高考前英语知识清理总结

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高考前英语知识清理总结

高考前英语知识清理总结 高考前知识清理(1) 分类词汇: 1. People baby 婴儿 being 物; 生物;人 child (复children) n. 孩子,儿童 citizen 公民,居民,市民 civil 国内,平民(非军人)的;民用 companion 同伴,同事 comrade n. 同志 crowd n..人群 vt. 拥挤,群聚 enemy n. 敌人;敌军 fellow n. 同伴;伙伴 friend [frend] n. 朋友 generation n.代,一代 guest n. 客人,宾客 human a.&n. 人,人类 human being 人 man (单数,无冠词) n.人,人类(包括男女) neighbour (-bor) n.邻居,邻人 partner n. 搭档,股东,舞伴 people n. 人,人们;人民 person n. 人, 身体, 容貌, population n. 人口 public a.公共的,公众n.公众 race [reis] n. 种族,民族 teenager (13-19)青少年 adult kid 2. Sex boy n. 男孩 female a. 女性的;雌性的 girl n. 女孩 gentleman n. 绅士,先生 lady n. 女士,夫人 sex [seks] n. 性,性别, madam/madame夫人,女士 male [meil] a. 男的, 雄的, 男 man (men) n.男人,成年男子 Mr. (mister) n.先生, 阁下 Mrs.(mistress) 夫人, 太太 ‎ Ms. [miz] n. 女士, 小姐 sir n. 先生;阁下 woman n. 妇女,女人,女仆 3. Body arm n. 臂, 支架 back 向后a. 后面的n. 背 bath n. 洗澡;浴室;澡盆 beard n. (下巴处的)胡须 body n. 身体 body building n. 健美 bone n. 骨头,骨质 blood n. 血,血液 brain [brein] n. 脑(子) cheek n. 面颊,脸蛋 chest n. 箱子;盒子;胸部 ear n. 耳朵,耳状物;听力, eye [ai] n. 眼睛 face [feis] n. 脸 vt. 面向; facial a. 面部用的 finger n. 手指 fingernail n. 指甲 flesh n. 肉 fist [fist] n. 拳(头) foot [fut] (复 feet) 足,脚;英尺 hand n. 手;指针 v. 递;给, handful n.(一)把;少数,少量 hair n. 头发 head [hed] n. 头,标题 a. 头部 heart n. 心,心脏,精神, knee [ni:] n. 膝盖 leg [leg] n. 腿;腿脚;支柱 lip [lip] n. 嘴唇, 唇缘 lung n. 肺;肺脏, 呼吸器 moustache n. 小胡子(嘴唇上方) mouth n. 嘴,口 mouthful n. 满口,一口 neck [nek] n. 颈,脖子 nose n. 鼻, v.侦察出 pulse n. 脉搏,脉动,搏动 shoulder n. 肩膀;侧翼 stomach n. 胃,胃部 temperature n. 温度 tongue n. 舌头, 语言, 口 tooth (teeth) n. 牙齿 ‎ throat n. 喉咙, 嗓音, 窄路 waist [weist] n. 腰,腰部, 重点词汇 look link-v  look + adj. (过去分词,名词,介词短语,)看起来, look about 四周打量      look about for  四处寻找 look ahead   预测未来    look as if  看起来好像     look well  看起来不错    look at 看,望, 看待 look after 照看,照管,照顾,负责处理    look back on 回顾,回想 look down upon (on) 看不起,蔑视    look for  找寻,自找(麻烦), look forward to 盼望,希望;预计会有 look in 作短时间的访晤(参观), look in on    拜望,顺便来看望   look into  调查,了解,研究 look on     旁观,在旁边看 look on … as…  把...看作  look out 查找,找出;当心,注意 look out for 当心,提防;找寻,注意; look over  翻阅,审读;复习 look round 审视,到处看看;回头望 look through 翻阅,查看;读一遍     look to   照顾,注意,负责   look up   查出,了解;看望,拜访    look up and down   上下打量 1. _____this book and tell me what you think of it.   A. Look through B. Look on C. Look into D. Look up 2. _____! There is a train coming.A. Look out B. Look around C. Look forward D. Look on 3. She ____her number in the phone book to make sure that she had got it right.   A. looked up B. looked for C. picked out D. picked up 句型复习: 1. would (should) you like to do sth.          should love to do sth. feel like doing sth.        would like to do sth. would like sb. to do sth. such a clever man that …         so clever a man that …     such a clever man as …          such interesting books that …   such rapid progress that …        so many (few) people that … so much (little) money that …        so clever (fast) that…    diligent (fast) enough to do sth. so lazy (slowly) that he cannot …     too lazy (slowly) to do sth. 通知: May I have your attention, please? I have an announcement to make. The Students’ Union is going to hold a party on Saturday evening, August 15th, to welcome our friends from the United States. The party will be held in the roof garden of the Main‎ ‎Building. It will begin at 7:30 p.m. There will be music, dancing, singing, games and exchange of gifts. Will everybody please bring along a small gift for this purpose? Remember to wrap it up, sign your name and write a few words of good wishes ( 祝愿). Don’t forget: 7:30 Saturday evening, roof garden, Main Building. There’s definitely a lot of fun. Everybody is welcome. That’s all. Thanks for listening! 语法复习: 主谓语一致 1)主语是一个抽象概念(包括不定式、动名词和名词性从句作主语),谓语动词用单数。 2)如果主语是单数,尽管后面跟有:with , together with , as well as , no less than, rather ‎ than ,   like , but , besides , except , as much as, including , along with ...等引起的短语,谓语动词仍然用单数。 