理综题技巧高考阅读理解主旨大意题解

理综题技巧高考阅读理解主旨大意题解

‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎2010年高考阅读理解主旨大意题解题技巧 在高考阅读理解中，主旨大意题的考查占有十分重要的位置。掌握所读材料的主旨和大意也是《英语课程标准》和《考试说明》对考生的基本要求之一。只有通过阅读掌握了文章的主题，才能正确理解文章，进而根据文章的事实细节推测作者的态度和观点。‎ 主旨大意题主要是测试考生对一篇文章或一段文字的深层理解程度以及在速读中准确把握文章主旨大意的能力。一般针对某一语段或某一语篇的主题标题或目的设题。这类题目考查的范围是：基本论点、文章标题、主题或段落大意等。它要求考生在理解全文的基础上能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维方法，对文章进行高度概括或总结，属于高层次题。‎ 一、题型特点与命题方式 ‎【设题类型】‎ ‎1、概括文章大意；‎ ‎2、选出最佳题目（标题）；‎ ‎3、概括人物特点。‎ ‎【设问形式】‎ ‎1、标题类常见的标题型题干：‎ ‎1) The best title / headline for this passage might be_____________.‎ ‎2) The text (passage) could be entitled ______________.‎ ‎3) What is the best title for the passage? ‎ ‎4) Which of the following would be suitable as a title for the passage? ‎ ‎2、大意类常见的主题型题干：‎ ‎1) This passage chiefly deals with ____________.‎ ‎2) What’s the topic of the article?‎ ‎3) What is the subject discussed in the text?‎ ‎4) With what topic is the passage chiefly concerned?‎ ‎【命题趋势】‎ 考查考生对文章的主题、标题、中心思想的理解程度及辨别主要信息和次要信息的能力。常见题型为最佳标题（title）或中心思想（main idea）等。主题思想是文章的核心，能否抓住文章的主题思想，是考生阅读能力最主要的体现。高考中阅读理解的测试，自然也以此作为检验考生阅读理解能力最重要的标准。要准确地抓住文章的主题思想，就要十分留意文章的开头和结尾，要抓住文中具有概括性的信息，从上下文连贯的意思来理解全文，看作者主要谈的是什么，透过文字叙述的过程来归纳主题，再从选择项中找出最符合表达主题思想的选项。有些干扰项，从局部看也许不算错，但从全局看却又片面。这类干扰项与正确答案之差，其实是局部与全局之差。考生在做题时不要为局部现象迷惑，而忽略了文章的整体思想。‎ 二、解题思路与应试技巧 ‎ 做这类题时常用略读法。快速阅读文章找出各个段落的主题句。把各个段落的主题句联系起来着眼于全文结构安排，了解文章的重心，就能概括出文章的中心。文章的标题是中心思想最精炼的表达形式，选择的标题意义范围要能涵盖全文，不能太大也不能太小。命题者在出这类题时，常常利用生活常识编造干扰项，把文中的细节当主旨，利用局部信息编造干扰项，编制超出文章范围的标题或不能涵盖文章中心意义的标题来考查考生的理解程度，考生要特别留意。‎ 下面结合高考试题，谈谈标题类和大意类主旨大意题的解题技巧。‎ ‎1、标题类 标题是段落中心思想最精炼的表达形式。在阅读中不仅要求考生能够通过自己已知的信息概括出段落的中心思想，而且还要对概括出的中心思想加以提炼，拟定出段落的标题。在测试中能够迅速而准确地选择标题。 ‎ ‎　　文章标题可以是单词，短语，也可以是句子。标题可帮助读者迅速推测出整篇文章的主要内容，抓住文章讨论的中心，把握作者的观点和意图。它的特点是：短小精悍，多为一短语；涵盖性强，一般要求能覆盖全文，其确定的范围要恰当，既不能太大，也不能太小；精确性强，不能随意改变语言表意的程度及色彩。‎ ‎【考例】‎ ‎(2009全国卷I，A篇) 59. What can be the best title for the text?‎ A. A Mother’s Love B. A Brave Act C. A Deadly River D. A Matter of Life and Death ‎【解析】A。整篇文章叙述的是小牛掉到河里，母牛采取一切措施来进行保护小牛， 体现了浓浓的母爱。文章最后一段点题：While I was wondering what I could do next, I heard the sound of a mother’s love.‎ ‎(2009天津卷，D篇) 55. What would be the best title for the passage?‎ A. Drinking for Better Social Relationships B. Experiments of Personality Evaluation C. Developing Better Drinking Habits D. Physical Sensations and Emotions ‎【解析】D。本文第一段中“The physical sensation（感觉） of warmth encourages emotional warmth, while a cold drink in hand prevents you from making unwise decisions—those are the practical lesson being drawn from recent research by psychologist John A. Bargh.”就已点明本文的主题思想：身体对温度的感觉与情绪有关。‎ ‎(2009湖北卷，C篇) 62. Which would be the best title for the passage? ‎ ‎ A. Timex or Rolex? B. My Childhood Timex ‎ ‎ C. Watches? Not for Me! D. Watches — a Valuable Collection ‎【解析】C。文章通篇讲述在现代许多移动设备都能报时的前提下，还花费很多钱购买名表究竟是否合适，因此选择C“手表？我不要！”为标题较为形象生动，也很贴切。A“天美时还是劳力士”，B“我的孩童时代的天美时”，D“手表——昂贵的选择”都不符合文章主题。‎ ‎ 2、大意类 解答该题型最关键的是找出主题句，把握文章主旨。‎ 通常情况下主题句在文中的位置:‎ 说明文 议论文 记叙文 在开头 ‎√(较常见) ‎ ‎√ ‎ ‎√‎ 在结尾 ‎√(较少见)‎ ‎√‎ ‎√‎ 在中间 ‎√‎ ‎√‎ 中心贯穿全文 ‎√(较常见)‎ 概括主旨的方法是：先看首尾或各段开头再看全文找主题句，若无明显主题句，就通过关键词句来概括(如议论文中寻找表达作者观点态度的词句，记叙文寻找概括情节和中心的动词或反映人物特点的形容词。) 。文中出现两种或两种以上的不同观点时，务必牢记作者的观点才是体现全文中心的。此时，要注意一些转折词，如but, yet, however, although, in spite of, by contrast, on the contrary等。