高考短文改错知识点总结

高考短文改错知识点总结

‎ 短文改错 考情分析:‎ ‎1. 词类用法：考查不同词类的不同用法, 与语法填空中的词性转换考点相同。‎ ‎2. 辨析：只考many与much, here与there, some与any, ago与before等十分常见的词之间的混用, 这些词是稍有语感、不讲自会的, 千万别走入过去凡遇近义词必辨的误区。‎ ‎3. 其他：指不便归于某一语法项目的考点。‎ ‎2014课标卷I——somewhere→ everywhere ‎ ‎2014课标卷II——They→ There (there be句型写成they be)‎ ‎2014大纲卷——should able to→ should be able to (漏掉be，因able是形容词, 不能作谓语, 加be)‎ ‎2013课标卷I——remember… much→ remember…well /clearly (习惯修饰语，记得清楚，而非记得非常。)‎ ‎2013课标卷II——was drank→ was drunk (过去分词拼写错误)‎ ‎2013大纲卷——stand→ stand up (漏掉up)‎ ‎2012课标卷——do wrong→ go wrong (可列到辨析类)‎ ‎2012大纲卷I——cut off→ cut down (语境意义)‎ ‎2011大纲卷I——think over→ think of(语境意义)‎ ‎2011大纲卷II——so +adj. + that…写成so much +adj. +that… (如此……以致……)；more than happy写成了better than happy (非常高兴)‎ 命题特点 ‎⑴ 用来命题的短文内容与学生的学习生活非常贴近，好像就是学生的习作。‎ ‎⑵ 长度均在100词左右。‎ ‎⑶ 这些材料都是记叙文。‎ ‎⑷ 新课标卷的设题通常是：1处多1个词，1处少1个词，8处错1个词。‎ ‎5. 要求考生添加或删除的词通常是虚词。‎ ‎⑴ 少了一个词，要求添加的词有：‎ ‎① 冠词：in countryside →in the countryside(2015课标I)‎ ‎ As result→ As a result(2014课标I)‎ ‎② 介词：listening music→ listening to music(2014课标II) ‎ ‎③ 连词：He had…, he was… →He had…, and he was(2013课标I)‎ ‎④ 不定式符号：came see me→ came to see me(2007课标)‎ ‎⑤ 物主代词：Tom saw parents→ Tom saw his parents(2015课标II)‎ ‎⑵ 多了一个词，要求删除的词有：介词、冠词、连词、助动词、不定式符号to。‎ ‎① 冠词：In a fact→ In fact(2013课标I) ‎ ‎ all kinds of the flowers→ all kinds of flowers(2014课标II)‎ ‎② 介词：he lent to me lots of clothes →he lent me lots of clothes(2011课标)‎ ‎③ 连词：Although…but→Although(2014课标I)‎ ‎④ 不定式符号：had better to stop→ had better stop(2009课标)‎ ‎⑤ 助动词：has brought →brought(2010课标)‎ ‎ Lots of studies have been shown→ Lots of studies have shown(2015课标I)‎ ‎⑥ 副词：so very much that→ so much that (2015课标II)‎ ‎⑹ 需要变形的词通常是名词、动词、形容词、副词。‎ ‎⑺ 所有考点都是最基本的语法知识、最常用的单词和短语的意义与用法，以及逻辑意义的连贯。没有超出中学课本中讲的语法内容。即只要掌握课本中讲的语法就足以应对考试了。‎ 短文改错与语法填空的异同：‎ 相同：主要考点基本相同。‎ ‎⑴ 名词、代词、冠词、介词、连词。‎ ‎⑵ 时态一致、主谓一致、非谓语动词、词类用法、比较等级。‎ 以上两个方面分别对应语法填空的纯空格题和给词题。‎ 备考内容：主要从以下十个方面入手。‎ 考点1：名词的数与格 ‎⑴ 在several, few, many, one of, a couple of, three, one and a half, a large number of, scores of, dozens of等词语后，或虽没有这些词但语境提示我们，本应接复数可数名词的，但文中却用了单数。如：‎ For example, we can do reading for one and a half hour and…(hour→ hours)［2014课标II］‎ ‎⑵ 像advice, fun, homework, information, news, progress, equipment, furniture, baggage, luggage, jewellery, clothing等绝对不可数名词是没有复数形式的，但在文中却用了复数。如：‎ It felt very strange to travel without any luggages. (luggages→ luggage)［2011课标］‎ ‎⑶ 本应用名词的所有格的，但文中没有用。如：‎ When I finally arrived at my friend he lent me lots of clothes. (my friend→ my friend’s)［2011课标］‎ 考点2：指代一致 ‎⑴ 上下文的人称不一致。如：‎ Thank you very much for showing them around your city and providing us with the wonderful meals. ‎ ‎(them→ us) ［2011大纲］‎ ‎⑵ 上下文的单复数不一致。如：‎ ‎…both of them have similar ideas… Otherwise, it is impossible for him to help each other and to make their friendship last long. (him→ them)［2014大纲］‎ ‎⑶ 上下文的性别不一致。如：‎ Before her leaving, I prepared a gift to show my best wishes to him. She said… (him→ her) ［2010大纲］‎ ‎⑷ 人称代词格的误用。如：‎ Li Ming’s parents invited I to spend two wonderful weeks in Qingdao with them… (I→ me)［2007课标］‎ ‎⑸ 人称代词、反身代词、疑问代词等的错用。如：‎ He had a deep voice, which set himself apart from others… (从句主语which是指the voice, 这种声音使“他”与别人分离, 故改himself为him)［2013课标I］‎ 考点3：冠词 ‎⑴ 基本用法：单数可数名词前，表示“一个/段/座/本”等时要用a或an；表示特指时用the。如：‎ In other words, we would be separated for long time. (long time→ a long time)［2010大纲］‎ Many countries in the world find they don’t have enough water. To deal with a problem, I think, we should… ‎ ‎(a→ the，特指上文提到缺少“这个”问题)［2012大纲］‎ So when I have the problem, I will turn to her for help. (the→ a) ［2013大纲］ ‎ ‎⑵ 固定短语中多用或少用冠词。如：‎ In a fact, he even scared my classmates away… (In a fact→ In fact)［2013课标I］‎ As result, the plants are growing everywhere. (As result→ As a result) ［2014课标］‎ 考点4：介词 ‎⑴ 常用介词的错用。