高考英语真题与模拟类编专题05阅读理解含答案

高考英语真题与模拟类编专题05阅读理解含答案

‎2018年高考及最新模拟分类汇编之阅读理解 ‎2018年高考阅读理解 ‎【2018·全国I】阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。‎ A ‎ Washington, D.C. Bicycle Tours Cherry Blossom Bike Tour in Washington, D.C.‎ Duration Tour This small group bike tour is a fantastic way to see a world-famous cherry trees with beautiful flowers of Washington, D.C. Your guide will provide a history lesson about the trees and the famous monuments where they blossom. Reserve your spot before availability — the cherry blossoms—disappear!‎ Washington Capital Monuments Bicycle Tour Duration:3 hours (4 miles)‎ Join a guided bike tour and view some of the most popular monuments in Washington, D.C. Explore the monuments and memorials on the National Mall as your guide shares unique facts and history at each stop. Guided tour includes bike, helmet, cookies and bottled water. ‎ Capital City Bike Tour In Washington, D.C.‎ Duration:3 hours ‎ Morning or Afternoon, this bike tour is the perfect tour for D. C. newcomers and locals looking to experience Washington, D.C. in a healthy way with minimum effort. Knowledgeable guides will entertain you with the most ,interesting stories about Presidents, Congress, memorials, and parks. Comfortable bikes and a smooth tour route(路线）make cycling between the sites fun and relaxing.‎ Washington Capital Sites at Night Bicycle Tour ‎ Duration:3 hours(7miles)‎ Join a small group bike tour for an evening of exploration in the heart of Washington, D.C. Get up close to the monuments and memorials as your bike the sites of Capitol Hill and the ‎ National Mall. Frequent stops are made for photo taking as your guide offers unique facts and history. Tour includes bike, helmet, and bottled water. All riders are equipped with reflective vests and safety lights.‎ ‎21. Which tour do you need to book in advance?‎ A. Cherry Blossom like Tour in Washington, D.C.‎ B. Washington capital Monuments Bicycle Tour.‎ C. Capital City Bike Tour in Washington, D. C.‎ D. Washington Capital Sites at Night Bicycle Tour.‎ ‎22. What will you do on the Capital City Bike Tour?‎ A. Meet famous people. B. Go to a national park.‎ C. Visit well-known museums. D. Enjoy interesting stories.‎ ‎23. Which of the following does the bicycle tour at night provide?‎ A. City maps. B. Cameras.‎ C. Meals D. Safety lights ‎【答案】21. A 22. D 23. D ‎【解析】本文是一篇广告应用文。文章介绍了骑自行车到Washington, D.C.旅游的四中路线的相关行程及注意事项。‎ ‎ ‎ 点睛：本篇文章最容易出错的题是21题，究其原因是不熟悉词汇reserve的词义：预约。in advance意为：提前。因此，高考前熟悉词汇和短语是重中之重的事情。Reserve your spot before availability — and the cherry blossoms — disappear在有效期和樱花消失前预约。‎ B Good Morning Britain’s Susanna Reid is used to grilling guests on the sofa every morning, but she is cooking up a storm in her latest role — showing families how to prepare delicious and nutritious meals on a tight budget.‎ In Save Money: Good Food, she visits a different home each week and with the help of chef Matt Tebbutt offers top tips on how to reduce food waste, while preparing recipes for under £5 per family a day. And the Good Morning Britain presenter says she’s been able to put a lot of what she’s leant into practice in her own home, preparing meals for sons, Sam,14, Finn,13, and Jack, 11.‎ ‎"We love Mexican churros, so I buy them on my phone from my local Mexican takeaway restaurant," she explains. "I pay £5 for a portion(一份), but Matt makes them for 26p a portion, because they are flour, water, sugar and oil. Everybody can buy takeaway food, but sometimes we’re not aware how cheaply we can make this food ourselves. "‎ The eight-part series(系列节自), Save Money: Good Food, follows in the footsteps of ITV’s Save Money: Good Health, which gave viewers advice on how to get value from the vast range of health products on the market.‎ With food our biggest weekly household expense, Susanna and Matt spend time with a different family each week. In tonight’s Easter special they come to the aid of a family in need of some delicious inspiration on a budget. The team transforms the family’s long weekend of celebration with less expensive but still tasty recipes.‎ ‎24. What do we know about Susanna Reid? ‎ A. She enjoys embarrassing her guests. B. She has started a new programme.‎ C. She dislikes working early in the morning. D. She has had a light budget for her family.‎ ‎25. How does Matt Tebbutt help Susanna?‎ A. He buys cooking materials for her. B. He prepares food for her kids.‎ C. He assists her in cooking matters. D. He invites guest families for her.‎ ‎26. What does the author intend to do in paragraph 4?‎ A. Summarize the previous paragraphs. B. Provide some advice for the readers.‎ C. Add some background information. D. Introduce a new topic for discussion.‎ ‎27. What can be a suitable title for the text?‎ A. Keeping Fit by Eating Smart B. Balancing Our Daily Diet C. Making yourself a Perfect Chef D. Cooking Well for Less ‎【答案】24. B 25. C 26. C 27. D ‎【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一档英国系列电视节目，给观众介绍如何减少食物浪费以及如何以较少的预算做出美味佳肴。‎ ‎24. 细节理解题。根据文章第一段知道Good Morning Britain’s Susanna Reid is used to grilling guests on the sofa every morning, but she is cooking up a storm in her latest role可知，她开辟了一个新的节目。故选B。‎ ‎25. 细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的In Save Money: Good Food, she visits a different home each week and with the help of chef Matt Tebbutt offers top tips on how to reduce food waste, while preparing recipes for under £5 per family a day.可知， Susanna 在Matt Tebbutt的帮助下，提供如何减少食物浪费同时给每日生活费低于5英镑的每个家庭准备食谱。故选C。解题关键词：同义词表达with the help of和help。‎ 点睛：本篇文章学生感到比较难的是26题，很多学生不知道作者在说什么，不明白作者的意图，感到很茫然。根据文章中的Save Money: Good Food, follows in the footsteps of ITV's Save Money: Good Health,…可知作者是为读者介绍了Save Money这个节目是怎么来的，即是背景信息。‎ C Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years, but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going. When the the world was still populated by hunter-gatherers,small, tightly knit (联系)groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other.Some language experts believe that 10,000 years ago, when the world had just five to ten million people, they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.‎ Soon afterwards, many of those people started settling down to become farmers, and their languages too became more settled and fewer in number. In recent centres, trade,industrialisation. the development of the nation-state and the spread of universal compulsory education. Especially glbalisation and better communications in the past few decades,all have caused many Languages to disappear,and dominant languages such as English．Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.‎ At present, the world has about 6 800 languages. The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages. Often spoken by many people while hot. wet zones have lots, often spoken by small numbers.Europe has only around 200 Languages: the Americas about 1,000. Africa 2 400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200, of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800. The median number (中位数)of speakers is a mere 6.000, which means that half the worlds languages are spoken by fewer people than that.z.x.xk Already well over 400 of the total of, 6,800 languages are close to extinction(消亡), with only a few elderly speakers left. Pick, at random, Busuu in Cameroon (eight remaining speakers),Chiapaneco in Mexico(150). Lipan Apache in the United States(two or three)or Wadjigu in Australia (one, with a question-mark): none of these seems to have much chance of survival.‎ ‎28. What can we infer about languages in huntergatherer times?‎ A. They developed very fast. B. They were large in number.‎ C. They had similar patters. D. They were closely connected ‎29. Which of the following best explains"dominant " underlined in paragraph 2？‎ A. Complex. B. Advanced.‎ C. Powerful. D. Modem.‎ ‎30. How many languages are spoken by less than 6, 000 people at present?‎ A. About 6 800 B. About 3 400‎ C. About 2.400 D. About 1-200‎ ‎31. What is the min idea of the text?‎ A. New languages will be created.‎ B. Peoples lifestyles are reflected in languages C. Human development results in fewer languages D. Geography determines language evolution.‎ ‎【答案】28. B 29. C 30. B 31. C ‎【解析】本文是一篇议论文。文章讲述了随着社会的发展人类语言越来越少及其原因。‎ ‎28. 推理判断题。根据文章第一段中的When the world was still populated by hunter-gatherers, small, tightly knit (联系) groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other... when the world had just five to ten million people, they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.可知，当世界以依靠狩猎为生的人居住的时候，小而联系紧密的群落形成了他们彼此之间独立的讲话模式。当世界上的人口数量不到一千万时，语言种类达到了12000种。由此推知，当时的语言种类很多。故选B。‎ ‎29. 猜测词义题。根据文章第二段中的dominant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.可知，英语、西班牙语和汉语正在替代其他语言。由此推知dominant languages意为：强有力的语言。故选C。‎ 点睛：长难句解读 In recent centuries, trade, industrialisation, the development of the nation-state and the spread of universal compulsory education, especially globalisation and better communications in the past few decades, all have caused many languages to disappear, and dominant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.‎ 分析：and连接两个并列句，前面的介词短语in. . .作时间状语，all和前面的名词短语是同位语。‎ 句意：在最近的几个世纪，贸易、工业化、民族国家的发展和全球义务教育的蔓延，尤其是过去几十年来，全球化和更好的交流，这些都是导致许多语言消失的原因。而且像英语、西班牙语和汉语这些强大的语言正在不断地占据统治地位。‎ D We may think we're a culture that gets rid of our worn technology at the first sight of ‎ something shiny and new, but a new study shows that we keep using our old devices(装置) well after they go out of style. That’s bad news for the environment — and our wallets — as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.‎ To figure out how much power these devices are using, Callie Babbitt and her colleagues at the Rochester Institute of Technology in New York tracked the environmental costs for each product throughout its life — from when its minerals are mined to when we stop using the device. This method provided a readout for how home energy use has evolved since the early 1990s. Devices were grouped by generation — Desktop computers, basic mobile phones, and box-set TVs defined 1992. Digital cameras arrived on the scene in 1997. And MP3 players, smart phones, and LCD TVs entered homes in 2002, before tablets and e-readers showed up in 2007.‎ As we accumulated more devices, however, we didn't throw out our old ones. "The living-room television is replaced and gets planted in the kids' room, and suddenly one day, you have a TV in every room of the house," said one researcher. The average number of electronic devices rose from four per household in 1992 to 13 in 2007. We're not just keeping these old devices — we continue to use them. According to the analysis of Babbitt's team, old desktop monitors and box TVs with cathode ray tubes are the worst devices with their energy consumption and contribution to greenhouse gas emissions（排放）more than doubling during the 1992 to 2007 window.‎ So what's the solution（解决方案）? The team's data only went up to 2007, but the researchers also explored what would happen if consumers replaced old products with new electronics that serve more than one function, such as a tablet for word processing and TV viewing. They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%.‎ ‎32. What does the author think of new devices?‎ A. They are environment-friendly. B. They are no better than the old.‎ C. They cost more to use at home. D. They go out of style quickly.‎ ‎33. Why did Babbitt's team conduct the research?‎ A. To reduce the cost of minerals.‎ B. To test the life cycle of a product.‎ C. To update consumers on new technology.‎ D. To find out electricity consumption of the devices.‎ ‎34. Which of the following uses the least energy?‎ A. The box-set TV. B. The tablet.‎ C. The LCD TV. D. The desktop computer.‎ ‎35. What does the text suggest people do about old electronic devices?‎ A. Stop using them. B. Take them apart.‎ C. Upgrade them. D. Recycle them.‎ ‎【答案】32. A 33. D 34. B 35. A ‎【解析】本文是一篇科普说明文。文章讲述了新旧电子设备的差别，旧电子设备耗能高，不环保。所以作者主张使用新电子设备。‎ ‎32. 观点态度题。根据文章第一段中的That’s bad news for the environment – and our wallets – as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.可知，使用旧的电子设备对环境和我们的钱包都是坏消息。这些过时的设备做相同的事情要消耗比新设备更多的能量。由此推知作者认为新电子设备环保、节能。故选A。‎ ‎33. 细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的To figure out how much power these devices are using, Callie Babbitt and her colleagues at the Rochester Institute of Technology in New York tracked the environmental costs for each product throughout its life 可知，Babbitt’s team研究的目的是弄清楚这些设备用了多少电。故选D。‎ ‎34. 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段中的They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%.可知，平板电脑是耗能最少的电子设备，可以降低44%的耗能。故选B。‎ ‎35. 推理判断题。根据文章的整体内容可知，因为旧的电子设备耗能高，不环保。所以作者建议停止使用旧的电子设备。故选A。‎ 点睛：熟悉比较句型是彻底理解本文的关键，也是解题的关键。本文中的比较句型：‎ ‎1. That’s bad news for the environment – and our wallets – as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the news ones that do the same things 做同样的事，旧的过时的装置比新装置消耗更多能源，对环境有害，浪费钱财。‎ ‎2. According to the analysis of Babbitt’s team, old desktop monitors and box TVs with cathode ray tubes are the worst devices with their energy consumption and contribution to greenhouse gas emissions (排放) more than doubling during the 1992 to 2007 window.‎ 根据Babbitt团队的分析，旧的桌面监视器和阴极射线管箱式电视机是最差的电子设备，它们的耗能和温室气体的排放是1992到2007window的两倍还多。‎ ‎3. They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%.他们发现在平板电脑上看的随需变化的娱乐节目比在电视和电脑上看耗能减少了44%。‎ ‎【2018·全国II】阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。‎ A Summer Activities Students should read the list with their parents/careers, and select two activities they ‎ would like to do. Forms will be available in school and online for them to indicate their choices and return to school. Before choices are finalised, parents/careers will be asked to ‎ sign to confirm their child’s choices.‎ Activity Description Member of staff Cost Outdoor Adventure (OUT)‎ Take yourself out of your comfort zone for a week, discover new personal qualities, and learn new skills. You will be able to take part in a number of activities from canoeing to wild camping on Dartmoor. Learn rock climbing and work as a team, and enjoy the great outdoor environment.‎ Mr. Clemens ‎£140 ‎ WWI Battlefields ‎ On Monday we travel to ‎ Mrs. Milson ‎£425‎ and Paris ‎(WBP)‎ London. After staying overnight in London, we travel on Day 2 to northern France to visit the World War I battlefields. On Day 3 we cross into Belgium. Thursday sees us make the short journey to Paris where we will visit Disneyland Paris park, staying until late to see the parade and the fireworks. Our final day, Friday, sees us visit central Paris and tour the main sights. ‎ Crafty Foxes ‎(CRF)‎ Four days of product design centred around textiles. Making lovely objects using recycled and made materials. Bags, cushions and decorations...Learn skills and leave with modern and unusual textiles.‎ Mrs. Goode ‎£30‎ Potty about Potter Visit Warner Bros Miss Drake ‎£150‎ ‎(POT)‎ ‎ Studio, shop stop to buy picnic, stay overnight in an approved Youth Hostel in Streatley-on -Thames, guided tour of Oxford to see the film locations, picnic lunch outside Oxford’s Christchurch, boating on the River Cherwell through the University Parks, before heading back to Exeter.‎ ‎21. Which activity will you choose if you want to go camping?‎ A. OUT. B. WBP. C. CRF. D. POT.‎ ‎22. What will the students do on Tuesday with Mrs. Wilson?‎ A. Travel to London. ‎ B. See a parade and fireworks.‎ C. Tour central Paris.‎ D. Visit the WWI battlefields.‎ ‎23. How long does Potty about Potter last?‎ A. Two days. B. Four days.‎ C. Five days. D. One week.‎ ‎【答案】21. A 22. D 23. A ‎【解析】本文是一篇广告布告类说明文。文中讲述了家长和孩子一起挑选可以参加的活动。文中分别对这些活动的名称，活动内容，活动特色和活动组织工作人员还有活动的价格进行了详细的描述。‎ ‎21. 细节理解题。根据题干中的go camping，我们可以迅速浏览到第一个活动当中的wild camping (野外露营)这个关键信息。故选A。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎23. 细节理解题。根据题干中的信息Potty about Potter last我们从最后一种活动来寻找答案。关键信息overnight意为“一夜的逗留”。故这个活动是持续两天。故选A。‎ 点睛：做广告布告类说明文题型时一定要先看题干，再从文中找答案。我们可以清楚的看到：这三道题是互相之间没有联系的并且都是根据题干中的关键信息就可以锁定某一段落直接找答案的。‎ B Many of us love July because it’s the month when nature’s berries and stone fruits are in abundance. These colourful and sweet jewels form British Columbia’s fields are little powerhouses of nutritional protection.‎ Of the common berries, strawberries are highest in vitamin C, although, because of their seeds, raspberries contain a little more protein (蛋白质), iron and zinc (not that fruits have much protein). Blueberries are particularly high in antioxidants (抗氧化物质). The yellow and orange stone fruits such as peaches are high in the carotenoids we turn into vitamin A and which are antioxidants. As for cherries (樱桃), they are so delicious who cares? However, they are rich in vitamin C.‎ When combined with berries of slices of other fruits, frozen bananas make an excellent base for thick, cooling fruit shakes and low fat “ice cream”. For this purpose, select ripe bananas for freezing as they are much sweeter. Remove the skin and place them in plastic bags or containers and freeze. If you like, a squeeze of fresh lemon juice on the bananas will prevent them turning brown. Frozen bananas will last several weeks, depending on their ripeness and the temperature of the freezer.zx.x.k If you have a juicer, you can simply feed in frozen bananas and some berries or sliced fruit. Out comes a “soft-serve” creamy dessert, to be eaten right away. This makes a fun activity for a children’s party; they love feeding the fruit and frozen bananas into the top of the machine and ‎ watching the ice cream come out below.‎ ‎24. What does the author seem to like about cherries?‎ A. They contain protein. B. They are high in vitamin A.‎ C. They have a pleasant taste. D. They are rich in antioxidants.‎ ‎25. Why is fresh lemon juice used in freezing bananas?‎ A. To make them smell better. B. To keep their colour.‎ C. To speed up their ripening. D. To improve their nutrition.‎ ‎26. What is “a juicer” in the last paragraph?‎ A. A dessert. B. A drink.‎ C. A container. D. A machine.‎ ‎27. From which is the text probably taken?‎ A. A biology textbook. B. A health magazine.‎ C. A research paper. D. A travel brochure.‎ ‎【答案】24. C 25. B 26. D 27. B ‎【解析】本文是一篇日常生活类说明文。文中讲述了人们热爱水果丰盛的7月，这时候各种水果营养丰富且含有对人体有益的微量元素，尤其是香蕉。我们可以利用它做一些孩子喜欢的甜点或冰淇淋。‎ ‎24. 细节理解题。题干问的是，作者喜欢樱桃什么。根据第二段中As for cherries (樱桃), they are so delicious who cares?（至于樱桃，因为它们很好吃谁在乎呢?）可知，作者在乎的是它的美味。故选C。‎ ‎25. 细节理解题。根据第三段中的If you like, a squeeze of fresh lemon juice on the bananas will prevent them turning brown.可知，往香蕉上滴新鲜的柠檬汁是为了防止香蕉变成褐色，故新鲜的柠檬汁是被用来保持香蕉的颜色的。故选B。‎ ‎26. 词义猜测题。根据最后一段中they love feeding the fruit and frozen bananas into the top of the machine and watching the ice cream come out below可知，孩子们喜欢把一些水果和冷冻的香蕉放入到这台机器的上部，然后看到冰激凌从下面出来。故可以推出a juicer就是一台机器。故选D。‎ ‎27. 文章出处题。文章首先指出七月是水果盛产的季节，并指出各种水果富含的营养，最后一段指出我们可以用a juicer为孩子们做一些甜点和冰激凌，故最可能是从健康杂志上摘取的文章。A项意为：生物教科书；B项意为：一本健康杂志；C项意为：一篇研究论文；D 项意为：一本旅游手册。故选B。‎ 点睛：做词义猜测题时我们要注意观察，划线单词的构成结构。如本题背划线的单词是juicer，我们都知道“er”是单词的后缀。它既可以表示人，又可以表示物。如：cleaner既可以表示清洁工，又可以表示清洁工具。根据下文中的意思，可以判断出本题中的a juicer是表示物。‎ C ‎ Teens and younger children are reading a lot less for fun, according to a Common Sense Media report published Monday.‎ ‎ While the decline over the past decade is steep for teen readers, some data in the report shows that reading remains a big part of many children’s lives, and indicates how parents might help encourage more reading.‎ ‎ According to the report’s key findings, “the proportion (比例) who say they ‘hardly ever’ read for fun has gone from 8 percent of 13-year-olds and 9 percent of 17-year-olds in 1984 to 22 percent and 27 percent respectively today.”‎ ‎ The report data shows that pleasure reading levels for younger children, ages 2—8, remain largely the same. But the amount of time spent in reading each session has declined, from closer to an hour or more to closer to a half hour per session.zxx.k ‎ When it comes to technology and reading, the report does little to counsel(建议) parents looking for data about the effect of e-readers and tablets on reading. It does point out that many parents still limit electronic reading, mainly due to concerns about increased screen time.‎ ‎ The most hopeful data shared in the report shows clear evidence of parents serving as examples and important guides for their kids when it comes to reading. Data shows that kids and teens who do read frequently, compared to infrequent readers, have more books in the home, more books purchased for them, parents who read more often, and parents who set aside time for them to read.‎ ‎ As the end of school approaches, and school vacation reading lists loom(逼近) ahead, parents might take this chance to step in and make their own summer reading list and plan a family trip to the library or bookstore.‎ ‎28. What is the Common Sense Media report probably about?‎ A. Children’s reading habits.‎ B. Quality of children’s books.‎ C. Children’s after-class activities.‎ D. Parent-child relationships.‎ ‎29. Where can you find the data that best supports "children are reading a lot less for fun"?‎ A. In paragraph 2. B. In paragraph 3.‎ C. In paragraph 4. D. In paragraph 5.‎ ‎30. Why do many parents limit electronic reading?‎ A. E-books are of poor quality.‎ B. It could be a waste of time.‎ C. It may harm children’s health.‎ D. E-readers are expensive.‎ ‎31. How should parents encourage their children to read more?‎ A. Act as role models for them.‎ B. Ask then to write book reports.‎ C. Set up reading groups for them.‎ D. Talk with their reading class teachers.‎ ‎【答案】28. A 29. B 30. C 31. A ‎【解析】据本周一公布的a Common Sense Media report报告显示，青少年和年幼的孩子们读书的乐趣大大减少。文中从阅读的乐趣，阅读的时间，阅读方式和父母对孩子阅读的影响等角度展示了该报告的内容。‎ ‎28. 推理判断题。题干问的是这篇报道可能是关于什么内容。根据整篇文章，我们可以看出这篇报道讲述了孩子们阅读的乐趣，孩子们阅读的时间，孩子们阅读方式和父母对孩子阅读的影响。A项意为：孩子们的阅读习惯；B项意为：孩子们所读书籍的质量；C项意为：孩子们的课后活动；D项意为：父母与孩子的关系。故选A。‎ ‎29. 推理判断题。根据第三段中的the proportion (比例) who say they ‘hardly ever’ read for fun has gone from 8 percent of 13-year-olds and 9 percent of 17-year-olds in 1984 to 22 percent and 27 percent respectively today.可知，很少为乐趣而阅读的人的比例已经分别从1984年的13岁的8%和17岁的9%上升到现在的22%和27%。也就是说，为乐趣而读书的人越来越少了。故选B。‎ ‎ ‎ 点睛：作此类型的题时，一定要读懂第一段。第一段读懂了，整篇文章大意也就迎刃而解了。明白了大意，第28题我们也不难看出答案，本文讲的肯定不是质量，不是活动也不是关系。而是习惯，即孩子们的阅读习惯。‎ D We’ve all been there: in a lift, in line at the bank or on an airplane, surrounded by people who are, like us, deeply focused on their smartphones or, worse, struggling with the uncomfortable silence. ‎ ‎ What’s the problem? It’s possible that we all have compromised conversational intelligence. It’s more likely that none of us start a conversation because it’s awkward and challenging, or we think it’s annoying and unnecessary. But the next time you find yourself among strangers, consider that small talk is worth the trouble. Experts say it’s an invaluable social practice that results in big benefits.‎ ‎ Dismissing small talk as unimportant is easy, but we can’t forget that deep relationships wouldn’t ‎ even exist if it weren’t for casual conversation. Small talk is the grease(润滑剂) for social communication, says Bernardo Carducci, director of the Shyness Research Institute at Indiana University Southeast. ＂Almost every great love story and each big business deal begins with small talk,＂ he explains. ＂The key to successful small talk is learning how to connect with others, not just communicate with them.＂‎ In a 2014 study, Elizabeth Dunn, associate professor of psychology at UBC, invited people on their way into a coffee shop. One group was asked to seek out an interaction(互动) with its ‎ waiter; the other, to speak only when necessary. The results showed that those who chatted with their server reported significantly higher positive feelings and a better coffee shop experience. ＂It’s not that talking to the waiter is better than talking to your husband,＂ says Dunn. ＂But interactions with peripheral(边缘的) members of our social network matter for our well-being also.＂‎ Dunn believes that people who reach out to strangers feel a significantly greater sense of belonging, a bond with others. Carducci believes developing such a sense of belonging starts with small talk. ＂Small talk is the basis of good manners,＂ he says.‎ ‎32. What phenomenon is described in the first paragraph?‎ A. Addiction to smartphones.‎ B. Inappropriate behaviours in public places.‎ C. Absence of communication between strangers.‎ D. Impatience with slow service.‎ ‎33. What is important for successful small talk according to Carducci?‎ A. Showing good manners. B. Relating to other people.‎ C. Focusing on a topic. D. Making business deals.‎ ‎34. What does the coffee-shop study suggest about small talk?‎ A. It improves family relationships. B. It raises people’s confidence.‎ C. It matters as much as a formal talk. D. It makes people feel good.‎ ‎35. What is the best title for the text?‎ A. Conversation Counts B. Ways of Making Small Talk C. Benefits of Small Talk D. Uncomfortable Silence ‎【答案】32. C 33. B 34. D 35. C ‎【解析】这是一篇议论文。在当今社会，人们在公共场合或沉迷于智能手机，或与不舒服的沉默抗争，陌生人之间缺乏沟通。但人与人之间是需要适当的交谈闲聊的，闲聊是人际关系社会交往必不可少的部分，而且也有很多好处。‎ ‎32. 主旨大意题。题干问的是：第一段描述了什么现象。在公共场合（比如在电梯里，在银行排队，或在飞机上）人们深深地专注于他们的智能手机，或者更糟糕的是，与不舒服的沉默抗争。有此可知，陌生人之间缺乏沟通。A项意为：沉迷于智能手机。B项意为：在公共场所不适当的行为。C项意为：陌生人之间缺乏沟通。D 项意为：对缓慢的服务不耐烦。故选C项。‎ ‎33. 推理判断题。题干问得是对于Carducci来说，成功的闲聊中重要的是什么。