3)each , some , any , no , every 构成的复合代词;one of +复数名词 , many a , more than one ( a )   等所修饰的词作主语,它们的谓语都用单数。 4) people , police, cattle  等词作主语通常用复数。 5) majority , population , class , family , group , team , crowd , audience , army , government, company ,    enemy 等集体名词,按意思一致原则,作为整体,看作单数;指其中一个一个成员,看作复数。 6)表示时间、重量、长度、价值等的名词作主语,尽管是复数,谓语动词用单数。 7)or , either ... or ... , neither ... nor ... , not ... but ... , not only ... but also... 等连接两个主语时,谓语动词用 就近一致原则。 8)以 there , here , such 引起的句子,而主语又不只一个,谓语动词用就近一致原则。 9)以what 引起的主语从句,all , most , half , the rest , the remainder 等引起的主语,谓语动词按意思一 致的原则处理。 10)关系词who, that , which 引起的定语从句中的谓语动词应该与先行词在数和人称取得一致。但    one of + 复数名词 + that从句。从句的谓语动词应用复数,而the ( only ) one of +复数名词 + that    从句,从句的谓语动词应用单数。 11)当 the与原级形容词连用,表示一类人时;或某些以-s(es) 结尾的人名,指一家人、夫妻俩或同名 同姓的若干人时,谓语动词用复数。 12) 一些只有复数形式的词作主语时( clothes , trousers , shoes , ...),谓语动词应用复数形式;但前面有a pair of 修饰时,则用单数。 13)分数或百分数+名词构成的短语作主语时,谓语动词则依据短语后面的名词的数来决定。 14)代词 none, neither 作主语时,主要根据说话人的意思来决定。 15)在四则运算中,谓语动词用单、复数均可。  16) a great deal of ( a large amount of , a large quantity of , a lot of ) + 不可数名词,谓语动词用单数。 17)a number of , ( a large quantity of , a lot of ) + 可数名词的复数,谓语动词用复数。但the number of + 主语,其谓语动词用单数。  18)主语中有连词 and 时,要注意:  (1)and连接的几个不同事物,谓语动词用复数。 (2) and 连接的不同事物,如果它们前面都有定冠词或物主代词修饰,表示不同的对象,谓语动 词用复数;如果定冠词只出现在第一个成分之前,则指的是同一个事物,谓语动词用单数。 ‎ ‎  (3)通常用两个部件配成的物品,或并列的主语指一种东西或事物、概念时,谓语动词用单数。   (4)在each... and each...,each ... and ... , every ... and... , every ... and evry ... , no ... and no...      后面的谓语动词用单数形式。 (5)one and a half 后面应接复数名词,但其谓语动词应用单数。    ‎ ‎ 高考前知识清理(2)       Time month n. 月,月份 January n. 1月 February n. 2月 March n. 3月 April  . 4月 May   5月 June n . 6月 July] n. 7月 August    8月 September n. 9月 October  . 10月 November n. 11月 December n. 12月 week   星期,周 Sunday n. 星期日 Monday    星期一 Tuesday    星期二 Wednesday n. 星期三 Thursday n. 星期四 Friday  星期五 Saturday   星期六 fortnight  十四日,两星期 season  . 季;季节 spring   .春天,春季 summer   夏天,夏季 autumn   秋天,秋季 winter  冬天,冬季,萧条期 dawn n. 黎明,拂晓 morning   早晨,上午 evening   傍晚,晚上 midday  中午, 正午 noon  中午,正午 day    天,日;白天 night   . 夜;夜间 tonight  今晚,今夜 today . 今天,现在,当前 now   现在, 目前, 此刻 yesterday . 昨天 tomorrow 明天, 未来 everyday .每日的,日常的 time 时间次数vt. 计时, 定时 ‎ year n. 年, 年龄, 年岁 century n. 世纪,百年 daily 每日的 每天 n. 日报 date    日期;约会, 枣 former 以前的, 前者 future    将来 hour 小时, 钟头,课时 minute 分钟,一会儿,瞬间 modern 现代的, 时髦的 once 一次, 从前conj. 一旦 past 过 n. 过去,走过某处 period 时期,时代,学时 second 秒, 次货, 二等品 stage n. 舞台;阶段 age   年龄;时代Colour black 黑色 a. 黑色的 blue [blu:] n. 蓝色 a.蓝色的 bright 明亮的;聪明的 brown 褐色,棕色, 褐色的 colour (color) n. 颜色 vt.涂色 dark 黑暗,日暮 暗淡的;深色的 darkness 黑暗,阴暗 flame [fleim] n. 火焰,光辉 flaming a. 火红的;火焰般的 green 绿色的,青的 n.绿色 greengrocer (英) 蔬菜水果商 grey / gray 灰色的;灰白的 light 明亮的,轻的,浅色 pale  . 苍白的,灰白的 pink 粉红色的, 石竹花 red   红色 a.红色的 shine 发光,照耀,杰出,擦亮 white 白色的 n. 白色 yellow   黄色的 重点词汇: come come to a conclusion  做出结论    come about 发生、产生,造成 come across (偶然)遇到,找到,想到     come to an end  结束 come alone vi. 跟上去;快点;进行     come back     回想起 come down vi.   下降      come down from   从...传下来 come from 来自,是(某地的)人  come into being (existence)开始存在,建立,产生 come into effect (force) 开始生效 come near (close) to doing sth. 差一点就. come to + 数词 共计、达到   come true 变为现实,实现 come off 从...离开, 脱落  come on (upon) = come across ‎ ‎ come out vi. 出来;出发、出版、出版;开花,发芽   ‎ come of出生于.家庭/由..造成的,是..的结果  come up 抬头/上来/上升,走过来/到来;提及,被提出长出来   ‎ come up with产生,发现(解决办法、答案等) come along  一起来        come by努力获得 come to + 名词  来到(某地)     come to + 名词 谈到,涉及到            come to  恢复知觉;苏醒过来  come to do/ like/understand/realize/see/know sth:“逐渐.” 句型复习 1. How long have you been here ?    How soon will you be back ?   How often do you see him ? 2. What is the weight (distance, number, population, price …) of …? 3. How will you deal with…? What will you do with…? 4. You are (have, can, will), so am (have, can, shall) I. You aren’t (haven’t, can’t, won’t) , neither (nor) am (have, can, shall) I. You are not…, I am not … either. …. So it is with … (It is the same with…) He is a student.  