高中高考英语阅读理解 解题技巧

高中高考英语阅读理解 解题技巧

阅读理解 ‎ 是英语能力培养的重点项目，是考试的一个重要题型，分值高、题量大。阅读理解考查的根本是检验学生对有关信息的加工能力。‎ ‎ 阅读理解能力的重要标志是阅读速度和理解力的正确率。‎ ‎ 因此，阅读理解的功夫应下在平时。多分析题型，多了解考点，真正做到有的放矢，提高命中率。‎ 有关阅读理解题目主要有以下几种:‎ 推 理 判 断 型 词 义 猜 测 型 事实细节型 ‎ 主旨大意型 命 题 类 ‎ ‎ 主旨大意题 干扰项 可能是文中某个具体事实或细节。‎ 干扰项 可能是从文中某些 (不完全的) 事 实或细节片面推出的错误结论。‎ 干扰项 可能属非文章事实的主观臆断。‎ ‎(正确) : 据文章全面理解而归纳概括出来的；不能太笼统、言过其实或以偏概全。‎ 主旨大意题的常见的提问形式:‎ ‎1)What does the writer mainly tell us? ‎ ‎2)Which of the following can summar-‎ ise the main idea of this text?‎ ‎3)Which of the following best expresses the main idea?‎ ‎4)Which is the subject discussed in the text?‎ ‎6)What’s the best title for this passage?‎ ‎[练习]‎ ‎---主旨大意题 Passage 1‎ ‎ In spite of the fact that cars from Germany and Japan are flooding the American market, Ford, General Motors and Chrysler are employing more workers than ever before. The flood of cheaper for-eign cars has not cast American autoworkers their jobs as some experts predicted. Ford operates as far as Asia, and General Motors is considered Australian’s biggest employer. Yet General Motors has its huge American work force and employs hundreds of people every day to meet the needs of an insatiable(不能满足的）society.‎ Question: Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the paragraph A. GM is one of the largest car producers.‎ B. Ford operates not only in the U.S.A., but also in Asia.‎ C. The foreign cars have not taken away the jobs of American autoworkers.‎ D. The flood of the cheaper foreign cars is terrible for American autoworkers.‎ ‎【解析】答案为C。take sth. away of sb.和 cast sb. sth. 的意思相似。 ‎ ‎ 本段落以一、二句引出要表达的主题，在主题句出现后，再举例子陈述细节或继续论证。‎ ‎ 寻找主题句往往是做好此类题的关键。每段的主题句(常在首句、尾句、首尾句、段落中和归纳分析)一般都用来表示一个段落的主旨大意。‎ 事实细节题 ‎ 解题原则：忠实于原文上下文及全篇的逻辑关系，决不能主观臆断。‎ 事实细节型 ‎ ‎ ‎ 文章中心是论点，事实细节是论据或主要理由；有关细节的问题常对文中某个词语、某句子、某段落等细节及事实进行提问，所提问题一般可直接或间接在文章中找到答案。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 提问的特殊疑问词常有：what, who, which, where, how, why 等。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 事实细节题 干扰项 范围过大、过小 。‎ 干扰项 偷换概念。‎ 干扰项 正误并存，某个分句是正确的。‎ 解题方法 : 原文定位法。‎ 1. 查读法：带着问题寻找答案，把注意力集中在与who, what, when, where问题有关的细节上。‎ 2. ‎ 细心！‎ ‎ 在阅读理解中，要求查找主要事实和特定细节问题常有以下几种命题方式：‎ ‎1）Which of the following statements is true?‎ ‎2）Which of the following is not mentioned in the text?‎ ‎3）The author ( or the passage) states that___.‎ ‎4）According to the passage, when ( where, why, how, who, what, which, etc.)___?‎ ‎[练习]‎ ‎---事实细节型 ‎ Passage2 ‎ ‎ The human body is a living machine, and like all machines, it needs fuel to supply it with energy. That is the food we eat. But how much do we need to stay healthy? The energy value of food is usually measured in calories. A calorie is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1kg of water by 1℃. The number of calories people need per day is different, as the chart shows…… ‎ CALORIES NEEDED PER DAY Baby                       750‎ Office worker                                       2,700‎ Child aged 8           2,100      ‎ Woman feeding baby                          2,700‎ Man over 70           2,100‎ Boy aged 16                                          3,000‎ Woman                   3,600‎ Farmer                                                 2,600‎ ‎ Q1) ____ calories are required to raise the temperature of 5kg of water from 35℃to 90℃.‎ ‎ A. 55 B. 175 C. 325 D. 275‎ ‎ Q2) Which statement is TRUE according to the chart above?‎ A.  A child aged 8 requires more than 3 times the amount of calories that a baby does. B. A boy aged 16 requires nearly twice the amount of calories that a boy aged 8 does. C. An office worker requires the same amount of calories per day as a woman feeding a baby does. D. A farmer requires nearly 1.5 times the amount of calories that an office worker does.‎ ‎【解析】答案为 D 。 ‎ ‎ 根据文章细节内容，计算公式为： (90-35)×5×1=275‎ ‎【解析】答案为 C 。‎ ‎ 根据文章图表，依次验证A、B、C、D 四个答案的内容是否正确。很易找出 C 符合图表内容。‎ ‎ 释义法 对文章中的生词用定语（从句）、表语甚至于用逗号、破折号等标点符号引出并加以解释说明。