高考英语语法知识复习2

高考英语语法知识复习2

‎（原创精品）2013年普通高考英语科语法知识网络 专题02 名词和主谓一致 I.‎‎ 名词的种类 专有名词 普通名词 国名地名人名，团体机构名称 可数名词 不可数名词 个体名词 集体名词 抽象名词 物质名词 特别注意名词类别的相互转换 个体名词与抽象名词的相互转换 例 句 意 义 名词性质 ‎①She held some flowers in her hand.‎ ‎②The trees are now in flower 花儿 个体名词 开花 抽象名词 ‎①Youth is beautiful.‎ ‎②He is a youth of twenty 青春 抽象名词 年轻人 个体名词 ‎①They have achieved remarkable success in their work.‎ ‎②—How about the Christmas evening party? ‎ ‎ —I should say it was a success. ‎ 成功 抽象名词 成功的事 个体名词 物质名词与个体名词的相互转换 例 句 意 义 名词性质 ‎①Iron is a kind of metal.‎ ‎②Please lend me your iron.‎ 铁 物质名词 熨斗 个体名词 ‎①He broke a piece of glass.‎ ‎②He broke a glass.‎ 玻璃 物质名词 玻璃杯 个体名词 ‎①I bought a chicken this morning ‎②Please help yourself to some chicken 小鸡 个体名词 鸡肉 物质名词 抽象名词与个体名词的转换 具有动作意义的抽象名词加用与某些动词（如：have等）连 用，表示某一次短暂的动作 ‎①—I’d like______information about the management of your hotel,please.‎ ‎—Well, you could have____word with the manager. He might be helpful A.some,a B.an,some C.some,some D.an,a ‎②They sent us word of the latest happenings. 消息 （抽象名词）‎ A.a B.an C./ D.the ‎③Could we have word before you go to the meeting? 话（个体名词）‎ A.a B.an C./ ‎ ‎ D.the 类例：have a dream/a rest/a smoke/a swim/a trip/a wash/a discussion/a look take a walk/a bath make an advance(进步)/make an early start(早点出发)‎ ‎/make a decision/make a change/give a cry of pain(发出痛苦的叫声) /give a try 表示知识和时间的抽象名词转换为普通名词时可以用来表示 其中的一部分 ‎①Many people agree that___knowledge of English is a must in____international trade today.‎ A.a, / B.the, an C.the, the D. /, the a knowledge of truth(知道实际情况)‎ give a fuller knowledge of China(提供关于中国更为翔实的知识)‎ have a knowledge of shorthand(有速记的知识) ‎ ‎②If there were no examination, we should have______at school.‎ A.the happiest time B.a mo re happier time ‎ C.much happiest time D.a much happier time ‎③ is money.‎ ‎ A.The time B.A time C.Time D.Times 抽象名词转换为普通名词可用来表示“一次、一阵、一种”具体的行为、事件、现象或结 果。这时名词前往往有形容词修饰 ‎①Oh, John. _____you gave me!‎ A.How a pleasant surprise B.How pleasant surprise ‎ C.What a pleasant surprise D. What pleasant surprise ‎②She looked up when I shouted.‎ A.in a surprise B.in the surprise C.in surprise D.in some surprise 其它例子：The gift came as a complete surprise to me. We have had some unpleasant surprise ‎③It is_____work of art that everyone wants to have a look at it.‎ A.so unusual B. such unusual ‎ C.such an unusual D.so an unusual II. 名词的数 规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es（参看有关语法书）。英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，请看下表 规 则 例 词 ‎1‎ 改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式 man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice ‎ ‎2‎ 单复数相同 sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species ‎ ‎3‎ 只有复数形式 ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents ‎4‎ 一些集体名词总是用作复数 people, police, cattle, staff ‎5‎ 部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）‎ audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party ‎6‎ 复数形式表示特别含义 customs(海关), forces(军队), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), manners(礼貌), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜), ruins(废墟)‎ ‎7‎ 表示“某国人”‎ 加-s Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans 单复数同形 Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese 以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-women Englishmen, Frenchwomen ‎8‎ 合成名词 将主体名词变为复数 sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends 无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数 grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches 将两部分变为复数 women singers, men servants III. 主谓一致 规则 情 况 举 例 语 法 一 致 以单数名词或代词动词不定式短语，动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；主语为复数时，谓语动词 用复数形式。‎ His father is working on the farm. ‎ To study English well is not easy.‎ Reading‎ in the sun is bad for your eyes. ‎ What he said is very important for us all. ‎ 由what引导的主语从句，后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式，但若表语是复数或what从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时，主句的谓语动词用复数形式。‎ what I bought were three English books. ‎ What I say and do is (are) helpful for you.‎ 原 则 由连接词and或both…and连接起来的主语后面，要用复数形式的谓语动词。但若所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物 时，它后面的谓语就用单数形式。