高考英语大一轮复习语法专题讲析专题四介词及介词短语

高考英语大一轮复习语法专题讲析专题四介词及介词短语

专题四　介词及介词短语 考点一　常见介词的用法 常用介词如in，on，for，with，against，of，beyond，out of，across等含义较多，应全面把握。‎ ‎1．against有“违背，违逆；反对；对……不利；倚；靠；碰撞；预防；衬托”之意。‎ ‎[2014·湖南]Vacations help us perform better at work，improve our sleep quality and cushion us against depression.‎ 假期帮助我们在工作中表现得更好，提高我们的睡眠质量和缓解忧愁。‎ ‎2．beyond可表示范围，限度，意为“超出，为……所不及”。‎ 常用短语：beyond words/description/imagination/belief/one's reach/one's control，意为“无法用语言形容/无法用语言描述/想象不出来/无法相信/够不着/无法控制”。‎ ‎[2014·浙江]“I came to thank you，”she said，surprising me beyond speech.‎ ‎“我是来感谢你的。”她说。(听到这)让我惊讶地说不出话来。‎ ‎3．by可表示程度或增减的幅度，还可作“按；以……计；依据”讲。‎ As far as I know，workers are generally paid by the month.‎ 据我所知，工人们的工资通常按月来付。‎ ‎4．for有“就……而言；从……来看；达，计；为……”之意。‎ ‎①The biggest concern for most of us is the quality of public education.‎ 我们大多数人最关心的是大众教育的质量问题。‎ ‎②[2016·四川]The mother continued to care for the young panda for more than two years.‎ 这位母亲持续照顾熊猫幼崽两年多。 ‎ ‎5．off有“在离……不远处；在沿海的海面”之意。‎ ‎[2014·重庆]She drove so fast at the turn that the car almost went off the road.‎ 她在转弯处开得如此快，以至于车差点偏离公路。‎ ‎6．across有“横跨”之意。‎ Do you think this shirt is too tight across the shoulders?‎ 你觉得这件衬衫在肩膀这个地方是不是太紧了？‎ ‎7．on/upon有“刚……就；一……就”之意，后接名词或动词－ing形式。‎ ‎[2014·山东]Upon graduation，Charlotte returned to Montreal and set up a private clinic.‎ 夏洛特一毕业就回到了蒙特利尔，开了一个私人诊所。‎ ‎8．over可表示时间，意为“在……期间；直到……结束”。‎ ‎①Talks with the teachers' union over the weekend have averted a strike.‎ 周末与教师工会举行的谈判避免了一场罢工。‎ ‎②Over coffee，she lit a cigarette，her eyes daring him to comment.‎ 喝咖啡时，她点燃了一支烟，用挑衅的眼神看着他，谅他也不敢吭声。‎ ‎9．within可表示范围、程度，意为“在……之内”。‎ The government was doing everything within its power to help the victims.‎ 政府正尽其所能地帮助那些受害者。‎ ‎10．of表示在……范围内。‎ ‎①The ceasefire resolution calls for the release of all prisoners of war.‎ 停火决议要求释放所有战俘。‎ ‎②[2015·福建]A common memory they all have of their schooldays is the school uniform.‎ 他们对于他们学生时代的共同记忆是校服。‎ 考点二　介词的固定搭配 考查介词短语辨析，往往要借助具体语境，另外，还要掌握常用的介词短语及其意义。‎ ‎①[2016·天津]Mary was silent during the early part of the discussion but finally she gave voice to her opinion on the subject.‎ 在讨论刚开始时，玛丽一言不发，但最后她就这个主题发表了自己的观点。‎ ‎②[2016·天津]I hate it when she calls me at work—I'm always too busy to carry on a conversation with her.‎ 我不喜欢她在我工作时给我打电话——我总是太忙，不能和她进行会话。‎ ‎③[2015·浙江]Have you ever heard of the trees that are homes to animals both on land and sea?‎ 你听说过成为海陆两栖动物的栖息地的树吗？‎ ‎④[2015·安徽]They believe that there are transport developments around the corner that will bring a lot of changes for the better.‎ 他们相信交通的发展就要到来了，这将会带来很多更好的变化。‎ ‎⑤[2015·福建]Human life is regarded as part of nature and，as such，the only way for us to survive is to live in harmony with nature.‎ 人类生活被认为是大自然的一部分，严格说来，我们生存的唯一方式是与大自然和睦相处。‎ ‎1．与介词in搭配的常用短语 in a way在某种程度上 in no way没门 in the way挡住道路 in vain徒劳 in general 通常，大体上 in detail 详细地 in turn 轮流 in return 作为回报 in need 需要 in time 迟早；及时 ‎2．与out of搭配的常用短语 out of date/time 过时/过期 out of question 毫无疑问 out of the question 不可能 out of shape 变形 out of fashion 不流行 out of order 出了故障 out of reach 遥不可及 ‎3．“in＋名词＋of”常用搭配 in honor of 为纪念……‎ in charge of 负责；掌管 in terms of 依据；就……而言 in praise of 赞扬 in favor of 支持；赞同 in need of 需要 ‎4．