【英语】2018届二轮复习名词性从句考点学案(1)

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【英语】2018届二轮复习名词性从句考点学案(1)

‎ 名词性从句考点 在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句 (Noun Clauses)。 名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组,它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等,因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能,名词性从句又可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。‎ 名词性从句的用法要点多,牵涉面广。与其他句式结合性强,是中学英语语法中的重点和难点,也是高考的常考点。‎ 一、从句中的语序 在名词性从句中一律使用陈述句语序,特别要注意由连接代词和连接副词引导的从句,切不可受特殊疑问句的影响而用了疑问句语序。例如:‎ I wonder who she is. 我想知道她是谁。‎ Whether she's coming or not doesn't matter too much. 她来与不来没有多大关系。‎ ‎【考例】 When changing lanes, a driver should use his turning signal to let other drivers know ____ .(2016上海卷)‎ A. he is entering which lane B. which lane he is entering C. is he entering which lane D. which lane is he entering ‎【答案】 B ‎【解析】 which引导的句子作know的宾语,从句中应用陈述语序。‎ 二、从句中的时态 在名词性从句中,要注意从句谓语动词与主句谓语动词的时态一致性。‎ ‎1. 在宾语从句中,当主句是一般现在时、现在完成时、一般将来时等,宾语从句可以根据需要用各种时态。如果主句谓语动词是一般过去时,则宾语从句须用过去的某种时态。如果宾语从句表示的是客观真理,其谓语动词则仍用一般现在时。‎ ‎【考例】 The moment I got home, I found I ____ my jacket on the playground.(2016陕西卷)‎ A. had left B. left C. have left D. was leaving ‎【答案】 A ‎【解析】 I found后接宾语从句,由于主句动词使用了一般过去时,且宾语从句的动作发生在主句动作之前,故从句中应使用过去完成时。‎ ‎2. 在主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中, 也要注意从句谓语动词与主句谓语动词的时态一致性。关键要注意动作发生的先后关系。‎ Who will be sent abroad has not been decided. 派谁去国外,还没有决定。(主句是现在完成时, 从句是一般将来时)‎ The earth of today is not what it was millions of years ago. 今天的地球不是几百万年前的地球。(主句是一般现在时,从句是一般过去时)‎ 三、it作形式主语或形式宾语代替主语从句或宾语从句的用法 英语中为了保持句子平衡,常用先行词it代替主语从句或宾语从句,而把主语从句或宾语从句放到后面。这时需要注意不能用that, this或these等作先行替代词。例如:‎ I hate it when people talk with their mouth full. 我讨厌别人说话时嘴里塞满了东西。‎ It is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language. 英语作为一门国际语言正被人们接受是个事实。‎ ‎【考例】 It is by no means clear ____ the president can do to end the strike.(2016全国新课标卷)‎ A. how B. which C. that D. what ‎【答案】 D ‎【解析】 句意为:总统能采取什么措施来结束这场罢工根本不为人所知。it是形式主语,空格后是一个主语从句,从句部分的动词do缺少宾语,空格处所填单词既要引导主语从句,又在从句中作宾语,四个选项中有此功能的只有what。‎ ‎【考例】 It never occurred to me ____ you could succeed in persuading him to change his mind.(2016陕西卷)‎ A. which B. what C. that D. if ‎【答案】 C ‎【解析】 句意为:我从来没有想到你能成功说服他改变主意。本句中it是形式主语,真正的主语是后面的主语从句“你能成功说服他改变主意”,陈述了一件事实,故排除D项if(“是否”表明从句的不确定性)。由于该主句从句句子结构完整,不缺少成分,故选that,而排除需要在从句中充当成分的which和what。‎ ‎【考例】 He didn't make ____ clear when and where the meeting would be held. (2007天津卷)‎ A. this B. that C. it D. these ‎【答案】 C ‎【解析】 make后接复合宾语,真正的宾语是when and where the meeting would be held,宾补是clear。由于宾语太长,故使用先行词it作形式宾语。‎ 四、从句中的语气 在某些宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中,谓语动词需用虚拟语气。‎ ‎1. 宾语从句中 ‎1)在表示“坚持、要求、命令、建议”之类的动词后的宾语从句中,谓语动词要用 “should + 动词原形”形式,should 可省略。这样的动词有:一个“坚持”(insist);两个“命令”(order,command);三个“建议”(suggest,advise,propose);四个“要求”(ask,demand, request,require)。