So he is. 6. Child as he is , …      Much as I like it, …    Try as you may (will), 语法复习: 情态动词 【表示能力】can  to able to 这两个都可以表示能力。can指单纯的表示一个人有某种能力。而be able to 则表示某人通过努力、克服困难做成某事。另外be able to还可以用于各种时态;can只能用 于现在或过去(could)。 【表示许可】  can ( could ) may ( might ) 可以表示许可。用它们的过去式,则语气更加委婉、客 气。can主要用于第一、二人称。may主要用于第一人称。 注意:用May I…征求对方的许可比较正式,语气比较客气;而用Can I….常用于口语中。 【表示必须】must  have to  ought to  should都可以表示必须、应该、必要。但它们用法各异。 must    表示要做什么的愿望是发自内心的主动的; have to    指要做某事是被动的受某种压力而为的; ought to    表示应该、理应做什么; should    表示应该多含有责备之一。 【表示虚拟】 should  用在表示请求、建议、命令等次后面的从句中,should可以省略。也可以用在if 引导的条件状语从句中表示与将来事实可能相反。 would 用在含有if引导的条件状语从句的主句中。也可以用其它情态动词。 【其它情态动词的用法】 ◎ need 作为情态动词表示“需要、必须”,仅用于否定句或疑问句。在肯定句中一般用must, have to, ought to或should代替。 ‎ ‎◎ dare 作为情态动词主要用于疑问句、否定句或条件状语从句中,一般不用于肯定句中。 ◎ I dare say 是一个固定搭配。表示“我猜测,可能、或许”后面一般跟从句。 ◎ shall  用于第一人称,表示征求对方的意见(说话人做某事)。 用于第一、第三人称疑问句中,表示说话人征求对方的意见或向对方请示。用于第二、第三人称,表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺或威胁。 ◎ will一般用于第二人称表示请求、建议对方做某事;用would语气就更加委婉。也可以表示意愿、愿望和决心。 ◎ had better  “最好做什么”      ‎ ‎◎ would rather “宁愿做什么” 情态动词表示“推测”的用法 情态动词表示“推测”时,要记住“三种推测两种形式”。 ◎ 三种推测:①对过去发生动作或状态的推测; ②对现在状态的推测;          ③对将来发生动作或状态的推测 ◎ 两种形式:①用情态动词加完成事态表示对过去发生动作或状态的推测;        ②用情态动词加动词原型表示对现在或将来发生动作或状态的推测 must have done    表示过去一定做了什么,语气十分肯定 can’t have done    表示过去不可能过了什么,语气也比较肯定(是上面的否定形式) needn’t have done   表示过去没有必要做什么但已经做了。 should have done     过去该做什么但没有做。(含有责备的意思)。 shouldn’t have done   表示过去不该做什么但做了。(含有责备的意思) would have done     表示过去会做什么,而没有做。 ought to have done   表示过去该做什么而没有做。(是职责和义务) must do sth. / must be doing sth. 表示现在或将来一定在做什么。 will be  表示推测,主要用于第二、三人称,是对目前情况的推测。 ‎ ‎         高考前知识清理 (3)      Animal 1.  animal n. 动物 ant n. 蚂蚁 bat n. 蝙蝠 bear n. 熊 beast [bi:st] n. 野兽;牲畜 bee .. 蜜蜂 beef [bi:f] n. 牛肉 bird n. 鸟,禽类 bull [bul] n. 公牛 buttrfly camel n. 骆驼 cat n. 猫 cattle n. 牛(总称),家畜 chicken n. 鸡;鸡肉 cock n. 公鸡, 头目v. 翘起 cow 母牛,奶牛 deer n. (单复数相同)鹿 dog n. 狗 duck n. 鸭子 egg n. 蛋;卵 elephant n. 象 fish 鱼;鱼肉 vi. 钓鱼;捕鱼 fox n. 狐狸 frog n. 青蛙 fly [flai] n. 飞行;苍蝇 goat n. 山羊 goose (复 geese) n. 鹅 hawk n. 鹰, 鹰派成员 hen [hen] n. 母鸡 horse n. 马 vi. 骑马 kangaroo n. 大袋鼠 lamb n. 羔羊 lion n. 狮子 meat (猪、牛、羊等的)肉 monkey n. 猴子 mouse (mice) n.鼠,耗子,鼠标 mutton n. 羊肉 nest 巢;窝 ox (复oxen) n. 牛;公牛 ‎ ‎ panda n. 熊猫 parrot n. 鹦鹉 vt. 学舌 pest . 害虫 pet 宠物,爱畜, 宠爱 pig n. 猪, 猪肉, 贪婪的人 pork n. 猪肉 rabbit . 兔,家兔 rat  大老鼠 seal 海豹n.&v.封铅,封条,印 sheep 羊, 绵羊, 羞答答的人 skin 皮,皮肤;兽皮 snake 蛇 v. 蛇般爬行 sparrow n. 麻雀 squirrel n. 松鼠 tail 尾部, 尾巴, , 后部 tiger 老虎, 虎, 凶暴的人 trunk     象鼻 whale [weil, hw-] n. 鲸 wing 机翼,翅膀 wolf 狼, 残忍贪婪之人 worm 软体虫,蠕虫 Plant bamboo n. 竹 branch 树枝, 分店,支部 bush 灌木丛,矮树丛 flower  花 forest n. 森林 grass 草;草场;牧草 hay 作饲料用的干草 leaf (复 leaves)(树,菜)叶 pine 松树, 树木v.消瘦, 憔悴 plant  植物 root 根,根源,起源 rose n. 玫瑰花, 玫瑰红 seed [si:d] n. 种子 shade 阴凉处,树荫处,黑暗 shadow . 影子,阴影,庇护 tree 树, 木料, 树状物 trunk 干线, 树干, 躯干, 箱子 weed . 杂草,野草 wood 木头, 木材, 树木 wooden a. 木制的 重点词汇take take a look at 看一看      take a nap 小睡 take a taxi 打的        take a job   接受(工作) take a bet    打赌     take a chance  碰碰运气,冒...风险 ‎ take a risk    冒风险              take a seat  坐下 take an interest in   对...有兴趣      take a photograph ( of ) 照一张相 be taken up with 忙于(某事);喜欢        take after   长得像,性格等像 take aim     瞄准     take along 随身携带 take ...as... 看作,认为           take away    拿走;减去; take back  收回(诺言,话语等);送还;退(货) take back to  使回想起  take cold   感冒,伤风    take ill (sick)  突然生病   take control of    控制住,管住      take.for (to be) sth.(错)当作,以为是 take ...for example  以...为例       take hold of   抓住;吸引住 take down   拿下来,取下来;记下来     take effect   开始起作用;生效 take delight (pleasure) in sth.喜欢(做)某事   take delight (pleasure) in doing sth. take care 当心  take care to do sth.       take care that... take care of 照料,料理,当心,注意;处理,对付  ‎ take charge (of) 负责(处理某事或照料某人);接管   take sth.拿,取,带;吃,喝;占领,赢得; take..for granted 想当然认为(会是某种情况);认为是理所当然 take it for granted that... 