根据第三段最后一句“The key to successful small talk is learning how to connect with others, not just communicate with them”（成功闲聊的关键是学习如何与他们交流，而不仅仅是与他们沟通。）由此推断C符合题意。A项意为：表现出良好的礼貌。B项意为：与他人有关的。C项意为：专注于一个话题。D项意为：做商业交易。故选B项。‎ ‎34. 推理判断题。题干问的是：咖啡店的研究对闲聊有什么建议。根据第四段的调查结果可知，那些与服务员聊天的人，有显著的积极情绪和更好的咖啡店体验。由此可知，D项符合题意。A项意为：闲聊改善了家庭关系。B项意为：闲聊提高了人们的信心。C项意为：闲聊和正式谈话一样重要。D项意为：闲聊让人感觉很好。故选D项。‎ ‎35. 主旨大意题。整篇文章刚开始介绍了社会的现象（公共场合人们沉迷于智能手机，陌生人之间缺乏沟通交流），接着分析了这一问题的原因，接下来有专家对闲聊进行了研究，最后得出结论，闲聊都有什么样的好处。A项意为：谈话很重要。B项意为：闲聊的方法。C项意为：闲聊的好处。D项意为：不舒服的沉默。故选C项。‎ 点睛：我们在做阅读理解时，尽量找出每段的主讲内容（可能是一句话或是一个短语），这样有利于整篇文章的把握，有利于做文章大意题。如35题，很显然本文讲的不是重要性也不是方法更不是沉默，所以ABD都可以轻松排除。‎ ‎【2018·全国III】阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。‎ A Welcome to Holker Hall & Gardens Visitor Information How to Get to Holker By Car： Follow brown signs an A590 from JB6, M6.Approximale travel times: Windermere-20 minutes, Kendal-25 minutes, Lancaster-45 minutes, Manchester-I hour 30 minutes.z.x.xk By Rail: The nearest station is Cark-in-Cartmel with trains to Carnforth, Lancaster Preston for connections to major cities & airports.‎ ‎ ‎ Opening Times Sunday-Friday (closed on Saturday)11:00 am-4:00pm,30 March-2nd November.‎ Admission Charges Hall & Gardens Gardens Adults: £12.00 £8.00‎ Groups £9 £5.5‎ Producers: Market 13th April Join us to taste a variety of fresh local food and drinks. Meet the producers and get some excellent recipe ideas.‎ Holker Garden Festival 30th May The event celebrate its 22nd anniversary with a great show of the very best of gardening, making it one of the most popular events in gardening.‎ National Garden Day 28th August Holker once again opens is gardens in aid of the disadvantaged. For just a small donation you can take a tour with our garden guide.‎ Winter Market 8th November This is an event for all the family. Wander among a variety of shops selling gifs while enjoying a live music show and nice street entertainment.‎ ‎21. How long does it probably take a tourist to drive to Holker from Manchester?‎ A. 20minutes. B. 25 minutes.‎ C. 45 minutes. D. 90 minutes.‎ ‎22. How much should a member of a tour group pay to visit to Hall & Cardens?‎ A. £l2.00. B. £9.00.‎ C. £8.0 D. £5.50‎ ‎23. Which event will you go to if you want to see a live music show?‎ A. Producers' Market. B. Holker Garden Festival.‎ C. National Garden Day. D. Winter Market.‎ ‎【答案】21. D 22. B 23. D ‎【解析】文章为旅游指南。文章主要介绍了去Holker Hall& Garden 旅游的相关信息，如：出行方式，开放时间，旅行费用以及主要活动等。‎ ‎21. 细节理解题。根据第一段How to Get to Holker中By car里Approximate travel times后面内容可知，从Manchester到Holker要用1 hour and 30 minutes，即90分钟，故选D。‎ ‎22. 细节理解题。根据Admission Charges可知，团体中的一员去Hall & Gardens 需要支付9英镑。‎ ‎23. 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段Winter Market中最后一句Wander among a variety of shops selling gifts while enjoying a live music show and nice street entertainment.可知，如果想去看现场表演需要去Winter Market。故选D。‎ ‎【点睛】文章主题和中心思想的阐述往往需要大量细节信息的支持，这些细节对于理解全文内容至关重要，同时也是归纳和概括文章中心思想的基础。命题人往往会要求考生根据不同的要求阅读文章，以获得某些特定的信息，或准确地寻求所需的细节，并对细节进行直接或间接辨认和理解。文章细节的理解可以细化为：（1）一一对应型。（2）语言转述型。（3）语意理解型。（4）是非辨别型。（5）事实排序型。‎ 此题中的三题全为细节理解题。细节理解题首先要根据题干准确定位信息句，其次要对信息句进行准确的理解和判断，如第一题为转述型，1 hour and30 minutes，即90分钟。第二题和第三题则为简单的一一对应型，只要找到信息句即可得出答案。‎ B Cities usually have a good reason for being where they are, like a nearby port or river. People settle in these places because they are easy to get to and naturally suited to communications and trade. New York City, for example, is near a large harbour at the mouth of the Hudson River. Over 300 years its population grew gradually from 800 people to 8 million. But not all cities develop slowly over a long period of time. Boom towns grow from nothing almost overnight. In 1896, Dawson, Canada, was unmapped wilderness(荒野). But gold was discovered there in 1897, and two years later, it was one of the largest cities in the West, with a population of 30,000.‎ Dawson did not have any of the natural conveniences of cities like London or Paris. People went there for gold. They travelled over snow-covered mountains and sailed hundreds of miles up icy rivers. The path to Dawson was covered with thirty feet of wet snow that could fall without warming. An avalanche(雪崩) once closed the path, killing 63 people. For many who made it to Dawson, however, the rewards were worth the difficult trip. Of the first 20,000 people who dug for gold, 4,000 got rich. About 100 of these stayed rich men for the rest of their lives.‎ But no matter how rich they were, Dawson was never comfortable. Necessities like food and wood were very expensive. But soon, the gold that Dawson depended on had all been found.‎ ‎ The city was crowded with disappointed people with no interest in settling down, and when they heard there were new gold discoveries in Alaska, they left Dawson City as quickly as they had come. Today, people still come and go — to see where the Canadian gold rush happened. Tourism is now the chief industry of Dawson City — its present population is 762.‎ ‎24. What attracted the early settlers to New York City?‎ A. Its business culture.‎ B. Its small population.‎ C. Its geographical position.‎ D. Its favourable climate.‎ ‎25. What do we know about those who first dug for gold in Dawson?‎ A. Two-thirds of them stayed there.‎ B. One out of five people got rich.‎ C. Almost everyone gave up.‎ D. Half of them died.‎ ‎26. What was the main reason for many people to leave Dawson?‎ A. They found the city too crowded.‎ B. They wanted to try their luck elsewhere.‎ C. They were unable to stand the winter.‎ D. They were short of food.‎ ‎27. What is the text mainly about?‎ A. The rise and fall of a city.‎ B. The gold rush in Canada.‎ C. Journeys into the wilderness.‎ D. Tourism in Dawson.‎ ‎【答案】24. C 25. B 26. B 27. A ‎【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了Dawson这座城市的发展原因、过程与现状。‎ ‎24. 细节理解题。根据文章第一段中Cities usually have a good reason for being where they are, like a nearby port or river. People settle in these places because they are easy to get to and naturally suited to communications and trade. New York City, for example, is near a large harbour at the mouth of the Hudson River.‎ 可知，人们选择在河边或港口设城是因为交通方便，便于做生意。而纽约就是在哈德森河口附近的一个大港口，故纽约吸引早期移民的原因是它的地理位置，故C正确。‎ ‎25. 细节理解题。根据文章第二段最后一句Of the first 20,000 people who dug for gold, 4,000 got rich. About 100 of these stayed rich men for the rest of their lives.可知，在最初挖黄金的两万人中有4000人变富有，所以是五分之一的人变富了，故B正确。‎ ‎26. 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段中and when they heard there were new gold discoveries in Alaska, they left Dawson City as quickly as they had come.可知，人们离开Dawson的主要原因是听说在Alaska发现了黄金，也就是他们要去别的地方寻找发财的机会。故B正确。‎ ‎27. 主旨大意题。第一段简要介绍城市发展的原因，引出Dawson这一城市的兴起，第二段介绍了该城市兴起的原因，第三段介绍人们选择离开该城市的原因及现在的状况，所以全文围绕Dawson这个城市的发展起伏。故A正确。‎ ‎【点睛】主旨大意题的解题技巧：一篇文章都是围绕着一个中心思想或一个话题展开的，因此，有的文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。通读全文可知，文章主要围绕Dawson的发展展开，Dawson反复出现，再根据每一段的段首句可以总结出，文章第一段通过城市发展的原因引出Dawson，第二段介绍Dawson发展的原因，第三段介绍人们选择离开该城市的原因及现在的状况，从而总结出文章的主旨大意。‎ C While famous foreign architects are invited to lead the designs of landmark buildings in China such as the new CCTV tower and the National Center for the Performing Arts, many excellent Chinese architects are making great efforts to take the center stage.‎ Their efforts have been proven fruitful. Wang Shu, a 49-year-old Chinese architect, won the 2012 Pritzker Architecture Prize — which is often referred to as the Nobel Prize in architecture — on February 28. He is the first Chinese citizen to win this award.‎ Wang serves as head of the Architecture Department at the China Academy of Art (CAA). His office is located at the Xiangshan campus(校园) of the university in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province. Many buildings on the campus are his original creations.‎ The style of the campus is quite different from that of most Chinese universities. Many visitors were amazed by the complex architectural space and abundant building types. The curves(曲线) of the buildings perfectly match the rise and fall of hills, forming a unique view.‎ Wang collected more than 7 million abandoned bricks of different ages. He asked the workers to use traditional techniques to make the bricks into walls, roofs and corridors. This creation attracted a lot of attention thanks to its mixture of modern and traditional Chinese elements(元素).‎ Wang’s works show a deep understanding of modern architecture and a good knowledge of traditions. Through such a balance, he had created a new type of Chinese architecture, said Tadao Ando, the winner of the 1995 Pritzker Prize.‎ Wang believes traditions should not be sealed in glass boxes at museums. "That is only evidence that traditions once existed," he said.‎ ‎"Many Chinese people have a misunderstanding of traditions. They think tradition means old things from the past. In fact, tradition also refers to the things that have been developing and that are still being created, " he said.‎ ‎"Today, many Chinese people are learning Western styles and theories rather than focusing on Chinese traditions. Many people tend to talk about traditions without knowing what they really are, " said Wang.‎ The study of traditions should be combined with practice. Otherwise, the recreation of traditions would be artificial and empty, he said.‎ ‎28. Wang’s winning of the prize means that Chinese architects are ___________.‎ A. following the latest world trend B. getting international recognition C. working harder than ever before D. relying on foreign architects ‎29. What impressed visitors to the CAA Xiangshan campus most?‎ A. Its hilly environment.‎ B. Its large size.‎ C. Its unique style.‎ D. Its diverse functions.‎ ‎30. What made Wang’s architectural design a success?‎ A. The mixture of different shapes.‎ B. The balance of East and West.‎ C. The use of popular techniques.‎ D. The harmony of old and new.‎ ‎31. What should we do about Chinese traditions according to Wang?‎ A. Spread them to the world. B. Preserve them at museums.‎ C. Teach them in universities. D. Recreate them in practice.‎ ‎【答案】28. B 29. C 30. D 31. D ‎【解析】这是一篇新闻报道。文章主要报道了中国建筑设计师王澍在其作品中融合中国传统建筑文化，获得了建筑界的诺贝尔奖——普利策奖，这让中国建筑现在得到了国际认可。‎ ‎28. 推理判断题。根据文章第二段的内容可知，王澍获得2012年普利策奖，而普利策奖相当于建筑界的诺贝尔奖，他是第一个获此奖的中国人，故推知中国建筑现在得到了国际认可。故B项正确。‎ ‎29. 细节理解题。根据文章第四段对CAA校园的描述可知，它的设计风格独特，与大多数中国大学的校园很不同，许多游客感对复杂的建筑空间和丰富的建筑类型感到吃惊，故C正确。‎ ‎30. 细节理解题。根据文章第六段1995年普利策奖的获得者Tadao Ando的评语可知，王澍设计的成功之处是把中国传统元素融入现代设计，并保持两者的和谐，故D正确。‎ ‎31. 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段和倒数第三段中In fact, tradition also refers to the things that have been developing and that are still being created可知，传统的研究要与实践相结合，在实践中进行再创造，否则就会是人工的和空的，故D正确。‎ ‎【点睛】根据事实细节，推断合理信息。推理题要求在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，作出一定判断和推论，从而得到文章的隐含意义和深层意义。推理题所涉及的内容可能是文中某一句话，也可是某几句话，但做题的指导思想都是以文字信息为依据，既不能做出在原文中找不到文字根据的推理，也不能根据表面文字信息做多步推理。也就是说，要做到判断有据, 推论有理，忠实原文。切忌用自己的观点代替作者的本意，切忌片面思考，得出片面结论。‎ 此题的第一小题和第四小题为推理判断题。第1题根据第二段第二句可知Wang Shu 获得2012年普利策奖，相当于建筑界的诺贝尔奖，再根据第三句他是第一个获此奖的中国人可知，中国建筑现在得到了国际认可，因得到认可才能获奖。此题的解题关键时根据原文的两个信息句进行的判断，而ACD原文中没有提及。‎ D Adults understand what it feels like to be flooded with objects. Why do we often assume ‎ that more is more when it comes to kids and their belongings? The good news is that I can help my own kids learn earlier than I did how to live more with less.‎ I found the pre-holidays a good time to encourage young children to donate less-used things, and it worked. Because of our efforts, our daughter Georgia did decide to donate a large bag of toys to a little girl whose mother was unable to pay for her holiday due to illness. She chose to sell a few larger objects that were less often used when we promised to put the money into her school fund(基金）(our kindergarten daughter is serious about becoming a doctor)‎ For weeks, I've been thinking of bigger, deeper questions: How do we make it a habit for them? And how do we train ourselves to help them live with, need, and use less? Yesterday, I sat with my son, Shepherd, determined to test my own theory on this. I decided to play with him with only one toy for as long as it would keep his interest. I expected that one toy would keep his attention for about five minutes, ten minutes, max. I chose a red rubber ball-simple, universally available. We passed it, he tried to put it in his mouth, he tried bouncing it, rolling it, sitting on it, throwing it. It was totally, completely enough for him. Before I knew it an hour had passed and it was time to move on to lunch.‎ We both became absorbed in the simplicity of playing together. He had my full attention and I had his. My little experiment to find joy in a single object worked for both of us.‎ ‎32. What do the words “more is more” in paragraph 1 probably mean?‎ A. The more, the better. B. Enough is enough.‎ C. More money, more worries. D. Earn more and spend more.‎ ‎33. What made Georgia agree to sell some of her objects?‎ A. Saving up for her holiday B. Raising money for a poor girl C. Adding the money to her fund D. Giving the money to a sick mother ‎34. Why did the author play the ball with Shepherd?‎ A. To try out an idea B. To show a parent's love C. To train his attention D. To help him start a hobby ‎35. What can be a suitable title for the text?‎ A. Take It or Leave It B. A Lesson from Kids C. Live More with Less D. The Pleasure of Giving ‎【答案】32. A 33. C 34. A 35. C ‎【解析】这是一片夹叙夹议文。文章讲述作者引导孩子主动捐献玩具，并从玩耍简单玩具中获得快乐的做法。‎ ‎32. 词义猜测题。根据文章第一段最后一句…I can help my own kids learn earlier than I did how to live more with less可以推断出，人们通常认为越多越好。故选A。‎ ‎33. 细节理解题。根据文章第二段中She chose to sell a few larger objects that were less often used when we promised to put the money into her school fund(基金)可知，当我们承诺给她把卖玩具的钱放到她的教育基金里时，她同意卖玩具。故选C。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎【点睛】 高考中词义推断可以是一个单词的意义推断，也可以是一个短语或句子的意义推断，既可以是生词意义，也可以是熟词新意；还可以是对替代词所替代内容的判断。在阅读理解题中，所考查的词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上，要根据短文提供的语境，通过阅读上下文，根据已知的信息或常识来推测尚不熟悉的词或词组的含义。词义猜测主要的解题策略有：语境猜词、语法猜词和常识猜词。‎ 语境既上下文。由于上下文中的生词不是孤立存在的，其词义与句中其它词的词义或具体的语境有着密切的联系。因此在阅读过程中，许多生词的词义可以充分利用上下文中相关的词汇，短语并结合具体的语境来推测。此题中第一题为词义猜测题。根据文章第一段的第三句the good news is that I can …可以推断出，前后语义相反，后句中是live more with less，所以前句应该是“越多越好”的意思。‎ ‎【2018·浙江卷】阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题纸上将该项涂黑。‎ A ‎ In 1812, the year Charles Dickens was born, there were 66 novels published in Britain. People had been writing novels for a century—most experts date the first novel to Robinson Crusoe in 1719—‎ but nobody wanted to do it professionally. The steam-powered printing press was still in its early stages; the literacy（识字） rate in England was under 50%. Many works of fiction appeared without the names of the authors, often with something like “By a lady.”Novels, for the most part, were looked upon as silly, immoral, or just plain bad.‎ ‎ In 1870, when Dickens died, the world mourned him as its first professional writer and publisher, famous and beloved, who had led an explosion in both the publication of novels and their readership and whose characters — from Oliver Twist to Tiny Tim— were held up as moral touchstones. Today Dickens’ greatness is unchallenged. Removing him from the pantheon（名人堂） of English literature would make about as much sense as the Louvre selling off the Mona Lisa.‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ How did Dickens get to the top? For all the feelings readers attach to stories, literature is a numbers game, and the test of time is extremely difficult to pass. Some 60,000 novels were published during the Victorian age, from 1837 to1901; today a casual reader might be able to name a half-dozen of them. It’s partly true that Dickens’ style of writing attracted audiences ‎ from all walks of life. It’s partly that his writings rode a wave of social, political and scientific progress. But it’s also that he rewrote the culture of literature and put himself at the center. No one will ever know what mix of talent, ambition, energy and luck made Dickens such a singular writer. But as the 200th anniversary of his birth approaches, it is possible — and important for our own culture—to understand how he made himself a lasting one.‎ ‎21. Which of the following best describes British novels in the 18th century?‎ A. They were difficult to understand.‎ B. They were popular among the rich.‎ C. They were seen as nearly worthless.‎ D. They were written mostly by women.‎ ‎22. Dickens is compared with the Mona Lisa in the text to stress________.‎ A. his reputation in France B. his interest in modern art C. his success in publication D. his importance in literature ‎23. What is the author’s purpose in writing the text?‎ A. To remember a great writer.‎ B. To introduce an English novel.‎ C. To encourage studies on culture.‎ D. To promote values of the Victorian age.‎ ‎【答案】21. C 22. D 23. A ‎【解析】本文写于Charles Dickens诞辰200周年前夕，介绍了Charles Dickens在英国小说方面的重要贡献和深远影响。‎ ‎21. 细节理解题。根据第一段对当时情况的描写nobody wanted to do it professionally. The steam-powered printing press was still in its early stages; the literacy（识字）rate in England was under 50%. Many works of fiction appeared without the names of the authors... Novels, for the most part, were looked upon as silly, immoral, or just plain bad.印刷技术落后，人们识字率低，作品上没有作者名字，小说被认为是愚蠢的不正常的，毫无价值可言。故选C。‎ ‎22. 推理判断题。根据第二段Dickens’ greatness is unchallenged.和列举的Charles Dickens小说的影响可知，把他和Mona Lisa相比是为了说明Charles Dickens在英国小说方面的重要性和Mona Lisa在绘画方面的重要性是一样的，故选D。‎ ‎23. 写作意图题。根据文中对Charles Dickens及其作品在英国小说史上重要性的描写，和文章最后But as the 200th anniversary of his birth approaches, it is possible — and important for our own culture—to understand how he made himself a lasting one.可知本文是写于Charles Dickens诞辰200周年前夕，由此可知作者写本文是为了纪念这位伟大的作家。故选A。‎ ‎【点睛】‎ 推理判断题要求在理解表面文字的基础上，做出判断和推论，从而得到文章的隐含的意思和深层的意思，也就是通过文章中的文字信息，上下逻辑关系及事物的发展变化等已知的信息，推断出作者没有直接表达的态度和观点。‎ 本文推理判断题的考法：‎ ‎1. 推测文章的观点或结论。小题1要求判断18世纪英国小说的现状，根据第一段对当时情况的描写nobody wanted to do it professionally. The steam-powered printing press was still in its early stages; the literacy rate in England was under 50%.Novels, were looked upon as silly, immoral, or just plain bad.可知当时印刷技术落后，人们识字率低，小说被认为是愚蠢的不正常的，毫无价值可言。‎ ‎2. 推测作者写作目的或意图。小题3判断本文的写作目的，根据文中对Charles Dickens及其作品在英国小说史上重要性的描写，和文章最后But as the 200th anniversary of his birth approaches, it is possible — and important for our own culture—to understand how he made himself a lasting one.可知本文是写于Charles Dickens诞辰200周年前夕，由此推断作者写本文是为了纪念这位伟大的作家。‎ B ‎ Steven Stein likes to follow garbage trucks. His strange habit makes sense when you consider that he’s an environmental scientist who studies how to reduce litter, including things that fall off garbage trucks as they drive down the road. What is even more interesting is that one of Stein's jobs is defending an industry behind the plastic shopping bags. ‎ ‎ Americans use more than 100 billion thin film plastic bags every year. So many end up in tree branches or along highways that a growing number of cities do not allow them at checkouts(收银台) . The bags are prohibited in some 90 cities in California, including Los Angeles. Eyeing these headwinds, plastic-bag makers are hiring scientists like Stein to make the case that their products are not as bad for the planet as most people assume.‎ ‎ Among the bag makers' argument: many cities with bans still allow shoppers to purchase paper bags, which are easily recycled but require more energy to produce and transport. And while plastic bags may be ugly to look at, they represent a small percentage of all garbage on the ground today ‎ The industry has also taken aim at the product that has appeared as its replacement: reusable shopping bags. The stronger a reusable bag is, the longer its life and the more plastic-bag use it cancels out. However, longer-lasting reusable bags often require more energy to make. One study found that a cotton bag must be used at least 131 times to be better for the planet than plastic.‎ ‎ Environmentalists don't dispute（质疑） these points. They hope paper bags will be banned someday too and want shoppers to use the same reusable bags for years.‎ ‎24. What has Steven Stein been hired to do?‎ A. Help increase grocery sales.‎ B. Recycle the waste material.‎ C. Stop things falling off trucks.‎ D. Argue for the use of plastic bags.‎ ‎25. What does the word “headwinds”in paragraph 2 refer to?‎ A. Bans on plastic bags.‎ B. Effects of city development.‎ C. Headaches caused by garbage.‎ D. Plastic bags hung in trees.‎ ‎26. What is a disadvantage of reusable bags according to plastic-bag makers?‎ A. They are quite expensive.‎ B. Replacing them can be difficult.‎ C. They are less strong than plastic bags.‎ D. Producing them requires more energy.‎ ‎27. What is the best title for the text?‎ A. Plastic, Paper or Neither B. Industry, Pollution and Environment C. Recycle or Throw Away D. Garbage Collection and Waste Control ‎【答案】24. D 25. A 26. D 27. A ‎【解析】文章分析了几种购物袋的使用情况，塑料袋造成了环境问题，尽管纸袋容易回收，但生产和运输需要更多的能源，希望消费者使用耐用可重复使用的袋子。‎ ‎24. 细节理解题。根据第一段one of Stein's jobs is defending an industry behind the plastic shopping bags.和第二段plastic-bag makers are hiring scientists like Stein to make the case that their products are not as bad for the planet as most people assume.可知塑料袋生产商雇用Steven Stein是为了证明他们的产品并不像大多数人想象的那样对地球有害，是对塑料袋被禁用的解释和争论。故选D。‎ ‎25. 词义猜测题。上文介绍在许多美国大城市塑料袋被禁用，看到这种现状，塑料袋生产商雇用Steven Stein等科学家是为了证明他们的产品并不像大多数人想象的那样对地球有害。headwinds“逆风”，此处指塑料袋被禁用的现状，即Bans on plastic bags，故选A。‎ ‎26. 细节理解题。根据第四段However, longer-lasting reusable bags often require more energy to make.可知塑料袋生产商认为生产耐用且能重复使用的袋子需要更多的能量，故选D。‎ ‎27. ‎ 标题归纳题。文章讲述了使用塑料袋造成的环境问题，纸袋容易回收，但生产和运输需要更多的能源，希望消费者使用耐用可重复使用的袋子。对这三种方式进行了对比，Plastic, Paper or Neither既能概括全文，又能吸引读者，最适合作为标题。故选A。‎ ‎【点睛】‎ 概括主旨的方法是：先看首尾或各段开头再看全文找主题句，若无明显主题句，就通过关键词句来概括(如议论文中寻找表达作者观点态度的词句，要看懂全文的主要内容，明白了主要内容就能准确概括文章标题。小题4要求概括标题，本文讲述了使用塑料袋造成的环境问题，纸袋容易回收，但生产和运输需要更多的能源，希望消费者使用耐用可重复使用的袋子。对这三种方式进行了对比，Plastic, Paper or Neither既能概括全文，又能吸引读者，适合作为标题。‎ C As cultural symbols go, the American car is quite young. The Model T Ford was built at the Piquette Plant in Michigan a century ago, with the first rolling off the assembly line（装配线） on September 27, 1908. Only eleven cars were produced the next month. But eventually Henry Ford would build fifteen million of them.‎ ‎ Modern America was born on the road, behind a wheel. The car shaped some of the most lasting aspects of American culture: the roadside diner, the billboard, the motel, even the hamburger. For most of the last century, the car represented what it meant to be American—going forward at high speed to find new worlds. The road novel, the road movie, these are the most typical American ideas, born of abundant petrol, cheap cars and a never-ending interstate highway system, the largest public works project in history.‎ ‎ In 1928 Herbert Hoover imagined an America with “a chicken in every pot and a car in every garage.” Since then, this society has moved onward, never looking back, as the car transformed America from a farm-based society into an industrial ‎ The cars that drove the American Dream have helped to create a global ecological disaster. In America the demand for oil has grown by 22 percent since 1990.‎ ‎ The problems of excessive（过度的）energy consumption, climate change and population growth have been described in a book by the American writer Thomas L. Friedman. He fears the worst, but hopes for the best.‎ ‎ Friedman points out that the green economy（经济）is a chance to keep American strength. “The ability to design, build and export green technologies for producing clean water, clean air ‎ and healthy and abundant food is going to be the currency of power in the new century.”‎ ‎28. Why is hamburger mentioned in paragraph 2?‎ A. To explain Americans’ love for travelling by car.‎ B. To show the influence of cars on American culture.‎ C. To stress the popularity of fast food with Americans.‎ D. To praise the effectiveness of America’s road system.‎ ‎29. What has the use of cars in America led to?‎ A. Decline of economy. B. Environmental problems.‎ C. A shortage of oil supply. D. A farm-based society.‎ ‎30. What is Friedman’s attitude towards America’s future?‎ A. Ambiguous. B. Doubtful. C. Hopeful. D. Tolera ‎【答案】28. B 29. B 30. C ‎【解析】文章讲述了汽车在美国经济和文化上的重要作用，也指出了汽车带来的环境问题。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎30. 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的He fears the worst, but hopes for the best. 和最后一段中的Friedman points out that the green economy（经济）is a chance to keep American strength.可见Friedman虽然对未来担心，但抱有最好的希望，他指出了发展绿色积极的想法。可见Friedman对未来是充满希望的，故选C。‎ ‎【点睛】‎ 细节理解题具体方法：‎ ‎1.略读材料，大概了解原文，掌握中心或主旨。‎ ‎2.按文章的体裁，作者写作的组织模式及有关的信息词。如for example, first, second…等预测应该到何处寻找自己所需要的事实。‎ ‎3.‎ 将精力放在寻找你所需要的细节上。快速通篇跳读，全文扫视，找到细节出处，待找到含细节句子时，放慢速度，仔细核对比较内容，直至找到答案。如小题1要求分析第二段提到hamburger的作用，根据第二段Modern America was born on the road, behind a wheel. The car shaped some of the most lasting aspects of American culture: the roadside diner, the billboard, the motel, even the hamburger.可知现代美国诞生于公路和汽车，汽车塑造了美国文化最持久的一些方面。Hamburger就是汽车塑造的美国文化的一个方面。用这个例子是在说明汽车对美国文化的影响。‎ ‎【2018·天津卷】阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。‎ A Fire Prevention Information The University of Adelaide employs a full-time staff of fire prevention professionals. They inspect all campus buildings and test and maintain all sprinkler(喷水灭火装置）systems fire alarms and fire extinguishers (灭火器). They also provide educational programs or fire safety in the residence hall. Whenever you move to a new area, you should locate the fire alarm pull stations and the two exits nearest your room.