当文章中表示相反的观点时，往往用到这些词。答题时要弄清哪个是作者的观点，排除迷惑性信息，准确归纳主旨大意。‎ ‎【考例】‎ ‎(2009北京卷，D篇) 71. What is the main idea of the passage? ‎ A. Music education deserves more attention.‎ ‎ B. Music should be of top education priority.‎ ‎ C. Music is an effective communication tool. ‎ ‎ D. Music education makes students more imaginative.‎ ‎【解析】A。文章第一段引出话题：When students and parents are asked to rate subjects according to their importance, the arts are unavoidably at the bottom of the list. Music is nice, people seem to say, but not important. Too often it is viewed as mere entertainment, but certainly not an education priority（优先）. This view is shortsighted. In fact, music education is beneficial and important for all students. 表明人们对音乐不重视，然后作者从不同方面来论证自己的观点：音乐应该得到人们更多的关注。 ‎ ‎(2009湖北卷，E篇) 70. What is the main idea of the passage? ‎ ‎ A. Our life is governed by the law of time.‎ ‎ B. How to organize time is not worth debating. ‎ ‎ C. New ways of using time change our society.‎ D. Our time schedule is decided by social customs. ‎ ‎【解析】A。文章通过论述现代社会人们对工作与休息时间的界限比较模糊，旨在说明我们的生活受到时间法则的约束，法律约束着我们对学习、工作与休息时间的安排，因此选择A“我们的生活由时间规律掌控”符合文章主题。B“怎样安排时间不值得讨论”，C“利用时间的新方法改变了我们社会”，D“我们的时间日程由社会习惯决定”都不合文章主题或表达不正确。 ‎ ‎ (2009山东卷，D篇) 75. What’s the main idea of the text?‎ A. Universities have received more applications.‎ B. Economics is attracting an increasing number of students C. College students benefit a lot from economic uncertainty D. Parents are concerned with children’s subject selection.‎ ‎【解析】B。通读全文可知，由于全球金融危机的蔓延，不仅选择经济学专业的学生数量增加了，还有很多非经济学专业的学生也参加经济学方面的讲座，并且有多达三分之二的父母也要求学校教授学生经济学方面的知识。因此，整篇文章主要讲的是经济学对学生的吸引力。‎ ‎(2009四川卷，E篇) 60. What does the author mainly discuss in the text? ‎ ‎ A. Technology B. Sustainability ‎ C. Ethanol energy D. Environmental protection ‎ ‎ 【解析】B。文章从玉米制造乙醇的行为入手，说这样的“可持续发展”会引起其他方面的问题，是不实际的。因此文章的话题是Sustainability“可持续性发展”。 ‎ 巩固练习：‎ ‎（1）‎ ‎ When we talk about intelligence, we do not mean the ability to get good scores in certain kinds of tests or even the ability to do well in school. By intelligence we mean a way of living and behaving, especially in a new or anxious situation. If we want to test intelligence, we need to find out how a person acts instead of how much he knows what to do.‎ For example, when in a new situation, an intelligent person thinks about the situation, not about himself or what might happen to him. He tries to find out all he can, and then he acts immediately and tries to do something about it. He probably isn’t sure how it will all work out, but at least he tries. And, if he can’t make things work out right, he doesn’t feel ashamed that he fails; he just tries to learn from his mistakes. An intelligent person, even if he is very young, has a special outlook(人生观) on life, special feeling about life, and knows how he fits into it.‎ If you look at children, you’ll see great difference between what we call “bright” children and “not bright” children. They are actually two different kinds of people, not just the same kind with different amounts of intelligence. For example, the bright child really wants to find out more about life — he tries to get in touch with everything around him. But the unintelligent child keeps ‎ more to himself and his own dream–world; he seems to have a wall between him and life in general.