如：‎ Therefore, we have more time with after-school activities. (time for sth.做某事的时间) ［2014课标II］‎ ‎⑵ 固定词组中的介词误用。如：‎ ‎…and with the help by our father, my sister and I planted some cherry tomatoes… (with the help of在……的帮助下) ［2014课标I］‎ ‎⑶ 固定词组中的介词漏用。如：（拓展）‎ We can lie on the grass for a rest, or sit by the lake listening music. (listen to听) ［2014课标II］‎ 考点5：连词 ‎⑴ although/though/while不与but连用；since /as/because不与so连用。如：‎ Although we allow tomato plants to grow in the same place year after year, but we have never had any disease… (去掉but或改为yet)［2014课标I］‎ ‎⑵ and与but用混。这是考得最多的微考点。如：‎ The more friends we have, the more we can learn from one another, but the more pleasure we can share together. ( but→ and，前后没有转折关系) ［2014大纲］‎ ‎⑶ and与or。‎ All I had to do was to write a story or present it. (or→ and)［2010大纲］‎ What’s more, we can go to work by bike once and twice a week… (and→ or)［2012大纲］‎ ‎⑷ so与or。‎ We were warned not to cheat again so she would need to see our parents. (so因此→or否则) ［2013四川］‎ ‎⑸ after与before。‎ Before waiting for about half an hour, I was beginning to get impatient. (Before→ After逻辑)［2013陕西］‎ ‎⑹ which与what。‎ That is which other teachers say. (which→ what所……的) ［2013辽宁］‎ ‎⑺ 多用或少用连词。如：‎ With little sleep and hardly any break, so he works from morning till night. (去掉so)［2013辽宁］‎ So if they had said was true, I would have a chance of winning the prize. (if后加what)［2010大纲］‎ ‎⑻ 错用that引导非限制性定语从句。如：‎ Having tea in the late afternoon provides a bridge between lunch and dinner, that might not be served until 8 o’clock at night. (that→ which)［2013课标II］‎ 考点6：时态一致 ‎⑴ 上下文的谓语动词都是过去时，突然出现一个现在时。如：‎ She used to hold me… I was only four when she passes away. (passes→ passed) ［2013课标I］‎ ‎⑵ 上下文的谓语动词都是现在时，突然出现一个过去时。如：‎ Since then, we had been allowing tomatoes to self-seed where they please. As a result, the plants are growing everywhere. (had →has) ［2014课标I］‎ 此外，无论是谓语动词还是非谓语动词，都要注意在平行结构中，动词形式的一致性，即“平行一致”。如在A and B或A, B and C中，A, B, C的形式要一致。如：‎ ‎…both of them have similar ideas and trusting each other (trusting→ trust)［2014大纲］‎ 考点7：主谓一致 ‎⑴ 行为动词：主语是第三人称单数时，行为动词的一般现在时，其后加s。如：‎ My dream school look like a big garden. ( look→ looks，主语是My dream school) ［2014课标II］‎ ‎⑵ have动词：主语是第三人称单数时，have的现在时(一般现在时，现在完成时，现在完成进行时)用has。主语不是第三人称单数时，现在时用have，过去时用had。‎ Li Ming, together with his parents, have gone abroad. (have→ has，主语是Li Ming，注意：with sb.或together with sb.等介词短语是不能作主语的)（简单复习主谓一致）‎ ‎⑶ be动词：主语是第三人称单数时，be的现在时(一般现在时，现在进行时)用is，过去时(一般过去时，过去进行时)用was。主语是I，用am或was；主语是you或复数，用are或were。如：‎ ‎…the only clothes I had was those I had on. (was→ were，主语是the only clothes)［2011课标］‎ 考点8：非谓语动词 ‎ 一般说来，句中已有谓语动词，再出现动词，其前面又没有并列连词and ,but or时，该动词应为非谓语动词。我们应根据该非谓语动词在句中所作句子成分，以及它与逻辑主语的关系，来确定用具体的形式。‎ ‎⑴ 作主语或宾语不能用动词原形，通常改为ing形式或不定式。如：‎ Have tea in the late afternoon provides a bridge between lunch and dinner… (Have→ Having)［2013课标II］‎ ‎⑵ 熟记其后只能接ing或只能接to do作宾语的动词。如：‎ Last year, she decided study abroad. (study→ to study，因decide to do sth.)［2010大纲］‎ ‎⑶ 介词后要用动词的ing形式。注意区分to是介词还是不定式符号。如：‎ He isn’t good at talk but he gets on well with other people. (talk→ talking，在介词at后) ［2013大纲］‎ I look forward to see her again in the near future. (see→ seeing，在介词to后)［2010大纲］‎ ‎⑷ 一些固定短语或句式中的非谓语动词形式。如：‎ She used to holding me on her knees… (holding→ hold，因used to do sth.) ［2013课标I］‎ Well, I had better to stop now. (to stop→ stop，因had better do sth.)［2009课标］‎ ‎…make their friendship to last long. (to last→ last，因make sb. do sth.)［2014大纲］‎ ‎⑸ 根据非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的关系来确定用-ing形式还是用-ed形式。如：‎ We sat by the fire, have our barbecue. (have→ having，因we与have是主动关系)［2014陕西］‎ Felt hungry, we built a fire by the lake… (Felt→ Feeling，因we与feel是主动关系)［2013陕西］‎ ‎⑹ 别混淆谓语动词与非谓语动词。如：‎ ‎…but I tried hard to do it. Suddenly, Mary, my best friend, asking me to let her copy my answers. (去掉同位语my best friend, 显然，主语是Mary, 谓语是ask, 由前句谓语动词的时态可知, 用一般过去时, 故改asking为asked)［2013四川］‎ 考点9：词类的用法 ‎⑴ 形容词作定语、表语、补语, 但短文中却用了副词或名词。