由and ‎ Lucy and Lily are twins 连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有no, each, every 或more than a (an)/one,many a (an) 修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。either, neither, each, every 或no+单数名词和由some, any no, every构成的复合不定代词，都作单数看待。.‎ The writer and artist has come.‎ Every student and every teach is in the classroom.‎ Many a boy and many a girl likes it.‎ No boy and no girl likes it.‎ Each of us has a new book. Is everyone here today?‎ Somebody is speaking in class. Everything around us is matter 若none of 后面的名词是不可数名词，它的谓语动词就要用单数。若它后面的名词是复数，它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。‎ None of the sugar was left. ‎ None of us has (have) been to America.‎ 在定语从句里，关系代词that, who, which 等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。‎ Those who want to go please write their names on the blackboard.‎ He is one of my friends who are working hard.‎ He is the (only) one of my friends who is working hard.‎ 在强调句型中应与被强调部分一致 It is I who am going to the cinema tonight.‎ It is we who are going to the cinema tonight.‎ 如果集体名词指的是整个集体，它的谓语动词用单数形式； 如果它指的集体的成员，其谓语动词用复数形式 The police are looking for the lost child. ‎ The cattle are eating grass in the field.‎ His family has moved to the south .(他的一家) ‎ His family are watching TV.（他的家人）‎ Class four is on the third floor.（四班） ‎ Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor.（四班的学生）‎ 由a lot of /lots of/ plenty of/ a heap of/ heaps of/ the rest of/the majority of+名词构成的短语以及由分数或百分数+名词构成的短语作主语时，其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。‎ There are a lot of people in the classroom. ‎ Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is sea.‎ ‎50 percent of the students in our class are girls.‎ 此外，还有a number of +复数名词有类似的用法（用复数），但the number of +复数名词的数就得依number 而定（用单数）。‎ A number of students have gone to the farm to help the farmer pick apples.‎ The number of pages in this book is three hundred.‎ 在倒装句中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致 There comes the bus. On the wall are many pictures.‎ Such is the result. Such are the facts.‎ Between the two hills stands a monument.‎ 逻 辑 意 义 一 致 原 What, who, which, any, more, all 等代词可以是单数，也可是复数， 主要靠意思来决定。‎ Which is your bag? Which are your bags?‎ Are any of you good at English? Has any of you got a pen?‎ All can be done has been done. All is going well. ‎ All have been taken out. All have gone to Beijing.‎ 则 表示时间重量长度价值等的名词的复数作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式，这是由于作主语的名词在概念上是一个整体。‎ Thirty minutes is enough for the work..‎ Twenty pounds is too dear.‎ 如强调这类词的复数意义，则谓语动词要用复数形式 Forty kilos of water are used every day.‎ 若英语是书名名格言剧名报名国名等的复数形式，其谓语动词通常用单数形式。‎ The United States is smaller than China.‎ ‎“The Arabian Nights” is an interesting story-book.‎ 表数量的短语“one and a half”后面接复数名词作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。‎ One and a half apples is left on the table.‎ 一些学科名词是以-ics结尾，如：mathematics, politics, physics 以及news, works 等。都属于形式上是复数的名词， 实际意义为单数名词，‎ 它们作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。‎ The paper works was built in 1990.这家造纸厂建于1990年。‎ I don’t think physics is easy to study.‎ trousers, glasses, clothes, shoes, scissors (剪刀)等词作主语时，谓语用复数，但如果这些名词前有a(the) pair of 等量词修饰时（clothes被a suit of 修饰）谓语动词用单数。‎ My glasses are broken.‎ The pair of shoes under the bed is his.‎ ‎“定冠词the+形容词或分词”，表示某一类人动词用复数；若表示某一类东西时，动词用单数。‎ The old are taken good care of there.‎ The beautiful gives pleasure to all.‎ 就 近 ‎/远 一 致 原 则 当两个主语由either or, neither nor, not only but also ,whether or 连接时，谓语动词和邻近的主语保持一致,即就近一致。‎ Either the teacher or the students are our friends. ‎ Neither he nor they are wholly right.‎ Neither they nor he is wholly right. ‎ Is neither he nor they wholly right?‎ there be 句型中be 动词的单复数取决于其后的主语。如果其后是由and 连接的两个主语，则应与靠近的那个主语保持一致，即就近一致。‎ There are two chairs and a desk in the room.‎ There is a desk and two chairs in the room.‎ 主语后面跟有with, together with, except, but, like, as well as, no less than, rather than, more than, besides, along with, including, in addition to 等引起的短语， 谓语动词要跟主语一致，即就远一致。‎ Mr. Green, together with his wife and children, has come to China.‎ A woman with a baby was on the bus.‎ Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground.‎ She, like you and Tom, is very tall.‎ The girls as well as the boy have learned to speak Japanese.‎ No one except my teachers knows anything about it.‎