‎ ‎1. According to this passage, intelligence is the ability .‎ ‎ A. to behave immediately ‎ B. to do well in school ‎ C. to deal with life ‎ D. to know what to do ‎2. In a new situation, an intelligent person .‎ ‎ A. knows more about what might happen to him ‎ B. is sure of the result he will get ‎ ‎ C. concentrates on the situation ‎ D. cares more about himself ‎3. According to the passage the biggest difference between “bright” children and “not bright” children lies in .‎ ‎ A. the amount of intelligence ‎ B. the different situations they face ‎ C. the different attitudes to life ‎ D. the background of life ‎4. What’s the main idea of the passage?‎ ‎ A. What’s real meaning of intelligence?‎ ‎ B. What’s the “bright” children’s behavior?‎ ‎ C. What’s a special outlook on life?‎ ‎ D. How to live and behave in a new situation?‎ ‎5. In the next part of the passage, the author might continue to talk about .‎ ‎ A. how to determine what intelligence is ‎ B. how education should be changed ‎ C. how to judge whether a person is intelligent ‎ D. how an unintelligent person should be taught ‎ (2)‎ A chemical important of brain development may play a role in explaining why some people ‎ are genetically (由基因决定地) likely to suffer from anxiety and could lead to new treatments, U.S. researchers said.‎ They said highly anxious rats which were kept had very low levels of a brain chemical called fibroblast growth factor 2 or FGF2, compared with rats that were more relaxed. But when they improved the anxious rats’ living conditions — giving them new toys to explore and a bigger cage to live in — levels of this brain chemical increased and they became less anxious.‎ ‎“The levels of this brain chemical increased in response to the experiences that the rats were exposed to. It also decreased their anxiety”. Javier Perez of the University‎ of ‎Michigan said in a telephone interview. “It made them behave the same way as the rats that were relaxed”, he said.‎ In a former study of people who were severely depressed before they died, the team found the gene that makes FGF2 was producing very low levels of the growth factor, which is known primarily for organizing the brain during development and repairing it after injury.‎ Perez thinks the brain chemical may be a marker for genetic vulnerability (脆弱性) to anxiety and depression. But it can also respond to changes in the environment in a positive way, possibly by preserving new brain cells.‎ While both the calm and anxious rats produced the same number of new brain cells, these cells were less likely to survive in the high-anxiety rats, the team found. Giving the rats better living conditions or injecting them with FGF2 helped improve cell survival.‎ ‎“This discovery may pave the way for new, more specific treatments for anxiety that will not be based on sedation(药物镇静), but will instead fight the real cause of the disease,” Dr. Pier Vincenzo Piazza from France said in a statement.‎ ‎6. We know from the passage that with the levels of FGF2 decreasing, the rats will .‎ ‎ A. die of anxiety soon ‎ ‎ B. suffer from a headache ‎ C. become more relaxed ‎ D. become more anxious ‎7. What’s the better way to increase the levels of FGF2?