如：‎ We are growing wonderfully tomatoes at no cost! (wonderfully→ wonderful，作tomatoes的定语)［2014课标I］‎ The fruits are small in size, but juicy and taste. (taste→ tasty，作表语)［2014课标I］‎ I found the test difficulty, but I tried hard to do it. (difficulty→ difficult作补语) ［2013四川］‎ ‎⑵副词 作状语，修饰动词、形容词、全句，但短文中却用了形容词。如：‎ Interesting, it had a connection with the British porcelain(瓷器) industry. (Interesting→ Interestingly，修饰全句) ［2013课标II］‎ It was real a nice experience. (real→ really，修饰动词was)［2011大纲II］‎ ‎⑶名词 作主语、宾语, 但短文中却用了形容词、动词等。如：‎ He has ruined his healthy. (healthy→ health，作ruined的宾语) ［2013辽宁］‎ This made for the grow in the porcelain industry. (grow→ growth，作介词for的宾语)［2013课标II］‎ 冠词，介词，形容词性物主代词，形容词后用名词。‎ ‎⑷ -ed与-ing形容词的用法区别：-ing令人……的(多为事)；-ed (人)感到……的。如：‎ I am awfully tiring (tiring→ tired，因我感到累)［2013浙江］‎ My friend Nick told me a story about his experience back in the US, which was very interested. (interested→ interesting，指他的故事是“令人有趣的”)［2010课标］‎ 考点10：常用词辨析 只考here与there, some与any, ago与before, many与much, very much与very或much, beside与besides, ever与never, either与neither, used to do sth.与be used to (doing) sth.等十分常见的词语之间的辨析。千万别遇到近义词就辨析，步入复习的岐途。如：‎ Nearly five years before, …my sister and I planted some cherry tomatoes… (before→ ago，相对说话时多久以前, 用ago；相对过去的某个时间或动作在多久之前才用before)［2014课标I］‎ We don’t need to do so many homework. (many→ much，修饰不可数名词homework, 用much) ［2014课标II］‎ The fruits are small…There are so much that we often share them with our neighbors. (much →many，替代可数名词fruits, 用many) ［2014课标I］‎ Beside, Cleo tends to bark an average of six hours a day. (Beside→ Besides，因beside是介词, 意为“在……‎ 的旁边”；而besides作介词时，意为“除……之外”，作副词, 意为“此外, 而且”。注意，凡是介词，其后一定有宾语。而此处没有宾语，一定是用副词) ［2014辽宁］‎ 再次提醒：‎ 凡是用一两句话辨别不清的，或者说老师也要查资料才能弄清楚的，甚至去年查过资料，今年又得查资料才讲得清楚的那些所谓的同义词或近义词之间的辨析，是绝对不会考的。万万不可在这里浪费时间，用辨析的这几分钟去多读一遍英语短文或故事，享受其中的快乐吧。‎ 此外，多用be或少用be是写作中常见的错误，因此短文改错中可能出现。记住：作谓语的是行为动词时，如果不是进行时态或被动语态，不用be；如果句中谓语没有动词，但汉语意思又完整了时，要用be。如：‎ Suddenly the arrows were flying down at us from the sky—they were looked like rain! (因looked like中looked本身就是系动词, were是多余的, 应当去掉)［2014陕西］‎ So real friendship should able to stand all sorts of tests. (因情态动词后要接动词原形, 而其后的able是形容词, 虽然意义完整, 还是要加be) ［2014大纲］‎ 又如，I very busy.(我很忙。)虽然汉语意思完整，但句中busy是形容词，无动词，要在I后加am。At that time, we in the classroom. (那时我们在教室里。)虽然汉语意思完整，但句中无动词，要加be，即在we后加were。‎ 解题指导 解题前，须明确：‎ ‎⑴ 一个词：因只是多一词、少一词、错一词，因此，需要增加、减少、改动的都只是一个词。‎ ‎⑵ 四不改：不要求考生改标点符号、大小写、词序、纲外词，这四个方面不必考虑。‎ 解题中，可按以下步骤：‎ ‎⑴ 浏览全文，掌握大意。‎ 这一步非常重要，涉及单词和短语意思的题，以及上下文逻辑是否通顺的改连词的题，不明白上下文意思，是改不出来的。在这一步中，如遇到无需思考的明显错误，可以直接改过来。‎ ‎⑵ 分句阅读，认真纠错。‎ 逐句阅读，根据自己掌握的语法知识及上下文语义的衔接，结合上面提到的十个主要考点，认真纠错改错。具体思路可参考：‎ 动词形，名格数，特别留意形和副；‎ 逻辑连词常常考，冠词介词常光顾；‎ 代词注意性数格，词组句式须关注。‎ ‎⑶ 检查核对，攻克难点。‎ 改完后，再从头至尾认真看一遍，个别没有找出来的，对照考点，在这步完成。‎ 真题再现 假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文, 请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误, 每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。‎ 增加: 在缺词处加一个漏字符号（∧）, 并在其下面写出该加的词。‎ 删除: 把多余的词用斜线（）画掉。‎ 修改: 在错的词下画一横线, 并在该词下面写出修改后的词。‎ 注意: ‎ ‎⑴ 每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；‎ ‎⑵ 只允许修改10处, 多者（从第11处起）不计分。‎ ‎1. 2015课标卷I ‎ When I was a child, I hoped to live in the city. I think I would be happy there. Now I am living in a city, but I miss my home in countryside. There the air is clean or the mountains are green. Unfortunately, on the development of industrialization, the environment has been polluted. Lots of studies have been shown that global warming has already become a very seriously problem. The airs we breathe in is getting dirtier and dirtier. Much rare animals are dying out. We must found ways to protect your environment. If we fail to do so, we’ll live to regret it.‎ 本文谈到随着工业化的发展，环境受到了污染。‎ ‎1. think→ thought 指小时候“想”。