerve cells, but as for as psychoneural correlations were concerned, the obvious similarities of these sensory fields to each other seemed much more remarkable than any of the minute differences.‎ However, cortical as diverse as those of red, black, green and white, or touch, cold, warmth, movement, pain, posture and pressure apparently may arise through activation of the same cortical areas. What seemed to remain was some kind of differential patterning effects in the brain ‎ excitation: it is the difference in the central distribution of impulses that counts. In short, Brain theory suggested a correlation between mental experience and the activity of relatively homogenous nerve-cell units conducting essentially homogeneous impulses through homogeneous cerebral tissue. To match the multiple dimensions of mental experience psychologists could only point to a limitless variation in the spatiotemporal patterning of nerve impulses.‎ ‎1.      Up until 1950, efforts to establish that brain processes and mental experience are related would most likely have been met with ‎[A]. vexation.        . irritability.       [C]. discouragement        [D]. neutrality ‎2.      The author mentions “common currency” primarily in order to emphasize the ‎ ‎[A]. lack of differentiation among nerve impulses in human beings.‎ ‎. similarities in the views of the scientists.‎ ‎[C]. similarity of sensations of human beings.‎ ‎[D]. continuous passage of nerve impulses through the nervous system.‎ ‎3.      Which of the following theories is reinforced by the depiction of the experiment in lines 16—19?‎ ‎[A]. Cognitive experience manifested by sensory nerve impulses are influenced by the area of the brain stimulated.‎ ‎. Qualitative diversity in nerve potentials can now be studied more accurately.‎ ‎[C]. Sensory stimuli are heterogeneous and are greatly influenced by the nerve sensors they produce.‎ ‎[D]. Differentiation in neural modalities influences the length of nerve transmissions.‎ ‎4.      It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following exhibit the LEAST qualitative variation?‎ ‎[A]. Nerve cells.                   . Nerve impulses.‎ ‎[C]. Cortical areas.                 [C]. Spatial patterns of nerve impulses.‎ Vocabulary ‎1.      mental experiences                    精神感受 ‎2.      discharge                            释放 ‎3.      negligible                            微小的，可以忽略不计的 ‎4.      manifold                            多种多样的，多方面 ‎5.      neuron                              神经元/细胞 ‎6.      neural                              （中枢）神经的（系统）‎ ‎7.      qualitative diversity                    质的多样性，量变的 ‎8.      disprove                             反驳，反证 ‎9.      homogeneous                         相似的 ‎10.      sensory nerve                         感觉神经 ‎11.      cortical                              外皮的，皮质的 ‎12.      cerebral cortex                        大脑皮层 ‎13.      locus                                地点，区域 ‎14.      psychoneural                         精神神经 ‎15.      heterogeneous                        异源的，异种的，异体的 ‎16.      spatiotenporal                        时空的 难句译注 ‎1.      Such variations in size, shape, chemistry, conduction speed, excitation threshold, and the like as had been demonstrated in nerve cells remained negligible in significance for any possible correlation with the manifold dimensions of mental experience.‎ ‎[结构分析] 句型为such…as 可as 具有关系代词作用，此处作从句中had been demonstrated 的主语。‎ ‎[参考译文] 神经细胞中所显示的诸如在尺寸，形状，化学，神经脉冲中传导速度，激发界限等方面的那种变化差异对多方面的精神感受可能有联系来说仍然意义不大。