高考英语语法专题复习讲义-非谓语动词

高考英语语法专题复习讲义-非谓语动词

语法复习专题（9）非谓语动词 ¯一、考点聚焦 ‎1、非谓语动词的句法功能 名称 语 法 功 能 ‎ 主语 宾语 宾语补足语 表语 定语 状语 不定式 ‎√‎ ‎√‎ ‎√‎ ‎√‎ ‎√‎ ‎√‎ 动名词 ‎√‎ ‎√‎ ‎√‎ ‎√‎ 现在分词 ‎√‎ ‎√‎ ‎√‎ ‎√‎ 过去分词 ‎√‎ ‎√‎ ‎√‎ ‎√‎ ‎2、动词不定式复心中应注意的几个问题 ‎（1）不定式作表语与“be + to do sth.”的异同。不定式作表语说明主语的内容或性质。‎ His job is to guard.(说明内容)‎ be + to do sth.(表示按计划要做的事)‎ ‎（2）带不定式作宾语的词语。‎ 下列词语常不定式作宾语：afford、promise、refuse、expect、hope、learn、offer、wish、want、fail、plan、agree、forget、like、prefer、decide、manage、try、arrange、determine、desire等。‎ 下列动词后可接疑问词+不定式：teach、decide、wonder、show、learn、forget、ask、find、out、advise、discuss等。‎ ‎（3）如何理解和使用不定式作宾补。‎ ‎①动词see、watch、notice、hear、listen to、observe、feel、taste、smell、make、let、have等的宾补用动词原形，变被动时要加to,此时的不定式就是主语补足语。‎ ‎②常用带不定式作宾补的几种情况：‎ 主语 + ask / require / tell / order / force / get / want / like + sb.to do sth.‎ ‎③主语 + think / judge / suppose / believe / consider /imagine/‎ consider / feel + sb. + to be/ to have done ‎④主语 + call on / upon / depend on / wait for / ask for + sb.+ to do sth.‎ ‎（4）不定式作定语的特殊用法。‎ ‎①下列词语后常接不定式作定语：chance、wish、right、courage、need、promise、time、opportunity、way、the first、the second、the last、the only等。‎ ‎②不定式作定语和所修饰的名词在逻辑上有主谓关系。‎ There is no one to look after her.‎ ‎③不定式与被修饰的名词在逻辑上有动宾关系。‎ She is now looking for a room to live in.‎ ‎（5）不定式作状语的用法。‎ 不定式作状语，修饰动词，在句中表示行为目的、结果、原因。only to do表示出人意料的结果。‎ We hurried to the classroom only to find none there .‎ in order(not)to,so as(not)to用来引导目的状语,enough,too, so… as to do, such + 名词… as to do作结果状语，如:The girl was so kind as to help the old man off the bus.‎ I’m not such a fool as to believe that.‎ ‎（6）不定式的完成时的特殊用法。‎ ‎①表示不定式中谓语动词发生的动作先于主句的谓语动词发出的动作。‎ The novel was said to have been published.‎ I regret to have been with you for so many years.‎ seem、appear、be said、be supposed、be believed、be thought、be known、be reported等动词常用于上面句型。‎ 此外，glad、happy、satisfied、sorry、surprised、disappointed后也接完成时，但要注意与一般时的区别。‎ I’m sorry to keep you waiting for a minute.对不起，请稍等。（说话时还未等）‎ I’m sorry to have kept you waiting.对不起，让你久等了。（说话时已等了很久）‎ ‎②不定式的完成时还可表示“过去本想做某事但未做”的虚拟语气。（A）should like to / would like to / would love to + 不定式的完成时。（B）was / were to + 不定式的完成时，表示该做某事或想做但未实现。（C）expect / hope / mean / promise / suppose / think / want/ wish + 不定式完成时，表示过去未曾实现的愿望。‎ ‎（7）不定式的省略。 ‎ ‎①同一结构并列由and或or连接。‎ I want to finish my homework and go home.‎ I’m really puzzled what to think or say.‎ 特例：To be or not to be,this is a question.‎ He is better to laugh than to cry.(表示对比)‎ ‎②不定式作表语，其前面的主语从句中含有do时，后面的to省略。‎ What he did was lose the game.‎ ‎③句中含有动词do时，but、except、besides、such as等后面to可省略。即“前有do,后省to”。‎ Don’t do anything silly, such as marry him.