例如:‎ The guard at the gate insisted that everybody obey the rules. 门口的哨兵坚持每个人都应遵守规章制度。‎ He demanded that he (should) be sent to work there. 他要求被派往那儿工作。‎ 需特别注意的是:动词suggest表示“暗示,表明”,insist表示 “坚持说(认为)”时, 其后的宾语从句中的谓语动词则要用相应的陈述语气。‎ 例如:‎ On the dead boy's face there was a half smile that seemed to suggest that he was happy to have given his life for his country. 在那位死去的孩子的脸上有一丝微笑,似乎表明他很高兴把自己的生命献给了自己的祖国。‎ The Arab insisted that he had never seen the camel. 那位阿拉伯人坚持说他从来没有看见过那头骆驼。‎ ‎【考例】 Teachers recommend parents ____ their children under 12 to ride bicycles to school for safety.(2016福建卷)‎ A. not allow B. do not allow C. mustn't allow D. couldn't allow ‎【答案】 A ‎【解析】 recommend(意为“建议”)后接宾语从句时,从句中应使用虚拟语气,谓语动词用“(should)+动词原形”形式。句意为:老师建议父母出于安全考虑最好不要让12岁以下的小朋友骑自行车去学校。‎ ‎2)在动词wish后面的宾语从句中,谓语动词用过去式,表示与现在事实相反的一种愿望;用“had +过去分词”,表示与过去事实相反的一种愿望或已经发生的一件遗憾事情;用“should / would / might / could + 动词原形”表示与将来事实相反或不可能实现的愿望。例如:‎ I wish I remembered her address now. 我希望我现在记得她的地址。‎ I wish I had seen you yesterday. 我希望我昨天见到了你。‎ She wishes she would try again. 她希望她能再试一次。‎ ‎【考例】 How I wish every family ____ a large house with a beautiful garden! (2002上海春季卷)‎ A. has B. had C. will have D. had had ‎【答案】 B ‎【解析】 此题表达的是与现在事实相反的一种愿望,wish后的宾语从句应使用一般过去时。‎ ‎2. 主语从句中 在“It is / was + 形容词 (或过去分词) + 主语从句”的句型中, 从句中的动词形式不论人称和数, 都可以用“should +动词原形”结构,should可省略。本句型中常用的形容词有:necessary,important,strange,natural,essential等;常用的过去分词通常是表示提议、要求、命令等动词的过去分词,如suggested,ordered,demanded,required,requested,proposed,advised,decided等。例如:‎ It is necessary that he (should) be sent there at once. 有必要立即派他到那里去。‎ It has been decided that the meeting (should) be put off. 已决定推迟举行会议。‎ ‎3. 表语从句和同位语从句中 在表示“意愿、要求、命令、建议”等名词之后的表语从句或同位语从句中,谓语动词用“should + 动词原形”形式,should 可省略。这类名词有:idea,proposal,suggestion,order,plan,decision,advice,desire,requirement等。例如:‎ My proposal is that the meeting (should) be put off. 我的建议是推迟举行会议。‎ The professor gave orders that the test be finished before 5:30. 教授命令测验在五点半之前完成。‎ Our plan is that we have a sports meet next week. 我们计划下周举办一个运动会。‎ 五、宾语从句的否定转移 在动词think,believe,expect,suppose,guess 等后带that宾语从句时,若从句是否定句,常将否定词not转移到主句中。例如:‎ I don't think (that) it will be very cold today. 我认为今天不会很冷。‎ 注意:这类句子后若带有附加疑问句,应采用肯定形式来反问,反问部分主语应与从句主语一致。例如:‎ I don't believe she knows it, does she? 我认为她不知道这件事情,是不是?‎ 六、从句引导词的正确选用 这是近几年高考的重中之重。解决这一问题可以依据从句中“缺什么成分补什么成分”的原则确定是选用连接代词还是连接副词,然后根据意思再选用具体的连接词。‎ 名词性从句的引导词很多,归纳起来可分为以下三类:‎ 如果名词性从句中缺少主语、宾语、表语或定语,则选用连接代词。引导名词性从句的连接代词主要有who, whom, whose, what, which等,它们在名词性从句中既起连接作用,又在从句中充当一定的成分,指物用what,指人用who / whom / whoever / whomever。如果名词性从句中缺少状语,则选用连接副词,引导名词性从句的连接副词有when, where, why, how等,它们既起连接作用,又在从句中充当状语。如果名词性从句中不缺成分,而仅表示陈述事实,则用that引导。例如:‎ The problem is ____ he has done to the little boy.(问题是他对那个小男孩做了些什么。)‎ 分析:表语从句中动词has done后缺少宾语,且指物,应填what。‎ We believed ____ he had earned enough money to build a house.(我们相信他已经挣够足够的钱来建造房屋。)