‎ ‎ 情景推断法、代词替代法等 ‎ 同义法 常在词或短语之间有并列连词and或or，它们连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的，由此可以推测。‎ 词义猜测型 ‎ ‎ ‎ 反义法 如 hot and cold, give and receive等，或前句为肯定，后句为否定。总之，词与词间都起着互为线索的作用。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 词义猜测题 做题要领 ‎1）文中找线索或信息词;‎ ‎2) 根据熟悉的词及词义判断新单词之意； ‎ ‎3）根据上下文判断新词汇在特定句中确切意思。‎ ‎4. 特别注意熟词新意！‎ ‎---词义猜测型 Q: Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word “illiterate” ‎ ‎ A. repeat B. reiterated ‎ ‎ C. uneducated D. sick ‎ Passage3: Most women in Ghana —— the educated and illiterate, t he urban and rural, the young and old work to earn an income in addition to maintaining their roles as housewives and mothers. Their reputation for economic independence, self-reliance, and hard work is well known and well deserved(应得的，值得的). 这段文字中讲到加纳这个国家中 的大多数妇女，受过教育的 （educated）和没有受过教育的 （illiterate）；住在城市的 （urban）和住在农村的（rural），年轻的（young）和年长的（old）正好 是一对对反义词。因此选 C 项。‎ ‎ 推理判断题：高考重头戏，20个题中常有6-8个，着重考查学生归纳概括、逻辑推理等综合能力。‎ 推理判断型 ‎ ‎ ‎ 透过现象看本质，领悟作者思想倾向、观点、立场、语气及态度等。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 以原文内容为前提，据作者的观点理论（非考生观点），客观地对文中未明显说明的现象或事例给予合理的逻辑推断，做出一定解释。‎ 推断判断题 推理判断题（做题要领）‎ ‎ 既要求学生透过文章表面文字信息推测文章隐含意思，又要求学生对作者的态度、意图及文章细节的发展作正确的推理判断，力求从作者的角度去考虑，不要固守自己的看法或观点。‎ 推理判断型常见的命题方式有：‎ ‎ The passage implies (暗示) that_______.‎ ‎ We can conclude (得出结论) from the passage that_____.‎ Which of the following can be inferred (推论)?‎ What is the tone (语气) of the author ?‎ What is the purpose (目的) of this passage?‎ The passage is intended to _____.‎ Where would this passage most probably appear? ‎ ‎【练习】‎ ‎---推理判断型 ‎ Passage4 ‎ ‎ The concept (n. 观念 ) of personal choice in relation to health behaviors is an important one. About 90 percent of all illnesses might be preventable if individual (n. 个人 ) made sound ( adj. 健康的 ) personal health choices based upon present (adj.现在的) medical knowledge.‎ ‎ We all enjoy our freedom of choice and do not like to see it limited when it is within the legal (adj. 法律的 ) and moral boundaries ( n.界限 ) of society. The structure of American society allows us to make almost all our own personal decisions that may affect our health. If we do desire, we can smoke , drink much, refuse to wear seat belts, eat whatever food we want, and live a completely sedentary (adj. 久坐的，劳心的 ) lifestyle without any exercise. ‎ Q: The concept of personal choice about health is important because____.‎ ‎ A. personal health choices help cure most illnesses.‎ ‎ B. it helps raise the level of our medical knowledge. ‎ ‎ C. it is basic to personal freedom in American society.‎ ‎ D. wrong decisions could lead to poor health.‎ 解析：据前两句可以得知，不良的选择会导致健康状况变坏，因此答案选 D 。选出的答案一定要在原文中找到依据或理由，不能只凭常识或自己主观胡乱推测。‎ ‎ Passage5 ‎ ‎ A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement (n.成绩 ) ends up with uninspired students.‎ ‎ Eisenberger holds (vi.认为). As an exa- mple of the latter (adj. 近来的 ) point ( n.观点 ), he notes ( vi.特别指出 ) growing efforts at ‎ major universities to tighten ( v.使变得更紧 ) grading standards (及格标准 ) and restore ( vt.恢复使用 ) failing grades (不及格分数或标准 ).‎ Q: It can be inferred from the passage that major universities are trying to tighten their grading standards because they believe_____.‎ rewarding poor performance ( n.成绩 ) may kill the creativity of students .‎ B. punishment is more effective than rewarding. ‎ C. failing (v. 给…不及格 ) uninspired students helps improve their overall (adj.全面的 ) academic (adj.学校的 ) standards.‎ D. Discouraging ( vt.使…失去信心 ) the students’ anticipation ( n.预期之事物 ) for easy rewards is a matter of urgency ( n.紧急 ).‎ ‎ 解析: 问题是文中 Eisenberger 举的一个例子,通过例证题目的考点分析, 我们知道一般例子前后总结性的话(论点)是解决问题的关键,这样我们就可以判断出该例要说明的问题……(答案:A)‎ ‎ The topic sentence: A teacher ends up with uninspired (without creativity) students.‎ 译: 假设老师总让学生关注奖励,或对表现一般的学生也给高分,那么学生们最终都会不求进取,没有灵感及想象力。‎ 总结 ‎ 我们发现命题者越来越注重考查学生把握全文及中心思想的能力及推理判断能力及事实细节题，因此阅读理解题目更为重要的是:‎ 主旨大意型 事实细节型 推理判断型