‎ ‎2. 在countryside前加the 表示“在农村”习惯上说in the countryside。 ‎ ‎3. or→ and 因“空气新鲜”与“山绿”是并列关系。‎ ‎4. on→ with 表示“随着”用with。‎ ‎5. 去掉shown前的been 因“研究”与“表明”是主动关系。‎ ‎6. seriously→ serious 在名词前作定语要用形容词。‎ ‎7. airs→ air 因air是不可数名词，没有复数形式。‎ ‎8. Much→ Many 修饰可数名词复数要用many。‎ ‎9. found→ find 在情态动词(must)后用动词原形。‎ ‎10. your→ our /the 前后都是第一人次。 ‎ ‎2. 2015课标卷 II ‎ One day, little Tony went to a shopping center with his parent. It was very crowded. Tony saw a toy on a shop window. He liked it so very much that he quickly walked into the shop. After looks at the toy for some time, he turned around and found where his parents were missing. Tony was scared and begun to cry. A woman saw him crying and telling him to wait outside a shop. Five minutes later, Tony saw parents. Mom said, “How nice to see you again! Dad and I were terrible worried. ” Tony promised her that this would never happen again. ‎ 作者叙述Tony跟父母去购物时走丢，后又找到父母的经历。‎ ‎1. parent→ parents 由下文的his parents were missing可知用复数。‎ ‎2. on→ in 据常识，玩具应在橱窗里面，故用in。‎ ‎3. 去掉so后的very 这是so…that…结构，不用very。‎ ‎4. looks→ looking 介词after后面接动名词，故用looking。‎ ‎5. where→ that 或者去掉where宾语从句，从句的结构与意思完整，用that引导或省略that。‎ ‎6. begun→ began 因begin的过去式是began。‎ ‎7. telling→ told 与前面的saw是并列谓语，用told。 ‎ ‎8. a→ the 特指上文提到的那家商店，用the。‎ ‎9. saw后面加his 指Tony的父母，故加his。 ‎ ‎10. terrible→ terribly 修饰形容词(worried)用副词。‎ ‎3. 2013大纲卷 ‎ In my family, there are three peoples. My father is hardworking but goes to work in the field every day. He isn’t good at talk but he gets on well with other people. My mother is very much kind and is friendly to everybody. So when I have the problem, I will turn to her for help. My friends say I am clever. When the teacher asks us very difficulty questions, I’ll think quickly and stand to answer. At home, my father often thinks I’m silly. He said if I decide to do something, it takes him much times to stop me. This is how I need to improve in the future. ‎ ‎4. 2012课标卷 ‎ I learned early in life that I had to be more patient and little aggressive. From the time I was about four until I was about six, I destroyed each of my toy. I was happy when the toys worked, but when things did wrong, I got angry and broke it. For a while, parents bought me new toys. But before long, they began to see which was happening. When I tear apart my fifth birthday toy train, my father said, “That’s it. No more toys to you.” My punishment lasted a year. Meanwhile, I found out that with more patience, I must make my toys to last. My attitude changed from then on.‎ ‎5. 2012大纲卷I ‎ Every one of us can make a great efforts to cut off the use of energy in our country. To begin with, all of us can start reducing to the use of oil by driving only when we have a real need. That won’t be easy, I know, but we have to start anywhere. What’s more, we can go to work by bike once and twice a week, and we can also buy smaller cars that burn little oil. Other way is to watch our everyday use of water and electric at home. For example, how many times have you walked out of a room and leave the lights or television when no one else was there？‎ ‎6. 2012大纲卷II ‎ Dear Editor, ‎ ‎ I’m writing to tell you opinion about water saving. Water is important. We, as well as animal, cannot live without water and neither agriculture or industry can go without it. Yet it seemed water is becoming less and less. Many countries in the world find we don’t have enough water. To deal with a problem, I think, we should first go all out to plant trees though trees will help save water. Next, not drinking water should be left running. Third, we should find ways to reuse the water using in washing, especially bath water, for which is quite a lot, and that will save much water. ‎ ‎ Sincerely, ‎ ‎ Li Hua ‎7. 