句型 do nothing but do sth.         could not choose but do sth. There is nothing to do but do sth.   Sb. has nothing to do but do sth. desire(care for) nothing but to do sth. have no choice but to do sth. He is dead.        He has died.        He has been dead for three years. He left home two weeks ago.     It is two weeks since he left home. He has been away from home for two weeks. Do you mind if I smoke here ?   Do you mind my(me) smoking here ? Would you mind if I smoked here ? After she had worked for four hours, she stopped to have a rest. = Having worked for four hours, she stopped to have a rest. We caught sight of a wolf while we ere climbing the mountain. = While climbing the mountain, we caught sight of a wolf. 范文背诵(议论文)    Smoking and Health Everyone knows smoking is bad for health. People who smoke too much may not live as long as non-smoking. Millions of people die form smoking each year. Smoking causes many illnesses. Those who often smoke have bad teeth. A lot of people always cough because of smoking. One of the most serious illnesses caused by smoking is lung cancer Many people suffer form this terrible disease and lose their lives. Smoking is not only bad for smokers, but also bad for non-smokers, especially women and children. Their health may suffer because of cigarettes.  Smoking is definitely bad for health. I hope that all smokers can give up smoking, both for themselves and also for the people around them. Let’s enjoy clean air together! 语法复习: 倒装 1、部分倒装(助动词倒装)  是指把谓语的一部分(助动词)提到主语的前面。例: ‎ ‎    Never in my life have I seen such a thing.   1)句首为否定词或否定意义的词语时,句子要部分倒装。    ( not , not only , never , little , seldom , hardly... )   2)hardly ( scarcely ) , no sooner 引导的部分在句首要部分倒装。   3)not only ... but also ...  引导两个并列句,前倒后不倒。   4)only在句首引导状语,或Not until 引导的状语在句首,主句要部分倒装。   5)if 从句中如有 were ( had , should ) , if 省去后,要部分倒装。 6)as 引导的让步状语从句,要部分倒装表语、状语倒装)。 7)状语位于句首表示强调或使句子平衡,或使上下文紧密衔接,句子要部分倒装. 8) so … that … 结构中,如果so在句首,主句要部分倒装。注意,so必须和它修饰的 形容词或副词一道移至句首。  2、完全倒装(主谓倒装)  是指把谓语全部提到主语的前面。例:     In a lecture hall of a university in England sits a professor.    1)由here , there , now , then ... 引导的句子,要完全倒装。   2)句首是拟声词、直接引语或 away , down ,out, in, up等副词,句子要完全倒装。(但主语如是代词则不倒装)   3)介词短语作地点状语在句首,句子要完全倒装。   4) 当形容词、过去分词、介词短语做表语位于句首时,要完全倒装。 Present at the meeting were Professor White, Professor Smith and many other guests. Gone are the days when they could do what they liked to the Chinese people. Among the goods are Christmas trees, flowers, candles and toys.   5)So do ( am ) I . 或Nor ( Neither) do (am ) I. 是完全倒装,其主句与前一句的主语各是一人。 ‎ ‎ 高考知识清理 (4)          Nature 1.  bank n.(河、海、湖)岸,堤 bay 湾; 海湾 beach n. 海滨,海滩 canal n. 运河;水道 cave . 洞,穴;地窖 channel n.频道;通道;水渠 coast n. 海岸;海滨 desert n. 沙漠 disaster n. 灾难;祸患 fire n. 火/灾 vi. 开火,解雇 fireplace n. 壁炉 firewood n. 木柴 fireworks n. 焰火 flood n.洪水 vt. 淹没,使泛滥 fountain n. 喷泉 freeze 结冰 freezing a. 冻结的;极冷的 hill 小山;丘陵;土堆 hole n. 洞,坑 hurricane n. 飓风, 狂风 ice 冰冻, 冰冻食 lake 湖 moon 月球, 月亮, 卫星 mountain(s) n. 山,山脉 mountainous a.多山的 mud n. 泥, 泥浆 nature n. 自然, 性质,种类 natural a.自然的, 天生的 ocean n. 海洋, 许多, 广阔 Oceania n. 大洋洲 orbit 轨道,生活常规,眼眶 plain 家常,普通n.平原, 草原 planet n. 行星 pool 水塘,水池, 撞球, 联营 prairie n. 大草原, 牧场 river n. 江;河;水道;巨流 rock n.&v. 岩石,暗礁,石头 sand n. 沙, 沙子,沙滩, 沙地 ‎ sea 海洋, 大浪, 大量, 许多 seashell n. 海贝 seaside n.&a. 海滨, 海边 shore n. 滨,岸 spring n. 泉水, 泉 star n. 星, 恒星, 明星, 名角 steam [sti:m] n.&v. 汽,水蒸气 stone n. 石头,石料 strait [streit] n. 海峡 stream [stri:m] n. 小河; 溪流 sun n. 太阳,阳光 sunburnt a. 晒黑的 sunglasses n. 太阳眼镜,墨镜 sunlight n. 日光, 阳光, 日照 sunny 晴朗的;阳光充足的 sunrise n. 日出,拂晓 sunset n. 日落, 晚年 sunshine n. 阳光 valley n. 山谷, 溪谷 water n.水,雨水,海水v.浇水 wave波浪, 示意v. 挥手挥动 well n. 井 Universe abroad ad. 到(在)国外 air n. 空气;大气 earth n. 地球;土,泥;大地 earthquake n. 地震 field 田地;牧场;场地 foreign a. 外国的 foreigner n. 外国人 globe n. 地球仪;地球 ground n. 地面,土地,战场 heaven n. 天,天空, 天堂 international a国际的 land n. 陆地;土地 v. 登岸(陆);降落 room [ru:m]n.空间,地方,余地 sky [skai] n. 天;天空 skyscraper n. 摩天楼 soil 土壤,土地, 国土, 温床 space 空间, 间隔, 空地 spaceship n. 