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无私奉献高考英语书面表达考场策略
词·清平乐 禁庭春昼,莺羽披新绣。 百草巧求花下斗,只赌珠玑满斗。 日晚却理残妆,御前闲舞霓裳。谁道腰肢窈窕,折旋笑得君王。 2007年唐山市高三备考研讨会 经验交流材料 高考英语书面表达考场策略 柳凤富 丰润区高中教研室 2007年10月 高考英语书面表达考场策略 柳凤富 丰润区高中教研室 摘要:当今,书面表达在整个高考英语试卷中占20%的分数,这一分值足以说明它的重要性。然而如何在高考考场上拿下理想的成绩却是令众多考生十分困惑的一个问题,并视其为畏途,束手无策。本文通过对高考考场基本策略和高分策略的分析,指导考生实现科学备考,以最终提高写的能力并在高考中取得最高档最高分的成绩。 关键词:高考书面表达;考场基本策略;考场高分策略;科学备考 当今,书面表达在高考英语试卷中为30分,占总分150分中的20%,很明显书面表达的分数如若那不下来,将对考取理想的大学有着至关重要的影响。那么,如何才能使考生在高考书面表达中获取最高档最高分的成绩呢? 一 考场基本策略——书面表达六步法 (一).敢写 信心十足,大胆去写。只有敢写,才能得分,不做书面表达的考生太亏。 (二)审题 仔细阅读试题的要求和提示,认真观察所给的每一幅图画、图示或图表,做到图文并茂,判断短文的体裁、题材,明确特点,确定中心思想,把握中心内容,列出提纲。 (三)确定层次、实现功能 高考英语书面表达要求词数为100左右,即80-120这一区间。这样长度的短文,一般分为三个层次且各有其功能。 三大层次与功能: 1.总括: (1)凤头(开头):直导主题,概括全文; (2)龙身(正文):内容全面,衔接首尾; (3)豹尾(结尾):紧扣主题,看法建议/有感而发。 2.记叙文(之一): (1)凤头(开头):时间、地点、人物、起因; (2)龙身(正文):经过; (3)豹尾(结尾):结果。 3.记叙文(之二): (1)凤头(开头):时间、地点、人物、起因; (2)龙身(正文):经过、结果; (3)豹尾(结尾):有感而发。 4.说明文/议论文 (1)凤头(开头):提出问题/现象; (2)龙身(正文):分析问题/现象; (3)豹尾(结尾):解决问题/提出自己的看法或建议。 (四)下笔 1.通过分析思考,定好文章的时态、语态。2.确定人称。3. 尽量使用自己有把握的句型,避免出现汉式英语,句型要多样化。4. 句子长短适中,字数符合要求。几年来的书面表达参考答案都在9-11个句子范围之内。5.恰当地使用连接词。6.书写规范、整洁。 (五)仔细核实—短文改错 仔细核实:内容要点;时态、语态、主谓一致、名词与动词的词形、笔误等。 (六)誊写 考生要牢固树立以下思想:卷面美观、字迹规范不一定加分,但卷面磨矶、字迹潦草一定减分,且减重分,至少是一个档次的分—6分。 二 考场高分策略 (一)科学理论策略 1.准确把握书面表达评分原则(2007年) 1)本题总分30分,按5个档次给分。第5档25—30分;第4档19—24分;第3档13—18分;第2档7—12分;第1档:1—6分。 2)评分时,先根据文章的内容和语言初步确定其所属档次,然后以该档次的要求来衡量,确定或调整档次,最后给分。 3)词数少于80或多于120的,从总分中减去2分。 4)评分时应注意的主要内容为:内容要点、应用词汇和语法结构的数量和正确性及上下文 的连贯性。 5)拼写与标点符号是语言准确性的一个方面。评分时应视其对交际的影响程度予以考虑。英美拼写及词汇用法均可接受。 6)如书写较差以至影响交际,将分数降低一个档次(6分)。 2.力保达到第五档的给分要求 完全完成了试题规定的任务。 —覆盖所有内容要点。 —应用了较多的语法结构和词汇。 —语法结构或词汇方面有些许错误,但为尽力使用较复杂结构或较高级词汇所致;具有较强的语言运用能力。 —有效地使用了语句间连接成分,使全文结构紧凑。 达到了预期的写作目的。 3.全面符合最高档最高分的评分标准: 1.卷面美观、字迹工整;2.主题明确、重点突出;3.条理清楚、层次分明;4.内容全面、要点详尽;5.词汇准确、框架优秀;6.连接得当 结构紧凑。除此,还要在时态、语态、人称、格式、字数与标点方面准确到位。 (二)有效实践策略 高考书面表达评分标准主要强调以下四个方面:要点全面;使用高级词汇;应用较多语法结构,尝试使用较复杂的句式;有效使用语句间的连接成分,使全文结构紧凑。一篇平平淡淡的短文,哪怕无错误,也很难得到第五档(25—30分)的高分。要想达到以上四方面的要求,考生们还要注意应用以下实践中的具体策略。 1.词汇策略 词汇是语言的建筑材料,短文写得好与坏,能不能达意,都与选词有密切关系。 1)选词标新立异 物以稀为贵,词汇的选择也应尽可能做到标新立异。如: (1)At dusk, we headed home. (用headed代替went) (2)The boy thought of a good idea on his way home.(人作主语平淡) A good idea occourred to/ came upon /struck the boy. (物作主语生动) (3)She began to cry. (人作主语平淡) Tears came to her eyes. (物作主语生动) 2)避免重复用词 在表达相同意思时,表达方式的变换显得尤为重要。选择使用恰当的同义词或词组可反映考生较强的应用英语语言的能力,同时也避免使人感到单调和乏味。如:I like playing football while my younger brother enjoys/is fond of/is into going swimming.(用enjoys/is fond of/is into替代likes给阅卷者以新鲜感) 3)高级词汇 高级词汇的准确应用,可体现出考生的词汇量和英语水平,一定数量的高级词汇的应用,可使阅卷者对试卷一见钟情,获取高分。如: (1)This is a challenging job.(用challenging替代difficult,给阅卷者留下深刻印象) (2) At the foot of the mountain, there flowed/ran a small river. (用flowed/ran替代was,用动态表静态,增添了活力) 2.语序策略 英语句子的语序一般都是“主语+谓语+其它。”结构,适当地改变句子的语序,可使整个句子跌宕起伏,生动活泼,增强表现力。试将下列各句与括号内的句子相比较: 1)On the other side, where the playground used to be, now stands another new building,our library.(Now another new building, our library ,stands on the other side, where the playground used to be.) 2)The door opened. In came our headmaster, Mr. Smith. (The door opened, and our Mr. Smith came in.) 3)The bell rang. Out rushed the children.(The bell rang. The children rushed out.) 4)Impossible is nothing. Keep moving!(Nothing is impossible. Keep moving!) 3.高级句式策略 书面表达一味地使用简单句、陈述句,句子结构很单一,语句乏味,可读性不强。因此,要提高书面表达的档次,应在能够按《普通高等学校招生全国统一考试大纲》要求下,准确应用简单句的五种基本句型。英语简单句由于用了三种主要动词—系动词、不及物动词和及物动词,因此构成五种基本句型:1)主语+谓语(系动词+表语);2)主语+谓语(不及物动词);3)主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语;4)主语+谓语(及物动词)+间接宾语+直接宾语;5)主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语+宾语补足语。