‎ 分析:宾语从句中不缺少成分,且陈述一件事实,用that引导。‎ ‎____ will win the match is still unknown. (谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。)‎ 分析:分析题干可知这是一个含有主语从句的复合句,主语从句中缺少主语,且指人,用 who引导。‎ I have no idea ____ he learned about it.(我不知道他是怎么得知的。)‎ 分析:同位语从句中不缺少主语和宾语,根据意思,句中缺少表示方式的状语,应填连接副词how。‎ 七、几组高考热点连词 ‎1. that和what that引导名词性从句时仅起连接作用,不在句子中充当任何成分,也无任何意义,除在宾语从句中外一般不可省略;what引导名词性从句时,除起连接作用外,还在句子中担任主语、宾语、表语、定语等句子成分。例如:‎ ‎____ parents say and do has a life-long effect on their children.‎ 分析:分析句子结构可知这是一个含有主语从句的复合句,本题的谓语动词是has,其前是主语从句作主语,从句中say and do后缺少宾语,且表示“所……的……”,故用what,不用that。‎ ‎____ fashion differs from country to country may reflect the culture differences from one aspect.‎ 分析:这是一个含有主语从句的复合句。因为主语从句是一个完整的句子,陈述了一个事实,不缺少任何成分,所以要选that。这句话的意思是“国与国之间的时装差异可以从一个方面反映出其文化上的差异”。‎ ‎【考例】 If you swim in a river or lake, be sure to investigate ____ is below the water surface. Often there are rocks or branches hidden in the water.(2015浙江卷)‎ A. what B. who C. that D. whoever ‎【答案】 A ‎【解析】 句意为:如果你在河里或湖里游泳,一定要查看水面下有什么东西。通常总有一些石头或树枝藏在水里。investigate后面接的是宾语从句。分析宾语从句的成分可以发现,空格所作的成分是主语。名词性从句中缺少主语或宾语并且指物用what引导。that引导宾语从句时不作成分,没有任何意义,只起引导作用。‎ ‎【考例】 As John Lennon once said,life is ____ happens to you while you are busy making other plans.(2014湖南卷)‎ A. which B. that C. what D. where ‎【答案】 C ‎【解析】 所填关联词引导表语从句,并且在从句中作主语,用what。which意为“哪一个”,表示在一个范围内的选择,与语境不符。故选C项。‎ ‎【考例】 Part of the reason Charles Dickens loved his own novel, David Copperfield, was ____ it was rather closely modeled on his own life.(2016北京卷)‎ A. what B. that C. why D. whether ‎【答案】 B ‎【解析】 表语从句中不缺成分,因此要用that来引导。句意为:狄更斯喜欢他自己的小说《大卫·科波菲尔》的部分原因是小说创作非常贴近他本人的真实生活。‎ ‎2. whether和if 如果名词性从句中不缺少成分,且表示“是否”意义时,可用whether或 if引导。whether与if在引导动词的宾语从句时,两者一般可以互换,但在下列情况下一般只能用whether,不用if:‎ ‎(1) 引导主语从句并在句首时;‎ ‎(2) 引导表语从句时;‎ ‎(3) 引导从句作介词宾语时;‎ ‎(4) 从句后有“or not”时;‎ ‎(5) 后接动词不定式时。‎ 例如:Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question. 月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。‎ The point is whether we should lend him the money. 问题在于我们是否应该借钱给他。‎ Everything depends on whether we have enough money. 一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。‎ I wonder whether he will come or not. 我想知道他来还是不来。‎ Can you tell me whether to go or to stay? 你能否告诉我是去还是留?‎ ‎【考例】 It doesn't matter ____ you turn right or left at the crossing—both roads lead to the park.(2016天津卷)‎ A. whether B. how C. if D. when ‎【答案】 A ‎【解析】‎ ‎ 句意为:在这个十字路口你向左或向右转弯都没有关系,因为两条路都通向公园。题干中it作形式主语,所以所选的词在句中引导主语从句。whether引导名词性从句表示“是否”之意,而且题干中出现了关键信息词or。whether... or...表示“是……还是……”。if引导名词性从句也表示“是否”之意,但引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句时只能用whether而不能用if。‎ ‎3. wh- + ever引导名词性从句的区别 wh- + ever引起的名词性从句不含疑问意义,相当于名词或代词后加一个定语从句。例如:‎ The poor young man is ready to accept ____ help he can get.(那个可怜的年轻人愿意接受他所能得到的任何帮助。)‎ 分析:从句法角度看,空格处缺少定语修饰help,因此应该选择连接代词,whatever help he can get = any help that he can get。