与介词at搭配的常用短语 at no time 决不 at a time 一次/每次 at one time 一度/曾经 at times 不时地/有时 at one's request 应某人的要求 at a loss 不知所措 ‎5．其他常考短语 on behalf of 代表 by chance/accident 偶然 after all 毕竟；别忘了 regardless of 不管，不顾 on the whole 总的说来 on the contrary 相反 ‎◆介词与语法填空 在语法填空中，介词是必考内容，常考表示方位、时间、地点、方式、原因、计量、材料等以及习惯用语中的介词。‎ ‎[典题试做1]‎ 在空白处填入适当的介词 ‎1．[2016·全国Ⅰ]But my connection with pandas goes back ________ my days on a TV show in the mid－1980s，when I was the first...‎ ‎2．[2016·全国Ⅱ]Most of us are more focused ________ our tasks in the morning than we are later in the day.‎ ‎3．[2016·全国Ⅲ]Chopsticks are not used everywhere in Asia.In India，for example，most people traditionally eat ________ their hands.‎ 答案：1.to　2.on　3.with ‎[应对策略1]‎ 如果句子中不缺少主语或表语，动词后又不缺少宾语，则在名词或代词前一定是填介词。其次，还要注意短语搭配中介词的正确使用。‎ ‎◆介词与短文改错 短文改错中对于介词的考查常会涉及介词误用、缺少介词或介词多余的情况。‎ ‎[典题试做2]‎ 单句改错(每小题1处错误)‎ ‎1．[2016·全国Ⅰ]My uncle says that he never dreams becoming rich in a short period of time.________‎ ‎2．[2016·全国Ⅲ]Now I am leaving home to college.________‎ ‎3．[2016·四川]Dad cleaned the house，and then went on shopping.________‎ ‎4．[2015·全国Ⅰ]Unfortunately，on the development of industrialization，the environment has been polluted.________‎ ‎5．[2015·四川]Please help with me and give me some advice.________‎ ‎6．[2015·全国Ⅱ]One day，little Tony went to a shopping center with his parents.It was very crowded.Tony saw a toy on a shop window.________‎ ‎7．[2015·浙江]My old classroom was interesting because three sides of the classroom were made from glass.________‎ ‎8．[2015·陕西]My soccer coach retired in last week.________‎ 答案：1.dreams后加of　2.to→for　3.去掉on　4.on→with　5.去掉with　6.on→in　7.from→of ‎8．去掉in ‎[应对策略2]‎ ‎(1)如果句子中不缺少主语或表语，动词后又不缺少宾语，则在名词或代词前一定是缺少介词。‎ ‎(2)注意短语搭配中介词的正确使用。‎ ‎(3)不该用介词的短语中用了介词，如next year常写成in the next year。‎ ‎(4)某些及物动词短语中介词缺失，如look (at)，listen (to)，take care (of)等。‎ ‎(5)有些及物动词多加了介词，如enter the room常写成enter into the room，return my book常写成return back/to my book等。‎ ‎(6)注意分清连词、副词和介词之间的区别和句法功能。‎ ‎◆书面表达中介词易错点聚焦 ‎1．句尾介词往往由于受到汉语的影响而缺少 ‎2．因不熟悉介词及介词短语语法功能和不同搭配而造成语句混乱、搭配不当等错误 ‎(误)I often come to school take bus，but sometimes I come by my father's car.‎ ‎(正)I often come to school by bus，but sometimes I come in my father's car.‎ ‎3．英汉差异造成的介词错用 Ⅰ.单句语法填空 ‎1．[2017·山东下学期综合测试]When he was 30，back in 1953，he was working________a research assistant in the university.‎ ‎2．[2017·四川资阳一诊]“Speed up‎.70 km/h isn't fast enough.You are holding up traffic，”ordered another voice from the seat next________me.‎ ‎3．[2017·山东青岛自主学习]The game was played________two teams.‎ ‎4．[2017·河南中原名校4月模拟]I sat on the side of the stage，________my script open on a music stand in front of me.‎ ‎5．[2017·安徽安庆重点中学模拟]Even though our eyes are closed，they move rapidly from side________side.‎ 答案：1.as　解析：句意：早在1953年，当时他30岁，他就在那所大学当了一名研究助理。work as从事……工作。‎ ‎2．to　解析：句意：“‎ 加快速度。每小时70千米还不够快。你正在造成交通阻塞。”从我旁边座位那里发出的另一个声音命令道。next to挨着。‎ ‎3．between　解析：句意：比赛在两支队伍间进行。between在两者之间。‎ ‎4．with　解析：句意：我坐在舞台的一侧，我的剧本打开着，放在我前面的乐谱架上。with的复合结构作状语。‎ ‎5．to　解析：句意：尽管我们眼睛紧闭，但它们(眼球)从一侧到另一侧迅速转动。from...to...从……到……为固定搭配。‎ Ⅱ.单句改错 ‎1．[2017·安徽合肥八中段考]I'm very glad to hear about you are going to visit me next Friday.