‎ Fire Alarms The floors of all campus buildings are equipped with manual(手动的）fire alarm systems which include fire alarm pull stations and pipes. Most are also equipped with automatic fire alarm systems consisting of heat detectors, smoke detectors and sprinklers. For your safety, never tamper with(胡乱摆弄）these systems. False fire alarms are illegal and may lead to imprisonment.‎ Fire Drills A fire drill will be conducted in your residence hall every semester. During a fire drill, please do the following:‎ ‎·Take your room key and ID, close and lock the door to your room.‎ ‎·Exit immediately from the nearest emergency exit do not use a lift.‎ ‎·Meet outside of your residence hall and wait for further instructions.‎ Fire Extinguishers Fire extinguishers are located on each floor and in each apartment. Use a fire extinguisher only if you have been trained to do so. Irresponsible use of a fire extinguisher can create a dangerous situation for other residents and could result in damage to personal property.‎ Misuse of a fire extinguisher will result in fines.‎ Smoke Detector A smoke detector is on the ceiling in your room. Some buildings also have heat detectors on the ceilings. Do the following to ensure the safe operation of your smoke detector:‎ ‎·If your smoke detector is working properly, the red light should be on. If the red light is not blinking（闪动），contact residence hall staff immediately.‎ ‎·Do not cover or block your smoke detector in any way.‎ ‎·If a smoke detector sets off an alarm and there is no fire or smoke, inform your hall staff.‎ ‎36. What is the main duty of the fire prevention professionals?‎ A. To provide part-time jobs for students.‎ B. To lead the students to the nearest exits.‎ C. To check and maintain fire prevention equipment.‎ D. To train teachers to be fire prevention professionals.‎ ‎37. What do the automatic fire alarm systems include?‎ A. Pipes and smoke detectors.‎ B. Smoke detectors and sprinklers.‎ C. Fire alarm pull stations and pipes.‎ D. Sprinklers and fire alarm pull stations ‎38. In a fire drill, the students should ________.‎ A. rush quickly to a lift B. gather at the nearest exit.‎ C. shut the door and leave at once D. wait for instructions in the hall ‎39. What do we know about the use of fire extinguishers?‎ A. Using them wrongly results in punishment.‎ B. Irresponsible use of them can damage them.‎ C. Improper use of them can destroy the apartment.‎ D. Using them without a trainer present is forbidden.‎ ‎40. To ensure the safe operation of the smoke detector, one should_________.‎ A. contact the hall staff regularly B. cover the things that burn easily C. start the smoke detector in a fire D. make certain the red light is working ‎【答案】36. C 37. B 38. C 39. A 40. D ‎【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要从火警、消防训练、灭火器和烟雾探测器的使用等方面介绍了一些防火信息。‎ ‎36. 细节理解题。根据文章第一段They inspect all campus buildings and test and maintain all sprinkler(喷水灭火装置）systems fire alarms and fire extinguishers (灭火器).可知，专职消防人员主要职责是检查、测试和维护所有的校园建筑物防火装备。故选C。‎ ‎37. 细节理解题。根据文章Fire Alarms中的句子Most are also equipped with automatic fire alarm systems consisting heat detectors, smoke detectors and sprinklers.可知，火灾自动报警系统由热探测器、烟雾探测器和喷头组成。故选B。‎ ‎38. 细节理解题。根据文章Fire Drills中的句子Take your room key and ID, close and lock the door to your room.和Exit immediately from the nearest emergency exit do not use a lift.可知，在消防演习中，学生锁好门并立即从最近的紧急出口离开。故选C。‎ ‎39. 细节理解题。根据文章Fire Extinguishers中的句子Misuse of a fire extinguisher will result in fines.可知，误用灭火器会导致罚款。故选A。‎ ‎40. 细节理解题。根据文章Smoke Detector中的句子If your smoke detector is working properly, the red light should be on. If the red light is not blinking（闪动），contact residence hall staff immediately.可知，烟雾探测器是否安全运行，看红灯是否闪动。故选D。‎ 点睛：文章内容较为简单，集中考查细节题，对此类题型，考生可以首先从问题中找到关键词然后以此为线索，运用略读及查阅的技巧在文中迅速寻找这一细节找到后再把这一部分内容仔细阅读一遍，仔细比较所给选项与文中细节的细微区别。如小题3中C选择项中leave at once与文中的Exit immediately表达的同一个意思；小题4中考生要理解文中fines（罚款）是A选择项中punishment（惩罚）的一种，这些都考生需要比较它们之间的细微区别。‎ B When I was 17, I read a magazine article about a museum called the McNay, once the home of a watercolorist named Marian McNay. She had requested the community to turn it into a museum upon her death. On a sunny Saturday, Sally and I drove over to the museum. She asked, "Do you have the address? ""No, but I'll recognize it, there was a picture in the magazine. "‎ ‎"Oh, stop. There it is!”‎ The museum was free. We entered, excited. A group of people sitting in the hall stopped talking and stared at us.‎ ‎"May I help you?" a man asked. "No, "I said. "We're fine.” Tour guides got on my nerves. What if they talked a long time about a painting you weren't that interested in? Sally had gone upstairs. The people in the hall seemed very nosy(爱窥探的), keeping their eyes on me with curiosity. What was their problem? I saw some nice sculptures in one room. Suddenly I sensed a man standing behind me. "Where do you think you are? " he asked. I turned sharply. "The McNay Art Museum!" He smiled, shaking his head. "Sorry, the McNay is on New Braunfels Street." "What’s this place?” I asked, still confused. "Well, it's our home." My heart jolted(震颤). I raced to the staircase and called out, "Sally! Come down immediately! "‎ ‎"There's some really good stuff(艺术作品) up there." She stepped down, looking confused. I pushed her toward the front door, waving at the family, saying, "Sorry, please forgive us, you have a really nice place." Outside, when I told Sally what happened, she covered her mouth, laughing. She couldn't believe how long they let us look around without saying anything.‎ The real McNay was splendid, but we felt nervous the whole time we were there. Van Gogh, Picasso. This time, we stayed together, in case anything else unusual happened.‎ Thirty years later, a woman approached me in a public place. "Excuse me, did you ever enter a residence, long ago, thinking it was the McNay Museum?"‎ ‎"Yes. But how do you know? We never told anyone."‎ ‎"That was my home. I was a teenager sitting in the hall. Before you came over, I never realized what a beautiful place I lived in. I never felt lucky before. You thought it was a museum. My feelings about my home changed after that. I've always wanted to thank you."‎ ‎41. What do we know about Marian McNay?‎ A. She was a painter.‎ B. She was a community leader.‎ C. She was a museum director.‎ D. She was a journalist.‎ ‎42. Why did the author refuse the help from the man in the house?‎ A. She disliked people who were nosy.‎ B. She felt nervous when talking to strangers.‎ C. She knew more about art than the man.‎ D. She mistook him for a tour guide.‎ ‎43. How did the author feel about being stared at by the people in the hall?‎ A. Puzzled. B. Concerned.‎ C. Frightened. D. Delighted.‎ ‎44. Why did the author describe the real McNay museum in just a few words?‎ A. The real museum lacked enough artwork to interest her.‎ B. She was too upset to spend much time at the real museum.‎ C. The McNay was disappointing compared with the house.‎ D. The event happening in the house was more significant.‎ ‎45. What could we learn from the last paragraph?‎ A. People should have good taste to enjoy life.‎ B. People should spend more time with their family.‎ C. People tend to be blind to the beauty around them.‎ D. People tend to educate teenagers at a museum.‎ ‎【答案】41. A 42. D 43. A 44. D 45. C ‎【解析】本文是一篇记叙文。文章作者和朋友原想参观McNay博物馆，到了之后参观的时候，发现很多人奇怪的看着她，最后才发现自己误将一个私人住宅当成McNay博物馆。30年后，一位女士认出误撞入自己住宅的作者，指出正是因为作者的误撞入才让她意识到自己住的地方有多么美丽。‎ ‎41. 细节理解题。根据文章第一段When I was 17, I read a magazine article about a museum called the McNay, once the home of a watercolorist named Marian McNay.可知，Marian McNay是一名水彩画家。故选A。‎ ‎42. 细节理解题。根据文章第四段"May I help you?" a man asked. "No, "I said. "We're fine.” Tour guides got on my nerves.可知，导游令作者心烦，作者误认为屋子里的男人是位导游。故选D。‎ ‎43. 推理判断题。根据文章第四段The people in the hall seemed very nosy(爱窥探的), keeping their eyes on me with curiosity. What was their problem?（大厅的人看起来都非常爱窥探的，眼睛不停的好奇的看着我。他们有什么问题？）可以推断出，作者当时感到困惑不解。故选 A。‎ ‎44. 推理判断题。根据全文可知，作者着墨点主要在叙述参观误当成McNay博物馆的私人住宅上，故这才是文章的重心，所以将真正的McNay博物馆叙述一带而过。故选D。‎ ‎45. 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段Before you came over, I never realized what a beautiful place I lived in.可知，在作者未造访她家之前，这位女士从未意识到自己住的地方多么美丽，从而可以推断出，人们往往对周围的美而不见。故选C。‎ ‎【点睛】本文是叙事性的文章，文章有一定的趣味性，整体难度中等，考查主要以细节理解和推理判断两类题型。推理判断题属于主观性较强的高层次阅读理解题，做这类题目时，同学们要严格依据作者所陈述的细节、事实以及作者的措词、态度和语气，找出能够表露作者思想倾向和感情色彩的词句，然后利用自己已获得的相关知识进行推理判断，从而得出符合逻辑的结论。如小题3中考查作者被人盯着看的感受，我们需要找到文章中作者的措词nosy，curiosity和problem，可以推断出作者当时非常困惑不解的心理感受。‎ C There’s a new frontier in 3D printing that’s beginning to come into focus: food. Recent development has made possible machines that print, cook, and serve foods on a mass scale. And the industry isn’t stopping there.‎ Food production With a 3D printer, a cook can print complicated chocolate sculptures and beautiful pieces for decoration on a wedding cake. Not everybody can do that — it takes years of experience, but a printer makes it easy. A restaurant in Spain uses a Foodini to “re-create forms and pieces” of food that are “exactly the same,” freeing cooks to complete other tasks. In another restaurant, all of the dishes and desserts it serves are 3D-printed,rather than farm to table.‎ Sustainability(可持续性）‎ The global population is expected to grow to 9.6 billion by 2050, and some analysts estimate that food production will need to be raised by 50 percent to maintain current levels. Sustainability is becoming a necessity. 3D food printing could probably contribute to the solution. Some experts believe printers could use hydrocolloids (水解胶体) from plentiful renewables like algae(藻类) and grass to replace the familiar ingredients(烹饪原料). 3D printing can reduce fuel use and emissions. Grocery stores of the future might stock "food" that lasts years on end, freeing up shelf space and reducing transportation and storage requirements.‎ Nutrition Future 3D food printers could make processed food healthier. Hod Lipson, a professor at Columbia University, said, “Food printing could allow consumers to print food with customized nutritional content, like vitamins. So instead of eating a piece of yesterday’s bread from the supermarket, you’d eat something baked just for you on demand.”‎ Challenges Despite recent advancements in 3D food printing, the industry has many challenges to overcome. Currently, most ingredients must be changed to a paste(糊状物) before a printer can use them, and the printing process is quite time-consuming, because ingredients interact with each other in very complex ways. On top of that, most of the 3D food printers now are restricted to dry ingredients, because meat and milk products may easily go bad. Some experts are skeptical about 3D food printers, believing they are better suited for fast food restaurants than homes and high-end restaurants.‎ ‎46. What benefit does 3D printing bring to food production?‎ A. It helps cooks to create new dishes.‎ B. It saves time and effort in cooking.‎ C. It improves the cooking conditions.‎ D. It contributes to restaurant decorations.‎ ‎47. What can we learn about 3D food printing from Paragraphs 3?‎ A. It solves food shortages easily.‎ B. It quickens the transportation of food.‎ C. It needs no space for the storage of food.‎ D. It uses renewable materials as sources of food.‎ ‎48. According to Paragraph 4, 3D-printed food ________.‎ A. is more available to consumers B. can meet individual nutritional needs C. is more tasty than food in supermarkets D. can keep all the nutrition in raw materials ‎49. What is the main factor that prevents 3D food printing from spreading widely?‎ A. The printing process is complicated.‎ B. 3D food printers are too expensive.‎ C. Food materials have to be dry.‎ D. Some experts doubt 3D food printing.‎ ‎50. What could be the best title of the passage?‎ A. 3D Food Printing: Delicious New Technology B. A New Way to Improve 3D Food Printing C. The Challenges for 3D Food Production D. 3D Food Printing: From Farm to Table ‎【答案】46. B 47. D 48. B 49. C 50. A ‎【解析】本文是一篇科普类短文阅读。文章主要介绍了3D打印技术在食物上的应用取得了进展，但目前仍面临着许多方面的挑战。‎ ‎46. 推理判断题。根据文章Food production中叙述了没有经验的人可以用3D打印机做出复杂的巧克力雕塑和美丽的婚礼蛋糕，以及餐厅能够用3D打印出所有的菜肴和甜点，从而可以推断出3D打印的优势是节省了做饭的时间和精力。故选B。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎49. 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段most of the 3D food printers now are restricted to dry ingredients, because meat and milk products may easily go bad.可知，阻止3D打印食物进一步广泛使用的原因是原料必须是干的，含水多的肉和牛奶不能应用于3D打印因为很容易坏。故选C。‎ ‎50. 主旨大意题。文章主要介绍了3D打印技术在食物上的应用取得了进展，但目前仍面临着许多方面的挑战。所以用标题3D Food Printing: Delicious New Technology，故选A。‎ 点睛：科普类说明文历来是高考阅读理解命题的重点。本文是一篇3D 打印技术在食物方面的应用，文章运用一些小标题和对一些专业词汇作了多处中文注释，降低了考生的阅读难度。文章逻辑性强，条理清楚，主要考查学生对语篇的整体把握和领悟能力以及对特定细节的认读和处理能力。最后一小题考查主旨大意，为文章选择出最好的标题。考生做此题时一定要注意选择项必须要能概括整个文章的内容，不能以偏概全。如B、C、D选择项在文章中都有所涉及，但不足以概括全文，所以需要考生正确概括全文的主旨大意。‎ D Give yourself a test. Which way is the wind blowing? How many kinds of wildflowers can be seen from your front door? If your awareness is as sharp as it could be, you’ll have no trouble answering these questions.‎ Most of us observed much more as children than we do as adults. A child’s day is filled with fascination, newness and wonder. Curiosity gave us all a natural awareness. But distinctions that were sharp to us as children become unclear; we are numb(麻木的）to new stimulation(刺激), new ideas. Relearning the art of seeing the world around us is quite simple, although it takes practice and requires breaking some bad habits.‎ The first step in awakening senses is to stop predicting what we are going to see and feel before it occurs. This blocks awareness. One chilly night when I was hiking in the Rocky Mountains with some students, I mentioned that we were going to cross a mountain stream. The students began complaining about how cold it would be. We reached the stream, and they unwillingly walked ahead. They were almost knee-deep when they realized it was a hot spring. Later they all admitted they’d felt cold water at first.‎ Another block to awareness is the obsession(痴迷) many of us have with naming things. I saw bird watchers who spotted a bird, immediately looked it up in field guides, and said, a "ruby-crowned kinglet" and checked it off. They no longer paid attention to the bird and never learned what it was doing.‎ The pressures of "time" and "destination" are further blocks to awareness. I encountered many hikers who were headed to a distant camp-ground with just enough time to get there before dark. It seldom occurred to them to wander a bit, to take a moment to see what’s around them. I asked them what they’d seen. "Oh, a few birds," they said. They seemed bent on their destinations.‎ Nature seems to unfold to people who watch and wait. Next time you take a walk, no matter where it is, take in all the sights, sounds and sensations. Wander in this frame of mind and you will open a new dimension to your life.z.xxk ‎51. According to Paragraph 2, compared with adults, children are more ____________.‎ A. anxious to do wonders B. sensitive to others’ feelings C. likely to develop unpleasant habits D. eager to explore the world around them ‎52. What idea does the author convey in Paragraph 3?‎ A. To avoid jumping to conclusions.‎ B. To stop complaining all the time.‎ C. To follow the teacher’s advice.‎ D. To admit mistakes honestly.‎ ‎53. The bird watchers’ behavior shows that they __________.‎ A. are very patient in their observation B. are really fascinated by nature C. care only about the names of birds D. question the accuracy of the field guides ‎54. Why do the hikers take no notice of the surroundings during the journey?‎ A. The natural beauty isn’t attractive to them.‎ B. They focus on arriving at the camp in time.‎ C. The forest in the dark is dangerous for them.‎ D. They are keen to see rare birds at the destination.‎ ‎55. In the passage, the author intends to tell us we should __________.‎ A. fill our senses to feel the wonders of the world B. get rid of some bad habits in our daily life C. open our mind to new things and ideas D. try our best to protect nature ‎【答案】51. D 52. A 53. C 54. B 55. A ‎【解析】本文是一篇散文。我们有多久没有仔细观察我们周围的世界了。作者通过此文要告诉我们：放慢脚步，带着我们所有的感官来感受周围世界的奇妙。‎ ‎51. 推理判断题。根据文章第二段Most of us observed much more as children than we do as adults.‎ 可知，与成人相比较，孩子观察得更多，从而可以推断出孩子更急于探索他们周围的世界。故选D。‎ ‎52. 推理判断题。根据文章第三段作者叙述在一个寒冷的夜晚，作者和学生徒步旅行穿过一条小溪的时候，学生们抱怨水太冷而不愿往前走，结果事实上那是一个温泉。作者举这样一个事例是为了向读者传递这样的观念：避免过早下结论。故选A。‎ ‎53. 细节理解题。根据文章第四段全段及首句Another block to awareness is the obsession(痴迷) many of us have with naming things.可知，鸟观察者发现鸟后只关心鸟的名字，并不关心它在做什么。故选C。‎ ‎54. 细节理解题。根据文章第五段I encountered many hikers who were headed to a distant camp-ground with just enough time to get there before dark. It seldom occurred to them to wander a bit, to take a moment to see what’s around them.可知，徒步旅行者只关心能够及时到达目的地，而很少关心周围的事物。故选B。‎ ‎55. 推理判断题。文章作者想要通过此文要告诉我们：大自然只展现给那些善于观察和等待的人，带着我们所有的感官来感受周围世界的奇妙。‎ ‎【点睛】本文是一篇散文阅读。整个文章行文自由，不拘一格，对考生来说阅读有一定的难度。但我们只需要抓住贯穿全文的主线：大自然只展现给那些善于观察和等待的人，就不难理解全文大意了。文章多考查细节理解题和推理判断题，考生需要根据文中事实和线索作出判断和推理。‎ ‎【2018·北京卷】阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。‎ A My First Marathon（马拉松）‎ A month before my first marathon, one of my ankles was injured and this meant not running for two weeks, leaving me only two weeks to train. Yet, I was determined to go ahead.‎ I remember back to my 7th year in school. In my first P.E. class, the teacher required us to run laps and then hit a softball. I didn’t do either well. He later informed me that I was ＂not athletic＂.‎ The idea that I was ＂not athletic＂ stuck with me for years. When I started running in my 30s, I realized running was a battle against myself, not about competition or whether or not I was athletic. It was all about the battle against my own body and mind. A test of wills!‎ The night before my marathon, I dreamt that I couldn’t even find the finish line. I woke up sweating and nervous, but ready to prove something to myself.‎ Shortly after crossing the start line, my shoe laces(鞋带) became untied. So I stopped to readjust. Not the start I wanted!‎ At mile 3, I passed a sign: ＂GO FOR IT, RUNNERS!＂‎ By mile 17, I became out of breath and the once injured ankle hurt badly. Despite the pain, I stayed the course walking a bit and then running again.‎ By mile 21, I was starving!‎ As I approached mile 23, I could see my wife waving a sign. She is my biggest fan. She never minded the alarm clock sounding at 4 a.m. or questioned my expenses on running.‎ I was one of the final runners to finish. But I finished! And I got a medal. In fact, I got the same medal as the one that the guy who came in first place had.‎ Determined to be myself, move forward, free of shame and worldly labels(世俗标签), I can now call myself a ＂marathon winner＂.‎ ‎36. A month before the marathon, the author ____________.‎ A. was well trained B. felt scared ‎ C. made up his mind to run D. lost hope ‎37. Why did the author mention the P.E. class in his 7th year?‎ A. To acknowledge the support of his teacher.‎ B. To amuse the readers with a funny story.‎ C. To show he was not talented in sports.‎ D. To share a precious memory.‎ ‎38. How was the author’s first marathon?‎ A. He made it. B. He quit halfway.‎ C. He got the first prize. D. He walked to the end.‎ ‎39. What does the story mainly tell us?‎ A. A man owes his success to his family support.‎ B. A winner is one with a great effort of will.‎ C. Failure is the mother of success.‎ D. One is never too old to learn. ‎ C2[2018•北京卷] ‎ A ‎【要点综述】 本文是一篇故事类文章。作者记叙了没有运动天赋的他，在20多岁才开始长跑，但是一次在跑马拉松比赛前夕踝关节受伤，但他坚持不懈，最终实现了自我的故事。‎ ‎36. C 细节理解题。根据文章第一段中的“Yet, I was determined to go ahead”可知，作者在马拉松前一个月下定决心要参加马拉松比赛。故选C。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎39. B 主旨大意题。根据文章最后一段“Determined to be myself, move forward, free of shame and worldly labels(世俗标签), I can now call myself a "marathon winner”.”可知，作者享受到了战胜自我的快乐，认为只要努力了就算是胜利者。故选B。‎ B Find Your Adventure at the Space and Aviation(航空) Center If you’re looking for a unique adventure, the Space and Aviation Center (SAC) is the place to be. The Center offers programs designed to challenge and inspire with hands-on tasks and lots of fun.‎ More than 750,000 have graduated from SAC, with many seeking employment in engineering, aviation, education, medicine and a wide variety of other professions. They come to camp, wanting to know what it is like to be an astronaut or a pilot, and they leave with real-world applications for what they’re studying in the classroom.‎ For the trainees, the programs also offer a great way to earn merit badges(荣誉徽章). At Space Camp, trainees can earn their Space Exploration badge as they build and fire model rockets, learn about space tasks and try simulated(模拟) flying to space with the crew from all over the world. The Aviation Challenge program gives trainees the chance to earn their Aviation badge. They learn the principles of flight and test their operating skills in the cockpit(驾驶舱) of a ‎ variety of flight simulators. Trainees also get a good start on their Wilderness Survival badge as they learn about water- and land-survival through designed tasks and their search and rescue of ＂downed＂ pilot.‎ With all the programs, teamwork is key as trainees learn the importance of leadership and being part of a bigger task.‎ All this fun is available for ages 9 to 18. Families can enjoy the experience together, too, with Family Camp programs for families with children as young as 7.‎ Stay an hour or stay a week — there is something here for everyone!‎ For more details, please visit us online at www.oursac.com.‎ ‎40. Why do people come to SAC?‎ A. To experience adventures.‎ B. To look for jobs in aviation.‎ C. To get a degree in engineering.‎ D. To learn more about medicine.‎ ‎41. To earn a Space Exploration badge, a trainee needs to .‎ A. fly to space B. get an Aviation badge first C. study the principles of flight D. build and fire model rockets ‎42. What is the most important for trainees?‎ A. Leadership. B. Team spirit.‎ C. Task planning. D. Survival skills.‎ C4[2018•北京卷] ‎ B ‎【要点综述】 本文是一篇广告应用文。文章主要从辉煌历史、学习内容和招收成员的要求三个方面介绍了SAC（宇航中心）的培训项目，并呼吁大家多多支持SAC。‎ ‎40. A 细节理解题。根据文章第一段中的“If you're looking for a unique adventure, the Space and Aviation Center (SAC) is the place to be.”可知，SAC可以提供独一无二的冒险经历。故选A。‎ ‎41. D 细节理解题。根据文章第三段中的“At Space Camp, trainees can earn their Space Exploration badge as they build and fire model rockets, learn about space tasks and try simulated ‎ (模拟) flying to space with the crew from all over the world.”可知，要想得到徽章，需要制作火箭模型并点火。故选D。‎ ‎42. B 细节理解题。根据文章倒数第四段“With all the programs, teamwork is key as trainees learn the importance of leadership and being part of a bigger task.”可知，团队合作是被训练者最重要的素质。故选B。‎ ‎ ‎ C Plastic-Eating Worms Humans produce more than 300 million tons of plastic every year. Almost half of that winds up in landfills(垃圾填埋场), and up to 12 million tons pollute the oceans. So far there is no effective way to get rid of it, but a new study suggests an answer may lie in the stomachs of some hungry worms. ‎ Researchers in Spain and England recently found that the worms of the greater wax moth can break down polyethylene, which accounts for 40% of plastics. The team left 100 wax worms on a commercial polyethylene shopping bag for 12 hours, and the worms consumed and broke down about 92 milligrams, or almost 3% of it. To confirm that the worms’ chewing alone was not responsible for the polyethylene breakdown, the researchers made some worms into paste(糊状物) and applied it to plastic films. 14 hours later the films had lost 13% of their mass — apparently broken down by enzymes (酶) from the worms’ stomachs. Their findings were published in Current Biology in 2017.‎ Federica Bertocchini, co-author of the study, says the worms’ ability to break down their everyday food — beeswax — also allows them to break down plastic. ＂Wax is a complex mixture, but the basic bond in polyethylene, the carbon-carbon bond, is there as well, ＂she explains, ＂The wax worm evolved a method or system to break this bond. ＂‎ Jennifer DeBruyn, a microbiologist at the University of Tennessee, who was not involved in the study, says it is not surprising that such worms can break down polyethylene. But compared with previous studies, she finds the speed of breaking down in this one exciting. The next step, DeBruyn says, will be to identify the cause of the breakdown. Is it an enzyme produced by the worm itself or by its gut microbes(肠道微生物)?‎ Bertocchini agrees and hopes her team’s findings might one day help employ the enzyme to ‎ break down plastics in landfills. But she expects using the chemical in some kind of industrial process — not simply ＂millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic.＂‎ ‎43. What can we learn about the worms in the study?‎ A. They take plastics as their everyday food.‎ B. They are newly evolved creatures.‎ C. They can consume plastics.‎ D. They wind up in landfills.‎ ‎44. According to Jennifer DeBruyn, the next step of the study is to .‎ A. identify other means of the breakdown B. find out the source of the enzyme C. confirm the research findings D. increase the breakdown speed ‎45. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that the chemical might .