‎ ‎ A. Introducing more companions to the anxious rats.‎ ‎ B. Improving the living conditions of the anxious rats.‎ ‎ C. Injecting the anxious rats with some special medicine.‎ ‎ D. Giving the anxious rats more time to relax.‎ ‎8. The underlined word “it” in Paragraph 4 refers to .‎ ‎ A. the team B. the gene ‎ C. the growth factor D. the brain ‎9. What’s the main influence of the new discovery?‎ ‎ A. Doctors won’t use any medicine to cure anxiety.‎ ‎ B. Doctors may treat anxiety more efficiently.‎ ‎ C. Doctors will find the real cause of anxiety.‎ ‎ D. Doctors may find new medicine for anxiety.‎ ‎10. Which of the following would be the most suitable title for the passage?‎ ‎ A. Anxious rats and relaxed rats ‎ B. Anxiety — a serious mental disease ‎ C. Scientific research into the brain is important ‎ D. Brain chemical may play key role in anxiety ‎ (3)‎ ‎ The Earth’s axis(轴) is an imaginary line that runs through the middle of the Earth from the North Pole to the South Pole. The axis of the earth is tilted (倾斜) about 23.5 degrees. This tilt of the earth results in our seasons.‎ ‎ In June, the Northern Hemisphere (半球) is tilted toward the sun, so the people in the Northern Hemisphere have longer and warmer days. The days are shorter and colder in the Southern Hemisphere in June, because the Earth is tilted away from the sun. The days start getting shorter in the Northern Hemisphere and longer in the Southern Hemisphere after about June 21. This is the first day of summer in the Northern Hemisphere and the first day of winter in the southern hemisphere. Daytime lasts exactly as long as nighttime on the first day of autumn (about September 21) and the first day of spring (about March 21). The first day of winter in the Northern Hemisphere, usually December 21, is the shortest day of the year in the Northern Hemisphere and the longest day of the year in the Southern Hemisphere.‎ ‎ The days are longer in summer and shorter in winter the further you move from the equator. It’s generally dark on a summer night in Florida by 8:30 p.m., but in Vermont, there will still be some light at 10:00 p.m. The situation is reversed(相反的) in winter, where the sun will go down ‎ in Vermont by 3:45 p.m. while there remains light in Florida until 5:15 p.m.‎ ‎ Northern Alaska is called the “Land of the Midnight Sun” because it never gets dark during the summer months. That part of the Earth is facing the sun all day and all night. Antarctica never sees daylight during those months. The situation is reversed in December and January when northern Alaska never sees the sun while it continues to light the sky at night in Antarctica.‎ ‎11. Which of the following statements is NOT true?‎ ‎ A. The Earth’s axis does not exist in reality.‎ ‎ B. The Earth’s axis is tilted about 23.5 degrees.‎ ‎ C. The earth’s axis is east–west.‎ ‎ D. The tilt of the Earth causes seasons to take place.‎ ‎12. According to the second paragraph, we can know that .‎ ‎ A. the Southern Hemisphere is tilted away from the sun in June ‎ B. June 21 is the longest day of a year in the Southern Hemisphere ‎ C. December 21 is the coldest day of a year in the Northern Hemisphere ‎ D. there is only one day in a year when daytime lasts exactly as long as nighttime ‎13. According to the passage, we can infer that .