‎ ‎____ fails to see this will make a big mistake.(任何人只要没能看到这一点将犯很大的错误。)‎ 分析:这是一个含有主语从句的复合句。从句中缺少主语,应选择连接代词,根据句意表示“任何……的人”,应选用Whoever,相当于Anybody who。‎ ‎【考例】 We promise ____ attends the party a chance to have a photo taken with the movie star.(2016福建卷)‎ A. who B. whom C. whoever D. whomever ‎【答案】 C ‎【解析】 句意为:无论是谁参加晚会,我们都许诺给他/她一个和这位电影明星拍照的机会。 promise sb. sth.意为“许诺某人某事”,即promise后跟双宾语,whoever attends the party为whoever引导的名词性从句,充当promise的宾语;因为从句中缺少主语,故不能选择宾格形式的whom和whomever;而who表示疑问意义,与句意不符;whoever,意为“无论是谁”,相当于anybody who...,符合句意。‎ ‎【考例】 She is very dear to us. We have been prepared to do ____ it takes to save her life. (2016湖南卷)‎ A. whichever B. however C. whatever D. whoever ‎【答案】 C ‎【解析】 分析句子结构可知,这是一个含有宾语从句的复合句。宾语从句中动词takes后缺少宾语,应选用whatever,相当于anything that。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 巩固练习 ‎1.Your skirt is really splendid, but ____ we actually need is not a skirt but a new pair of ‎ shoes.‎ A. that B. what C. whether D. how ‎2.____ made me more surprised was ____ the pickpocket asked my friend to lend him ‎ some money and he agreed.‎ A. What; that B. That; that C. What; whether D. It; that ‎3. What do you think of this suggestion that we ____ lunch at the new restaurant?‎ A. will have B. are going to have C. would have D. have ‎4. I don't know the reason ____ you were absent from the meeting, but I'm sure that ‎ someone will tell me the reason ____ you haven't told me.‎ A. why; that B. that; why C. because; which D. of which; that ‎5. ____ made his mother surprised was ____ Tom Smith should have been fooled by such a ‎ simple trick.‎ A. What; that B. What; because C. That; what D. That; because ‎6. According to Bill Gates, the idea ____ we can play video games and receive E-mails ‎ without sitting at a keyboard will come true. However, it is unclear ____ it will be on ‎ sale and ____ it will cost.‎ A. which; that; what B. 不填; whether; how much C. that; when; what D. that; that; how much ‎7. The doctors are trying their best to reduce the people's fear ____ they would be ‎ infected by the present disease called SARS.‎ A. whether B. which C. when D. that ‎8. Word has come ____ in some western countries, demand for graduates from MBA ‎ courses has fallen down.‎ A. that B. while C. when D. as ‎9. Though Frances congratulates herself on her success she sometimes wonders ____ will ‎ happen to her private life.‎ A. it B. what C. which D. that ‎10. I think Mother would like to know ____ I've been up to so far, so I decide to send her a ‎ quick note.‎ A. which B. why C. what D. how ‎11. We should be aware of the fact ____ rich countries are becoming richer while poor ‎ countries are becoming poorer.‎ A. which B. what C. that D. where ‎12. They are teachers and don't realize ____ to start and run a company.‎ A. what it takes B. what takes it C. what they take D. what takes them ‎13. I haven't settled the question of ____ I'll go back home.