‎ A. help to raise worms B. help make plastic bags C. be used to clean the oceans D. be produced in factories in future ‎46. What is the main purpose of the passage?‎ A. To explain a study method on worms.‎ B. To introduce the diet of a special worm.‎ C. To present a way to break down plastics.‎ D. To propose new means to keep eco-balance.‎ C8[2018•北京卷] ‎ C ‎【要点综述】 本文是一篇科普知识类文章。从环保理念出发，文章围绕一种可以降解塑料的虫子大蜡螟展开，描述了研究进展及虫子能降解塑料的原理，即使用其胃中的酶降解塑料，为塑料污染问题提供了新的思路。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎45. D 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“But she expects using the chemical in some kind of industrial process-not simply" millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic”可知研究者希望那些化学物品可以批量生产，而不是将许多虫子直接扔在垃圾堆里。故选D。‎ ‎46. C 写作意图题。全文都在围绕可以降解垃圾的虫子展开，文章的目的就是向读者呈现这种独特的降解塑料的方式。故选A。‎ ‎ ‎ D Preparing Cities for Robot Cars The possibility of self-driving robot cars has often seemed like a futurist’s dream, years away from materializing in the real world. Well, the future is apparently now. The California Department of Motor Vehicles began giving permits in April for companies to test truly self-driving cars on public roads. The state also cleared the way for companies to sell or rent out self-driving cars, and for companies to operate driverless taxi services. California, it should be noted, isn’t leading the way here. Companies have been testing their vehicles in cities across the country. It’s hard to predict when driverless cars will be everywhere on our roads. But however long it takes, the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems and our cities, for better or for worse, depending on how the transformation is regulated.‎ While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars(and rightfully so), policymakers also should be talking about how self-driving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams, cut emissions(排放) and offer more convenient, affordable mobility options. The arrival of driverless vehicles is a chance to make sure that those vehicles are environmentally friendly and more shared.‎ Do we want to copy — or even worsen — the traffic of today with driverless cars? Imagine a ‎ future where most adults own individual self-driving vehicles. They tolerate long, slow journeys to and from work on packed highways because they can work, entertain themselves or sleep on the ride, which encourages urban spread. They take their driverless car to an appointment and set the empty vehicle to circle the building to avoid paying for parking. Instead of walking a few blocks to pick up a child or the dry cleaning, they send the self-driving minibus. The convenience even leads fewer people to take public transport — an unwelcome side effect researchers have already found in ride-hailing(叫车) services.‎ A study from the University of California at Davis suggested that replacing petrol-powered private cars worldwide with electric, self-driving and shared systems could reduce carbon emissions from transportation 80% and cut the cost of transportation infrastructure(基础设施) and operations 40% by 2050. Fewer emissions and cheaper travel sound pretty appealing. The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly be fielded by ride-hailing services, considering the cost of self-driving technology as well as liability and maintenance issues(责任与维护问题). But driverless car ownership could increase as the prices drop and more people become comfortable with the technology.‎ ‎ Policymakers should start thinking now about how to make sure the appearance of driverless vehicles doesn’t extend the worst aspects of the car-controlled transportation system we have today. The coming technological advancement presents a chance for cities and states to develop transportation systems designed to move more people, and more affordably. The car of the future is coming. We just have to plan for it.‎ ‎47. According to the author, attention should be paid to how driverless cars can __________.‎ A. help deal with transportation-related problems B. provide better services to customers C. cause damage to our environment D. make some people lose jobs ‎48. As for driverless cars, what is the author’s major concern?‎ A. Safety. B. Side effects.‎ C. Affordability. D. Management.‎ ‎49. What does the underlined word ＂fielded＂ in Paragraph 4 probably mean?‎ A. Employed. B. Replaced.‎ C. Shared. D. Reduced.‎ ‎50. What is the author’s attitude to the future of self-driving cars?‎ A. Doubtful. B. Positive.‎ C. Disapproving. D. Sympathetic.‎ C7[2018•北京卷] ‎ D ‎【要点综述】 本文是一篇社会生活类文章。文章围绕无人驾驶汽车展开，展示了无人驾驶汽车的美好前景以及其必将到来的趋势，呼吁政府采取措施，使无人驾驶汽车为人们的生活带来更多积极的影响。‎ ‎47. A 细节理解题。根据文章第一段中的“But however long it takes, the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems and our cities, for better or for worse, depending on how the transformation is regulated”以及后文中作者所描述的这些汽车带来的有利影响可知，作者认为我们应该注意如何让这些汽车来帮助我们解决与交通有关的问题。故选A。‎ ‎48. D 细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的“But however long it takes, the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems and our cities, for better or for worse, depending on how the transformation is regulated”可知，无人驾驶汽车的普及将带领社会走向何方，取决于这段过渡期如何。除此之外，倒数第二段中也提到了政府对汽车降价带来的汽车数量上升的对策。而A、B、C在文中均未提到。故选D。‎ ‎49. A 词义猜测题。联系上下文，“考虑到无人驾驶技术的可靠性和责任与维护问题，第一批商用无人驾驶汽车几乎会被全部投放到打车行业”。故选A。‎ ‎50. B 写作意图题。由文章的最后一段以及文章很大篇幅都在讲无人驾驶汽车的优点可知，作者对无人驾驶汽车怀有积极态度。故选B。‎ ‎【2018·江苏】请认真阅读下列短文, 从短文后各题所给的A、B、C、D 四个选项中, 选出最佳选项, 并 在答题卡上将该项涂黑。‎ A The Metropolitan Museum of Art ‎1000 Fifth Avenue New York, NY 10028‎ ‎211-535-7710 www.metmuseum.org Entrances Fifth Avenue at 82nd Street Hours Open 7 days a week.‎ Sunday-Thursday 10:00-17:30‎ Friday and Saturday 10:00-21:00‎ Closed Thanksgiving Day, December 25,January 1,and the first Monday in May.‎ Admission ‎$25.00 recommended for adults, $12.00 recommended for students, includes the Main Building and The Cloisters(回廊）on the same day; free for children under 12 with an adult.‎ Free with Admission All special exhibitions, as well as films, lectures, guided tours, concerts, gallery talks, and family/children's programs are free with admission.‎ Ask about today's activities at the Great Hall Information Desk.‎ The Cloisters Museum and Gardens The Cloisters museum and gardens is a branch of The Metropolitan Museum of Art devoted to the art and architecture of Europe in the Middle Ages. The extensive collection consists of masterworks in sculpture, colored glass, and precious objects from Europe dating from about the 9th to the 15th century.‎ Hours: Open 7 days a week.‎ March-October 10:00-17:15‎ November-February 10:00-16:45‎ Closed Thanksgiving Day, December 25,and January 1.‎ ‎56. How much may they pay if an 11-year-old girl and her working parents visit the museum?‎ ‎ A. $12. B. $37. C. $ 50. D. $ 62‎ ‎57. The attraction of the Cloisters museum and gardens lies in the fact that ________.‎ ‎ A.it opens all the year round ‎ ‎ B. its collections date from the Middle Ages ‎ C.it has a modern European-style garden ‎ ‎ D.it sells excellent European glass collections ‎【文章大意】本文是一篇应用文，主要介绍了英国艺术博物馆和修道院博物馆的参观指南，包括参观时间、价格、特点等。‎ ‎56.C 细节理解题。根据Admission部分和Free with Admission部分，根据“$25.00 recommended for adults”可知，成人25美元每人；根据“All special exhibitions, as well as films, lectures, guided tours, concerts, gallery talks, and family/children’s programs are free with admission”可知，带孩子的家庭中孩子免费，故C父母及他们11岁的女儿总计付50美元，故选C项。‎ ‎57.B 细节理解题。根据The Cloisters Museum and Gardens部分第一句“The Cloisters museum and gardens is a branch of The Metropolitan Museum of Art devoted to the art and architecture of Europe in the Middle Ages.”可知，修道院博物馆和花园的收藏品来自中世纪欧洲，故选B项。‎ B ‎ In the 1760s, Mathurin Roze opened a series of shops that boasted(享有）a special meat soup called consomme. Although the main attraction was the soup, Roze's chain shops also set a new standard for dining out, which helped to establish Roze as the inventor of the modern restaurant.‎ ‎ Today, scholars have generated large amounts of instructive research about restaurants. Take visual hints that influence what we eat: diners served themselves about 20 percent more pasta(意大利面食）when their plates matched their food. When a dark-colored cake was served on a black plate rather than a white one, customers recognized it as sweeter and more tasty.‎ ‎ Lighting matters, too. When Berlin restaurant customers ate in darkness, they couldn't tell how much they'd had: those given extra-large shares ate more than everyone else, but were none the wiser—they didn’t feel fuller, and they were just as ready for dessert.‎ ‎ Time is money, but that principle means different things for different types of restaurants.‎ ‎ Unlike fast-food places. fine dining shops prefer customers to stay longer and spend. One way to encourage customers to stay and order that extra round: put on some Mozart(莫扎特）.When classical, rather than pop, music was playing, diners spent more. Fast music hurried diners out.‎ Particular scents also have an effect: diners who got the scent of lavender(薰衣草）stayed longer and spent more than those who smelled lemon, or no scent.‎ ‎ Meanwhile, things that you might expect to discourage spending—"bad" tables, crowding.‎ high prices — don't necessarily. Diners at bad tables — next to the kitchen door, say — spent nearly as much as others but soon fled. It can be concluded that restaurant keepers need not "be overly concerned about ‘bad' tables," given that they're profitable. As for crowds, a Hong Kong study found that they increased a restaurant's reputation, suggesting great food at fair prices. And doubling a buffet's price led customers to say that its pizza was 11 percent tastier.‎ ‎58. The underlined phrase "none the wiser" in paragraph 3 most probably implies that the ‎ ‎ customers were .‎ ‎ A. not aware of eating more than usual ‎ ‎ B. not willing to share food with others ‎ C. not conscious of the food quality ‎ ‎ D. not fond of the food provided ‎59. How could a fine dining shop make more profit?‎ ‎ A. playing classical music.‎ ‎ B. Introducing lemon scent.‎ ‎ C. Making the light brighter,‎ ‎ D. Using plates of larger size.‎ ‎60. What does the last paragraph talk about?‎ ‎ A. Tips to attract more customers.‎ ‎ B. Problems restaurants are faced with.‎ ‎ C. Ways to improve restaurants' reputation.‎ ‎ D. Common misunderstandings about restaurants.‎ ‎【文章大意】本文是一篇议论文。论述了现代餐馆面临的经营困境和解决方案，通过对比快餐店和正规餐馆提出，现代餐饮业可以通过味道（比如薰衣草相比柠檬更能刺激消费者的食欲）、灯光的明暗（比如暗的灯光更能够刺激顾客食欲）等吸引顾客。 ‎ ‎58.A 词义猜测题。根据该句中“…they didn’t feel fuller, and they were just as ready for dessert”可知，他们没有感觉更饱，想要再吃一点甜点；据此可以判断，划线词表示“他们没有意识到比平时吃得多”，故选A项。‎ ‎ ‎ C ‎ If you want to disturb the car industry, you'd better have a few billion dollars: Mom-and-pop carmakers are unlikely to beat the biggest car companies. But in agriculture, small farmers can get the best of the major players. By connecting directly with customers, and by responding quickly to changes in the markets as well as in the ecosystems(生态系统）, small farmers can keep one step ahead of the big guys. As the co-founder of the National Young Farmers Coalition (NYFC, 美国青年农会）and a family farmer myself. I have a front-row seat to the innovations among small farmers that are transforming the industry.‎ ‎ For example, take the Quick Cut Greens Harvester, a tool developed just a couple of years ago by a young farmer, Jonathan Dysinger, in Tennessee, with a small loan from a local Slow Money group. It enables small-scale farmers to harvest 175 pounds of green vegetables per hour—a huge improvement over harvesting just a few dozen pounds by hand—suddenly making it possible for the little guys to compete with large farms of California. Before the tool came out, small farmers couldn't touch the price per pound offered by California farms. But now, with the combination of a better price point and a generally fresher product, they can stay in business.‎ ‎ The sustainable success of small farmers, though, won't happen without fundamental changes to the industry. One crucial factor is secure access to land. Competition from investors. developers, and established large farmers makes owning one's own land unattainable for many new farmers.‎ From 2004 to 2013, agricultural land values doubled, and they continue to rise in many regions.‎ ‎ Another challenge for more than a million of the most qualified farm workers and managers is a non-existent path to citizenship — the greatest barrier to building a farm of their own. With farmers over the age of 65 outnumbering(多于）farmers younger than 35 by six to one, and with two-thirds of the nation's farmland in need of a new farmer, we must clear the path for talented people willing to grow the nation's food.‎ ‎ There are solutions that could light a path toward a more sustainable and fair farm economy, but farmers can't clumsily put them together before us. We at the NYFC need broad support as we urge Congress to increase farmland conservation, as we push for immigration reform, and as we seek policies that will ensure the success of a diverse and ambitious next generation of farms from all backgrounds. With a new farm bill to be debated in Congress, consumers must take a stand with young farmers.‎ ‎61. The author mentions car industry at the beginning of the passage to introduce .‎ ‎ A. the progress made in car industry ‎ ‎ B. a special feature of agriculture ‎ C. a trend of development in agriculture ‎ ‎ D. the importance of investing in car industry ‎62. What does the author want to illustrate with the example in paragraph 2?‎ ‎ A. Loans to small local farmers are necessary.‎ ‎ B. Technology is vital for agricultural development.‎ ‎ C. Competition between small and big farms is fierce ‎ D. Small farmers may gain some advantages over big ones.‎ ‎63. What is the difficulty for those new famers?‎ ‎ A. To gain more financial aid.‎ ‎ B. To hire good farm managers.‎ ‎ C. To have fans of their own.‎ ‎ D. To win old farmers’ support.‎ ‎64. What should farmers do for a more sustainable and fair farm economy?‎ ‎ A. Seek support beyond NYFC.‎ ‎ B. Expand farmland conservation.‎ ‎ C. Become members of NYFC.‎ ‎ D. Invest more to improve technology.‎ ‎【文章大意】文章主要阐述了美国的小农场主所持有的优势，同时也分析了目前美国农业所面临的问题，比如美国农业目前很多人不愿意卖地，且60岁以上的农民数目远远高出年轻农民。‎ ‎61. B 推理判断题。根据文章第一段“If you want to disturb the car industry, you’d better have a few billion dollars: Mom-and-pop carmakers are unlikely to beat the biggest car companies. But in agriculture, small farmers can get the best of the major players.”提到汽车行业，小型汽车制造商不太可能打败最大的汽车公司。然而农业就不一样了，小农场也能成为主导可知，作者开篇提到汽车行业，目的是引起下文，说明了农业特色，故选B项。‎ ‎62. D推理判断题。文章第二段是通过事例来证明第一段“…small farmers can keep one step ahead of the big guys.”小农场也可能会超过大型农场可知，小农场也可能比大农场先占领先机，故选D项。‎ ‎63. C 细节理解题。根据第三段“Competition from investors, developers, and established large farmers makes owning one’s own land unattainable for many new farmers.” 来自投资者、开发商和老牌大农场主的竞争使得许多新农民无法拥有自己的土地可知，对于新型的农民来说要拥有自己的土地，即自己的农场还是困难重重的，故选C项。‎ ‎64. A细节理解题。根据第四段“We at the NYFC need broad support as we urge Congress to increase farmland conservation, as we push for immigration reform, and as we seek policies that will ensure the success of a diverse and ambitious next generation of farmers from all backgrounds. With a new farm bill to be debated in Congress, consumers must take a stand with young farmers.”可知，除了在敦促国会增加耕地保护的同时，在推动移民改革的同时，在寻求确保不同背景、雄心勃勃的下一代农民成功的政策时，农民应该为一个更可持续、更公平的农业经济寻求更多的支持，故选A项。‎ D ‎ Children as young as ten are becoming dependent on social media for their sense of self-worth, a major study warned.‎ ‎ It found many youngsters(少年）now measure their status by how much public approval they get online, often through “like”. Some change their behavior in real life to improve their image ‎ on the web.‎ ‎ The report into youngsters aged from 8 to 12 was carried out by Children's Commissioner (专 员）Anne Longfield. She said social media firms were exposing children to major emotional risks,‎ with some youngsters starting secondary school ill-equipped to cope with the tremendous pressure they faced online.‎ ‎ Some social apps were popular among the children even though they supposedly require users to be at least 13.The youngsters admitted planning trips around potential photo-opportunities and then messaging friends—and friends of friends — to demand “likes” for their online posts.‎ ‎ The report found that youngsters felt their friendships could be at risk if they did not respond to social media posts quickly, and around the clock.‎ ‎ Children aged 8 to 10 were "starting to feel happy" when others liked their posts. However,‎ those in the 10 to 12 age group were "concerned with how many people like their posts", suggesting a “need” for social recognition that gets stronger the older they become.‎ ‎ Miss Longfield warned that a generation of children risked growing up "worried about their appearance and image as a result of the unrealistic lifestyles they follow on platforms, and increasingly anxious about switching off due to the constant demands of social media.‎ ‎ She said: "Children are using social media with family and friends and to play games when they are in primary school. But what starts as fun usage of apps turns into tremendous pressure in real social media interaction at secondary school."‎ ‎ As their world expanded. she said, children compared themselves to others online in a way that was "hugely damaging in terms of their self-identity, in terms of their confidence, but also in terms of their ability to develop themselves".‎ ‎ Miss Longfield added: "Then there is this push to connect—if you go offline, will you miss something, will you miss out, will you show that you don't care about those people you are following, all of those come together in a huge way at once."‎ ‎ "For children it is very, very difficult to cope with emotionally." The Children's Commissioner for England's study—life in Likes—found that children as young as 8 were using social media platforms largely for play.‎ ‎ However, the research—involving eight groups of 32 children aged 8 to 12—suggested that as they headed toward their teens, they became increasingly anxious online.‎ ‎ By the time they started secondary school—at age 11—children were already far more aware of their image online and felt under huge pressure to ensure their posts were popular, the report found.‎ ‎ However, they still did not know how to cope with mean-spirited jokes, or the sense of incompetence they might feel if they compared themselves to celebrities(名人）or more brilliant friends online. The report said they also faced pressure to respond to messages at all hours of the day—especially at secondary school when more youngsters have mobile phones.‎ ‎ The Children’s Commissioner said schools and parents must now do more to prepare children for the emotional minefield(雷区）they faced online. And she said social media companies must also "take more responsibility". They should either monitor their websites better so that children do not sign up too early, or they should adjust their websites to the needs of younger users.‎ ‎ Javed Khan, of children's charity Bamardo's, said: "It's vital that new compulsory age-‎ appropriate relationship and sex education lessons in England should help equip children to deal with the growing demands of social media.‎ ‎ “It’s also hugely important for parents to know which apps their children are using.”‎ ‎65.Why did some secondary school students feel too much pressure?‎ ‎ A. They were not provided with adequate equipment.‎ ‎ B. They were not well prepared for emotional risks.‎ ‎ C. They were required to give quick responses.‎ ‎ D. They were prevented from using mobile phones.‎ ‎66. Some social app companies were to blame because .‎ ‎ A. they didn't adequately check their users' registration ‎ B. they organized photo trips to attract more youngsters ‎ C. they encouraged youngsters to post more photos ‎ D. they didn't stop youngsters from staying up late ‎67. Children's comparing themselves to others online may lead to .‎ ‎ A. less friendliness to each other ‎ B. lower self-identity and confidence ‎ C. an increase in online cheating ‎ D. a stronger desire to stay online ‎68. According to Life in Likes, as children grew, they became more anxious to .‎ ‎ A. circulate their posts quickly ‎ ‎ B. know the qualities of their posts ‎ C. use mobile phones for play ‎ D. get more public approval ‎69. What should parents do to solve the problem?‎ ‎ A. Communicate more with secondary schools.‎ ‎ B. Urge media companies to create safer apps.‎ ‎ C. Keep track of children's use of social media.‎ ‎ D. Forbid their children from visiting the web.‎ ‎70. What does the passage mainly talk about?‎ ‎ A. The influence of social media on children.‎ ‎ B. The importance of social media to children.‎ ‎ C. The problem in building a healthy relationship.‎ ‎ D. The measure to reduce risks from social media.‎ ‎【文章大意】本文是一篇新闻报道，主要就“点赞中的人生”的项目研究分析了社交媒体和中学生面临的压力二者之间的关系，以及社交媒体对孩子们带来的多重影响。 ‎ ‎65. B 细节理解题。根据第二段“…social media firms were exposing children to major emotional risks, with some youngsters starting secondary school ill-equipped to cope with the tremendous pressure they faced online.” 社交媒体公司让孩子们面临重大的情感风险，一些青少年在中学时就没有能力应对他们在网上面临的巨大压力可知，中学生还没有对情感风险做好充分的准备，所以他们感到压力巨大，故选B项。‎ ‎66. A 细节理解题。根据第三段“Some social apps were popular among the children even though ‎ they supposedly require users to be at least 13”可知，尽管一些社交应用程序应该要求用户至少13岁，但是很受孩子们欢迎，一些社交应用软件公司没有严格按照年龄限制，也就是说他们没有严格检查用户注册，所以他们应该受到责备，故选A项。‎ ‎67. B 细节理解题。根据第八段“As their world expanded, she said, children compared themselves to others online in a way that was “hugely damaging in terms of their self-identity, in terms of their confidence, but also in terms of their ability to develop themselves”可知，从孩子们的自我认同、自信心以及他们的发展能力方面来看，这是“极大的破坏性”，所以孩子们在网上比较自己和别人可能会导致他们较低的自我认同和自信，故选B项。‎ ‎68. D 推理判断题。根据第十一段和十二段的“By the time they started secondary school—at age 11—children were already far more aware of their image online and felt under huge pressure to ensure their posts were popular”可知，他们要确保他们帖子是受欢迎的，所以他们很担心要获得更多的认可，故选D项。‎ ‎69. C细节理解题。根据第十四段“The Children’s Commissioner said schools and parents must now do more to prepare children for the emotional minefield (雷区) they faced online.” 以及第十五段“It’s also hugely important for parents to know which apps their children are using.”可知，学校和父母现在必须做更多的准备让孩子们面对他们所面临的情感雷区，所以父母要时刻关注孩子们的社交问题，故选C项。‎ ‎70. A主旨大意题。纵观全文，文章就社交媒体给中学生多带来的重大压力分析了社交媒体和中学生面临压力的二者关系，以及给孩子们所带来的影响，故选A项。‎ ‎2018最新模拟阅读理解 ‎【山西省太原市2018届高三第二次模拟】阅读下列短文,从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中,选出最佳选项。‎ A Located in Los Angeles, University of Southern California is in the heart of a leading city. Although LA ranks highly in The Economist’s Safe Cities Index, navigating and city calls for certain safety precautions (预防措施) along with practicing common sense.‎ ‎♦ Mobile Safety App Powered by LiveSafe The Mobile Safety App powered by LiveSafe, manage by the USC Department of Public Safety and the USC Department of Emergency Planning, is a free downloadable app that mobile ‎ users can use to initiate contact with emergency responders around the campus. Features include: immediate “push button” calls to DPS, easy reporting for suspicious activity or crimes in progress, and location services to notify friends of your route through campus.‎ ‎♦ Blue Light Phone Locations The University Park has multiple blue light phones that are strategically placed throughout campus. Take note of where the closest ones are on your route. They come in handy in case you lose your phone or in an emergency. These phones are directly connected to USC’s Department of Public Safety’s 24-hour communications center. Besides emergency needs, it can also be used to report suspicious activity, request for an escort (护送) if you feel unsafe and to report a crime.‎ ‎♦ Trojans Alert Trojans Alert is an emergency notification system that allows university officials to contact you during an emergency by sending messages via text message or email. When an emergency occurs, authorized USC senders will instantly notify you with real-time updates, instructions on where to go, what to do (or what not to do), whom to contact and other important information. All members of the USC community, as well as parents and regular visitors to campus, are strongly encouraged to sign up for Trojans Alert.‎ ‎1. What do blue light phones do for students?‎ A. Guide students through campus.‎ B. Alert students to crime activities.‎ C. Light up the way if students feel unsafe.‎ D. Connect them with the safety department.‎ ‎2. How does USC send out instructions during an emergency?‎ A. With blue light phones.‎ B. Via text message or email.‎ C. Through mobile safe app.‎ D. By calling all USC members.‎ ‎3. What is the purpose of the text?‎ A. To encourage students to fight crime.‎ B. To introduce USC’s safety department.‎ C. To provide safety services for USC students.‎ D. To inform parents of safety risks on campus.‎ ‎【答案】1. D 2. B 3. C ‎【解析】这是一篇应用文。本文介绍了美国南加州大学为学生们提供的几种安全服务。‎ ‎1. 细节推理题。根据Blue Light Phone Locations中These phones are directly connected to USC’s Department of Public Safety’s 24-hour communications center. 可知，这些手机直接连接到南加州大学公共安全部门的24小时通讯中心，故选D。‎ ‎2. 细节推理题。根据Trojans Alert中Trojans Alert is an emergency notification system that allows university officials to contact you during an emergency by sending messages via text message or email.