________‎ ‎2．[2017·安徽合肥八中段考]I will take you together to a hot－pot restaurant for dinner and we'll talk with our plan for the weekend over dinner.________‎ ‎3．[2017·湖南衡阳八中二模]People have different opinions of money.________‎ ‎4．[2017·湖南衡阳八中二模]We cannot exchange money into friendship or love.________‎ ‎5．[2017·江西南昌高三联考]Some of them are even particular with food.________‎ 答案：1.去掉about或about→that　解析：句意：很高兴听说你下周五要来看我。此处hear为及物动词，直接带宾语从句，此时宾语从句的引导词that可以省略。‎ ‎2．with→about　解析：句意：我将带你一起去火锅店吃晚餐，然后我们一边吃晚餐一边讨论周末计划。根据宾语our plan可知，指讨论的内容，talk后应用about。‎ ‎3．of→about/on　解析：指对某事的观点、看法时，opinion后面接介词on/about。‎ ‎4．into→for　解析：exchange sth. for...“交换，兑换”。‎ ‎5．with→about/over　解析：be particular about/over“讲究；对……挑剔”。‎ Ⅲ.语法填空 A(介词及介词短语专练)‎ I was in a restaurant.I noticed an elderly couple 1.________a balloon tied to their table.When I asked them what the occasion was，they told me it was their 50th ‎ wedding anniversary.I was glad and sad 2.________ them at the same time.I was glad because they still cherished each other.I was sad because they were 3.________their own，without any children or friends.After I went back to my table I thought I should pay their bill.I tried to do it，and the restaurant manager and the waitresses asked me curiously who they were 4.________me.Finally，I told them I worked in a church and felt it was my duty to do so.The elderly couple were surprised and speechless when told a total stranger had paid 5.________them.All of us were nearly 6.________tears：the couple，the manager，the waitresses and me.‎ Two months later I got a call 7.________a newspaper telling me my simple act of kindness was reported.I wasn't expecting anything 8.________return，but I became famous 9.________that act of kindness.What would and could happen 10.________us if we always practice such acts of kindness on family，friends，neighbors and strangers?‎ 答案：1.with　2.for　3.on　4.to　5.for　6.in　7.from　8.in　9.for　10.to B ‎[2017·四川广元中学高三段考]‎ Just as I began a new job in New York，I had to learn another important job：father.I was a businessman.At the office I had three new 1.________(project)，and at home I had a young son who was growing fast and 2.________(need) me.I was puzzled and didn't know how to deal with the relationship between job and family until one day，during my business trip in Chicago，I came 3.________an old family friend Dan,4.________was once a patient of my father.He told me something about my father.5.________was my father that helped him go through depression.When Dan knew he got depression，he was very upset and wanted 6.________(give) up，but my father，his doctor，encouraged him to go on 7.________(fight) against depression.My father said to him，“You have 8.________wonderful life and three fine children.Take some time with them.It's family that we live for—not just ourselves.Think of that 9.________you will know life's worth the fight.” His words touched me，and I 10.________(sudden) realized that family are the most important in the world.I should spend more time staying with them.‎ 答案：1.projects　2.needed　3.across　4.who　5.It　6.to give　7.fighting　8.a　9.and　10.suddenly