2011课标卷 ‎ My summer travel started terribly. I was at the Shanghai Railway Station buy a ticket to Hangzhou. I was going to visit a friend here, and after that, I would go to Xiamen for long holiday. I bought my ticket but turned around to pick up my bag from the floor, and then I realized that someone had stolen it. Luckily, I had all my money on my pocket,but the only clothes I had was those I had on. It felt very strange to travel without any luggages. When I finally arrived at myfriend he lent to me lots of clothes. I feel very happy that I could change my clothes at last.‎ 记述作者一次旅行开始时被偷走了行李，后来朋友送了衣服给作者，他感到很开心。‎ ‎1. buy→ buying 因句中已有谓语(was…)，动词buy应为非谓语，因I与buy是主动关系，故用-ing形式作状语。‎ ‎2. here→ there 习惯上说“去那里”“来这里”即go there, come here，而不说“去这里”“来那里”。‎ ‎3. 在for后加a因可数名词holiday是单数，前面应有限定词；表示“一个” 长假，填a，与for a long time类似。‎ ‎4. but→ and 因“买票”与“转身”是先后紧接着发生的两个动作，顺承关系，无转折意义，故用and。‎ ‎5. on→ in 钱“在口袋里”，用in。‎ ‎6. was→ were 句中(that) I had是定语从句，主句主语是clothes，复数，故was改用were，才主谓一致。‎ ‎7. luggages→ luggage 因luggage或baggage(行李)是不可数名词，没有复数形式。表示几件行李，要借用piece，如“三件行李” 说three pieces of luggage。‎ ‎8. friend→ friend’s 指到达“我朋友的家(my friend’s home)”，其中home可省略。又如：a butcher’s (shop)肉铺，a tailor’s (shop)裁缝店，a barber’s (shop)理发店，a doctor’s (office)诊所，my sister’s (home)我姐姐家，其中shop, office, home等表示处所的词都可以省略，直接用名词所有格表示。‎ ‎9. 去掉lent后的to由lend sb. sth.(借给某人某物)可知，不用to。但如果将sth.放到前面，则用to，即lend sth. to sb.。‎ ‎10. feel→ felt 上文谓语动词都是用一般过去时，而feel却用一般现在时，时态不一致。‎ ‎8. 2011大纲卷I ‎ One of my unforgettable memory of my school in Xinjiang is that of lunches we brought from our homes. I hold my lunch-box in my hand when I was going to school. The smell from it was very good. Since the lunch bell finally rang, my friends and I met under a tall tree and had our lunches. My best friend, Aigulie, was used to share her Nang to me. Nang is a specially kind of cake in Xinjiang. I like them very much. Now Aigulie and I study at different colleges or we can only see each other during the summer vacation. I think over her a lot and I miss the food and the good time we had together.‎ 作者对中学时光与当时从家带去的午餐的回忆与思念。‎ ‎1. memory→ memories 因one of…后面的名词要用复数形式。‎ ‎2. lunches前加the 因lunches后有定语从句修饰，特指从家里带到学校的午餐。‎ ‎3. hold→ held 讲述过去的事情。‎ ‎4. Since→ When 表示“当午餐的铃终于响起时”。‎ ‎5. 去掉used前的was 因表示“过去常常做某事”，是used to do sth.。‎ ‎6. to→ with 因share sth. with sb.(同某人分享某物)是固定搭配。‎ ‎7. specially→ special 因kind在这里是名词，意为“种类”，修饰名词应用形容词作定语。‎ ‎8. them→ it 替代前句中的a special kind of cake，是单数。‎ ‎9. or→ and 前后不是选择关系。‎ ‎10. over→ of 表示常常“想起”用think of。而think sth. over意为“慎重思考”。‎ ‎9. 2011大纲卷II ‎ Dear George, ‎ ‎ It’s been a week after we left your family and we are now back home. Thank you very much for showing them around your city and providing us for the wonderful meals. After we ‎ said goodbye to you, we went to Washington D. C., where we stayed for three days. My brother was so much fond of the museums there that he begged my parents to staying another couple of day. However, my father had to return to work on Monday so we fly back last Saturdayafternoon. It was real a nice experience. If you’d like to make trip to our city some day, I will be better than happy to be your guide. ‎ ‎ Yours, ‎ ‎ Mike 这是作者去George所在市旅游回来后，给George的邮件。‎ ‎1. after→ since 表示“自从……有多长时间了”的句型是“It’s been＋时间段＋since…”。‎ ‎2. them→ us 指代上文的we，即谢谢你带“我们”游览你们的城市。‎ ‎3. for→ with 由provide sb. with sth.(＝provide sth. for sb.给某人提供某物)可知。‎ ‎4. 去掉fond前的much 因“so + adj. + that…”句型可知，much多余。‎ ‎5. staying→ stay 由beg sb. to do sth. (恳求某人做某事)可知。‎ ‎6. day→ days 表示再待“几天”couple，故day用复数。‎ ‎7. fly→ flew 前后谓语都使用一般过去时，时态应该保持一致。‎ ‎8. real→ really 修饰动词was用副词作状语。‎ ‎9. 在trip 前加a固定词组：make a trip to去旅行。‎ ‎10. better→ more 表示“非常高兴”是more than happy。‎ ‎10. 