宇宙飞船 universe n.宇宙, 世界 world n.世界,世事,世故,社会 ‎ world-famous a. 世界闻名的 worldwide a. 遍及全球的 put  put sth.  放,搁   put sth. +介词短语 使...处于某种状态  put sb. to do sth.  使...做...      put aside  放下,放在一边 put away   收起来   put back   放回原处;推迟 put down  放下,写下;镇压,取缔    put ... in prison   把…投进监狱 put off  put off + n. put off + doing sth.  推迟,延期 put on  穿上,戴上,上演,表演,装出  put on weight  发福、 增加体重 put out   扑灭.使熄灭;出版;广播    put though   接通电话  put sb. to the trouble of 麻烦某人(做…)    put up with  忍受,容忍 句型复习:   1. It is + 被强调部分 + that ... 将被强调的部分放在前面,其它部分置于that之后.被强调部分可以是主语,宾语,表语或状语.强调的主语如果是人,that可以由who换用.如果把这种句型结构划掉后,应该是一个完整无缺的句子. 2. It is not until + 被强调部分 + that ... 句型2 主要用于强凋时间状语,译成汉语"直到...才...",可以说是 not ... until ... 的强调形式 3. It is clear ( obvious, true, possible, certain....) that .....常译为"清楚(显然,真的,肯定...)" . 4. It is important ( necessary, right, strange, natural...) that ... 5. It is said (reported, learned....) that ...   该结构常译为"据说(据报道,据悉...)"  6. It is suggested ( ordered ... ) that ... 句型6 中的过去分词应该是表示请求,建议,命令等词,that 后的从句要用虚拟语气(should + 动词原形),should 可以省.常译为"据建议;有命令...) 7. It is a pity ( a shame ... ) that ...   从句一般用虚拟语气(should + 动词原形),should以省去.表示出乎意料,常译为"竟然".没有这种意义时,则不用虚拟语气. 8. It is time ( about time ,high time ) that ...  that 后的从句应该用虚拟语气,值得注意的是① 用过去时态表示虚拟.② should + 动词原形,should 不能省.常译为"是(正是)...的时侯..." 9. It is the first ( second ... ) time that ... 句型9要和句型8区别开来,该句型中的 that 从句不用虚拟语气,而用完成时态,至于用什么完成时态,由主句的谓语动词的时态决定,如果是一般现在时,后面从句用现在完成时态;如果是一般过去时,后面从句则用过去完成时态.该结构中 that 可以省去;it有时用 this 替换.常译为"是第一(二)...次..." 范文背诵:议论说明文 On the Internet The Internet is playing a more and more important part in our daily life. On the net, we can learn news both at home and abroad and all kinds of other information as well. We can also send messages by E-mail, make phone calls, go to net school, read various kinds of books and learn ‎ foreign languages by ourselves. Besides, we can enjoy music, watch sports matches and play chess or cards. On the net, we can even do shopping, have a chat with others and make friends with them. In a word, the Internet has made our life more colorful. 语法复习: 冠词 不用冠词的情况 A. 学科名词前不加冠词        B. 体育或动名词前不加冠词. C. 形容词的最高级不含比较意义,而只表示"非常"时,不加"the". D. 形容词的最高级只用于本身不同情况的比较而不是与其它事物的比较时,不加"the". E. 广场,公园,街道,建筑物以及重要的机构或处所的名词前不加"the". F. 季节,月份,星期,节日,假日,一日三餐的名词前不加"the". G. 普通名词+as 引起的让步状语从句中,名词前不加冠词. H. 在独立主格结构中不加冠词.    例如: gun in hand I. turn(go)作为"变成"讲时,后面所跟的名词前不加冠词. rather , quite 后面的冠词问题 rather a difficult job = a rather difficult job  English is quite a useful tool. = English is a quite useful tool. 词组中的冠词 go to school  go to the school    at school      at the school go to prison  go to the prison  take advice(征询他人意见)  take the advice(听人劝告) take place    take the place    go to town      go to the countryside in town   in the city   out of question(毫无问题)  out of the question(完全不可能) ‎ ‎ 高考知识清理(5) Country 1.  continent大陆,大洲,陆地 country n.国家,农村,乡下 nation n. 民族,国家 national a.国家的,民族的 nationality n.国籍 republic n.&a共和国,共和 state 国家,州,政府 Africa n. 非洲 African a.非洲(人)的,非洲人 America n. 美国;美洲 American 美国(人)的,美国人 Antarctic a. 南极的 Antarctica n. 南极洲 Arab a. 阿拉伯的 阿拉伯人 the Arctic 北极 Asia n. 亚洲 Asian a. 亚洲(人)的n. 亚洲人 the Atlantic Ocean大西洋 Australia n.澳洲,澳大利亚 Australian n. 澳大利亚人 Britain n. 英国;不列颠 British大不列颠的;英国(人)的 the British n. 大不列颠人 Canada n. 加拿大 Canadian a.加拿大(人)的 China n. 中国, 瓷器 Chinese a.中国(人)的;汉语的 England n.英格兰 English a. 英国的/人的,英语 English-speaking a. 说英语的 Europe n. 欧洲 European 欧洲人 France n. 法国 French 法语 a法国的/人的 Frenchman (-men)法国人(男) German a. 德国(人)德语的 Germany n. 德国 Greece n. 希腊 ‎ ‎ Greek 希腊,希腊语 Iceland n. 冰岛 Ireland n. 爱尔兰 Italian a. 意大利(人)/语的 Italy n. 意大利 Japan n. 日本 Japanese n.日本人,日语 London n. 伦敦 Mexican a.墨西哥的/人 Mexico n. 墨西哥 New York n. 纽约 New Zealand 新西兰 Ottawa n. 渥太华 the Pacific Ocean n. 太平洋 Paris n. 巴黎 Russia n. 俄罗斯,俄国 Russian a. 俄国人(的),俄语 Scotland n. 苏格兰 Spain 西班牙 Spanish ] n. 西班牙语 Swiss 瑞士人的 n. 瑞士人 Switzerland n. 瑞士 Street 1.  address n. 地址 area n.