‎ ‎④主句含有不定式，后面有rather than, rather than后省to。‎ ‎⑤Why not、had better、would rather、can’t but等词后省to。如：‎ He could not but walk home.‎ ‎（8）不定式的替代。‎ 多用在同一句或联系紧密的对话中，为了避免重复，作宾语或主补，宾补的不定式再次出现时，to后的内容常承前省略（只保留to即可）。但如果承前省略的不定式有助动用的have或be任何形式，后应该保留原形be或have。如：‎ Susan is not what she used to be.‎ ‎—You came late last night. You ought to have finished your homework.‎ ‎—I know I ought to have.‎ 常见的有：I’d like / love / be happy to.‎ ‎3、动名词复习中应注意的几个问题 ‎（1）动名词作宾语。‎ ‎①下列动词后只能接动名词：suggest, finish, avoid, stop, can’t help, mind, enjoy, require, practise, miss, escape, pardon, advise, consider, imagine, keep, appreciate, eacape, permit。‎ ‎②下列动词短语接动名词：leave off, put off, give up, look forward to, feel like, have trouble / difficulty(in) doing sth. devote to, get used to, pay attention to, be fond of, be worth。‎ ‎③介词后要接动名词。what about、how about、without、be fond of、be good at等介词后接动名词。注意on / upon doing sth. = as soon as 引导的从中。作此意讲时on / upon后也可以接名词。如on his arrival…。‎ ‎④动名词作宾语和动词不定式作宾语的区别：‎ begin, start, continue, like, love, dislike, hate, prefer, can’t stand 例 句 解 析 ‎1. It began to rain. It began raining.‎ ‎2. It was beginning to snow.‎ ‎3. I love lying (to lie)on my back.‎ ‎4. I like listening to music, but today I don’t like to.‎ ‎5. I don’ t prefer to swim in the river now.‎ ‎1. 意思无差别，但谓语动词用进行时，后面只跟不定式。‎ ‎2. 表示一种倾向多接动名词作宾语，如果表示某一特定的或具体的行动，多接不定式。‎ remember, forget, regret, try 例 句 解 析 ‎1. I remember to meet her at the station.‎ I remember seeing her once somewhere.‎ ‎2. I forgot giving it to you yesterday.‎ ‎ I forgot to tell you about it. Now here it is.‎ ‎3. I regret not having working hard.‎ ‎ I regret to hear of your sister’s death. ‎ ‎4. Try knocking at the back door.‎ ‎ We must try to get everything ready.‎ ‎5. That will mean flooding some land.‎ ‎ I had meant to go on Monday.‎ ‎1. remember to do sth.记住要做的事 ‎ remember doing sth.回顾过去发生的事 ‎2. forget to do sth.忘记要做的事 ‎ forget doing sth.忘记做过的事 ‎3. regret to do sth.对将要做的事抱歉 ‎ regret doing sth.对发生过的事后悔 ‎4. try to do sth.设法……，试图 ‎ try doing sth.试试看，试一试 ‎5. mean to do sth.打算做……，想要 ‎ mean doing sth.意味着，就是 ‎ ‎ want, require, need 例 句 解 析 These desks need repairing.‎ These desks need to be repaired.‎ The patient required examined The patient required to be examined.‎ ‎1. need doing 需要被做 ‎ need to be done需要被做 ‎2. want doing ‎ want to be done ‎3. require doing ‎ require to be done ‎4、分词复习应注意的几个问题 ‎（1）现在分词在句中作时间、原因、伴随、条件、结果等状语。‎ ‎①时间状语（分词作状语前面可加when, while等）‎ Hearing the good news, he jumped with greatjoy.‎ Not having finished her work in time, the boss fired her.‎ ‎②原因状语 Seeing nobody at home, he decided to leave them a note ‎③伴随状语 The girls came in, following their parents.