可知，Trojans Alert是一个紧急通知系统，在紧急情况下通过短信或电子邮件发出指令，故选B。‎ ‎3. 推理判断题。根据第一段navigating and city calls for certain safety precautions (预防措施) along with practicing common sense.和下文的安全服务措施的具体介绍可知，本文的目的是介绍大学为学生们提供的安全服务，故选C。‎ ‎【点睛】‎ 细节理解题属直接解答性问题，是阅读理解题中最简单的一种，多数属中低难度的题。事实和细节题的命题特点是：对文章或某一段落中的一些特定细节或文章重要事实的理解，一般包括直接理解题和语义转化题。直接理解题能在原文直接找到答案，而语义转化题则需要将题目信息与原文信息加工或整理后才能得出结论。‎ 做细节理解题具体方法与步骤如下：‎ ‎1. 略读材料，大概了解原文，掌握中心或主旨。本文介绍了美国南加州大学为学生们提供的几种安全服务。‎ ‎2. 按文章的体裁，作者写作的组织模式及有关的信息词。如for example, first, second…等预测应该到何处寻找自己所需要的事实。‎ ‎ ‎ B Every day when Glen Oliver orders his morning coffee at the drive-through window of a local cafe, he insists on paying for the order of the person behind him. He also asks the restaurant workers to tell the customer to have a great day, in case they’re not already having one.‎ Oliver has never made a big deal out of his own generous actions until a letter was published by a news website in November. He found out that he had not just bought someone his breakfast —he had saved a life.‎ According to the website, someone had written a letter stating that on July 18th, he was planning on committing suicide. The writer said that while he was at the drive-through window, he was planning on going home, writing a note and ending his life. When he went to pay for his coffee and muffin, however, the cashier told him that the man in the SUV in front of him had picked up the tab and told him to have a great day.‎ ‎“I wondered why someone would buy coffee for a stranger for no reason,” said the writer. “Why me? Why today? If I were a religious man, I would take this as a sign. This random act of kindness was directed at me on this day for a purpose.”‎ When the writer arrived home, he couldn’t hold back his tears and started to think about the simple good deed that had affected him so deeply. “I decided at that moment to change my plans for the day and do something nice for someone. I ended up helping a neighbor take ‎ groceries out of her car and into the house.”‎ The writer says that in the months following that fateful event, he does at least one kind thing for others every day. “To the nice man in the SUV, thank you from the bottom of my heart. Please know your kind gesture has truly saved a life,” he said. “On July 18, 2017, I had the greatest day.”‎ ‎4. What is Oliver’s act of kindness every day?‎ A. Buying others breakfast.‎ B. Greeting restaurant workers.‎ C. Publishing positive news.‎ D. Taking groceries for neighbors.‎ ‎5. What is special about Oliver’s act of kindness on July 18, 2017?‎ A. It brought him thank-you letters.‎ B. It was reported on a news website.‎ C. It was the first time he’d paid for others.‎ D. It stopped someone from killing himself.‎ ‎6. What does the underlined phrase “picked up the tab” mean in Paragraph 3?‎ A. Paid the bill. B. Parked the car.‎ C. Left a message. D. Ordered a drink.‎ ‎7. How did the writer of the letter feel after the event?‎ A. He felt guilty. B. He felt grateful.‎ C. He felt confused. D. He felt saddened.‎ ‎【答案】4. A 5. D 6. A 7. B ‎【解析】这是一篇记叙文。Glen Oliver每天早上为后面的人买早餐，他的善举无意中挽救了一个想自杀的人的生命。‎ ‎4. 细节推理题。根据第一段Every day when Glen Oliver orders his morning coffee at the drive-through window of a local cafe, he insists on paying for the order of the person behind him.可知，Glen Oliver每天早上为后面的人买早餐，故选A。‎ ‎7. 推理判断题。根据最后一段To the nice man in the SUV, thank you from the bottom of my heart.可知，写信者非常感激Glen Oliver，故选B。‎ C Mirroring China’s Past: Emperors and Their Bronzes Chinese bronzes (青铜) of the second and first millennia BC are some of the most distinctive achievements in the history of art. These vessels (容器) were made to carry sacrificial offerings, to use in burial or to honor noble families in public ceremonies. When they were found by emperors centuries later, these spiritually significant objects were seen as signs of heavenly messages about a ruler or a dynasty and became prized items in royal collections. This exhibition—the first to explore these ancient objects throughout Chinese history—presents a rare opportunity to experience a large number of these works together in the United States.‎ Unlike Greek and Roman bronze sculptures of human and animal forms, most objects from Bronze Age China (about 2000 - 221 BC) were vessels for ceremonial use. Beginning with the Song dynasty (960 - 1279), emperors unearthed these symbolic works and began collecting them, considering them to be evidence of their own authority as rulers. In addition to impressive collections, the royal fascination with bronzes led to the creation of numerous reproductions and the comprehensive cataloguing of palace holdings. These catalogues are works of art themselves, featuring beautiful drawings and detailed descriptions of each object.‎ From the 12th century onward, scholars and artists also engaged in collecting and understanding ancient bronzes. Unlike emperors, scholars regarded bronzes as material evidence of their efforts to recover and reconstruct the past, and they occasionally exchanged them as tokens (象征) of friendship. Today ancient bronzes still occupy a primary position in Chinese ‎ culture — as historical objects and as signifiers of an important cultural heritage that inspires new generations, as seen in the works of contemporary artists on view in this presentation.‎ Mirroring China’s Past brings together approximately 180 works from the An Institute of Chicago’s strong holdings and from the Palace Museum in Beijing, the Shanghai Museum, and important museums and private collections in the United States. By providing viewers with a new understanding of ancient bronzes and their significance through time, the exhibition demonstrates China’s fascinating history and its developing present.‎ ‎8. In what way are Chinese bronzes different from Greek and Roman ones?‎ A. They fascinated the royal family.‎ B. They took animal or human forms.‎ C. They served ceremonial purposes.‎ D. They were important cultural heritage.‎ ‎9. What does the author think of catalogues of bronzes?‎ A. Unreal. B. Creative.‎ C. Artistic. D. Necessary.‎ ‎10. What can we infer about the exhibition according to the text?‎ A. It is held in China. B. It is arranged by time.‎ C. It is organized by scholars. D. It includes modern artworks.‎ ‎11. What does the underlined word “holdings” in the last paragraph refer to?‎ A. Viewers. B. Collections.‎ C. Museums. D. Art dealers.‎ ‎【答案】8. C 9. C 10. D 11. B ‎【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍的是一次艺术品展览，这个展览主要展出的是中国的青铜器。‎ ‎8. 细节理解题。根据第二段Unlike Greek and Roman bronze sculptures of human and animal forms, most objects from Bronze Age China (about 2000 - 221 BC) were vessels for ceremonial use.可知，中国的青铜器和希腊罗马青铜器不同之处在于中国的大多数青铜器用于仪式使用，也就是礼器，故选C。‎ ‎9. 推理判断题。根据第二段最后These catalogues are works of art themselves, featuring beautiful drawings and detailed descriptions of each object.‎ 可知，作者认为青铜器目录本身就是艺术品，配有美丽的图画和每个物体详细的描述。故选C。‎ ‎10. 推理判断题。根据最后一段Mirroring China’s Past brings together approximately 180 works from the An Institute of Chicago’s strong holdings and from the Palace Museum in Beijing, the Shanghai Museum, and important museums and private collections in the United States. 和the exhibition demonstrates China’s fascinating history and its developing present.可知，这次展览包含了一些来自国内外的藏品，既有中国的，也有美国的，这次展览展示了中国迷人的历史和目前的发展现状。故选D。‎ ‎11. 猜测词义题。此处指来自芝加哥的一个研究所的大量的收藏品，“holdings”指收藏品，与collections同义，故选B。‎ D I was in the middle of coding a web page when my wife emailed me these questions: Ever wonder what it would be like to have the face, the brains, the personality and the body? What it would be like to have everyone stop when you walk in a room? What it would be like to be able to get anything or anyone you want? I stopped for a moment and thought about it because my wife wouldn’t email me this unless something had driven her to do so. I emailed her back with what I thought was a pretty good answer. Here is what I wrote her back.‎ Yes, I had thought many times about what it would be like to be one of the beautiful people. To be able to take your breath away when I walked into a room, or to be the life of the party and have everyone fawning (奉承) over me as I wore only the finest clothes and sported the perfect body? But then I always came back to the realization that a lifestyle like that is so fragile. As you get older, your body changes; as you get older, the money changes. Your body never looks the same, the clothes become more and more expensive to maintain. And once you have crossed the line, suddenly you are out. The next fresh face comes in and you are quickly forgotten.‎ All through growing up I was never an attractive person. I was overweight and picked on. But that didn’t stop me from being a nice person — a good, clean, funny and helpful person. I was the person who you came to when you needed a friend after a breakup. I was the one you came to when you needed a joke to brighten up your day. And in the long run, I will be the one you remember, not the new face, or the fresh style.‎ In closing, I would like to say that we, as a people, have developed into looking (or things that are bigger and better instead of what will last.) I don’t know about you, but I will remember ‎ the friend who helped me when I was down, more than the hot girl I just saw walking down the street.‎ I wish I could teach the world some more jokes.‎ ‎12. How did the author react to his wife’s questions?‎ A. He took them seriously. B. He went on coding the page.‎ C. He replied to them right away. D. He wondered why she had done so.‎ ‎13. What can we learn about the author?‎ A. He cares much about appearance.‎ B. He has a clever and beautiful wife.‎ C. He is always ready to help others.‎ D. He doesn’t like beautiful women.‎ ‎14. According to the text, the author would agree that one should ________.‎ A. try a new and fresh lifestyle B. tell jokes to live a meaningful life C. wear fancy clothes to attract people D. be the person who brings joy to others ‎15. Which of the following can be the best title for the text?‎ A. What Is Wisdom? B. What Will Last?‎ C. Three Questions D. Three Answers ‎【答案】12. A 13. C 14. D 15. B ‎【解析】这是一篇应用文。作者在给妻子的回信中谈到外表是暂时的，只有一个人善良，乐于助人的品质才是陪伴一生的东西。‎ ‎12. 推理判断题。根据第一段倒数第二句I emailed her back with what I thought was a pretty good answer.可知，作者认真对待妻子提出的问题，故选A。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎15. 主旨大意题。作者在给妻子的回信中谈到外表是暂时的，只有一个人善良、乐于助人的品质才是陪伴一生的东西。B项“什么将永久持续？”概括全文内容，且比其他几个更能吸引读者，故选B。‎ ‎【点睛】‎ 推理判断题属于主观题，是层次较高的题目。它包括判断和推理题。这两类题常常相互依存，推理是为了做出正确的判断，正确的判断又依赖于合乎逻辑的推理。此类题要求在理解表面文字的基础上，做出判断和推论，从而得到文章的隐含的意思和深层的意思，也就是通过文章中的文字信息，上下逻辑关系及事物的发展变化等已知的信息，推断出作者没有直接表达的态度和观点。‎ 本文主要考查文章的观点或结论。小题1考查作者对妻子问题的反应，根据第一段倒数第二句I emailed her back with what I thought was a pretty good answer. 可知作者认真对待妻子提出的问题。小题2考查作者的性格特征，根据第三段But that didn’t stop me from being a nice person — a good, clean, funny and helpful person. I was the person who you came to when you needed a friend after a breakup. I was the one you came to when you needed a joke to brighten up your day. 可知作者是一个善良、干净、风趣、乐于助人的人，是一个在别人需要时能提供帮助的人。小题3考查作者的观点，根据第三段I was the one you came to when you needed a joke to brighten up your day.和最后一段I wish I could teach the world some more jokes.可推知，作者认为每个人应该成为给别人带来快乐的人。‎ ‎【山东省泰安市2018届高三第二次模拟】阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。‎ A Several Jobs That Will Be Automated By Artificial Intelligence(AI) And Robots Translator Image recognition software and voice recognition software are bringing some major advances to language translation．Applications like Google’s Word Lens can translate words from signs and documents in real time and there are a lot of translation apps that allow you to type in a word or phrase and will translate it for you．‎ Some will even speak the phrase for you and raw word-to-word translation will be fully automated soon．‎ Fast food workers Automated ordering booths have already made their way into a few McDonald’s restaurants around the world，and cooking positions could be removed next．The booths probably can’t handle customer service problems well，so televideo systems could bring in an office employee to deal with complaints．‎ Field technician New advances in the Internet of Things could make this work obsolete.‎ Low-cost sensors combined with high availability cellular／satellite communications and cloud technology are being started to automate and alarm these sites, and can be checked and maintained from a desktop or mobile device.‎ Sales representative But, e-commerce is changing how we make purchasing decisions, especially those where there isn’t much differentiation among the major competitors.‎ If you’re selling a high-differentiation product and／or a high-price, low-volume product you have some job security, but if you’re selling a high-volume, low-differentiation product, you better start polishing your resume, said Doug Camplejohn, CEO of Fliptop. “These kind of product sales are all moving online.”‎ ‎21. What can Google’s Word Lens do?‎ A. Translate by image and voice recognition software.‎ B. Speak the phrase or word for you.‎ C. Make real-time translation.‎ D. Allow you to type in a word or phrase.‎ ‎22. What can we infer from the second part?‎ A. All the restaurants own automated ordering booths.‎ B. Service problems can’t be handled automatically.‎ C. Cooks will not be automated by AI and robots.‎ D. Customers will have no complaints because of AI．‎ ‎23. What does the underlined word“obsolete”mean in Part 3?‎ A. Abandoned. B. Welcome. C. Forbidden. D. Efficient.‎ ‎24. What does the author mean by“you better start polishing your resume” in the last paragraph?‎ A. You must value your present work.‎ B. You have some job security.‎ C. Your resume needs correcting further.‎ D. You should consider changing the job.‎ ‎【答案】21. C 22. B 23. A 24. D ‎【解析】本文是一篇说明文。本文主要介绍了几个可以被人工智能和机器人自动操作的工作。‎ ‎21. 细节理解题。由Translator中的Applications like Google’s Word Lens can translate words from signs and documents in real time and there are a lot of translation apps that allow you to type in a word or phrase and will translate it for you.可知，Google’s Word Lens可以进行实时翻译，故选C。‎ ‎22. 细节理解题。由Fast food workers中的Automated ordering booths have already made their way into a few McDonald’s restaurants around the world, and cooking positions could be removed next. The booths probably can’t handle customer service problems well, so televideo systems could bring in an office employee to deal with complaints.可知，自动点餐机已经被全世界的一些麦当劳餐厅应用，然后接下来烹饪的岗位会被取消，但客户服务问题没有机器可以处理，故选B。‎ ‎23. 词义猜测题。由Field technician中的Low-cost sensors combined with high availability cellular／satellite communications and cloud technology are being started to automate and alarm these sites, and can be checked and maintained from a desktop or mobile device.可知，低成本传感器结合高应用型的通讯技术和云技术可以取代人力，所以推断出New advances in the Internet of Things could make this work obsolete.‎ 这句话的意思是互联网的新的改进，可以使得这项工作被废弃。“obsolete”的意思是“被废弃”，故选A。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎..........................................‎ B It was Groundhog Day. A winter storm had hit overnight too. I tried to open my backdoor only to find six inches of wet, heavy snow piled up against it. I knew I had quite a job of shoveling out ahead of me, so I reached over to grab my snow shovel. It looked a lot more ready to work than I did. I sighed and pulled on my boots, gloves, and heavy coat.‎ The wind chill was below zero and cut into my face as I slowly shoveled off my deck. After that I stayed my way over to my daughter’s house shoveling the path as I walked. It took a while to get her driveway clear and I knew I still had a lot to do. Next came the paths down the hill to my own cars covered in snow. I had grabbed the broom to sweep them off as well. I winced when the breeze blew the swept snow back into my face. Then I started to shovel out my driveways. My back was aching as I worked. I wished I could be building a snowman instead of shoveling. Winter sure had seemed a lot more fun when I was a boy.‎ When I was done I examined my work. It didn’t look half bad. I smiled and looked at the woods covered in white. They were such a special sight. I leaned on my shovel and took it all in. Then I started up the hill with the snow shovel in one hand and the broom in the other. Suddenly, an urge came over me and I dropped them both. I spread my arms, fed back into the blanket of white and happily moved my arms and legs to make an angel in the snow.‎ As you go through the seasons of this life take joy in your work. Take joy in your life.‎ ‎ Remember that the course of your days rests in your own hands.‎ ‎25. What’s the theme of the text?‎ A. Enjoy winter work. B. Take things seriously.‎ C. Take joy in your life. D. Fight against cold.‎ ‎26. Which is the correct order of what the author shoveled?‎ A. his deck-his daughter’s driveway-his cars-his driveway B. his cars-his deck-his daughter’s driveway-his driveway C. his daughter’s driveway-his deck-his driveway-his cars D. his driveway-his daughter’s driveway-his cars-his deck ‎27. What can we conclude about the author from Paragraph 3?‎ A. He was not satisfied with his work.‎ B. He was absorbed in the snow sight.‎ C. He was fond of making snowmen.‎ D. He was in low spirits after work.‎ ‎【答案】25. C 26. A 27. B ‎【解析】本文是一篇记叙文。本文通过讲述作者在扫雪的过程中，情不自禁欣赏雪景的经历，说明了要在生活中寻找快乐。‎ ‎25. 细节理解题。由最后一段As you go through the seasons of this life take joy in your work. Take joy in your life. Remember that the course of your days rests in your own hands.可知，这篇文章的主题是在你的生活中获得快乐，选C。‎ ‎26. 细节理解题。由第二段The wind chill was below zero and cut into my face as I slowly shoveled off my deck．After that I stayed my way over to my daughter’s house shoveling the path as I walked．It took a while to get her driveway clear and I knew I still had a lot to do．Next came the paths down the hill to my own cars covered in snow．I had grabbed the broom to sweep them off as well．I winced when the breeze blew the swept snow back into my face．Then I started to shovel out my driveways．可知，作者铲雪的先后顺序是：他的露天平台——女儿的车道——他自己的汽车——他的车道，故选A。‎ ‎27. 推理判断题。由第三段I smiled and looked at the woods covered in white．They were such a special sight．I leaned on my shovel and took it all in．Then I started up the hill with the snow shovel in one hand and the broom in the other．Suddenly，an urge came over me and I dropped ‎ them both．I spread my arms，fed back into the blanket of white and happily moved my arms and legs to make an angel in the snow．这里描写了作者忍不住欣赏雪景，内心的一种喜悦，可推知作者全神贯注欣赏雪景，选B。‎ C If you’re a book lover，you have a pile of books on your bedside，or a bookshelf in your library with a“to read”sign on it．Yet you can’t stop yourself from adding to the pile．This can lead to feelings of guilt over your new purchases．But I’m here to tell you to stop worrying．‎ What you have is an antilibrary，and it’s a very good thing．The term comes from writer Umberto Eco．He is the owner of a large personal library．He separates visitors into two groups：those who react with“Wow! What a library you have! How many of these books have you read?”and the others who get the point that a private library is not something to show off but a research too1．Read books are far less valuable than unread ones．Indeed，the more you know，the larger the rows of unread books．Let us call this collection an antilibrary．‎ If you think you already know everything about a subject，you’re cutting yourself off from a stream of information at an artificial point．So a growing library of books you haven’t read means you’re consistently curious about the unknown．And that attitude is a great foundation for a lifelong love of 1earning．‎ So don’t feel guilt over your unread books．Those books will be there for you when you do want them，and as you build your library of read and unread books，you can start using it as you would use a bigger library．Certain books may become references more than read-throughs．Or you may find that a book you bought five years ago has special relevance today．Letting the role of books evolve in your life is a healthy sign of curiosity．That’s good for you and good for the world around you．‎ ‎28. What does the underlined word“antilibrary”in Paragraph 2 refer to?‎ A. Feelings of guilt over new books．‎ B. A pile of books on the bookshelf．‎ C. The collection of unread books．‎ D. A large personal library．‎ ‎29. According to the author，more unread books mean________．‎ A. your wrong lifelong learning attitude B. you limit yourself from the unknown C. your have no interest in the new world D. your strong desire about new information ‎30. What’s the author’s attitude towards having an antilibrary?‎ A. Favorable． B. Doubtful． C. Ambiguous． D. Contradictory．‎ ‎31. What can we know from the last paragraph?‎ A. Curiosity is a sign of high IQ．‎ B. Books are the ladder in our life．‎ C. Unread books are surely relevant to the present．‎ D. We should read through every book．‎ ‎【答案】28. C 29. D 30. A 31. B ‎【解析】本文是一篇议论文。本文主要讲了收藏未读书籍这一行为是非常好的，收藏更多未读书籍意味着你对新信息的强烈渴望。‎ ‎28. 词义猜测题。由第二段Read books are far less valuable than unread ones．Indeed，the more you know，the larger the rows of unread books．Let us call this collection an antilibrary．可知，知道的越多，未读书籍的名单越多，这种未读书籍的收藏就叫做antilibrary，选C。‎ ‎29. 细节理解题。由第三段So a growing library of books you haven’t read means you’re consistently curious about the unknown.可知，更多未经阅读的书意味着你持续对未知的事物很好奇，也就是对新信息强烈渴望，选D。‎ ‎30. 推理判断题。由最后一段Letting the role of books evolve in your life is a healthy sign of curiosity.That’s good for you and good for the world around you.可推知，作者对于收藏未读书籍这一行为持赞成态度，选A。‎ ‎31. 推理判断题。由最后一段Letting the role of books evolve in your life is a healthy sign of curiosity．That’s good for you and good for the world around you.可知，让书在你的生活中扮演一个激发我们好奇心的角色，对你和对世界都有好处，由此推知书籍是我们生活的阶梯，选B。‎ D Noise-cancelling audio instruments have been around for a while now，but one Berlin-based designer believes that blocking “visual noise” is as important，if not more so，as cancelling out unwanted sounds．To this end he has created a simple accessory called the Focus Cap．‎ Open work spaces definitely have their benefits，but they come with the drawback of offering employees little to no control over visual distractions(干扰)．With so many people around and so much going on，some of us can easily get disturbed by this information overload and lose focus in what’s really important．That’s where the Focus Cap comes into play．‎ ‎“As we are still cavemen or mammals kept in an unnatural environment，I believe that only by reclaiming(收回) the normal，stress-free human state through simple tools and techniques can we finally release our actual creative potential and create our meaningful work for a brighter future，”says German designer Hannes Greblin，inventor of the Focus Cap．‎ After looking at other products designed at minimizing visual distractions，Greblin decided that most of them were either too expensive or too uncomfortable to become mainstream，so he decided to go with something much simpler —a simple cap with a retractable visor(可伸缩的帽沿)．‎ Greblin’s Focus Cap is really straightforward．You just wear it like a regular cap’ with the sides of the visor retracted，and just collapse the sides whenever you need to focus on what’s ahead of you．Whether you’re trying to focus on a task in an open work office．Trying to study at university，or practicing yoga in a park and trying to ignore stares from strangers，the Focus Cap can help．‎ To be honest，this whole project sounds like a joke，but the Focus Cap does have its own website where people interested in this unusual accessory can actually sign up for updates on when it will go on sale．Greblin claims it will cost 30 euros($37)plus shipping．‎ ‎32. Which of the following can be the best title for the text?‎ A. When to use the Focus Cap B. How to operate the Focus Cap C. The Focus Cap—an ordinary accessory D. The Focus Cap—a visual-cancelling accessory ‎33. Why did Greblin create the Focus Cap?‎ A. To help people focus． B. To develop intelligence．‎ C. To make people comfortable． D. To release creative potential．‎ ‎34. What do we know about the Focus Cap?‎ A. It’s expensive． B. It’s simple． C. It’s delicate． D. It’s complex．‎ ‎35. From the text we can infer that ________．‎ A. The Focus Cap simply blocks unwanted sounds B. The Focus Cap can only be used in the office C. Greblin is confident about the future of his product D. The Focus Cap has been on sale in quantity ‎【答案】32. D 33. A 34. B 35. C ‎【解析】本文是一篇说明文。本文主要介绍了The Focus Cap——一款消除视觉污染的帽子。‎ ‎32. 主旨大意题。由最后一段To be honest，this whole project sounds like a joke，but the Focus Cap does have its own website where people interested in this unusual accessory can actually sign up for updates on when it will go on sale.可知，这篇文章主要介绍了The Focus Cap——一款消除视觉污染的帽子，选D。‎ ‎33. 细节理解题。由第二段With so many people around and so much going on，some of us can easily get disturbed by this information overload and lose focus in what’s really important．That’s where the Focus Cap comes into play．可知，Greblin发明这款帽子是为了帮助人们集中精力，选A。‎ ‎34. 细节理解题。由倒数第三段a simple cap with a retractable visor(可伸缩的帽沿)可知，这款帽子很简单，选B。‎ ‎35. 推理判断题。由最后一段To be honest，this whole project sounds like a joke，but the Focus Cap does have its own website where people interested in this unusual accessory can actually sign up for updates on when it will go on sale．