面积,地方,范围,领域 avenue n. 大道 block vt. 阻塞;阻挡 n. 大块;块;街区;路障 city n. 市,城市,都市 district n. 区,地区,区域 passage n.通过,经过,通道 pass  传,递;经过. 通行证 passenger n. 乘客,旅客 passer-by n. 过客,过路人 path n. 小道,小径 place 地方 v. 放置安置,职位, position n.位置,职位,立场 province n. 省 rail 铁轨, 横杆, 围栏, 扶手 railway 铁路;铁道 region n区域, 地方, 领域 road n. 路,道路 route  路;路线;航线 spot n. 斑点,地点 v. 沾污,弄脏 ‎ ‎ street  街,街道 town  城镇,城 village n. 村庄,乡村 villager n. 村民 way 路,路线,方式,手段 zone n. 区域; 范围 词汇: do do a good deed 做件好事   do away with 废除,破除,取消,消除,干掉 do well 做得对,做得好    do with 处理,安排,多和what连用) do with 想要,需要(多和can连用)   do with 受不了,不能(多和can’t连用) do good   做好事     do wrong 做坏事、犯罪 do about sth. 对.想某种办法或采取某种行为   do up 收拾,整理,打扮;包,扎,系  do sb. a favour (kindness) 帮一个忙       do sb. the favour to do sth. (that..)帮忙做. do wonder = work wonder 创造奇迹    ‎ do one’s bit (duty) 尽一份力(履行职责,做份内的事) do everything (all) one can 尽一切努力,尽力去做    do sb. good (harm) = do good (harm) to sb. 对...有好处(害处) do one’s best = try one’s best  尽...最大的努力 do something (nothing , anything, little, much) to do with 与...有...关系 do sb. wrong = do wrong to sb. 委屈,冤枉某人,做对不起某人的事 句型  10. It is .... since ... 主要用作处理瞬间动词的完成时,又要和表示一段时间时间状语连用的问题.主句中是时间作表语,一般是现在时或完成时,since 引导的从句一般是一般过去时态,而且是瞬间动词.如果主句是一般过去时,从句则用过去完成时. 11. It is ... when ... when 引导的是一个时间状语从句,主句中的 it 指时间,表语由具体的时间充当.常译为"当...的时候,是..." 12. It be ... before ... 主句时态只有将来一般时或过去时两种时态.主句中的表语多是long, not long , 3 days , 2 weeks 等时间.常译为"...之后..." 13. It happens (seems, appears ) that... 14. It takes sb. ... to do sth.   it是形式主语,句型中的直接宾语是时间.常译为"做...要花费某人..."  15. It is no good (use ) doing sth. 句型号15中的真正主语是动名词短语,主句中的表语可以是no good , ( not any good ) , no use , ( not any use )  16. It doesn't matter whether ( if ) ...    常译为 "不论(是否)...没关系... 范文背诵:便条 Mr Li, I have just received a letter from my home saying that my grandma is badly ill and asking me to go home at once. Because of this, I would like to have a leave of three days beginning on Oct. 8. I hope that you can allow  me  to  go. Zhang Hua Enclose: a letter from my home. ‎ I.‎‎ 语法复习:  省略与替代 一、动词不定式中的省略  1.在下列动词see ,watch ,notice , observe , look at , make , have ,let , hear , listen to , feel等后的不定式做宾补,要省略不定式符号。  2.在...do nothing but / except do ...的结构中,在介词but或except后作宾语时不定式符号要省略。  3.在would rather和had better后不定式符号要省略。  4.在几个不定式并列时,第二个、第三个不定式的不定式符号要省略。  5.在expect ,forget , like ,want , wish , try , have , need , used , ought , be able , be going 等动词和动词词组后接的不定式中,不定式符号后面的动词原形常省略。 二、从句中的省略。 在if , as if ,while , when , where , although , unless , what , whether等引起的状语从句中可以省略主谓部分。 Mistakes, if any ,should be corrected .( = if there are any mistakes) Please come again ,if possible.(= if it possible for you to come) Fill in the proper articles where necessary.(= where they are necessary) He won’t come ,unless invited .(= unless he is invited) He opened his lips as if to say something .(= as if he were going to say something) 三、从句中的省略 在if引起的从句中如有等词倒装时,省略if。    Were I you, I would not do it. Had we known your telephone number, I would have given you a phone call. 2. We have finished our homework, so have they. (= and they have finished their homework , too)    If you don't go to the concert, neither shall I. (= I shall not go to the concert either) 3.宾语从句中连词that引起的宾语从句和定语从句中的关系代词that、which,whom等  在定语从句中作宾与可以省略that。 四、介词的省略  prevent sb (from) doing sth.   stop sb (from) doing sth.  have trouble / difficulty (in) doing sth.        spend time / money (in) doing sth.        be busy (in) doing sth.     替代: 省略与代替的作用是什么? so代替前面句子中已经表达过的词,短语或句子(多是宾与从句). 与so 连用的常用动词有: hope , believe, think , be afraid , expect , surprise, imagine等. 用not代替so的情况.  用不定式符号代替不定式. 5. 用do在句子中代替其它动词. ‎ ‎        高考知识清理(6) . direction afterwards 后来 backward(s) 向后 eastwards . 向东 northwards 向北 westwards 向西 east 东方的, 朝东的 eastern 东方的;东部的 northern 北方的,北部的 northwest 西北 north 北;朝北,北部 northeast 东北(部) middle .中间;当中;中级的 south 南, 南方, 南风 southeast 东南 southern 南部的,南方的 southwest 西南 west 西方, 西部 western 西方的,西部的 westerner n. 