‎ ‎2.      It was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neuron types; however, proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its conduction was influenced by these differences, which seemed instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits.‎ ‎[参考译文]‎ ‎ 有可能用其他办法来显示神经类型之间细微的结构差异。可是，缺乏证据证实脉冲的或者其脉冲传导的质量受这些差别的影响。相反，这种质量看起来它却影响了中枢神经循环的进展模式。‎ ‎3.      In one experiment, when an electric stimulus was applied to a given sensory field of the cerebral cortex of a conscious human subject, it produced a sensation of the appropriate modality for that particular locus, that is, a visual sensation from the visual cortex, an auditory sensation from the auditory cortex, and so on.‎ ‎[结构分析] 主从句。后面跟解释性同位语：that is ……。‎ ‎[参考译文] 在一个实验中，当电刺激作用于有意识的人体大脑皮层的某个感觉部位，它对这个特定部位产生一种恰如其分的感觉道，也就是说，视觉来自视觉皮层，听觉来自听皮层，以此类推。‎ ‎4.      Other experiments revealed slight variations in the size, number, arrangement, and interconnection of the nerve cells, but as for as psychoneural correlations were concerned, the obvious similarities of these sensory fields to each other seemed much more remarkable than any of the minute differences.‎ ‎[参考译文] 其他实验揭示了神经细胞在尺寸，数目，排列和相互联结上的细微变化。可是，就精神神经相互关系而论，这些感觉部位相互之间明显的相似性似乎比任何细微差异更为明显多。‎ ‎5.      In short, Brain theory suggested a correlation between mental experience and the activity of relatively homogenous nerve-cell units conducting essentially homogeneous impulses through homogeneous cerebral tissue.‎ ‎[参考译文] 总之，大脑理论说明精神感觉和相对相似的神经细胞单位的活动有关系。这种活动通过相似的大脑皮层组织传导的基本相似的脉冲。‎ 写作方法与文章大意 ‎   文章是对“大脑神经活动和精神感受关系的探讨。”采用时空写法。先从1950年，探索两者关系的结果令人沮丧谈起。在临近本世纪转折时期，由赫林提出的不同的感觉态可能和某种神经能量有关。经过一系列理论和经验探索，最后得出大脑理论说明神经感受和相对相似的神经细胞单位活动有关的结论。这是一种通过相似的大脑结构引导相似脉冲的活动。‎ 答案祥解 ‎1.      C.‎ ‎ 令人失望。答案见文章的第一句话“到了1950年，大脑活动过程和精神感受有关系的实验结果看起来令人沮丧。”‎ A. 令人恼火。     B. 激怒。        D. 中立。    均不对。‎ ‎2.      A. 在人的神经脉冲中缺少变异（差别）。Common currency 本义是一般通用。这里的上下问决定了它的含义“无变异脉冲（普通脉冲）”。第二段“虽然神经能量中的质变理论从没有受到严厉的驳斥，但这一学说被普遍放弃，而赞成其对立的观点；那就是：神经脉冲在质量沙锅内基本相似，并作为无变异脉冲（普通脉冲）经神经系统传送。”所以普通脉冲就是指神经脉冲无变异，在质量上基本相似。‎ B. 科学家观点上的相似性。     C. 人类感觉相似性。        D.   神经脉冲连续不断通过神经系统。这三项和common currency 无关。‎ ‎3.      A. 受刺激的大脑部位影响感觉神经脉冲所显示的认知感受。在第二道题译文下面“根据这一理论，不是感觉神经脉冲的质量决定它们所产生的各种有意识的感觉。而是由脉冲在大脑中释放的不同部位决定，并且有证据证明这一论点。”见难句译注3。 ‎ B. 现在对神经潜力的质量变化可以进行更精彩的研究。         C. 感官刺激是异源的，并深受它们所产生的神经感觉（感受器）的影响。        D. 神经形态上的差异影响神经传递长度。‎ ‎4.      B.  神经脉冲。这在第2题答案A中译注（即第二段）已有明确的答复。“神经脉冲在质量上基本相似……。”‎ A. 神经细胞。见难句译注2，“有可能用其他办法来显示神经细胞类型之间细微的结构差异。”       C. 外皮区域（部位）。       D. 神经脉冲空间模式。见难句译注5和本文最后一句“为了和精神感受多样性吻合，心理学家只能指明神经脉冲时空模式上的无限差异。”这说明，它不是 “Least qualitative variation.”‎ Passage Thirty-five (Exploration on the Origin of Continents)‎ ‎   The origin of continental nuclei has long been a puzzle. Theories advanced so far have generally failed to explain the first step in continent growth, or have been subject to serious objections. It is the purpose of this article to examine the possible role of the impact of large meteorites or asteroids in the production of continental nuclei. Unfortunately, the geological evolution of the Earth’s surface has had an obliterating effect on the original composition and structure of the continents to such an extent that further terrestrial investigations have small chance of arriving at an unambiguous answer to the question of continental origin. Paradoxically, clues to the origin and early history of the surface features of the Earth may be found on the Moon and planets, rather ‎ than on the Earth, because some of these bodies appear