‎ ‎ A. in the Northern Hemisphere, the more northern, the longer daytime in summer ‎ B. in the Southern Hemisphere, the more northern, the shorter daytime in winter ‎ C. Florida is further to the equator than ‎Vermont ‎ D. In China, Changchun’s daytime in winter is longer than that of ‎Guangzhou ‎14. Northern Alaska gets the name “Land of the Midnight Sun” because ________.‎ ‎ A. it is always daytime during the summer months ‎ B. it is located in the center of the Earth ‎ C. it is located on the equator of the Earth ‎ D. only at midnight can people there see the sun ‎15. If we want to make science research in Antarctica, we may choose the following months EXCEPT _______.‎ ‎ A. December B. January C. February D. June ‎16. What might be the most suitable title for the text?‎ ‎ A. Season and space B. The change of daytime ‎ ‎ C. Land of the Midnight Sun D. Northern and Southern Hemisphere 答案与解析：‎ ‎(1)‎ ‎1. C。细节理解题。A项中的immediately与原文的意思有出入；根据文章第一段第一句When we talk about intelligence, we do not mean the ability to get good scores in certain kinds of tests or even the ability to do well in school.可知，聪明并非意味着在某些考试中得高分或者在学校学习好，由此排除B项；由第一段最后一句可知D项不正确；由文章第一段第二句By intelligence we mean a way of living and behaving, especially in a new or anxious situation.可知C项正确：聪明指的是处理生活中实际事物的能力。‎ ‎2. C。细节理解题。根据文章第二段第一句For example, when in a new situation, an intelligent person thinks about the situation, not about himself or what might happen to him.可知C项正确，且可以排除A、D两项；根据文章第二段第三句He probably isn’t sure how it will all work out, but at least he tries.可排除B项。‎ ‎3. C。推理判断题。根据文章最后一段最后两句可知，聪明的孩子想真正了解生活，他努力接触身边的一切事物；而不聪明的孩子则脱离生活，让自己的生活限制在一个封闭和自我梦境的世界里。他们对待生活的态度是截然不同的，由此可推知C项正确。‎ ‎4. A。主旨大意题。本文主要讲述了什么才是真正的聪明这一话题。故答案为A。B、C、D项过于片面。‎ ‎5. D。推理判断题。文章已经探讨了聪明的含义以及什么样的人是聪明的，故排除A项、C项；文章的中心思想并未涉及教育问题，故排除B项；故D项（如何教导不聪明的人）很可能是作者接下来要讨论的话题。‎ ‎（2）‎ ‎6. D。细节理解题。从第二段可知，随着fibroblast growth factor 2的减少，老鼠就会变得更加焦虑；如果FGF2增加的话，老鼠就会变得安静一些。故D项正确。‎ ‎7. B。细节理解题。从第二、六段的介绍可知，改善老鼠的生活环境可以使焦虑的老鼠变得安静一些，故B项正确。‎ ‎8. D。指代题。从第四段可知此处的it指代大脑，故答案为D。‎ ‎9. B。推理判断题。从最后一段中This discovery may pave the way for new, more specific treatments for anxiety that will not be based on sedation, but will instead fight the real cause of the disease可推知，这项实验为医生治疗焦虑症提供了更好更有效的办法，故选B项。‎ ‎10. D。归纳标题题。本文主要介绍了科学家发现大脑里有一种化学物质对人类的焦虑有很大的影响，此发现对医生找到更好治疗焦虑症的方法很有帮助。故D项作标题符合文章主旨。‎ ‎（3）‎ ‎11. C。细节理解题。从第一段内容可以看出，A、B、D选项符合文章内容，从第一段的第一句话可以知道C选项与原文不符。故选C项。‎ ‎12. A。细节理解题。从第二段The days are shorter and colder in the Southern Hemisphere in June, because the Earth is tilted away from the sun.可知A选项正确。B、C、D选项均与第二段中的内容不符。‎ ‎13. A。推理判断题。根据第三段The days are longer in summer and shorter in winter the further you move from the equator.可以推出在北半球越往北，夏天日长越长。故选A。‎ ‎14. 细节理解题。根据最后一段 Northern Alaska is called the “Land of the Midnight Sun” because it never gets dark during the summer months.可知A选项正确。‎ ‎15. D。推理判断题。根据最后一段The situation is reversed in December and January when northern Alaska never sees the sun while it continues to light the sky at night in Antarctica.可知在6月，南极出现夜长，昼短甚至极夜的状况。因此，6月去南极考查是不合适的。‎ ‎16. A。归纳标题题。本文主要讲述了由于地球绕太阳公转而产生的四季变化，是讲述季节和空间的关系，故A选项最能体现全文的大意。‎