‎ A. as B. what C. whether D. if ‎14. On stepping into his room he was astonished to find the floor covered with ____ ‎ looked like tiny insects.‎ A. that B. something C. what D. anything ‎15. In order to encourage the students to study hard, the school decides to give the ‎ scholarship to ____ wins the first in the exam.‎ A. who B. whom C. whomever D. whoever ‎16. ____ Tom was worried about seemed obvious to everyone present at the meeting.‎ A. What B. Which C. That D. How ‎17. — It remains to be seen ____ the plan can be put into practice.‎ ‎— It depends on your determination.‎ A. whether B. where C. how D. that ‎18. Many experts hold the view ____ teacher development is ____ the key to better ‎ education lies.‎ A. which; where B. which; in which C. that; where D. that; in which ‎19. After ____ seemed an endless wait, it was his turn to have the job interview.‎ A. that B. which C. what D. who ‎20. There was a sudden flash, followed by ____ sounded like fireworks.‎ A. what B. something C. it D. which ‎21. — Was it ____ he said or all that he did ____ let you down, Joan?‎ ‎— No, not really.‎ A. which; that B. what; that C. that; what D. what; what ‎22. ____ is known to us all is that the old scientist, for ____ life was hard in the past, still ‎ works very hard in his eighties.‎ A. As; whom B. What; whom C. It; whose D. As; whose ‎23. That art center is ____ used to be a factory, ____ millions of tractors were made.‎ A. what; where B. where; where C. what; which D. where; which ‎24. My pen-friend, Peter, wrote to me, expressing the hope ____ he would come to ‎ Beijing to see the 2016 Olympic Games.‎ A. which B. that C. what D. whether ‎25. I still couldn't understand ____ the machine would work, so I asked him to explain it ‎ to me.‎ A. how B. what C. which D. whom ‎26. The police finally got to ____ was once an old temple ____ the villagers used as a ‎ school.‎ A. which; what B. what; that C. where; which D. what; where ‎27. He was such a great hero that ____ he did, even his way of walking, was imitated by ‎ many young people.‎ A. whatever B. no matter what C. however D. no matter how ‎28. “You can't choose what life you will have,” said Tai Lihua, a deaf leading dancer, “but ‎ you can choose your attitude towards life.” And this is ____ I completely agree.‎ A. why B. what C. when D. where ‎29. Actually children can be ____ they want to be, whether it is a pilot, a soldier, or a ‎ general manager.‎ A. who B. which C. whatever D. whomever ‎30. If you feel tired and sick of fatty foods, that is ____ you have to go to the hospital for a ‎ medical examination.‎ A. why B. when C. whether D. what 名词性从句考点答案 ‎1-5 BADAA  6-10 CDABC  11-15 CACCD ‎ ‎16-20 AACCA  21-25 BBABA  26-30 BADCB
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