to have had a much less active geological history. As a result, relatively primitive surface features are preserved for study and analysis. In the case of both the Moon and Mars, it is generally concluded from the appearance of their heavily cratered surfaces that they have been subjected to bombardment by large meteoroids during their geological history. Likewise, it would appear a reasonable hypothesis that the Earth has also been subjected to meteoroid bombardment in the past, and that very large bodies struck the Earth early in its geological history.‎ ‎   The large crater on the Moon listed by Baldwin has a diameter of 285 km. However, if we accept the hypotheses of formation of some of the mare basins by impact, the maximum lunar impact crater diameter is probably as large as 650km. Based on a lunar analogy, one might expect several impact craters of at least 500km diameter to have been formed on Earth. By applying Baldwin’s equation, the depth of such a crater should be about 20km. Baldwin admits that his equation gives excessive depths for large craters so that the actual depth should be somewhat smaller. Based on the measured depth of smaller lunar crater. Baldwin’s equation gives the depth of the zone of brecciation for such a crater as about 75km. The plasticity of the Earth’s mantle at the depth makes it impossible to speak of “bracciation” in the usual sense. However, local stresses may be temporarily sustained at that depth, as shown by the existence of deep-focus earthquakes. Thus, short-term effects might be expected to a depth of more than 50km in the mantle.‎ Even without knowing the precise effects, there is little doubt that the formation of a 500-km crater would be a major geological event. Numerous authors have considered the geological implications of such an event. Donn et al. have, for example, called on the impact of continent-size bodies of sialic composition to from the original continents. Two major difficulties inherent in this concept are the lack of any known sialic meteorites, and the high probability that the energy of impact would result in a wide dissemination of sialic material, rather than its concentration at the point of impact.‎ Gilvarry, on the other hand, called on meteoroid impact to explain the production of ocean basins. The major difficulties with this model are that the morphology of most of the ocean basins is not consistent with impact, and that the origin and growth of continents is not adequately explained. ‎ We agree with Donn at al. that the impact of large meteorites or asteroids may have caused continent formation, but would rather think in terms of the localized addition of energy to the ‎ system, rather than in terms of the addition of actual sialic material.‎ ‎1.      A mare basin is ‎ ‎[A]. a formula for determining the relationship between the depth and width of craters. ‎ ‎. a valley that is filled in when a spatial body has impact with the moon or the earth.‎ ‎[C]. a planetoid (small planet) created when a meteorite, upon striking the moon, breaks off a part of the moon.‎ ‎[D]. a dark spot on the moon, once supposed to be a sea, now a plain.‎ ‎2.      The writer does not believe that ‎[A]. an asteroid is larger than a meteorite.‎ ‎. material from space, upon hitting the earth, was eventually distributed.‎ ‎[C]. the earth, at one time, had craters.‎ ‎[D]. ocean were formerly craters.‎ ‎3.      The article is primarily concerned with ‎[A]. the origin of continents.