Greblin claims it will cost 30 euros($37)plus shipping．可推知，Greblin对他的这款产品的未来很有信心，选C。‎ ‎【吉林省长春市2018届高三年级四模】阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C 和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。‎ A Beginning life at college naturally develops both excitement and anxiety for many reasons. Fors ome, this feeling is quickly overcome as they adapt to a new environment; for others the change takes longer and sometimes appears as homesickness.‎ If you are homesick, you might notice an increase in:‎ Low energy or motivation.‎ Trouble sleeping.‎ Increases/decreases in appetite.‎ Having difficulty with school.‎ Increased use of drugs or alcohol.‎ Lack of interest or involvement in new surroundings.‎ CAUSES The distance from home—the farther you go, the worse it may be.‎ Unhappiness when things are different from your expectations of student life.‎ You have finally arrived at college after working toward it for so long.‎ A heavy workload.‎ Students who are homesick often feel they have no control over their environment.‎ WHAT MIGHT HELP?‎ Keep in good contact with the people you have left behind, but also give yourself time within the university to begin to get involved here.‎ Be realistic about what to expect from student life and from yourself. Set up a balance between work and leisure.‎ If work is proving too difficult, you may need to improve your study skills or your organization of time.‎ Remember to get enough food and sleep! These affect you emotionally as well as physically.‎ Make contacts and friends through shared activities such as sports or other interests.‎ If you stop being able to do normal social and academic things, seek professional help either from your advisor or dean or the counseling service.‎ ‎1. What might be a sign of feeling homesick?‎ A. Feeling like quarreling with someone else.‎ B. Becoming interested in study than ever before.‎ C. Finding food or fruit less attractive.‎ D. Participating in almost all activities in college.‎ ‎2. New college students might be homesick because ________.‎ A. they are never far away from their parents B. they feel upset about something unexpected C. they suddenly do not have anything to do D. they do not like the university they are in ‎3. Which of the following measures might be helpful for homesick students according to the text?‎ A. Keeping their old friends left behind.‎ B. Reminding themselves to keep busy and forget it.‎ C. Forcing themselves to stay in their dorms on weekends.‎ D. Going in for sports with their friends.‎ ‎【答案】1. C 2. B 3. D ‎【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了刚离开家上大学的学生面对新环境可能遇到的问题和给他们提出的建议。‎ ‎1. 细节理解题。由原文“Increases/decreases in appetite.”可知，如果一个人想家，就有可能增加或减少食欲，所以C选项“感觉食物或水果失去吸引力”符合题意，而其他选项“想跟别人吵架”、“对学习比以前更感兴趣”和“几乎参加了大学所有的活动”都不符合题意。故答案选C。‎ ‎2. 细节理解题。由CAUSES部分“Unhappiness when things are different from your expectations of student life.”可知，当事情不符合新入学的学生的期望时，他们就会不高兴，进而思家。所以B选项“他们对不符合预期的事物感到厌烦”是引起思家的原因之一。故答案选B。‎ ‎3. 推理判断题。由WHAT MIGHT HELP?部分“Keep in good contact with the people you have left behind”可知，要跟留下的人保持联系，所以A选项“要一直让老朋友留下”是不正确的。由WHAT MIGHT HELP?部分“Set up a balance between work and leisure.”可知，应该在工作和休闲之前建立一个平衡，所以B选项“提醒他们自己保持忙碌并忘记想家”是不符合题意的。由WHAT MIGHT HELP?部分“Make contacts and friends through shared activities such as sports or other interests.”可知，可以通过运动或其他兴趣来结识其他朋友，所以C选项“强迫自己周末待在宿舍”是不正确的，而D选项“跟朋友一起运动”是正确的。故答案选D。‎ B Fei-Fei Li arrived in the U. S. from China at age 16 with many big dreams. And it took many unusual jobs to help her achieve them. Luckily, she was smart and extremely driven. And today, she’s the director of Stanford University’s artificial intelligence lab.‎ ‎“As one of the leaders in the world for A. L., I feel much excitement and responsibility to create the most awesome and excellent technology for society and to educate the most ‎ awesome and excellent technologists—that’s my calling.” Li said.‎ She is also a loyal advocate for diversity in the tech industry.‎ ‎“I see extremely talented Stanford PhD students struggling with their visas and I find it unthinkable that we create so many barriers for the talents of the world”, Li said. While Li was in college at Princeton, she borrowed money from friends and even her high school math teacher to run a dry-cleaning business for her parents in order to help them get by. Li attended classes during the week and worked at the business on the weekends. Then, when Li was in graduate school, her mom developed cancer and had a stroke (中风). “It was difficult to keep moving ahead while all of this was happening. The real existential challenge is to live up to your fullest potential, live up to your sense of responsibility and to be honest to yourself about your dreams while doing it,” she said.‎ Li was named a Great Immigrant of 2016 by the Carnegie Corporation, the nation’s oldest grant making foundation which honors roughly 40 naturalized U. S. citizens each year. Her graduate studies were supported by the Paul & Daisy Soros Fellowships for New Americans.‎ ‎4. What do we know about Fei-Fei Li according to Paragraph 1?‎ A. She was born in the United States of America.‎ B. She has made many of her dreams come true.‎ C. She worked very hard because she’s not gifted.‎ D. She’s now doing researches on AI in China.‎ ‎5. What does the underlined word “calling” in Paragraph 2 refer to?‎ A. Interest in technology. B. Desire to help.‎ C. Creativity in science. D. Sense of duty.‎ ‎6. What was Fei-Fei Li’s life like before she graduated from university?‎ A. She had been struggling with her visa.‎ B. Both her parents suffered from illness.‎ C. Her family was faced with a tight budget.‎ D. It was difficult for her to attend classes.‎ ‎7. Fei-Fei Li has achieved success because ________.‎ A. her awareness of her duty and goals made a difference B. an American foundation gave her support C. the Carnegie Corporation named her a Great Immigrant D. she was lucky enough to borrow money from others ‎【答案】4. B 5. D 6. C 7. A ‎【解析】这是一篇人物传记类文章。文章介绍了李菲菲来到美国后通过自己的努力克服困难最终取得成功的故事。‎ ‎4. 细节理解题。根据第一段“Fei-Fei Li arrived in the U. S. from China at age 16 with many big dreams. And it took many unusual jobs to help her achieve them. Luckily, she was smart and extremely driven. And today, she’s the director of Stanford University’s artificial intelligence lab.”可知，在16岁时，李菲菲带着许多很大的梦想从中国到了美国。她做了许多不平常的工作来实现这些梦想。幸运的是，她聪明而有极强的自我鞭策力。现在她在美国研究人工智能。所以只有选项B正确。‎ ‎5. 词义猜测题。根据第二段“I feel much excitement and responsibility to…”可知，李菲菲觉得她有责任为社会创造出最卓越、最优秀的技术，并培养出最优秀、最优秀的技术人才。所以只有D选项“责任感”符合题意。故答案选D。‎ ‎6. 细节理解题。根据第四段中“I see extremely talented Stanford PhD students struggling with their visas”可知，李菲菲说她看到许多有天赋的斯坦福学生为签证苦苦挣扎，而不是李菲菲为签证苦苦挣扎，所以选项A错误。由“her mom developed cancer and had a stroke”可知，李菲菲的妈妈病了，而不是父母都生病了，所以选项B错误。由“Li attended classes during the week and worked at the business on the weekends.”可知，李菲菲平时上课，周末打工，而不是上课很困难，所以选项D错误。由“While Li was in college at Princeton, she borrowed money from friends and even her high school math teacher to run a dry-cleaning business for her parents in order to help them get by.”可知，李菲菲读书时，曾经借钱帮父母经营干洗店，所以家庭经济困难，选项C正确。所以选C。‎ ‎7. 推理判断题。根据最后一段可知，这个基金会给予她“伟大移民”的称号是在她取得成功之后，所以选项C错误。根据全文可知，李菲菲的成功主要是凭借个人的努力，而不是基金会的支持，所以B项错误。根据第四段可知，李菲菲借钱是为了解决家庭经济困难，跟事业上的成功没有直接关系，所以选项D错误。根据全文内容，特别是第四段“The real existential challenge is to live up to your fullest potential, live up to your sense of responsibility and to be honest to yourself about your dreams while doing it, she said.”可知，李菲菲认为“真正的生存挑战是充分发挥你的潜力，履行你的责任感，在做梦想的时候诚实地面对自己”‎ ‎，所以强烈的责任感和设立明确的目标，努力克服困难和挑战是李菲菲最终成功的原因。所以选项A正确。‎ C China will green light Internet medical services conducted by medical institutions as part of a broader push to promote Internet Plus Healthcare, those at a State Council executive meeting chaired by Premier Li Keqiang decided.‎ Medical institutions will be allowed to provide online diagnostic services for some common and chronic diseases in patients’ follow-up visits to their doctors. The top levels of hospitals will be encouraged to provide online services, including consultations (会诊), reservations and test result inquiries.‎ As China joins the ranks of middle-income countries, the demand for health services has increased accordingly. Internet Plus Healthcare can help reduce the problem of inaccessible and expensive public health services that have long been a big concern for the general public.‎ One decision coming out of the meeting says the intelligent review for health insurance will be applied and the one-stop settlement will be advanced. The real-time sharing of prescription and drug retail sales will be explored, as well.‎ ‎“We must waste no time in pushing forward the measures once the decisions made.” Li said. “In recent years, top-level hospitals in major cities have seen steady increases in the number of patents. Medical bills have become a heavy burden on families and high-end medical resources still fall short of meeting the growing demand of the public.”‎ To solve the problem, a two-pronged (双管齐下的) approach must be taken. One is to establish medical partnerships to strengthen cooperation between major hospitals and community clinics. The other is to bring forward Internet Plus Healthcare to promote the sharing of quality medical resources.‎ The government will see to it that long-distance healthcare services cover all county-level hospitals. So more efforts will be made to ensure that high-speed broadband network will be extended to cover medical institutions in urban and rural areas. Dedicated internet access services will be set up to meet the needs for long-distance healthcare services.‎ ‎8. According to the text, which of the following services won’t a patient enjoy online?‎ A. Receiving a medical operation.‎ B. Asking doctors for advice after the test.‎ C. Several doctors discussion about the disease.‎ D. Making an appointment with a doctor in advance.‎ ‎9. Why is the demand for health services increasing in China?‎ A. The expense of medical care.‎ B. The recognition of health insurance.‎ C. The improvement of people’s life quality.‎ D. The inconvenience of hospital equipment.‎ ‎10. What does Li mean by saying “We must waste no time in pushing forward the measures”?‎ A. The bills are impossible to afford.‎ B. The situations are urgent to improve.‎ C. The measures are perfectly worked out,‎ D. The hospitals are unwilling to admit patients.‎ ‎11. What can be the suitable title for the text?‎ A. Modern Hospitals B. Online Healthcare on its Way C. No More Burden for General People D. Wide Applications of Internet Service ‎【答案】8. A 9. C 10. B 11. B ‎10. 推理判断题。由第三段“Internet Plus Healthcare can help reduce the problem of inaccessible and expensive public health services that have long been a big concern for the general public.”可知，公共卫生服务一直是公众关注的焦点。由第五段“In recent years, top-level hospitals in major ‎ cities have seen steady increases in the number of patents. Medical bills have become a heavy burden on families and high-end medical resources still fall short of meeting the growing demand of the public.”可知，近年来医疗费用已成为家庭的沉重负担，高端医疗资源无法满足公众日益增长的需求。所以目前医疗资源不足等问题日益严重和紧迫，所以中国政府必须抓紧时间采取措施解决问题。所以答案选B。‎ ‎11. 主旨大意题。由文章开头“China will green light Internet medical services conducted by medical institutions as part of a broader push to promote Internet Plus Healthcare”及全文内容可知，文章主要讲了中国政府推行网上医疗服务的消息。所以选项B符合问题。‎ D In the story of “The crow and the Pitcher” from Aesop’s Fables, a thisty crow (乌鸦)drops stones into a narrow jar to raise the low level of water inside so he can take a drink.‎ Now scientists have evidence to back up that story. Crows actually do understand how to make water displacement (移位) work to their advantage, experiments show. The results suggest that the birds are, at least in some aspects, as smart as first-graders.‎ Researchers, led by Sarah Jelbert at the University of Auckland in New Zealand, presented six crows with tubes filled with water. Inside the tubes, a worm or piece of meat on a piece of wood was floating, just out of reach of the crow. In front of the tubes, the researchers arranged several rubber erasers that would sink, and some plastic objects that would float. The crows found out that they could drop the erasers into the tubes in order to raise the water level and get their snack.‎ However, the birds handled awkwardly in experiments in which they could choose to drop objects in either a wide tube or a narrow one to get a snack, the researchers said. Dropping objects into narrow tube would lift the water level by a greater amount and put the treat within reach after just two drops; while it took around seven drops to raise the snack to the same level in the wide tube. The crows obviously didn’t realize this, and most of them went for the wide tube first.‎ Previous studies showed that chimps and human children can solve similar tasks. In a 2011 study, chimps and kids found out that they could put water into a tube to reach a peanut that was floating in a small amount of water at the bottom.‎ ‎12. How did the crows get the snack in Sarah’s experiment?‎ A. By breaking the tube.‎ B. By dropping in erasers.‎ C. By standing on the wood.‎ D. By removing the wood.‎ ‎13. What does the author mean by “the birds handled awkwardly” in paragraph 4?‎ A. They were unable to tell different shapes.‎ B. They dropped objects only into narrow tubes.‎ C. They were not aware of the snack at first sight.‎ D. They mostly avoided the easier way to get the snack.‎ ‎14. What does the text mainly focus on?‎ A. Stories of Aesop’s Fables.‎ B. The development of crows.‎ C. Crows’ intelligence.‎ D. Human-animal communication.‎ ‎15. What can we learn from the passage?‎ A. Crows are almost as clever as first-graders in some respects.‎ B. Crows understand water displacement completely.‎ C. Chimps and children are much smarter than crows.‎ D. The story of “The crow and the Pitcher” lacks evidence.‎ ‎【答案】12. B 13. D 14. C 15. A ‎【解析】这是一篇科普类文章。文章主要讲了科学家通过喝水实验对乌鸦智商的研究。‎ ‎12. 细节理解题。根据第三段“The crows found out that they could drop the erasers into the tubes in order to raise the water level and get their snack.”可知，乌鸦能够把橡皮擦扔到管子里，使食物浮起，然后吃到食物。所以选项B正确。‎ ‎13. 语句猜测题。从第四段可知，实验中的乌鸦在面对粗细不同的管子时，虽然细管比粗管需要更少的水和时间就可以把食物浮起来，但是乌鸦往往先去粗管那边，而没有选择更容易浮起食物的细管。由此可知，这一句话的意思应该是“鸟儿大多没有选择更容易的方式得到零食”。所以答案选D。‎ ‎14. 主旨大意题。根据第二段“The results suggest that the birds are, at least in some aspects, as smart as first-graders.”‎ 以及后面的几个实验可知，整篇文章都是围绕乌鸦的智商问题来展开的。所以答案选C。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎【点睛】语句猜测题要求考生根据语境的意义，判断划线的短语和句子在文中的指代含义。考生虽然可能这一句话的每个单词都认识，但并不是直白的翻译出来就可以。必须结合上下文的逻辑关系和文章的语境，来判断该语句的深层含义或者说是“言外之义”。例如本文的第二题，“the birds handled awkwardly”这句话直译过来就是“鸟儿的操作很笨拙”，但是显然题目的答案中没有这一选项。这时我们就要找出它的深层含义，根据下文的实验，我们发现在面对粗细不同的两只管子时，乌鸦们大多选择粗管，而没有选择更容易的细管，也就是没有使用更容易的方式得到零食。这时我们就可以找到最符合题意的答案:选项D（它们大多避免了更容易得到零食的方式）。‎ ‎【湖南省长沙市雅礼中学、河南省实验中学2018届高三联考】阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。‎ A Last year, when our three-year-old great-granddaughter Kylie was taken to see Santa Claus, she made sure to give him her wish list of toys. A week later, she ran into a different Santa in a mall. He stopped to ask what she wanted for Christmas. Kylie was surprised and let him know: “If you can’t remember what I told you last week, how are you going to remember on Christmas Eve?!”‎ Mary Paul, Milwaukee, Wisconsin As my son Mike and I drove to the mall, we passed a Salvation Army Santa ringing his bell. “Mike,” I said, “there’s Santa!” He shook his head. “That’s just some guy in a Santa suit,” he said. It saddened me to think that maybe my son no longer believed in Santa, and we drove the rest of ‎ the way in silence. At the mall, we spotted another Santa greeting young believers. Suddenly, Mike took off toward him. Turning back to me, he shouted. “Now, there’s the real Santa!”‎ Michael E. Fahey, Huntley, Illinois We immigrated to America from China when I was six. Because I was shy and didn’t speak English, I had few friends. My days were spent at home with my brother. Sometimes we’d help our neighbor Mr. Mueller pull weeds. One Christmas Day, there was a knock at the door. Grandma opened it, and there stood a big fellow in red with a snow-white beard, laughing, “Ho, ho, ho!” He handed out presents and made us laugh. I had so much fun. It was years later when I learned that our special Santa was our neighbor Mr. Mueller.‎ Joanne Tang, Litchfield Park, Arizona ‎1. Why was Kylie surprised when running into a different Santa?‎ A. Because she got what she wished.‎ B. Because she knew who the Santa was.‎ C. Because she wished to get another toy.‎ D. Because she thought they were the same Santa.‎ ‎2. What would Mike’s parent feel as to Mike’s different attitudes towards Santa?‎ A. Angry. B. Sad.‎ C. Confused. D. Understandable.‎ ‎3. What did Mr. Mueller do on Christmas Day?‎ A. He stood outside our house.‎ B. He gave out gifts by acting as Santa.‎ C. He continued to pull weeds.‎ D. He stayed with us in our home.‎ ‎【答案】1. D 2. C 3. B ‎【解析】这是一篇应用文。本文介绍三个人亲身经历的一些关于圣诞节的故事。‎ ‎1. 推理判断题。根据第一段中A week later, she ran into a different Santa in a mall. He stopped to ask what she wanted for Christmas. Kylie was surprised and let him know: “If you can’t remember what I told you last week, how are you going to remember on Christmas Eve?!”可知，当Kylie遇到另一个圣诞老人时，她感到很惊讶，因为她认为他们是同一个圣诞老人。故D项正确。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎3. 细节理解题。根据最后一段中He handed out presents and made us laugh. I had so much fun. It was years later when I learned that our special Santa was our neighbor Mr. Mueller.可知，在圣诞节Mr. Mueller以圣诞老人的身份送出礼物。故B项正确。‎ ‎【点睛】‎ 推理判断题要求在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，做出一定的推理判断，从而得到文章的隐含意义和深层意义。根据第一段中A week later, she ran into a different Santa in a mall. He stopped to ask what she wanted for Christmas. Kylie was surprised and let him know: “If you can’t remember what I told you last week, how are you going to remember on Christmas Eve?!”可知，当Kylie遇到另一个圣诞老人时，她感到很惊讶，因为她认为他们是同一个圣诞老人，所以对商场内的圣诞老人忘记她一周前说的许愿清单感到奇怪，故D项正确。‎ B LIANG TAO sold 80 pink Givenchy bags in 12 minutes. Becky Fang sold 100 Mini Cooper cars in just five. Both are wanghong, literally “red-hot on the web”. Every day millions of Chinese search social media for wanghong posts or tune in to live-streams for wanghong’s opinions on everything. The fans are helping this new Chinese Internet star to make money out of their popularity—and to shake up the country’s e-commerce industry in the process.‎ A few of wanghong have been hired by luxury brands. Jaeger-LeCoultre, a Swiss watchmaker, hired Papi Jiang for a video ad targeting young urbanites (都市人), including her 27m fans on Sina Weibo, a Twitter-like microblog. Zhang Yi of iiMedia Research, a consulting firm, estimates that up to 15% of sales on shopping sites like Taobao or social-media apps such as WeChat are influenced by wanghong’s public support. The length of a dress might be decided by ‎ a survey of a wanghong’s fans; its launch date might be based on the number of hits, shares or comments it collects, some of which can cause last-minute design changes.‎ This poses a new challenge for retailers(零售商), whose supply chains must respond ever more quickly to wanghong’s opinions. Whereas previously a company would look for a celebrity to match its image, wanghong and their admirers are shaping goods.‎ Another challenge comes directly from wanghong themselves. They increasingly make money not merely from online support or advice but by launching their own e-commerce stores. Sales of goods accounted for just under half of wanghong earnings of 53bn yuan ($8bn) in 2016, estimates Analysys, a Chinese market-research firm (the rest came mostly from live-show tips and adverts).‎ Some wanghong are going a step further. In November Becky Fang launched her own clothing line. Part of her motivation, she says, was that the brands she supported did not always match the trends she was sharing with her followers. By creating her own brand, Becky’s Fantasy, she have full control of the quality. She also gains a new income. For the time being only 3-5% of wanghong follow Becky Fang’s example, iiMedia Research estimates. But it expects the model to become an industry in its own right, including entertainment and e-commerce, and driven by online data.‎ ‎4. Why can wanghong use their popularity to make money?‎ A. Because they are Internet stars.‎ B. Because they use social media.‎ C. Because their opinions influence fans.‎ D. Because they can shake the e-commerce industry.‎ ‎5. What is the characteristic of the products supported by wanghong?‎ A. It is fans-based. B. It is social-media-based.‎ C. It is design-shared. D. It is youth-targeted.‎ ‎6. What are the challenges for retailers?‎ A. Online support and advice.‎ B. Increasing sales of goods online.‎ C. Quick responses to the market changes.‎ D. Wanghong’s opinions and e-commerce stores.‎ ‎7. Why do some wanghong create their own brands?‎ A. Because they want to attract more fans.‎ B. Because they want to share with their followers.‎ C. Because they want to set up a new industry model.‎ D. Because the brands they speak for can’t satisfy their fans.‎ ‎【答案】4. C 5. A 6. D 7. D ‎【解析】这是一篇新闻报道。本文介绍了网红正在利用自身的人气帮助一些品牌销售，因为他们的观点影响着粉丝，并在这个过程中撼动中国的电子商务行业。‎ ‎4. 细节理解题。根据第一段中Both are wanghong, literally “red-hot on the web”. Every day millions of Chinese search social media for wanghong posts or tune in to live-streams for wanghong’s opinions on everything. The fans are helping this new Chinese Internet star to make money out of their popularity可知，网红会利用自己的人气赚钱，那是因为他们的观点影响着粉丝。故C项正确。‎ ‎5. 推理判断题。根据第二段中The length of a dress might be decided by a survey of a wanghong’s fans; its launch date might be based on the number of hits, shares or comments it collects, some of which can cause last-minute design changes.可知，网红所支持的产品的特点是以粉丝为基础的。故A项正确。‎ ‎6. 细节理解题。根据第三段中This poses a new challenge for retailers (零售商), whose supply chains must respond ever more quickly to wanghong’s opinions.和第四段中Another challenge comes directly from wanghong themselves. They increasingly make money not merely from online support or advice but by launching their own e-commerce stores.可知，网红的观点和他们开设的网上商店是对零售商的挑战。故D项正确。‎ ‎7. 细节理解题。根据最后一段中Part of her motivation, she says, was that the brands she supported did not always match the trends she was sharing with her followers. By creating her own brand, Becky’s Fantasy, she have full control of the quality.可知，网红之所以创造他们自己的品牌是因为他们代言的品牌不能满足他们的粉丝。故D项正确。‎ C A Song of Ice and Fire is a seven-part series of fantasy written for adults. George R. R. Martin writes each chapter from the perspective of a specific character, providing a limited point of view for each section. The reader is able to understand the inner workings of the individual,‎ ‎ but the reader is barred from a whole understanding of the text. The world he has created has magic, but there is much more than that. While magic exists, it exists on the edge, and the inner unrest of the characters is much more important.‎ His work also has a level of realness that is astonishing in a work of fantasy. Characters are imperfect, and many make questionable moral choices. In the end, however, Martin shows that both good and bad happen to both the people of high moral standard and the corrupt. He has made it clear that any character can die at any point, which has led to a lot of heartbreak from readers.‎ In 2011, A Song of Ice and Fire became a television series titled Game of Thrones. Martin has been closely involved with the production. It has currently run for seven seasons, and viewers anxiously await the eighth season to answer their questions from the season seven finale.‎ His fans are also waiting for The Winds of Winter and A Dream of Spring, the next books in the series, to answer the questions Martin and the television show have not yet addressed. Martin, however, has no plans to rush. He has made it clear that he will continue to write the books while working on the television show and writing other novels.‎ But how will the story continue? What is going to happen in Westeros, and more importantly: when are we going to find out? Martinis skill as a writer has kept readers and viewers spellbound. Many hope he will finish the next book before the next season of the show begins, but no one knows with Martin. He always keeps his readers guessing.‎ ‎8. One of the characteristics of A Song of Ice and Fire is ________.‎ A. each chapter is written from a limited point of view B. magic is the center of the story C. Martin has made imperfect characters die at any point D. many characters make astonishing choices ‎9. What is George R. R. Martin’s A Song of Ice and Fire considered to be?‎ A. One of his masterworks of fantasy.‎ B. An unsuccessful screen adaptation.‎ C. An artistic creation for the TV.‎ D. One of the best TV programmes.‎ ‎10. What does the word “address” in the fourth paragraph mean?‎ A. written B. spoken C. solved D. directed ‎11. How will the ending of the story be?‎ A. Interesting. B. Confusing.‎ C. Novel. D. Unknown.‎ ‎【答案】8. A 9. A 10. C 11. D ‎【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了George R. R. Martin的作品《冰与火之歌》，它是为成人写的奇幻小说。作者Martin从一个特定的角色的角度来写每一章，为每一节提供一个有限的观点。这部小说已经被拍成了电视连续剧，目前已拍了七季，人们正期待作者继续写作，把故事延续下去。‎ ‎8. 细节理解题。根据第一段中George R. R. Martin writes each chapter from the perspective of a specific character, providing a limited point of view for each section.