西方人 ahead 在前,向前 around 在周围,在附近 border 边缘,边境,国界 bottom 底部;底 central 中心的,中央;主要的 centre (美 center ) 中心,中央 corner . 角;角落;拐角 direction 方向;方位 distance 距离 distant 远的,遥远的 edge 边缘 far远的;远地(farther,farthest,further,furthest) Forward 将来,今后,向前 front  前面的;前部的 frontier 前沿,边界,前线 head (朝某方向)前进 left 左边 ad. 向左 n. 左(边) left-handed a. 惯用左手的 right 右边 ad. 正确地,恰恰,完全地 top 顶部,顶端,极点,顶蓬 ‎ ‎ widespread a. 分布广;普遍的 表示方位或时间的介词 1.  ago 以前 after 在后;后来. before 在…前/前面 during 在…期间/过程中 from prep. 从;从…起;来自 next .最近,隔壁;下一次 since 自从,后来 then 当时,那时;然后;那 throughout 遍及,贯穿, 始终, till 直到,…为止 until .直到…为止 about 大约;到处, 关于;在 above 在…上面,上面的 among在(三个以上)之间 aside 在旁边 at 在(几点), 在(某处) behind在后面,向后(位置) below 在……下面 beneath 在…下方(面) beside prep. 在……旁边;靠近 between (两)之间; beyond (位置)在…那边 by 靠近,在…旁;在…时间 close 亲密的;近,靠近 ad. 近,靠近 down 沿着,沿…而下, 向下 downstairs ad. 在楼下;到楼下 downward 向下 in 在…里(内);在…以… into 到…里,向内,变成 near 近的 ad. 附近,邻近 prep. 在……附近,靠近 on 在…上(时),关于 over 在…上方,越过,遍及 ad. 翻倒;遍布;越过;结束 out 出外;在外,向外;熄 outdoors 在户外,在野外 outer 外部的,外面的 outside 外面 ad. 在外面 outward(s) 向外的,外出 side 边,旁边,面,侧面 to 向, 往, 给..., 比 ‎ toward(s) 向,朝,对于 under 在/ 向…下面 up 向上, 到(较高的地方 upper 较高的,较上的 upstairs 在楼上,到楼上 upward(s) 向上;往上 重点词汇 :  have  have sth. = have got sth.  有; have sth. 吃,喝, have a good trip  一路顺风   have a talk with 与...谈话 have a seat  坐下     have a test  参加测验 have to  不得不做... had better do sth.  最好(做...) have a ...time 过得...  have...about (on) sb.  身边带有...   have a word (a few words) with 和...讲(几)句话  ‎ have an effect on (upon) 对...有影响 have difficulty in ( doing ) sth.(做)..有困难(麻烦)  have pity on  可怜, 同情 have none of   不允许   have on 着,带着  有事、有约会 have something to do with  有...要做   have...to do with  和...有关系 have sports    进行体育活动 have sb. do sth.  have sb. done  have sb. doing sth.  have sb. + 介词短语/副词 have a talk (rest, look at, drink, wash, fight, walk, dream, bath, dance, smoke... 重要句型 : 17. It is kind ( of sb. ) to do sth. 不定式如果须要逻辑主语,则须要前置介词 of而句型中的形容词必须是能表示逻辑主语特征的形容词,常见的有: bad , brave , careless, clever , cruel , foolish , good (好心的), honest , horrible , kind , lazy , modest , naughty , nice(有教养的), polite, rude , silly , stupid , wise , wrong(错误的),可以改写为: sb. is kind to do sth. 18. It is necessary ( for sb. ) to do sth. 句型18中的真正主语是不定式短语,不定式的逻辑主语前必须 用介词 for,主句中的形容词通常是表示重要性,紧迫性,频繁程度,难易,安全等情况的形容词,常见的形容词有:① important, necessary, natural ② easy , safe , common , normal , hard , difficult , dangerous , unusual, rare , impossible , pleasant 在①中的形容词作表语可以用从句改写,如: It is important for her to come to the party. = It is important that she (should ) come to the party 19. It looks ( seems ) as if ... 句型19中的 as if 引导一个状语从句,常译为,"看起来好象..."如果与事实不相符合,则用虚拟语气. It looks as if he is ill.(真的病了)It looks as if he were ill. (没有生病)It seemed as if he were dying. 20. We think it important to learn a foreign language. 该句型中的it 作形式宾语。可称该句型为“6123结构”。   6 指主句中常用的动词:think, believe, make, find, consider, feel; 1 指的是形式宾语 it;  2 指的是宾补的两种形式:形容词或名词;  3 指的是真正宾语的三种形式:不定式短语,动名词短语或that引导的宾语从句。 21. It is (just) like sb. to do sth. ‎ ‎  该句型为“某人(恰恰)是。。。这个样子”。用来表示赞扬或不满,若用否定式,则表示怀疑。   It’s like him to leave the work to others.      他就是这样的一个人,把工作推给别人。 It isn’t like him to have said anything like that.  他可不是说出那种话的人。 22. It is up to sb. to do sth. 该句型为“该由某人做。。。”。该句型中up后的to是介词。 范文背诵(一封短信) June lst,2005 Dear Peter, We're so glad you're coming to join us on Sunday. Here is how you can find us. We'll have our picnic in the People's Park. You know where that is, don't you? After you enter the park by the main gate, walk straight on till you come to a stream. Cross the stream and turn right. After walking for a while you'll come to a hill. Walk around to the other side of the hill. There you'll see a lake. We'll have our picnic there in the small woods by the lake. I'm sure you'll have no trouble finding us. Do come! Li Hua 语法复习: 同位语从句  一、在复合句中用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。它一般跟在某些名词后面,用以说明该名词表示的具体内容。   