在准确应用简单句的五种基本句型的基础上,根据语言环境灵活应用学过的各种高级句式,特别是复合句、并列句、强调句、省略句、感叹句等,为短文增添色彩。 1)合并单句,使语言由松散变得凝练 (1)With the rapid development of modern agriculture and industry, more and more waste is produced. It does great harm to both our health and surroundings. →With the rapid development of modern agriculture and industry, more and more waste is produced, which does great harm to both our health and surroundings. (2)The place is warm and wet. Bamboo grows well in it. →Bamboo grows well where it is warm and wet. (3)The boy did it. It surprised us all. →What the boy did surprised us all. (4)The girl knew something about the thief. She told it to us to help us catch the thief. →The girl told us what she knew to help us catch the thief. (5) How can we learn English well? It is our great problem. → Our great problem is how we can learn English well. (6)Our team won the game. The word came. →The word came that our team won the game. →There came the word that our team won the game. (7)With Mrs. Liu’s help, I’ve made rapid progress in English. →It was with Mrs. Liu’s help that I’ve made rapid progress. (8)But the family managed to send him to a technical school. →But the family did manage to send him to a technical school. 4.语态策略 灵活准确应用被动语态,避免语态的单调性。 (1)We must take effective measures to stop pollution. →Effective measures must be taken to stop pollution. (2)People suggest that the conference be put off. →It is suggested that the conference be put off. 5.非谓语动词策略 恰当地使用非谓语动词,避免语言的罗嗦与平淡,使句子简单明了,严密紧凑。如: Other students are against the idea. They say that the Beijing Zoo was built in 1906 and has a history of more than 100 years. →Other students are against the idea, saying that the Beijing Zoo, built in 1906, has a history of more than 100 years. 6.过渡词策略 高考英语书面表达,字数虽然限定在80—120之间,但它再短也是一篇文章,而文章的主要特点是:词与词之间的有机联系构成句子;句与句之间的有机联系构成段落;段落与段落之间的有机联系构成篇章。而这三个有机联系正是靠过渡词来实现的。过渡词承上启下,建立上下文之间的有机联系,使整篇短文浑然一体。高考满分作文都有一个共性,那就是有效地使用了语句间的连接成分,使全文结构紧凑,层次清楚,文理通畅。结构紧凑是书面表达的基本要求。因此,学会使用过渡词是提高书面表达质量的重要举措之一。 1)总括过渡词 (1) as a rule --------------------------------------------------------------------------在大多数情况下通常 (2) as far as I am concerned ---------------------------------------------------------------------就我而言 (3) as for me ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------至于我 (4) personally speaking ---------------------------------------------------------------从我个人角度而言 (5) roughly speaking --------------------------------------------------大致说来 (6) generally speaking --------------------------------------------------般说来 (7) strictly speaking--------------------------------------------------严格说来 (8) in my view/opinion ------------------------------------------------在我看来 (9) on a large scale --------------------------------------------------广而言之 2) 同类过渡词(表增加) (1) beyond that ------------------------------------------------------------除此 (2) equally important ------------------------------------------------------同样 (3) in a similar way -------------------------------------------------------同样 (4) like wise --------------------------------------------------------------同样 (5) namely/that is -------------------------------------------------即;也就是说 (6) For one thing,--- ; for another, --- . ------------------ 一则,------ 再则。 (7) besides---------------------------------------------------------除------之外 (8) What’s more -----------------------------------------------------------而且 (9) moreover ---------------------------------------------------再者;此外;而且 (10) furthermore------------------------------------------------------------此外 (11) in addition------------------------------------------------------------另外 (12) on top of that-------------------------------------------------除------之外 (13) in other words-------------------------------------------------------换言之 (14) that is to say-------------------------------------------------------换言之 (15) to put it another way------------------------------------------------换言之 3) 对比/转折过渡词 (1) but/otherwise/however --------------------------------------------否则;然而 (2) in/by contrast to/with------------------------------------相比之下;对比而言 (3) on the contrary --------------------------------------------------------相反 (4) On one hand , --- ; on the other hand, --- . ---------------一方面;另一方面 (5) rather than ----------------------------------------------------------而不是 (6) instead-----------------------------------------------------------------相反 (7) despite all this----------------------------------------------------尽管如此 (8) in spite of ------------------------------------------------------------尽管 (9) nevertheless------------------------------------------------------------然而 (10) whereas/while-------------------------------------------------------然而;却4) 举例过渡词 (1) A case in point is that --- -------------------------------------------例如 (2) as an illustration -----------------------------------------------------例如 (3) for example/instance ---------------------------------------------------例如 (4) such as ----------------------------------------------------------------例如 (5) as another example/instance --------------------------------------------再如 (6) as still another example/instance --------------------------------------又如 5)列举/顺序过渡词 (1) first (of all) ---------------------------------------------------------首先 (2) second -----------------------------------------------------------------其次 (3) third ------------------------------------------------------------------再者 (4) initially --------------------------------------------------------------首先 (5) first and foremost /above all---------------------------------首先最重要得是 (6) furthermore /moreover --------------------------------------------------此外 (7) in addition/what’s more -----------------------------------------------再者 (8) finally/in the end/at last ---------------------------------------------最后 (9) to begin/start with---------------------------------------------以------开始 (10) next-------------------------------------------------------------------接着 (11) then-------------------------------------------------------------然后;再者 6) 原因过渡词 (1) by virtue of -----------------------------------------------------------由于 (2) due to (不能用于句首) --------------------------------------------------由于 (3) on account of ----------------------------------------------------------由于 (4) owing to ---------------------------------------------------------------由于 (5) thanks to---------------------------------------------------------由于;幸亏 (6) as a result of -------------------------------------------------作为一种结果 (7) as a consequence------------------------------------------------因此;结果是 (8) therefore/thus----------------------------------------------------------因此 (9) considering ----------------------------------------------------------考虑到 (10) given (介词) --------------------------------------------------------考虑到 7) 让步过渡词 (1) although /in spite of --------------------------------------------------尽管 (2) it is true ---, but--- -------------------------------尽管------是事实,但是 (3) even though ------------------------------------------------------------即使 (4) indeed -----------------------------------------------------------------的确 (5) certainly/of course ----------------------------------------------------当然 