可知，A Song of Ice and Fire的一个特点是每一章都是用有限的视角写的。故A项正确。‎ ‎9. 细节理解题。根据第二段中His work also has a level of realness that is astonishing in a work of fantasy.可知，George R. R. Martin的A Song of Ice and Fire被认为这是他的杰作之一。故A项正确。‎ ‎10. 推理判断题。根据第四段中His fans are also waiting for The Winds of Winter and A Dream of Spring, the next books in the series, to answer the questions Martin and the television show have not yet addressed. Martin, however, has no plans to rush.可知，他的书迷们也正在等着The Winds of Winter and A Dream of Spring——本系列的下一本书，这本书是为了解答马丁和电视剧尚未解决的问题。由此可知C项正确。‎ ‎11. 推理判断题。根据最后一段中He always keeps his readers guessing.可知，这个故事的结尾将是未知的。故D项正确。‎ ‎【点睛】‎ ‎..............................‎ D Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is gaining global popularity. According to a government white paper, TCM has been introduced in 183 countries and regions around the world.‎ Westerners’ understanding of TCM, however, may be limited to acupuncture, cupping and massage(针灸，拔罐和按摩). For instance, the purple, injury-like marks left on U. S. swimmer Michael Phelps，back from cupping for the purpose of relaxing his muscles and reducing pain became the center of attention during the Rio Olympics in 2016.‎ As a matter of fact, Chinese herbs play a more important role in getting rid of diseases and keeping the body in good condition in the TCM treatment system than physical treatment. It is therefore disheartening to know that while 103 World Health Organization member countries have given approval to the practice of acupuncture, not many recognize Chinese herbal medicine. TCM falls far behind Western medicine owing partly to the slow development of Chinese herbs.‎ Herbs are made into pills, powder and soup, and the kind of herbs used, their quality and quantity, and the processing of the ingredients (原材料) jointly determine the effectiveness of the prescription. Compared with Western medicine, which has standardized drug production processes and treatment methods, TCM lacks standardization, with the chemical composition and functions of its medicines being unclear and their effects being unstable. Fortunately, standardization has improved in recent decades, with an increasing number of factories producing patented TCM drugs.‎ Another factor that has prevented the development of TCM prescription drugs is the lack of creativity. While Western medicine-making companies come up with new products every year,‎ ‎ TCM drug producers tend to make medicines according to prescriptions handed down from the past. Chinese chemist Tu Youyou’s winning the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for her research into malaria (疟疾) treatment may drive creativity to some extent in China’s TCM industry. However, the current state of affairs cannot be changed within a short time.‎ ‎12. Why does the author mention the example of Michael Phelps?‎ A. Because he was injured in his swimming.‎ B. Because cupping is a kind of important TCM treatment.‎ C. Because westerners know a little about TCM.‎ D. Because westerners attach great importance to TCM.‎ ‎13. Why don’t some member countries of WHO recognize Chinese herbal medicine?‎ A. Because Chinese herbs can get rid of diseases.‎ B. Because they only approve the practice of acupuncture.‎ C. Because Western medicine is more effective.‎ D. Because medicine made out of Chinese herbs develops slowly.‎ ‎14. Compared with Western medicine, what is the weak point of TCM in Paragraph 4?‎ A. The methods of planting herbs.‎ B. The effectiveness of prescription.‎ C. Lacking in standardization.‎ D. Its stable functions.‎ ‎15. The lack of creativity in TCM refers to the fact that ________.‎ A. medicine-making companies lack creativity B. prescriptions are got from the past C. Western companies are more experienced D. medicine-making companies lack driving force ‎【答案】12. C 13. D 14. C 15. B ‎【解析】本文是一篇说明文。目前传统中药（TCM）在全球范围内越来越受欢迎，在治疗疾病上起着重要作用，但生产缺乏标准化、疗效不稳定和缺乏创造力等问题也严重阻碍中医药的发展。‎ ‎12. 推理判断题。根据第二段Westerners’ understanding of TCM, however, may be limited to acupuncture, cupping and massage(针灸，拔罐和按摩). For instance, the purple, injury-like ‎ marks left on U. S. swimmer Michael Phelps，back from cupping for the purpose of relaxing his muscles and reducing pain became the center of attention during the Rio Olympics in 2016.可知，作者提到Michael Phelps的例子是说明西方人对TCM有一点了解，但这种了解只限于针灸，拔罐和按摩。故C项正确。‎ ‎13. 细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句TCM falls far behind Western medicine owing partly to the slow development of Chinese herbs.可知，有些WHO的成员国不承认中国的草药是因为中药发展缓慢，远远落后于西药。故D项正确。‎ ‎14. 细节理解题。根据第三段中TCM lacks standardization, with the chemical composition and functions of its medicines being unclear and their effects being unstable.可知，与西医相比，在第4段中指出中医的弱点是缺乏标准化。故C项正确。‎ ‎15. 细节理解题。根据最后一段第一句Another factor that has prevented the development of TCM prescription drugs is the lack of creativity.可知，中药缺乏创造力指的是中药是根据过去流传下来的处方做成的。故B项正确。‎ ‎【湖北省鄂东南省级示范高中教育教学改革联盟学校2018届高三5月联考】阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。‎ A Festivals in Wales this spring There’s lots to see, do and experience in Wales this spring. And now it’s time to embrace all things new and get ready to be entertained in the spring, come rain or shine.‎ Wrexham, 10-12 May The annual festival showcases over 200 acts consisting of music, comedy, film and more. Since its opening event in 2011, Focus Wales has done a lot for emerging（新兴的）musicians across the country, and 2018 sees Welsh Music Prize winner The Gentle Good and Y Selar Best Band winners. Candelas, take the stage. ‎ Aberystwyth, 19-29 May Whether you prefer Hill Climbs or Sportives, the AberCycle Festival allows you to take all of it in from the saddle（鞍）of a bike, enjoying the world’s most beautiful scenery. However, all work and no play makes us all dull boys and girls, so while you’re in town be sure to pop in to one or two of the plenty of pubs in Aber（as the locals call it）for a nice, cold pint of Brains beer. You’ll need it after all that cycling!‎ Hay on Wye, 25-28 May The world’s biggest music and philosophy festival returns in 2018 with its unique mix of tunes, talks and trapeze（吊杠）（yes, there are even circus performers!） Based in the magical surroundings of Hay on Wye, this four day festival takes place at the end of May and is perfect for everyone who likes a side of intellectualism（理智主义）with their traditional festival experience.‎ Lawrenny, 25-28 May In late May in the heart of the Pembrokeshire National Park, the Big Retreat Wales takes place. Essentially the festival is about wellness, but it’s also so much more than that. Join in this May for four days of “fed good”, leaving your usual routine behind and diving into a delightful mix of workshops, activities, music and sustainable food produce.‎ ‎1. The festivals in Wales are held annually .‎ A. in early May B. inside and outside of Wales C. in rainy or sunny weather D. for locals only ‎2. What is special about Aberystwyth, 19-29 May?‎ A. You can find a place to relax after the activity.‎ B. You can meet your favorite band winners.‎ C. It has an atmosphere of natural beauty and tradition.‎ D. It doesn’t last long enough.‎ ‎3. Jane is an office worker and fitness enthusiast and wants to experience something unusual. Which festival do you suggest she go to?‎ A. Wrexham, 10-12 May B. Aberystwyth, 19-29 May C. Hay on Wye, 25-28 May D. Lawrenny, 25-28 May ‎【答案】1. C 2. A 3. D ‎【解析】 本文是应用文。主要叙述了今年春天的威尔士节日时能看到的，做的和体验至的项目。‎ ‎1. 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“There’s lots to see, do and experience in Wales this spring. And now it’s time to embrace all things new and get ready to be entertained in the spring, come rain or shine.”可知，威尔士节日不论是雨天还是晴天，都会举行。其中的shine为意为“好天气”与sunny是同义词，rainy是rain的形容词。分析选项可知C项最为符合。故选C项。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎3. 推理判断题。根据Lawrenny, 25-28 May中的…Essentially the festival is about wellness, but it’s also so much more than that. …, leaving your usual routine behind …这个节日本质上就是关于健康健身的，但它不仅仅如此。你可以丢掉你的日常惯例，加入…。由此可知，这个节日的目的就是如果你热爱健身，想体验不同寻常的东西，就可以来这儿。分析选项可知D项符合题意。故选D项。‎ B Customers who come into the Waffle House recognize server Evoni Williams, a soft-spoken 18-year-old from Texas City. It all started with a Facebook post. On the morning of March 3, Laura Wolf was eating breakfast at the Waffle House in La Marque when she overheard an older man, who reminded her of her late father, tell Williams he had trouble with his hands. The man, later identified as regular customer Adrien Charpentier, had an oxygen tank nearby and needed help cutting up his food. “Without hesitation,” Wolf wrote, Williams “took his plate and began cutting up his ham.”‎ Impressed, Wolf posted the moment on her Facebook page to share the warmth and kindness with all. The following day, Williams’s Facebook notification（关注）began to light up. Her friends saw Wolf’s post and tracked her in it.‎ Williams had no idea that someone took a photo that morning. The diner was so busy that a line extended outside the door. She said helping Charpentier was reflexive. She has been working at Waffle House since last June to save for college, and this, she figured, was just the right thing to do. “I would want someone to help my grandmother or grandfather,” Williams said.‎ The post began to make its rounds in La Marque and eventually landed in front of the city’s mayor, Bobby Hocking. He decided to declare March 8 as Williams’s day, and also received an ‎ email from Texas Southern University President Austin A.Lane, asking if the school could present Williams with a scholarship.‎ Williams still works at Waffle House five days a week and plans to do so until she starts classes in the fall at Houston-based Texas Southern. Wolf said Williams does not have a car to get to classes, but some people have offered to start a GoFundMe page for her, proving that a moment of a kindness can change a life.‎ ‎4. Why did Wolf post the photo on Facebook?‎ A. The photo reminded her of her late father. B. It could satisfy her inner needs.‎ C. She was touched by the sight. D. The customer had trouble with his hands.‎ ‎5. What does the underlined word in Paragraph 3 probably mean?‎ A. Without a second thought. B. After careful consideration.‎ C. Winning a reward. D. Better serving customers.‎ ‎6. What can we infer about Evoni Williams?‎ A. She seldom saw Charpentier come to the House for breakfast.‎ B. It was GoFundMe page that led to her good luck.‎ C. She is no longer working in service business.‎ D. She has probably received a scholarship for her college education.‎ ‎7. What is the author’s purpose of writing the article?‎ A. To help Williams receive higher education.‎ B. To introduce a random act of kindness.‎ C. To show that young generation can always help.‎ D. To emphasize the influence of the social media.‎ ‎【答案】4. C 5. A 6. D 7. B ‎【解析】 Williams在饼店无意中帮助了一位老人，并被上传到脸书上，这让大家非常感动，并认可了她的善意。最后一句讲了一个善良的时刻可以改变生活。由知可推断出文章介绍了一种随意的善意行为有了一个好的结局。分析选项可知B项符合题意，故选B项。‎ ‎4. 细节理解题。根据第二段Impressed, Wolf posted the moment on her Facebook page to share the warmth and kindness with all.。被（所见的事情）感动了，于是保鲁夫在她的脸谱网页上张贴，与大家分享这一温暖和善良的时刻。其中的Impressed（受感动的），与touched（被感动的）是同义词，故选C项。。‎ ‎5. 推理判断题。根据第一段“Without hesitation,” Wolf wrote, Williams “took his plate and began cutting up his ham.”可知，Williams毫不犹豫地帮忙了。第三段中的Williams … She said helping Charpentier was reflexive. this, …she figured, was just the right thing to do. “I would want someone to help my grandmother or grandfather,” Williams said.可知，Williams说帮助Charpentier是reflexive.，我认为这是正确的事，我但愿也会有人来帮助我的祖父母。所以reflexive就是Without hesitation，即毫不犹豫地，不加思考地帮助那位老人。分析选项（A不假思索；B。深思熟虑的；C.获得奖赏；;D . 更好地为客户服。可知A项与Without hesitation的意思一致的。故选A项。‎ ‎6. 推断判断题。根据第四段最后“. He decided to declare March 8 as Williams’s day, and also received an email from Texas Southern University President Austin A.Lane, asking if the school could present Williams with a scholarship.” 城市市长Bobby询问学校是否可以向威廉姆斯颁发奖学金。由此可推断，Williams可能会得到一份奖学金。分析选项D项（她很可能获得了大学教育的奖学金。）与题意相符，故选D项。‎ ‎7. 主旨大意题。文章讲述了Williams在饼店无意中帮助了一位老人，这件事被上传到脸书上，这让大家非常感动，并对她的善意大加赞扬。最后一句讲了一个善良的时刻可以改变生活。由此可推断出文章介绍了一种随意的善意行为可改变生活。分析选项可知B项符合题意，故选B项。‎ C To eat only a vegan（素食的） diet might sound difficult, especially with many popular dishes containing meat or other animal products. Yet in 2017, veganism was described as “the fastest - growing lifestyle movement” in the UK, according to BBC news.‎ A study by a UK market research organization, suggests that over 542,000 Brits went vegan during the previous decade, an increase of 360%. And the main force behind this increase was those aged 15-34 years old — 42% of recent vegans fall under that age range.‎ So why exactly has veganism become so popular among young Brits?‎ One reason could be that many young people want to protect the environment, as less meat consumption is known to be beneficial to the environment. Global meat manufacturing is believed to cause 18% of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions（排放）, even more than that of all the world’s cars, trains and planes combined. Another reason is that many of today’s young people believe that it’s wrong to kill animals to be used as food.‎ Jess Murray, 22, a student at University College London, said that he chose to become vegan after realizing that eating animals is a choice that people make, rather than something that we need to do to survive. “Becoming vegan was an ethical (道德的) decision,” he told the Guardian.‎ Social media is also believed to have given rise to the increase in veganism. Platforms such as Facebook allow young vegans to connect with each other much easier, while others such as Instagram have led to the creation of “vegan celebrities (名人)”, who share lips on vegan lifestyles.‎ Despite the rising of veganism, Laura Wyness, an expert in diet and nutrition, said that meat is very important for people’s health. “A strict vegan diet makes it difficult to get some minerals and vitamins that your body needs,” Wyness told BBC news.‎ However, the popularity of veganism doesn’t seem to be fading. “It feels more like this is something that is sticking.” said an expert of the Vegan Society, a UK charity that promotes veganism.‎ ‎8. What can we learn about veganism, “the fastest-growing lifestyle movement” in UK?‎ A. It has created many popular dishes.‎ B. It is backed up mainly by old people.‎ C. It has led to further market research.‎ D. It has grown steeply in the past 10 years.‎ ‎9. The following may account for the increase in veganism EXCEPT .‎ A. Young people prefer an environment-friendly life.‎ B. Young people want to become ethical celebrities.‎ C. Meal manufacturing contributes a lot to the world’s greenhouse gas.‎ D. Social media allow the vegan message to spread quickly around.‎ ‎10. The underlined word “sticking” in the Iasi paragraph is equal to in meaning.‎ A. important B. special C. lasting D. impressive ‎11. Which of the following will serve as the best title of the passage?‎ A. Young Brits Going Vegan B. Veganism Comes First C. How to Start a Vegan Lifestyle D. Veganism and the Environment ‎【答案】8. D 9. B 10. C 11. A ‎【解析】本文为夹叙夹议文章。英国市场研究组织的一项研究表明，过去的十年里素食主义在英国增长迅猛。这一增长的主要力量是那些年龄在15-34岁之间的年轻人。素食主义在英国的年轻人中非常流行的原因可能是由于肉类加工排放的热量大过世界上所有的汽车，火车和飞机的总和，他们认为杀死动物用作食物是不对，年轻人想要保护环境。另外社会媒体的参与也导致了年轻的素食者的增加。‎ ‎8. 细节理解题。根据文章可知，素食主义主要是爱护动物，不吃动物肉的，所以A是错误的。第二段的内容可知，素食主义者主要是15-34岁的年轻人，所以B是错误的。事件引起进一步的市场调查的原因不一定是它的增长快（the fastest-growing），故C是错误的。第二段A study by a UK market research organization, suggests that over 542,000 Brits went vegan during the previous decade, an increase of 360%.可知“英国市场研究表明，在过去的十年里，素食主义者的人数增长了360%，增长迅猛。”符合中的题干中的“the fastest-growing ”，故选D项。‎ ‎ 。‎ ‎9. 细节理解题。根据第四段的内容可知，一个原因可能是许多年轻人想要保护环境，因为少吃肉对环境有益。世界18%的温室效应是被认为由全球肉类食品制造业造成的。由此可知，A不符合题意，B符合题意。根据第五段最后一句“Becoming vegan was an ethical (道德的) decision,”他们认为素食是道德上的决定，及第六段可知，社交媒体也被认为导致了素食主义的增加的原因之一，因而出现了一些所谓的素食名人来分享他们的生活方式，可知素食主义者的增加不是因为他们想成为道德名人，而是分享素食主义让他们成为“名人”，这不是素质快速发展的原因，因此B符合题意。‎ ‎10. 猜测词义题。第六段 the popularity of veganism doesn’t seem to be fading. “It feels more like this is something that is sticking.”根据转折连词however 可知，前后两句意义是相反的。前面说“素食主义的流行似乎并没有消退”，因此可推断出后一句是反而会持续下去。故sticking意为”持续”，分析选项可知，C项（ lasting）意为“持久的，持续的”符合题意，故选C项。‎ ‎11. 主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文主要讲述过去的十年里素食主义在英国增长迅猛。这一增长的主要力量是那些年龄在15-34岁之间。素食主义在英国的年轻人中非常流行的原因可能是年轻人想要保护环境，社会媒体的参与也导致了素食者的增加。分析选项可知A项（年轻的英国人去素食主义）符合题意，故选A项。‎ D Some houses are designed to be smart. Others have smart designs. An example of the second type of house won an Award of Excellence from the American Institute of Architects.‎ Located on the shore of Sullivan’s Island off the coast of South Carolina, the award-winning cube-shaped beach house was built to replace one smashed to pieces by Hurricane（飓风）Hugo 10 years ago. Before Hugo, many new houses built along South Carolina’s shoreline were poorly constructed, and enforcement of building rules wasn’t strict, according to architect Ray Huff, who created the cleverly-designed beach house. Soon after Hugo, all new shoreline houses are required to meet stricter, better-enforced rules. The new beach house on Sullivan’s Island should be able to withstand a Level 3 hurricane with peak winds of 179 to 209 kilometers per hour.‎ At first sight, the house on Sullivan’s Island looks anything but hurricane-proof. Its redwood shell makes it resemble “a large party lantern (灯笼)” at night, according to one observer. But looks can be misleading. The house’s wooden frame is reinforced with long steel rods to give it extra strength.‎ To further protect the house from hurricane damage. Huff raised it 2.7 meters off the ground on timber pilings－long, slim wood pieces anchored deep in the sand. Pilings might appear insecure, but they are strong enough to support the weight of the house. They also raise the house above storm waves. The pilings allow the waves to run under the house instead of running into it. ‘These waves come ashore at terrible speeds and cause most of the damage done to beach-front buildings,” said Huff.‎ Huff designed the timber pilings to be partially hidden by the house’s ground-to-roof shell. “The shell masks the pilings so that the house doesn’t look like it’s standing with its pant legs (裤腿) pulled up,” said Huff. In the event of a storm, the shell should break apart and let the waves rush under the house, the architect explained.‎ ‎12. After the Hurricane Hugo, new houses built along South Carolina’s shore line are required .‎ A. to be easily reinforced B. to meet stricter building standards C. to look smarter in design D. to be designed in the shape of cubes ‎13. Why is the award-winning beach house strong and hurricane-proof?‎ A. It is in the shape of a shell. B. It is made of redwood.‎ C. It is strengthened by steel rods. D. It is built with timber and concrete.‎ ‎14. What’s the purpose of Huff raising the house 2.7 meters off the ground on timber pilings?‎ A. To anchor stronger pilings deep in the sand.‎ B. To prevent water from rushing into the house.‎ C. To withstand peak winds of about 200 km/hr.‎ D. To make the house look more hurricane-proof.‎ ‎15. According the last paragraph, the main function of the shell is .‎ A. to give the house a better appearance B. to strengthen the pilings of the house C. to protect the wooden frame of the house D. to slow down the speed of the big waves ‎【答案】12. B 13. C 14. B 15. A ‎【解析】 本文为记叙文。位于南卡罗来纳州海岸的沙利文岛海滨一座玲珑的小屋以其独特的设计获得大奖。这座房子既抗风防浪，又美观坚固，实乃经典之作。‎ ‎12. B 细节理解题。根据第二段最后两句Soon after Hugo, all new shoreline houses are required to meet stricter, better-enforced rules.可知在飓风造成严重的人员伤亡和巨大的损失后，新建房屋应该符合严格的建筑规定。分析选项可知，B项（满足更严格的建筑标准）符合题意，故选B项。‎ ‎13. 细节理解。根据第三和第四段的内容可知，沙文岛上的建筑获奖了。而沙利文岛上的房子乍一看不像是抗飓风的。但外表可能会误导人。房子的木制框架用长的钢棒加固，以赋予它额外的强度。为了进一步保护房屋免受飓风破坏。在地面上树起2.7米高的木头桩，深深地扎在沙子里。它们足够坚固，足以支撑房屋的重量。飓风来临时波浪在房子下面运行，却不会冲进房子。由知可见，沙文岛上的房子抗飓风就是由于钢棒的支撑。分析选项可知C项正确。‎ ‎14. 【解题剖析】此题属于细节理解中的语言转述型。这是一类间接事实细节题，答案与题目在意义上运用了词义之间的转述关系，即正确选项是原文有关词语和句子的另一种表达。‎ ‎【答案定位】根据第四段最后部分中的“The structure allows the waves to run under the house instead of running into it．”可判断出，之所以这么做的目的是防止大水冲入房屋中。‎ ‎【推理关系】题干What’s the purpose of Huff raising the house 2.7 meters off the ground on timber pilings? ☞文章内容allows the waves to run under the house instead of running into it．‎ ‎【答案】instead of running into it ☞C选项To prevent water from rushing into the house. ‎ ‎【点睛】细节理解题之语言转述型。这是一类间接事实细节题，答案与题目在意义上运用了词义之间的转述关系，即正确选项是原文有关词语和句子的另一种表达。通常这类细节题的正确选项有以下特征：1.对原文句子中的关键词进行替换。把原文中的一些词换成意义相近的词，成为正确选项。2.词性或者语态的变化。把原文中的一些词变换一下词性，或者改变原文句子的语态，给考生制造障碍。3.语言简化。把原文中的复杂语言现象进行简化，成为正确答案。4.正话反说。把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项（适用于寻找错误选项的题目）。本题属于把原文的中关键词进行了替换。把allows the waves to run under the house instead of running into it替换成To prevent water from rushing into the house，成为正确的选项。‎ ‎15. 细节理解。第四段内容可知房屋是建在木桩上的。最后一段内容为：Huff设计的木桩被房子从地面到屋顶的贝壳所隐藏，贝壳遮盖了木桩，这样房子看起来就比原来房屋的外观好看多了，分析选项可知A项正确。‎ ‎【河南省郑州市2018届高三下学期第三次模拟】阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。‎ A Come to the AG Society’s expedition (探险) program and you will surely get unique experiences!‎ SWIM WITH THE HUMPBACKS OF TONGA Dairen Jew and his team are your hosts for an unforgettable AG Society adventure, filled with in-water meetings with humpback whales (座头鲸) in the Kingdom of Tonga’s group of islands.‎ WHO: Darren Jew’s Whales Underwater DATES: 26 September-4 October 2018‎ COST: $ 5,450 per person ‎11-DAY KIMBERLEY COAST CRUISE The AG Society is partnering with APT to present an exciting voyage along the Kimberley coastline from Broome to Darwin. Expedition cruising offers the easiest way to explore the Kimberley. Guests on this 11-day voyage will go ashore, explore natural wonders, meet traditional owners, see rock art and spot wildlife.‎ BOOKINGS: Call 0756679413, email reservations @ whalesunderwater.com or visit whalesunderwater.com WHO: APT DATES: 6-16 September 2018‎ COST: $ 13,395 per person BOOKINGS: Visit kimberleywilderness.com.au LIGHTNING RIDGE FOSSIL DIG The AG Society offers you a chance to hunt for fossils (化石). Guided by experts, you’ll go to special locations, seeking new fossils for the collections of the Australian Opal Centre. Your discoveries will further establish these museum collections as a world-class scientific and cultural resource. There are also a series of lectures on mining history, fossils, dinosaur hunting and new dinosaurs.‎ WHO: Australian Opal Centre DATES: 20-25 August 2018‎ COST: $ 2,200 per person, including all activities and lunches and dinners BOOKINGS: Call 0427904587, email dig @ australianopalcentre.com or visit australian opalcentre. com AG DKVIL ARK FXPEDITION Come and join Tim Faulkner for a unique hands-on experience with this Tasmanian devil (袋獾) feeding program in the beautiful Barrington Tops of NSW. You’ll get to see devils up close as you assist with feeding individuals. In addition to working with the animals, there’ll be opportunities to explore the area’s natural treasures and spot local wildlife. Don’t miss your chance to get involved in this important conservation effort.‎ WHO: Devil Ark DATES: 24-26 November 2018‎ COST: $ 1,750 per person BOOKINGS: Call 0243408610, email info@ devilark.org. au or visit devilark.org. au ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎1. If you join in LIGHTNING RIDGE FOSSIL DIG, you can ________.‎ A. go to seek new fossils individually B. learn something about mining history C. collect the world-class scientific fossils D. become an expert and go to special locations ‎2. What can you do if you take part in AG DEVIL ARK EXPEDITION?‎ A. Help protect wildlife.‎ B. Learn about dinosaurs.‎ C. Watch humpback whales.‎ D. Enjoy an exciting voyage.‎ ‎3. Which program will you choose if you want to enjoy rock art?‎ A. AG DEVIL ARK EXPEDITION.‎ B. LIGHTNING RIDGE FOSSIL DIG.‎ C. 11-DAY KIMBERLEY COAST CRUISE.‎ D. SWIM WITH THE HUMPBACKS OF TONGA.‎ ‎【答案】1. B 2. A 3. C ‎【解析】这是一篇应用文。本文介绍了AG协会的四个远征计划的具体信息。‎ ‎1. 细节理解题。根据If you join in LIGHTNING RIDGE FOSSIL DIG中的“There are also a series of lectures on mining history, fossils, dinosaur hunting and new dinosaurs.”可知，有一系列关于采矿史、化石、恐龙狩猎和新恐龙的讲座。分析选项可知B正确。‎ ‎2. 细节理解题。根据第四个小框AG DEVIL ARK EXPEDITION中的there’ll be opportunities to explore the area’s natural treasures and spot local wildlife. Don’t miss your chance to get involved in this important conservation effort.可知，有机会探索该地区的自然宝藏和当地野生动物，还会有参与这项重要的保护野生动植物的机会。故A项正确。B项内容是在LIGHTNING RIDGE FOSSIL DIG中的内容。C项在SWIM WITH THE HUMPBACKS OF TONGA。D项在11-DAY KIMBERLEY COAST CRUISE。由此可知B/C/D三顶不属于AG DEVIL ARK EXPEDITION。故选A项。‎ ‎3. 细节理解题。根据本部分中的“Guests on this 11-day voyage will go ashore, explore natural wonders, meet traditional owners, see rock art and spot wildlife.”可知，如果你想欣赏摇滚艺术的话，就选11-DAY KIMBERLEY COAST CRUISE。故选C项。‎ ‎【点睛】细节理解题。‎ 文章细节的理解可以细化为一一对应型、语言转述型、语意理解型、是非辨别型和事实排序型。‎ 如第1题和第3小题属于第一种：一一对应型。这种题答案与题目在表达形式和意义上直接吻合，一一对应，一目了然。解答此类试题时，不必通篇细看原文，而应采取“‎ 带着问题找答案”的方法，先从问题中抓住关键性词语（题眼），然后以此为线索，运用略读及查读的技巧快速在文章中寻找与此问题相关的段落、语句，仔细品味，对照比较，确定答案。‎ 第2小题是非辨别型。这是一类综合事实细节题，出题形式常常是“三正一误”(三项正确，只有一项不符合原文内容)或“三误一正”（三项错误，只有一项符合原文内容)。这种类型题通常采用词语和句型转换的形式来取代原文中的表述，命题者在出这类题时惯用“偷梁换柱、张冠李戴”的手法来迷惑考生，即对原句细微处做改动，截取原文词语或结构进行改造，因果倒置，把A的观点说成B的观点等。所以正确理解题干和信息句的意义是关键。根据第四个小框AG DEVIL ARK EXPEDITION中的there’ll be opportunities to explore the area’s natural treasures and spot local wildlife. Don’t miss your chance to get involved in this important conservation effort.