‎ ‎④结果状语 The poor old man died, leaving nothing to his children.‎ 注意：现在分词作状语的几个特性。①时间性。与谓语动词同时发生，用一般时，如发生在谓语动作之前时则用完成式having done。②语态性。与句子的主语之间的关系，是主谓关系或动宾关系。遵循的规则“主动进行，被动完成”。③人称一致性。分词的逻辑主语就是句子的主语。‎ ‎（2）分词作表语。‎ S. + be + 动词-ed表示被动，主语是人；S. + be + 动词-ing表示主动，主语是物。分词作宾补不定式作宾补的区别：‎ ‎ 感官动词 动词原形→做了某事 S．+ + 宾语 + 现在分词→正在做某事 ‎ 使役动词 过去分词→做了或被做 ‎5、复习过去分词应注意的几个问题 过去分词作状语，相当于一个状语从句，有来说明原因、时间、条件等。‎ ‎（1）过去分词作原因状语 Tired by the trip, he soon feel asleep.‎ ‎= Because he was tired by the trip, he soon fell asleep.‎ Lost in thought , he almost ran into a car.‎ ‎=As he was lost in thought, he almost ran into a car.‎ ‎（2）作时间状语 Seen from the hill, the city looks like a garden.‎ ‎=When the city is seen from the hill, it looks like a garden.‎ ‎（3）作条件状语 Given more time, I would have worked out the problem.‎ ‎=If I have been given more time, I would have worked out the problem.‎ ‎（4）伴随状语 The teacher came in, followed by some students.‎ ‎=The teacher came in and was followed by some students.‎ 分词短语作状语时，通常与主句中的主语在逻辑上一致，但有时它也可以有自己独立的逻辑上的主语，这种结构称为独立主格结构。如：‎ Her grandfather being ill, she had to stay at home looking after him.‎ ñ二、精典名题导解 选择填空 ‎1. __________such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river.(NMET 2001)‎ A.Having suffered B.Suffering C.To suffer D.Suffered 解析：答案为A。本题考查分词短语作状语的用法。分词作状语，其逻辑主语必须是句子的主语，而本句的主语看似是it,其实它为形式主语，真正的主语为不定式，而不定式省略了逻辑主语for people，所以应用现在分词，又因already，应用完成时。‎ ‎2. One learns a language by making mistakes and _______ them.(2001年春季高考)‎ A.correct B.correcting C.corrects D.to correct 解析：答案为B。本题考查动名词作介词宾语的用法。介词by意为“通过……‎ ‎，凭……”，后面常接动名词，形成“by+ v. –ing ”结构，表示通过做某事而得到某种结果。本题中只有correcting符合。‎ ‎3. The picture _________ on the wall is painted by my nephew.(2000年春季高考)‎ A.having hung B.hanging C.hangs D.being hung 解析：答案为B。本题考查现在分词作定语的用法。根据句意“墙上挂的那幅画是我侄子画的”，可知空白处所填的动词形式在句中作定语，表说话时仍在进行的动作或所处的解题关键在于分析picture与hang之间的逻辑关系。‎ ‎4.“We can’t go out in this weather,”said Bob, out of the window.‎ A. looking B. to look C. looked D. having looked 解析：答案为A。本句考非谓与动词作伴随状语。全句合理的句意是：Bob看着窗外说，“我们不能在这种天气出去”。Bob在说话的同时在看着窗外，应使用现在分词一般式，表主动和进行。A项正合语境。B项不定式表主动、将来的动作。C项表被动完成的动作（上处不是并列谓语）。D项表完成的主动动作，均不和语境。‎ ‎5.Reading is an experience quite different from watching TV; there are pictures in your mind instead of before your eyes.‎ A. to form B. form C. forming D. having formed 解析：答案为C。全句意为：读书是一种与看电视相当不同的体验，有画面在你的心中，而不是在你的眼前形成。所以本题考非谓语动词，表主动且进行着的动作。人们看书时，读到什么情节或场面，这样的情节或场面便（同时）在心中形成。‎ ‎6.The news reporters hurried to the airport, only the film stars had left.‎ A. to tell B. to be told C. telling D. told 解析：答案为B。本题考查非谓语用法。only + to do 常用此结构作结果状语，tell及物动词，tell之后常带双宾结构，故tell采用被动形式。‎