‎ ‎. the relationship between astral phenomena and the moon.‎ ‎[C]. differences of opinion among authoritative geologists.‎ ‎[D]. the relationship between asteroids and meteorites.‎ ‎4.      Sialic material refers to ‎ ‎[A]. the broken rock resulting from the impact of a meteorite against the earth.‎ ‎. material that exists on planets other than the earth.‎ ‎[C]. a composite of rock typical of continental areas of the earth.‎ ‎[D. material that is man-made to simulate materials that existed far back in geological history.‎ Vocabulary ‎1.      meteorit                          陨石，陨星 ‎2.      asteroid                         （火星和木星轨道间）小行星 ‎3.      obliterate                         除去，消减……痕迹 ‎4.      crater                            火山口，陨石坑 ‎5.      mare                            海，（也指月亮，火星上的）阴暗区 ‎6.      impact                           撞击 ‎7.      impact crater                      陨石坑，撞击火山 ‎8.      brecciate                         合成角砾岩 ‎         the zone of brecciation         角砾岩地带 ‎9.      mantle                           地幔 ‎10.      stress                            应力 ‎        local  stress                 局部（本身）应力 ‎11.      sialic                           硅铝的 ‎12.      probability                        概率，可能性 ‎13.      disseminate                       传播，分散，浸染 ‎14.      morphology                       组织，结构，形态（学）‎ ‎15.      astral                            星（星状体）的 难句译注 ‎1.      Unfortunately, the geological evolution of the Earth’s surface has had an obliterating effect on the original composition and structure of the continents to such an extent that further terrestrial investigations have small chance of arriving at an unambiguous answer to the question of continental origin.‎ ‎[结构简析] 句中用such…that 句型。‎ ‎[参考译文] 遗憾的是，地球表面的地质变化对大陆原始结构和组成起了抹煞的作用。这种消除作用达到了这种程度，使进一步的大陆的研究工作很难对大陆起源问题去得明确的答案。‎ ‎2.      In the case of both the Moon and Mars. It is generally concluded from the appearance of their heavily cratered surfaces that they have been subjected to bombardment by large meteoroids during their geological history.‎ ‎[结构简析] in the case of 就……说，至于……，论到。‎ ‎[参考译文] 拿月亮和火星来说，一般都从它们表面严重的陨石坑得出结论：它们在其地质进化过程中遭到过巨大的陨星的撞击。‎ ‎3.      Two major difficulties inherent in this concept are the lack of any known sialic meteorites, and the high probability that the energy of impact would result in a wide dissemination of sialic material, rather than its concentration at the point of impact.‎ ‎[结构简析] that clause 是high probability 的说明同位语。‎ ‎[参考译文] 这一概念本身固有的两大难点是缺乏任何已知的硅铝陨石和下列现象的高概率：即撞击的能量会导致硅铝材料广泛分散，而不是集中于撞击点上。‎ 写作方法与文章大意 ‎   文章一开始就说明了此文论述“大陆核生成过程中大的陨星的撞击作用。”由于地球表面地质进化抹去了大陆原始结构和组成的痕迹，只好由月亮和火星作为研究对象来说明地球。从三方面来论述：一是鲍德温的方程式，深度和宽度；二是硅铝组成；三是海洋盆地。最后结论。‎ 答案祥解 ‎1.      D. 是月球上的一个黑点，一度认识是海，现在知道是平原。Mare basin海盆地。词义本身说明D项对。另一方面，第二段开始提及“鲍德温所列出的月球上最大的陨石坑直径为285公里。可是，如果我们接受了某些由于撞击而形成海盆地的结构假设，那么月球上最大陨石坑的直径可能有650公里大。”这里都说mare basin指的是月球上陨石坑。这就排除了A,B,C三个选项。‎ A. 是测定陨石坑深度和宽度的公式。       B. 当某一天体或地球撞击时填入的深谷。       C. 当陨星撞击月亮时，撞掉的部分月亮而形成小星体。‎ ‎2.      D. 海洋是原来的陨石坑。倒数第二段“另一方面，Gilvarry 用陨星撞击来解释海洋盆地的形成。这一模式的最大困难在于大多数海洋盆地结构和撞击情况不符。”‎ A. 小行星大于陨星。          B. 来自太空的材料，在撞击地球时，均匀分布。        C. 地球一度有过陨石坑。这三项明显不对， 谈不上相信不相信。‎ ‎3.      A. 大陆起源。这在文章一开始就点明“大陆核起源长期以来一直是个谜。进展到现在的理论一般都不能说明大陆生长的第一步情况，或者遭到严厉的反对。这篇文章的目的就是要研究大陨星或小行星的撞击在地球核生成中可能起的作用。”另见难句译注1。 ‎ B. 星际现象和月球的关系。       C. 权威地质学家意见分歧。       D. 小行星和陨星之间的关系。‎ ‎4.      C. 地球大陆地区特有的岩石构成。第三段第三句：“举例说，Donn et al.提出大陆区域大小的，硅铝结构的天体撞击形成最初的大陆块的设想。”其它见难句译注3。 ‎ A. 由于陨星撞击地球形成破碎的岩石。        B. 存在于地球之外其它星球的材料。        C.‎ ‎ 人造材料模拟存在于遥远地质史上的材料。三项文内都没有提到。‎