可知，有机会探索该地区的自然宝藏和当地野生动物。还会参与这项重要保护野生动植物的机会。故A项正确。B项内容是在LIGHTNING RIDGE FOSSIL DIG中的内容。C项在SWIM WITH THE HUMPBACKS OF TONGA。D项在11-DAY KIMBERLEY COAST CRUISE。由此可知B/C/D三顶不属于AG DEVIL ARK EXPEDITION。故选A项。‎ B US student Vanessa Tahay stands out from the other teenagers in her school. Her skin is dark, her accent is thick, and if you ask her, she will tell you these are the things she is proudest of. Tahay is a poet, and at 18 she was considered among the best in Los Angeles.‎ When she is on the stage, audiences often go silent. They also laugh, shout and cry. But this doesn’t come easily for someone who comes from a village that sits at the base of a huge mountain range in Central America. When she first appeared at school, she was teased by others for being short and different. She never spoke, so they called her “mouse”.‎ ‎“How do I defend myself?” Tahay thought. “I don’t know how.”‎ ‎“Keep going,” her mother would tell her. “At some point, you’ll learn.”‎ She spent hours after school and on weekends watching the same DVDs: English without Barriers.‎ Tahay’s elder brother, Elmer, persuaded her to go to the after-school poetry club. In the last six years, her English teacher Laurie Kurnick has turned Cleveland Charter High School’s poetry program into one of the most respected in the city. Her team draws from the likes of D.H. Laurence, Pat Mora and Kendrick Lamar to create poems about their own lives. The poems focus on many things —some funny, some painful.‎ The first time Tahay read the group’s poems, chills went up her spine (脊柱). “I wish I could write like that,” she thought. “I want to say something.”‎ She wrote her first poem about her first year in America. She called it Invisible. The day her turn came to recite in front of the team, she broke down crying. She cried for 15 minutes. “I had so much held in,” Tahay said. “I couldn’t even finish it.”‎ But she kept at it despite her less-than-perfect grammar, spelling and diction (措辞). Still, she wouldn’t tell her friends about her poetry because she worried they would make fun of her.‎ But with time, her poems changed her. “They gave me pride,” Tahay said. “They told me that I’m worth something.”‎ ‎“She had this innocence,” Kurnick said. “This willingness to be genuine and show you things you don’t ever see.”‎ ‎4. What did Tahay’s mother suggest she do when she was teased by others?‎ A. Fight with them bravely.‎ B. Report them to her teachers.‎ C. Ignore them and keep going.‎ D. Try hard to make friends with them.‎ ‎5. What are the themes of Tahay and her team’s poems?‎ A. Their admiration for the great poets.‎ B. Their appreciation of natural beauty.‎ C. Their expectations of a better future.‎ D. Funny and painful stories about their lives.‎ ‎6. How did Tahay probably feel when she first read the group’s poems?‎ A. She was cold. B. She was excited.‎ C. She was nervous. D. She was frightened.‎ ‎7. How did Tahay benefit from writing poems?‎ A. She felt more confident about herself.‎ B. She won many national poetry competitions.‎ C. She became the first student poet in the city.‎ D. She improved her grammar and spelling greatly.‎ ‎【答案】4. C 5. D 6. B 7. A ‎【解析】本文为记叙文。美国学生Vanessa Tahay在学校因其皮肤很黑，口音很浓而格外显眼。18岁时她成为洛杉矶一个最好的诗人之一。她的诗主要是关于生活中的乐趣和痛苦。写诗让她受益匪浅，让她更自信。‎ ‎4. 细节理解题。根据第二段最后两句和第三段的内容，当她在学校被人戏弄时，她妈妈说“Keep going,” her mother would tell her. “At some point, you’ll learn.” 可知，C项是她妈妈的建议。‎ ‎5. 推理判断题。根据第六段的内容Her team draws from the likes of D.H. Laurence, Pat Mora and Kendrick Lamar to create poems about their own lives. The poems focus on many things —some funny, some painful.（她的团队借鉴了D.H. Laurence、Pat Mora和Kendrick Lamar等人创作自己生活的诗篇。诗描写了许多东西如一些乐趣和痛苦。）可知，这些都是描写他们生活中的乐趣和痛苦的。分析选项可知D项正确。‎ ‎6. 推理判断题。根据第七段内容The first time Tahay read the group’s poems, chills went up her spine (脊柱). “I wish I could write like that,”可知，当她第一次讲到这些诗时，她觉得她的脊梁发冷。“我希望我也能那样写，”。根据第二句说她也想写出这样的诗，可知她是羡慕的。分析四个选项（A. She was cold.她很冷；B. She was excited.她很激动；C. She was nervous.很紧张；D. She was frightened.她很恐惧。），只有B项表达她羡慕的激动心情。故选B项。‎ ‎7. 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段的内容But with time, her poems changed her. “They gave me pride,” Tahay said.可知，写诗给了她自信和自豪感。分析选项可知A项符合题意。‎ C ‎“Years ago when I was at the Grand Canyon, I remembered someone coming up to the canyon’s edge, taking a shot with a camera and then walking away, like ‘got it – done’, barely even glancing at the magnificent scene in front of him,” Linda Henkel, a scientist at Fairfield University, US told Live Science.‎ Henkel was surprised by how obsessed (痴迷的) people are with taking pictures these days - before dinner, during friends’ birthday parties, on museum tours and so on.‎ They keep taking pictures because they think that it helps record the moment, but as Henkel’s latest study has just found out, this obsession may prevent their brains remembering what actually happened, reported The Guardian.‎ In her study, Henkel led a group of college students around a museum and asked them to simply observe 15 objects and photograph 15 others. The next day the students’ memory of the tour was tested, and the results showed that they were less accurate in recognizing the objects ‎ and they remembered fewer details about them if they photographed them.‎ ‎‘‘When people rely on technology to remember them — counting on the camera to record the event and thus not needing to attend to it fully themselves, it can have a negative impact on how well they remember their experiences,” Henkel explained.‎ But there is also an exception: if students zoomed in to photograph part of an object, their memory actually improved, and those who focused the lens (镜头) on a specific area could even recall parts that weren’t in the frame.‎ So basically, this study is saying that constantly taking pictures can harm your memory. But shouldn’t reviewing pictures we have taken help wake up our memories? This is true, but only if we spend enough time doing it.‎ ‎“In order to remember, we have to access and interact with the photos, rather than just collect them,” Henkel told The Telegraph. However, previous research has shown that most people never take the time to look over their digital pictures simply because there are too many of them and they aren’t usually very organized on their computers.‎ ‎8. Why did the author mention Henkel’s trip to the Grand Canyon at the beginning?‎ A. To complain about some tourists’ bad habits.‎ B. To give suggestions on how to enjoy one’s tour.‎ C. To point out people’s obsession with taking pictures.‎ D. To describe the beautiful view of the Grand Canyon.‎ ‎9. What can we learn from Henkel’s study?‎ A. Reviewing pictures always helps people bring back memories easily.‎ B. Taking pictures in a museum tour helps students recognize objects better.‎ C. People should spend more time taking pictures than studying real objects.‎ D. Pictures focusing on the details of objects probably improve people’s memories.‎ ‎10. The underlined word “it” in Paragraph 5 probably refers to “________”.‎ A. the camera B. technology C. the event D. an object ‎11. What is the article mainly about?‎ A. People’s obsession with taking pictures and its influence.‎ B. Possible ways of using pictures to improve one’s memory.‎ C. Great harm to memory caused by taking pictures constantly.‎ D. A believable study into the negative impact of lining cameras often.‎ ‎【答案】8. C 9. D 10. C 11. A ‎【解析】本文为议论文。人们都喜欢拍照，拍照有助于记录某一时刻，但拍照对我们的记忆有影响。如果我们只是简单的记录，而不去关注和欣赏的话，则会有负面的影响，如果我们以后还会欣赏这些照片则会有助于唤醒我们的记忆。如果只拍照不欣赏还不如不拍照只是欣赏的好。‎ ‎8. 细节理解题。根据第二段中的句子“Henkel was surprised by how obsessed (着迷的) people are with taking pictures these days – before dinner, during friends birthday parties, on museum tours and so on.”可知，在文中提到Henkel对人们执迷于拍照的惊讶，以此来说明一种现象：人们执迷于拍照的现象。故答案为C。‎ ‎9. 细节判断题。根据第四段中的“But there is also an exception: if students zoomed (缩放) in to photograph part of an object, their memory actually improved”可知，在拍照时，如果只关注某个细节，可能有助于他们记忆的提高。故选D项。‎ ‎10. 猜测词义题。根据第五段第一句“When people rely on technology to remember them 一 counting on the camera to record the event and thus not needing to attend to it fully themselves” 前面说人们要依靠技术来记住它们时，要依靠照相机来记录事件，那么就完全不需要关注这个事件了。分析前后的关系可知，本句是说如果你要用相机来记录事件，就不需要来关注这个它（事件）。A. the camera相机；B. technology技术；C. the event事件； D. an object物体。故选C项。‎ ‎....................................‎ D Since English biologist Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species in 1859, scientists have vastly improved their knowledge of natural history. However, a lot of information is still of the speculation, and scientists can still only make educated guesses at certain things.‎ One subject that they guess about is why some 400 million years ago, animals in the sea developed limbs (肢) that allowed them to move onto and live on land.‎ Recently, an idea that occurred to the US paleontologist (古生物学家) Alfred Romer a century ago became a hot topic once again.‎ Homer thought that tidal (潮汐的) pools might have led to fish gaining limbs. Sea animals would have been forced into these pools by strong tides. Then, they would have been made either to adapt to their new environment close to land or die. The fittest among them grew to accomplish the transition (过渡) from sea to land.‎ Romer called these earliest four-footed animals “tetrapods”. Science has always thought that this was a credible theory, but only recently has there been strong enough evidence to support it.‎ Hannah Byrne is an oceanographer (海洋学家) at Uppsala University in Sweden. She announced at the 2018 Ocean Sciences Meeting in Oregon, US, that by using computer software, her team had managed to link Homer’s theory to places where fossil deposits (沉积物) of the earliest tetrapods were found.‎ According to the magazine Science, in 2014, Steven Balbus, a scientist at the University of Oxford in the UK, calculated that 400 million years ago, when the move from land to sea was achieved, tides were stronger than they are today. This is because the planet was 10 percent closer to the moon than it is now.‎ The creatures stranded in the pools would have been under the pressure of “survival of the fittest”, explained Mattias Green, an ocean scientist at the UK’s University of Bangor. As he told Science, “After a few days in these pools, you become food or you run out of food... the fish that had large limbs had an advantage because they could flip (翻转) themselves back in the water.”‎ As is often the case, however, there are others who find the theory less convincing. Cambridge University’s paleontologist Jennifer Clark, speaking to Nature magazine, seemed unconvinced. “It’s only one of many ideas for the origin of land-based tetrapods, any or all of which may have been a part of the answer,” she said.‎ ‎12. Who first proposed the theory that fish might have gained limbs because of tidal pools?‎ A. Alfred Romer. B. Charles Darwin.‎ C. Hannah Byrne. D. Steven Balbus.‎ ‎13. Why were tides stronger 400 million years ago than they are today according to Steven Balbus?‎ A. There were larger oceans.‎ B. Earth was closer to the moon.‎ C. The moon gave off more energy.‎ D. Earth was under greater pressure.‎ ‎14. The underlined word “stranded” in Paragraph 8 probably means “________”.‎ A. found B. settled C. abandoned D. trapped ‎15. What is the focus of the article?‎ A. The arguments over a scientific theory.‎ B. The proposal of a new scientific theory.‎ C. Some new evidence to support a previous theory.‎ D. A new discovery that questions a previous theory.‎ ‎【答案】12. A 13. B 14. D 15. C ‎【解析】本文为一篇科学报道。文章用一些新的证据来支持先前人们的猜测理论：即海洋中的动物是因为潮汐的作用导致鱼类发展出四肢，迁徙到陆地的。‎ ‎12. 细节理解题。根据第三Recently, an idea that occurred to the US paleontologist (古生物学家) Alfred Romer a century ago became a hot topic once again.和四段第一句“Homer thought that tidal (潮汐的) pools might have led to fish gaining limbs.”可知，是Alfred Romer最先提出了鱼类可能因为潮汐而发展出四肢的理论。故选A项。‎ ‎13. 细节理解题。根据第七段最后“…tides were stronger than they are today. This is because the planet was 10 percent closer to the moon than it is now.（过去的潮汐比现在强。这是因为地球这颗行星以前比现在离月球近了10%。）可知，B项正确。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎15. 主旨大意题。根据文章全文可知，英国生物学家达尔文的《物种起源》极大地提高了科学家对自然的认识。但仍有不少没有根据的猜测。其中的一个猜测就是为什么在4亿年前，海洋中的动物有了四肢，从而让他们迁徙到陆地上生活。一个世纪以前，美国古生物学家Alfred Romer提出的一个想法，即潮汐可能导致鱼类发展出四肢，这再次成为一个热门话题。针对此许多科学家进行的实验提供了许多新的证据来证实它。C项（一些新的证据来支持先前的理论。）是文章的关注点，故选C。‎ ‎【河北省石家庄市第二中学2018届高三仿真模拟（一）】阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。‎ A It’s a white Christmas in the United States today, with snow falling from Seattle to Maine.‎ ‎• Northeast Biting winds with snow swept the Northeast.‎ Earlier, up to 15 inches of snow fell during a snow storm in Maine, while up to one foot fell in New Hampshire. Winds reached 76 mph on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, while up to 61 mph winds tore through Long Island, New York. Falling snow collected on the runways at Boston’s Logan International Airport, causing temporary flight delays.‎ The wind was so severe in Pennsylvania and New Jersey that the annual (重演) of George Washington and his soldiers’crossing the Delaware River was canceled, the Washington Crossing Historic Park told ABC News.‎ ‎• Midwest Heavy lake effect snow fell in western Michigan.‎ The National Weather Service has issued a wind-chill warning and advisory (公告) from Montana to Michigan. Bitter cold air in the Midwest produced wind chills Monday morning as low as minus 48 degrees in North Dakota and minus 47 in northern Minnesota.‎ As this bitter cold made its way east overnight, it was expected to move over relatively mild Great Lakes, producing intense lake-effect snow bands capabie of producing 2 to 4 inches of snow in an hour.‎ ‎• West Coast That storm system moved overnight through the Rockies, bringing more snow and the threat of avalanches(雪崩). The National Weather Service has issued an avalanche warning for the Wasatch Range Mountains outside Salt Lake City.‎ ‎1. Why was the annual reenactment of George Washington and his soldiers’crossing the Delaware River canceled?‎ A. Because the river was frozen. B. Because the wind was too strong.‎ C. Because the snow was too thick. D. Because the temperature was too low.‎ ‎2. Which of the following is the bad weather that has set in according to the passage?‎ A. The avalanches. B. A white Christmas.‎ C. A mess of people’s life. D. Heavy snow, biting wind and chills.‎ ‎3. What is the style of the passage?‎ A. Weather report.‎ B. News about the effect of bad weather.‎ C. News about bad weather.‎ D. A bad-weather warning and advisory.‎ ‎【答案】1. B 2. D 3. C ‎ ‎ ‎2. 细节理解题。根据文章可知，坏天气已经造成了Heavy snow, biting wind and chills（大雪，刺骨的寒风和寒冷），故选D。‎ ‎3. 推理判断题。文章主要报道了美国圣诞节这一天坏的天气情况，并非重点讲坏天气的影响。故选C。‎ B Throughout the past few years, I’have tried to give myself to others. I have bounced around to find where I truly fit in. I found my place while I stayed in Guatemala, an orphanage(孤儿院), with the children living there. Through hearing many stories of their lives, I was moved to tears and started question my living ways and gave up everything that wasn’t essential: makeup and any other sort of luxury(奢侈品). I lived like they did. It was the most relaxing feeling in the world.‎ When at Nuestros Pequenos Hermanos, we were given the task of creating a pig pen. At first, I thought it should be easy. After arriving at the area where the pig pen should be, we saw a hill. We were told to uproot the weeds as well as level the entire area. Looking at it, we felt ‘it would be impossible. On my own faith journey, I have felt this type of doubt before. The “hole”, as we referred to, is a symbol of my faith journey. It appeared to be an obstacle I could not overcome, but in the end I completed i! with efforts. I feel this pig pen wasn’t easy to create but was so rewarding to give.‎ I’ve always struggled to be on a journey of faith, but I’ve never completely stepped foot onto the path until Guatemala. I’ve always tried to open my heart to everyone around me and give them my love. I feel as though I cut open my heart and share every bit of love ‘I had with these orphans. There is one orphan named Ceto who will always remain very close to my heart.‎ ‎ In Guatemala, I sponsor with thirty dollars a month, but it doesn’t seem enough. I’ll return there next summer and give more of my love for a whole month.‎ When it was time to leave, I looked out of the window and saw not just ordinary children. Overall, the most significant accomplishment I made in Guatemala was stepping towards my own faith journey and not looking back.‎ ‎4. What resulted in the author’s decision to live a new life?‎ A. Desire to help others. B. Decrease in his income.‎ C. A knowledge of the orphans’life. D. Awareness of the difficulty in his life.‎ ‎5. What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 2 refer to?‎ A. Removing the doubt. B. Uprooting the weed.‎ C. Starting the faith journey. D. Creating the pig pen.‎ ‎6. What did the author think of his experience in Guatemala?‎ A. It was regretful. B. It was meaningful.‎ C. It was interesting. D. it was frightening.‎ ‎7. What may be the best title for the text?‎ A. A Step into a New World B. An Awful Faith Journey C. A Great Success in Life D. A Return of Confidence ‎【答案】4. C 5. D 6. B 7. A ‎【解析】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者在危地马拉期间，作者改变了自己的生活，从而改变了他的人生。‎ ‎4. 细节理解题。根据文章第一段I found my place while I stayed in Guatemala, an orphanage (孤儿院)，with the children living there. Through hearing many stories of their lives, I was moved to tears and started to question my living ways and gave up everything that wasn’t essential可知，作者了解到孤儿的生活之后，决定改变自己的生活。故选C。‎ ‎5. 词义猜测题。根据其后句I feel this pig pen wasn’t easy to create but was so rewarding to give.可以猜测出，it代指Creating the pig pen.建造猪圈这件事。故选D。‎ ‎6. 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段Overall, the most significant accomplishment I made in Guatemala was stepping towards my own faith journey and not looking back.可以推断出，作者认为在危地马拉的经历是有意义的。故选B。‎ ‎7. 主旨大意题。根据文章最后一段Overall, the most significant accomplishment I made in ‎ Guatemala was stepping towards my own faith journey and not looking back.可以推断出在危地马拉期间，作者改变了自己的生活，从而改变了人生。故用A Step into a New World作为本文的标题。故选A。‎ ‎【名师点睛】‎ 这是一篇人物故事类阅读。阅读文章时，一定要明白作者在危地马拉是如何改变人生的。做细节理解题时，一定要找到文章的原句。如第一小题，重点抓住第一段I found my place while I stayed in Guatemala以及后面的句子就可以找出答案。做推理判断题时，切不可凭自己的主观想象来代替文章事实，而是要通过文章的事实，再进行合符逻辑的推理，最终判断出正确的答案。‎ C Could the device, smartphone or PC, which you re using affect the moral decisions you make when using it? To test it, researchers presented multiple dilemmas to a sample set of 1,010 people. The participants were assigned a device at random.‎ One case of the questions participants were asked is the classic “trolley(有轨电车) problem”: A runaway trolley is headed towards five people tied up on a-set of train tracks. You can do nothing, resulting in the deaths of five people, or push a man off a bridge, which will stop the trolley. The practical response is to kill one man to save five lives, which 33. 5 percent of smartphone users chose, compared to 22.3 percent of PC users.‎ ‎“What we round in our study is that when people used a smartphone to view classic moral problems, they were more likely to make more unemotional, reasonable decisions when presented with a highly emotional dilemma, “Dr Albert Barque-Duran, the lead author of the study, told City, University of London. “This could be due to the increased time pressure often present with smartphones and also the increased psychological distance which can occur when we use such devices compared to PCs.”‎ As for why the researchers started this study, Dr Barque-Duran noted, “Due to the fact that our social lives, work and even shopping take place online, it is important to think about how the contexts where we typically face moral decisions and are asked to engage in moral behavior have changed, and the impact this could have on the hundreds of millions of people who use such devices daily. “it’s clear that we need more research on how our devices affect our moral decision making because we’re using screens at an ever increasing rate.‎ ‎8. Why did the author mention the trolley problem?‎ A. To introduce a difficult problem to readers.‎ B. To introduce the aim of carrying out the study.‎ C. To show an example of the questions in the study D. To show the difficulty in dealing with dilemmas.‎ ‎9. How do the smartphone users of the study behave in dealing with emotional dilemmas?‎ A. Calmly. B. Cruelly.‎ C. Hesitantly. D. Enthusiastically.‎ ‎10. Dr Albert believes that compared with PCs, smartphones .‎ A. help people bear more pressure B. help people make decisions quick C. make people feel more mentally distant D. make people stay happier to solve problems ‎11. What can we infer from the text?‎ A. Shopping online has a great effect on making moral decisions.‎ B. The people using smartphones are more than those using PCs.‎ C. People who often use smartphones or PCs always meet with dilemmas,‎ D. It is common for people to be involved in making moral decisions in daily life.‎ ‎【答案】8. C 9. A 10. C 11. D ‎【解析】本文是一篇科普类文章。你所使用的手机或电脑设备能否影响你的道德决策？为此，研究者对1,010位参与者做了研究。‎ ‎8. 推理判断题。根据文章第二段One case of the questions participants were asked is the classic “trolley (有轨电车) problem”可以推断出，作者提及到电车问题，只是展示了研究中问题中的一个例子。故选C。‎ ‎ 11. 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段It’s clear that we need more research on how our devices affect our moral decision making because we’re using screens at an ever-increasing rate可知，在日常生活中，人们参与道德决策是很普遍的。‎ D As the weather costs you a loss on trains and flights, we look at your rights.‎ ‎• Cancelled trains On a single ticket, a passenger will usually receive 25% of the fare if the train is delayed by 15 minutes. If the delay reaches 30 minutes, the compensation(补偿/补偿金) rises to 50%, and if it’s over an hour you should be able to reclaim the whole cost. Clear arrangements vary according to train operator (运营商).‎ If you were due to travel, to say Aberdeen from London, your train is cancelled and you decide not to travel, you can get a full compensation. If you had a non-cancelable ticket with one operator, and failed to make that train because the connecting train was delayed, you can take the next available train.‎ ‎• Flights If your flight is cancelled because of the snow you have the right to a full compensation of the ticket, or to be rerouted home on a later flight.‎ But you will have no right to get a delay or cancellation compensation under EU rules, because the snow is an extraordinary circumstance beyond the airline’s control. If you don’t take the compensation and choose to be rerouted, and It means you are stuck at the airport overnight, it’s the airline’s duty to pay for a reasonably priced hotel room and meals.‎ The airline has to reroute you at the earliest opportunity, or at the passenger’s free time, you are supposed to take the availability of seats.‎ If you choose to be rerouted or if your departure is delayed by more than two hours,‎ ‎ airlines also have to provide assistance such as food. The airlines keep this quiet and getting the money out of the low-cost operators can be a hard job. Keep evidence of cancellations, all receipts, and use your mobile to video any offer to pay by airline staff.‎ ‎12. What does the compensation you can get rely on when your trains are delayed by bad weather?‎ A. The price of the ticket. B. The length of delay time and the operator.‎ C. The length of delay time. D. The class of the service and the price of the ticket.‎ ‎13. How many choices do you have if you are to travel Aberdeen from London, and your train is cancelled?‎ A. One. B. Two.‎ C. Three. D. Four.‎ ‎14. What is the compensation if you choose to be rerouted and if you are stuck at the airport overnight in the EU countries?‎ A. The availability of seats.‎ B. Any seat you’d like to choose.‎ C. Hotel rooms and meals of any price.‎ D. Acceptably priced hotel rooms and meals.‎ ‎15. How can you save the trouble in getting money out of the low-cost operators?‎ A. By keeping the evidence and videoing any offer to pay.‎ B. At the earliest opportunity, or the passenger’s free time.‎ C. By preventing the airlines from keeping their duty quiet.‎ D. By arguing reasonably with the staff of the airlines offering you the flight.‎ ‎【答案】12. C 13. B 14. D 15. A ‎ 13. 推理判断题。根据文章If you were due to travel, to say Aberdeen from London, your train ‎ is cancelled and you decide not to travel, you can get a full compensation. If you had a non-cancelable ticket with one operator, and failed to make that train because the connecting train was delayed, you can take the next available train.可知，如果从伦敦到阿伯丁火车取消了，可以有两种选择not to travel（取消旅行） 或take the next available train.（乘下一班可乘的火车）。故选B。‎ ‎14. 细节理解题。根据文章倒数第三段If you don’t take the compensation and choose to be rerouted, and it means you are stuck at the airport overnight, it’s the airline’s duty to pay for a reasonably priced hotel room and meals.可知，在欧盟区，若乘客选择改变行程而导致滞留，航空公司有义务为乘客支付可接受价格的食宿。故选D。‎ ‎15. 细节理解题。根据第二副标题“Flights”第四段中的“getting the money out of the low-cost operators can be a hard job. Keep evidence of cancellations, all receipts, and use your mobile to video any offer to pay by airline staff.”可知，通过保留证据和航空公司人员赔付报价视频资料，乘客可省去麻烦进而顺利得到廉价运营商的赔付。故选A。‎ ‎【名师点睛】‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