8) 强调过渡词 (1) anyhow ---------------------------------------------------无论如何;不管怎样(2) even worse --------------------------------------------------------更糟糕的是 (3) chiefly ---------------------------------------------------------------主要地 (4) more often than not/as often as not -------------------------------往往;大抵 (5) most important of all ---------------------------------------------最重要的是 (6) needless to say -----------------------------------------------------自不必说 (7) no doubt/without any doubt ------------------------------------------毫无疑问 (8) particularly ----------------------------------------------------------特别地 9)目的过渡词 (1) with the aim of -------------------------------------------------------目的是 (2) for the sake of -------------------------------------------------------目的是 (3) with a view to --------------------------------------------------------目的是 (4) for the purpose -------------------------------------------------------目的是 10) 结论过渡词 (1) accordingly -------------------------------------------------------------因此 (2) therefore /thus ---------------------------------------------------------因此 (3) with the result that ----------------------------------------------------因此 (4) on the account ----------------------------------------------------------因此 (5) on/upon the whole----------------------------------------------------总的看来 (6) in short---------------------------------------------------------------简言之 (7) all in all---------------------------------------------------------------总之 (8) in a word--------------------------------------------------------------简言之 (9) in conclusion------------------------------------------------------------最后 (10) in summary--------------------------------------------------------------总之 11)条件过渡词 (1) if/providing/provided----------------------------------------------------如果 (2) on/upon condition that------------------------------------如果;在------条件下 (3) as long as---------------------------------------------------------------只要 (4) unless-------------------------------------------------------------------除非 (5) or less------------------------------------------------------------------否则 (6) supposing (that)---------------------------------------------------------假使 12)时间过渡词 (1) eventually---------------------------------------------------------终于,最后 (2) at the same time---------------------------------------------------------同时 (3) in the meantime----------------------------------------------------------同时 (4) meanwhile----------------------------------------------------------------同时 (5) all of a sudden----------------------------------------------------------突然 (6) presently----------------------------------------------------------不久;目前 (7) lately/recently----------------------------------------------------最近,近来 (8) in the past few years------------------------------------------------近几年来 13)事实过渡词 (1) in fact----------------------------------------------------------------事实上 (2) actually---------------------------------------------------------------事实上 (3) as a matter of fact----------------------------------------------------事实上 (4) to tell you the truth-------------------------------------------说实话/老实说 (5)frankly speaking------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------坦率地说 总之,衷心希望我们的考生在高考书面表达中应用考场基本策略和高分策略,科学备考, 取得最高档最高分的成绩。 参考文献: 1.教育部考试中心.2007.普通高等学校招生全国统一考试大纲 北京:高等教育出版社 2.教育部考试中心.2007.普通高等学校招生全国统一考试大纲说明 北京:高等教育出版社 3.教育部考试中心.2007.高考试题分析 北京:高等教育出版社 4.文伟.2003.中国高考英语作文实例点评大全 太原: 山西教育出版社 5.中国考试.2007.普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语试题 北京:北京市海淀区 查看更多