2010课标卷 ‎ My friend Nick told me story about his experience back in the US, which was very interested. One day he was having a yard sale and the old man living next door come by to help. As the old man looked over the things on the yard that were to be sold, he stopped at a box of golden ball for Christmas trees. On the box was a card say: “25 cents each.” “You will never sell these for that much,” he told Nick. Convinced, Nick has brought the price up to 10 cents a piece. Without amoment’s delay, my neighbor picked up the box but announced “I’ll take them” .‎ 作者讲述其朋友Nick回美国后进行庭院旧货出售时发生的一件事。‎ ‎1. story前加a可数名词单数story前加不定冠词，表示“一个”故事。‎ ‎2. interested→ interesting 表示“有趣的”用 ‎-ing形容词。而interested表示人“感兴趣的”。‎ ‎3. come→ came 上下文都是用一般过去时，这里也改为过去时才一致。‎ ‎4. on→ in 表示“在庭院里”，说in the yard。‎ ‎5. ball→ balls 一箱金球，不止一个，用复数。‎ ‎6. say→ saying 已有谓语动词was，所以say(写有)是非谓语动词；又因a card与say是主动关系，用-ing形式，作定语。顺便提提，这是倒装句，主语a card的定语太长，为避免头重脚轻，才将表语on the box提前，用倒装了，正常语序是A card saying…was on the box。‎ ‎7. 去掉brought前的has 因为上下文都是用一般过去时，这里却用了现在完成时，去掉has，时态才前后一致。‎ ‎8. up→ down 由25元“降低”到10元一个，故将up改为down。‎ ‎9. my→ his 由上文可知是指我朋友Nick的邻居，即“他的”邻居。‎ ‎10. but→ and 因“拿起来”与“宣布”是顺承关系，不是转折关系。‎ ‎11. 2010大纲卷I ‎ It was a chance of a lifetime to win the first prize on the Story Writing Show. All I had to do was to write a story or present it. My teachers have been telling me how greatly my writing was. So if they had said was true, I would have a chance of winning the prize. What were better, I had useful help. There was Uncle Chen, gentleman living near my house, who was a very much famous writer. He agreed to reading my story and give me some advices on how to write like a real writer. ‎ 本文作者讲述写故事比赛前的情况。‎ ‎1. on→ in 表示“在比赛中”。 ‎ ‎2. or→ and 因“写一个故事”与“将它交上去”是先后两个动作，顺承关系，而不是选择关系。‎ ‎3. have→ had 前后都是用过去时(一般过去时)，而这里却用现在时(现在完成进行时)。‎ ‎4. greatly→ great 在宾语从句中作was的表语，要用形容词。‎ ‎5. if后加what 引导主语从句，作said的宾语，用连接代词what，意为“他们所说的”。‎ ‎6. were→ was 主谓一致，因主语what是单数，故改用was。‎ ‎7. gentleman前加a 表示“一位”绅士。‎ ‎8. 去掉very后的much 修饰形容词作状语，用very；修饰动词才可能用very much。‎ ‎9. reading→ read 同意做某事是agree to do sth.。‎ ‎10. advices→ advice 因advice是不可数名词，没有复数形式。‎ ‎12. 2010大纲卷II ‎ Christie was one of my best friend at high ‎ school. At that time, we often spend time together.‎ Thank to her help, I made great progress in my study. Last year, she decided study abroad. In other words, we would be separated for long time. ‎ Before her leaving off, I prepared a gift to show my best wishes to him. She said it was the best gift she has ever had. From then on,‎ ‎ we’ve kept touch with each other through ‎ e-mails. I look forward to see her again in ‎ the near future.‎ 本文讲述中学时的一位好朋友去国外学习。‎ ‎1. friend→ friends 在one of后必定用复数名词。 ‎ ‎2. spend→ spent 上下文谓语动词的时态都是一般过去时。‎ ‎3. Thank→ Thanks 固定词组：thanks to由于，多亏。‎ ‎4. 在study前加to 由decide to do sth.(决定做某事)可知。 ‎ ‎5. 在long time前加a 表示分开很长“一段”时间。 ‎ ‎6. 去掉leaving后的off 因表示“离开”是leave，而leave off则表示“停止(stop)”。 ‎ ‎7. him→ her 由上下文中的she可知朋友是女的，这里突然变成男的了。 ‎ ‎8. has→ had 上下文的谓语动词都是用过去时，而这里变成现在时了(现在完成时)。 ‎ ‎9. 在kept后加in 固定词组：keep in touch with sb.与某人保持联系。 ‎ ‎10. see→ seeing 因look forward to(盼望)中的to是介词，后接名词、代词或动名词。‎ ‎13. 2009课标卷 ‎ Dear Mrs. Winthorp, ‎ ‎ So my first week at college is over！No lectures this morning so I think I’d email you and let you know what things are going. I’m glad to say that ‎ anything has worked out fine in the dorm. I remember asking for a room as far away from the lifts as possible and they find me a comfortable one on second floor. ‎ There are two girls from my course here and I plan to make friend with them so that we can help each other on the course work. Everyone else seems very nice and warmly here. Well, I had ‎ better to stop now. I’m going to attend mine first ‎ lesson this afternoon, for I’ve got some preparations to make. Keep in touch.‎ ‎ Best, ‎ ‎ Carol 作者刚到一个新的学校学习，给Mrs Winthorp写的一封信，告知近况。‎ ‎1.what→ how 宾语从句中的going是不及物动词，不能跟宾语，不用代词what，而要用副词；意思是告诉你“情况如何(how)”。 ‎ ‎2.anything→ everything 因anything常用于否定疑问句中，这里不合适；作者是想说，很高兴告诉你，“一切(everything)”都很好。‎ ‎3.find→ found 由语境可知，是“找到”了。‎ ‎4. second前加the 序数词前要用定冠词。‎ ‎5. friend→ friends 与他们交朋友，应用复数。‎ ‎6. on→ with 由help sb. with sth.可知。‎ ‎7. warmly→ warm 与形容词nice并列，一起作表语，故都用形容词。‎ ‎8. 去掉to 因had better do sth.固定句式。‎ ‎9. mine→ my 在名词前作定语要用形容词性物主代词，指“我的(my)”第一堂课。‎ ‎10. for→ so 前因后果，应用so表示“因此”。‎ ‎14. 2009大纲卷I ‎ After five years away in my hometown, I find that the neighborhood which I used to living in ‎ has changed a lot. The Sichuan Restaurant and the older fish shop across the street from our middle school were gone. There exist now a park ‎ that has a small river running through. ‎ The factory at the corner of Friendship Street and Zhongshan Road has been moved out the city, and sports center has been built in their place. The market at the corner of Friendship Street and Xinhua Road has been given way to a supermarket. Besides the bookstore next to ‎ our middle school is still there.‎ 本文作者描述的是家乡的变化。‎ ‎1.in→ from 离某处多久或多远，用away from。‎ ‎2.living→ live 表示“过去常常做某事”是used to do sth.。‎ ‎3.older→ old 没有比较对象。‎ ‎4.were→ are 由上下文中的find, has changed等可知，用的是现在时，指现在已经变了，四川餐馆和老鱼店现在不见了。‎ ‎5.exist→exists 因there exists…是there be变体，是倒装句式，主语是a park，第三人称单数，所以用exists。‎ ‎6.在out后加of move out of…固定用法。‎ ‎7.在sports center前加a 指建了“一座”体育中心。‎ ‎8.their→its 指原来那家工厂所在的地方。‎ ‎9.去掉given前的been 主语The market与give way to(让位给)是主动关系，去掉been。‎ ‎10.Besides→But 前面句子描述的是变了，后面是说书店依然在那，即前后是转折关系。‎ ‎15. 2009大纲卷II ‎ Hi Susan,‎ ‎ I’m sorry that I wasn’t able to return to your bike on time yesterday. I mean to give it back to ‎ you before four in the afternoon, and I was held up on my way back. Just before I turned corner ‎ of Park Street, I happened to see an accident. ‎ A little girl was hurted and his mother needed help.‎ ‎ So I helped them going to the nearest hospital. I ‎ stayed here for one and a half hour and made sure that the girl was all right. When I got back, it were ‎ already 6 pm. I hope you understand.‎ ‎ Thank you!‎ Li Ling 作者向Susan解释昨天没有准时还自行车的原因。‎ ‎1. 去掉return后的to 因return作“归还(某物)”解，是及物动词，后面直接接宾语，所以去掉to。如果说“把某物还给某人”则说return sth. to sb.。‎ ‎2. mean→ meant由下文可知，是对昨天情况的回顾，用一般过去时，指昨天“本打算”。‎ ‎3. and→ but 因“打算四点前还”与“被阻在路上”是转折关系。‎ ‎4. 在corner前加the 特指Park Street的转角处。‎ ‎5. hurted→ hurt 因hurt的过去分词、过去式与原形是相同的，即hurt—hurt—hurt。‎ ‎6. his→ her 指代不一致，应是指前面提到的“那个女孩的”妈妈。‎ ‎7. going→ go 由help sb. do sth.可知。‎ ‎8. here→ there 指在医院“那里”待了一个半小时。‎ ‎9. hour→ hours 因大于一就要用复数，“一个半”小时大于一小时了，要用复数。‎ ‎10. were→ was 主语是第三人称单数it。‎ ‎16. 2008课标卷 ‎ Dear Ms. Smith,‎ ‎ I am secretary of the City Student Union (CSU). We were organizing an art exhibition for high school students in city. This will be held on the 9th of July in the Exhibition Hall of Beihai. ‎ More than 1000 painting will be on show,‎ ‎ ‎ but high school students from all the eight districts will come to the event. As you are very popularly with us Chinese high school ‎ students, we’d like to invite for you to the exhibition. ‎ We would be grateful when you could ‎ join them that day. Looking forward to hear from you soon.‎ ‎ Yours,‎ ‎ Li Ming 作者邀请Ms Smith参加艺术展览。‎ ‎1.were→are 由上下文可知，是指现在正在组织艺展。‎ ‎2.在city前加the 应是为特指的某个城市的中学生举办的艺展。事实上，英语中没有in city的说法，但通常说in town。 ‎ ‎3.This→It 指上句提到的艺展。 ‎ ‎4.painting→paintings 因painting(油画)是可数名词，大于一时要用复数。‎ ‎5. but→ and 前后没有转折意思。‎ ‎6. popularly→ popular 作表语要用形容词。‎ ‎7. 删掉invite后的for 由invite sb. to some place可知。‎ ‎8. when→ if 意为“如果”你能来参加，我们非常感激。‎ ‎9. them→ us 人称一致，与上文的we一致。‎ ‎10. hear→ hearing 因look forward to中的to是介词，其后的动词要用-ing形式。‎ ‎15. 2008大纲卷I ‎ Dear Alice,‎ ‎ I have just got some good news to tell to you. ‎ I win a national prize for painting last week. My ‎ father was so pleasing that he suggested I went to ‎ England‎ for a holiday. I’d like to staying there for half a month, visiting place of interest and ‎ practicing my English as well. ‎ We’ve been writing to each for nearly a year now. ‎ I have often dreamed of talk face to face with you.‎ I imagine you’ll be at vacation yourself by that ‎ time. Perhaps you could go out to do some ‎ sightseeing together. ‎ ‎ Best, ‎ ‎ Lily 作者给英国朋友Alice的一邮件，希望去英国同她一起度假。‎ ‎1. 去掉tell后的to 表示告诉某人，是tell sb.。‎ ‎2. win→ won 与last week连用，用一般过去时。‎ ‎3. pleasing→ pleased表示人“感到高兴的”用-ed形容词。‎ ‎4. went→ go 因表示“提议，建议”的suggest后的宾语从句的谓语动词要用“(should +) do”，所以要用原形go。‎ ‎5. staying→ stay 因would like to(=want to)，其后是要接动词原形的。‎ ‎6. place→ places 不止一处名胜，用复数。‎ ‎7. 在each后加other 表示“互相”是each other。‎ ‎8. talk→ talking 作介词of的宾语，动词要用-ing形式。‎ ‎9. at→ on 因on vacation是固定词组。‎ ‎10. you→ we 指“对方和我”要用代词we。‎ ‎16. 2008大纲卷II ‎ If I have the honor to be chose to work for the ‎29th Olympic Games, I will at first improve my ‎ English so that I can talk easily about foreign ‎ visitor. Second, I will learn more about history of ‎ the Olympics as good as the 2008 Olympic Games. ‎ Third, since I was familiar with Beijing, I can help visitors find their ways in the city. Finally, I should be able to tell visitors about our history or culture ‎ and show them their great achievements. In short,‎ I will do my best to help making the Games a success. ‎ 作者讲述的是如果有幸能为第29届奥运会工作，作者会如何做。‎ ‎1. chose→ chosen 用过去分词与be构成被动语态，‎ ‎2. 去掉first前的at 比较：at first起初，在开始时；first首先。由下面的second(其次)可知，这里用first。 ‎ ‎3. about→ with/ to 表示“同，和”某人交谈。‎ ‎4. history前加the 特指奥运会的历史。 ‎ ‎5. good→ well 固定词组：as well as (=in addition to)除……外，还。‎ ‎6. was→ am 由上下文的谓语动词可知，要用现在时。‎ ‎7. ways→ way 因way作“线路”解时，通常用单数。如find one’s way home找到回家的路，tell sb. the way为某人指路，ask the way问路。‎ ‎8. or→ and 要告诉外宾的应是“历史与文化”，而非“历史或者文化”。‎ ‎9. their→ our 因向他们展示的是“我们的”伟大成就。‎ ‎10. making→ make 表示“帮助做某事”是help do sth.。 ‎ ‎17. 2007课标卷 ‎ I first met Li Ming at a friend birthday party five years ago. Then I invited Li Ming in my place. ‎ We listen to my CDs together and soon became best friend. Three years ago, Li Ming’s parents ‎ invited I to spend two wonderful week in ‎Qingdao with them during the summer holiday. ‎ Li Ming and I loved walking along the beautifully ‎ beaches there. Last year I was ill but had to stay ‎ ‎ in hospital for a week. Li Ming came see me every day. Then his father has changed jobs and they moved to another city. Since then we haven’t see ‎ each other much. But we’ve kept writing to each other. ‎ 作者叙述与李明交朋友的过程。‎ ‎1. friend→ friend’s 在birthday前作定语，用名词的所有格，指在“朋友的”生日聚会上。‎ ‎2. in→ to 表示“邀请某人到某个地方”是invite sb. to some place。‎ ‎3. listen→ listened 前后都是用一般过去式。‎ ‎4. friend→ friends 两个人成为好朋友, friend要用复数形式。‎ ‎5 .I→ me 作invited的宾语，人称代词要用宾格。‎ ‎6. week→ weeks 两周，week要用复数；也可将two改为a。‎ ‎7. beautifully→ beautiful 在名词beaches 前作定语，要用形容词。‎ ‎8. but→ and 因“生病”与“住院”是顺承关系，并非转折关系。‎ ‎9. 在see前加to 用come to do sth.表示“来做某事”。‎ ‎10. see→ seen 由haven’t可知，要用seen构成现在完成时。‎ ‎18. 2007大纲卷I ‎ I was only about six that he held his hand out to ‎ me. I took it in me and we walked. Then I ask him,‎ ‎ “Grandpa, how come you have so much lines on ‎ your hand?” he laughed and said, “Well, that’s a ‎ big question!” He was silently for a moment. ‎ So he answered slowly: “Each these lines stands for a trouble in my life.” I looked at his other hands. “But Grandpa, what do you have more lines on that one?” “Because there are more the honors and joys in my life.”‎ 作者回忆六岁时爷爷拉着我的手时，‎ 我看到爷爷手上的皱纹，与爷爷的对话。‎ ‎1. that→ when 引导时间状语从句，表示“当……时”。‎ ‎2. me→ mine 将他的手放到“我的手(my hand)”里，相当于my hand的应是mine。‎ ‎3. ask→ asked 前后句动词都是一般过去时，回忆六岁时发生的事。‎ ‎4. much→ many 修饰可数名词lines用many，意为：你手上怎么会有这么多皱纹呢？‎ ‎5. silently→ silent 作表语要用形容词。 ‎ ‎6. So→ Then / And 指他沉默一会，然后慢慢地回答。‎ ‎7. Each后加of 因each of… (……中的每一个)才与谓语动词stands一致。 ‎ ‎8. hands→ hand 由常识可知，人是两只手，指另外一只手，不可能是另外多只手。‎ ‎9. what→ why 由后面的Because可知，是问：为什么那只手会有更多的皱纹呢？ ‎ ‎10. the去掉 表示更多的荣誉是more honors，中间不用the。‎