二、可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有new,idea,fact,promise,question,doubt,thought,hope,message,suggestion,word(消息),possibility等。   三、英语中引导同位语从句的词通有连词 that,whether,连接副词 how,when,where等。(注:if,which 不能引导同位语从句。)   四、有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在说明的名词后面,而被别的词隔开。   五、同位语从匈与定语从句的区别。   1、同位语从句与前面的名词是同位关系,即说明它前面名词的内容;而定语从句与前面的名词是修饰与被修饰关系,即限定它前面的名词范围,或补充一些情况。   2、引导同位语从句的that是连词,在从句中不充当任何成份,而引导定语从句的that是关系代词,除起连接作用外,还在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语等。     ‎ ‎   英语高考前基础知识清理(7)     Sense 1.  gaze v. 凝视,注视 glance vi. 匆匆一看;一瞥 glare v. 瞪眼/怒目而视;闪耀 hear v. 听见;听说, 得知 hearing n. 听力 listen vi. 听, 听从, 收听 look  脸色v. 看, 看起来 observe v. 观察,监视,观测 stare vi. 盯,凝视 see 看见,看到;领会;拜会 sight 情景,风景;视力, 视域 sightseeing n. 游览,观光 sense n.&v 感觉,意识, 认识 sensible a.有感觉,明智的 sensitive a.敏感的,灵敏的 smell n.气味v.嗅,闻到,发气味 smelly a. 有臭味的,发臭的 taste n. 味道vt.体验,感到 tasteless a. 无滋味的 tasty a. 好吃的, 可口的 touch 触, 触觉, 接触, view n. 看法,见解;风景, viewer 观看者,观众,阅读器 watch vt. 观看当心 n. 手表Attraction 1.  act 法令,条例 v. 表演, 扮演,演出;行动,做事 action n. 行动 active a. 积极的,主动的 activity n. 活动 amaze v 惊奇,惊叹;震惊 astonish vt. 使惊讶 attract v. 吸引,引起 attractive 迷人的,有吸引力的 busy a. 忙(碌)的 fact n. 事实,现实 free 自由的,空闲的;免费的 freedom n. 自由 freeway n. 高速公路 fun . 有趣的事,娱乐,玩笑 ‎ ‎ funny 有趣的,滑稽可笑的 gentle 温柔的,轻轻的 gesture n. 姿势,手势 humorous a.幽默,诙谐 humour (humor) n.幽默 hurry vi. 赶快;急忙 interest n. 兴趣,趣味,利息 interesting a. 有趣的 joke  n. 笑话 manner  n. 方式,态度,举止 noble a. 高贵的,贵族的 polite a.有礼貌的,有教养的 rough a.& ad. 粗糙的,粗暴的 rude 无理的,粗鲁的,残暴的 savage 野蛮人,未开化的人 surprise n.&v. 惊奇,诧异 wild 未开发的/荒凉的/野生的 wildlife n. 野生动物 catch 1.  catch v.接住,捉住,赶,染上病 grasp v. 抓住;紧握 hold vt.拿,抱,握住,举行,进行 seize vt. 抓住, 逮住, 夺取 snatch n.&v. 夺,夺得,夺走 drive v. 驾,开,驱赶 driver's license(美) 驾驶执照 a)  driving licence(英) hunt 寻找;狩猎,猎取 hunter n. 猎人 follow vt.跟随,仿效,跟得上 following a. 接着的;以下的 Push 1.  close vt. 关,关闭 drag v. 拖;拽 draw v.拉,拖,提取(金钱) drawer n. 抽屉 fold vt. 折叠;合拢 open a. 开着,开口 vt.打开 pull 拉,拖 n. 拉力,引力 push 推,推动,奋发,干劲 shut v. n.关,封闭,禁闭 重点词汇:  call  call  sb. 叫(喊)某人, 给某人打电话 call sb. + 名词/adj. 说...是..., 认为... ‎ ‎ call attention to  引起对...的注意    call away  叫走了 call back   回电话;叫回去    call for  要求、号召、约请 call in  招集、招来,找来;请来;收回    call names  骂(人)  call at ( a place ) 访问(某地) call on   拜访、访问 call out to sb. = shout at sb. 向某人吼(叫喊) call up 给某人打电话; 叫...起床 call on (upon) sb. = call at sb’s house 拜望,去会(某人)  call on (upon) sb. to do sth. 叫(请)某人作某事;号召;要求;呼吁 n.pay (make) a call on sb. 访问某人 =pay a visit to sb. give sb. a call = male a calltosb. 给...打电话  on call  随叫随到, 随时可用 need需要  1. 实义动词  need sth.  need to do sth.  need doing       2. 情态动词: 用于否定句,疑问句(较少用于肯定句)       He needn’t go out for such a thing .  Need you buy this book ? 3. n. 需要,必要(不可数);需要的东西(可数)a friend in need患难之交  / in need of需要 经典句型(3) 十四、It is time + S + 过去式 (该是 ... ... 的时候了) 例句:该是有关当局采取适当的措施来解决交通问题的时候了。   It is time the authorities concerned took proper steps to solve the traffic problems. 十五、Those who ~~~ (... ... 的人... ... ) 例句:违反交通规定的人应该受处罚。 Those who violate traffic regulations should be punished. 十六、That is the reason why ~~~ (那就是... ...的原因) 例句:夏天很热。那就是我不喜欢它的原因。 Summer is very hot. That is the reason why I don’t like it. 十七、For the past + 时间,S + 现在完成式 ... .. (过去... ...年来, ... ...一直... ...) 例句:过去两年来,我一直忙着准备考试。 For the past two years, I have been busy preparing for the examination. 过去三年来,我一直在这所学校教英语。  过去两年来,他一直在一家工厂当工人。 十八、Since + S + 过去式,S + 现在完成式 例句:自从他上高中以来,他一直很用功。 Since he went to senior high school, he has worked very hard. 自从我们认识以后,我们就成了好朋友。 十九、due to/Owing to/Thanks to + n./v-ing, ~~~ (因为......) 例句:因为他的鼓励,我终于实现我的梦想。 Thanks to his encouragement, I finally realized my dream. 环境保护/生态平衡的例句 As we know, pollution does great harm to human beings. With the development of agriculture and industry, more and more waste is produced. Now more and more people have come to realize how serious this problem is. Laws have been passed to protect our environment. A large quantity of trees should be planted. We must make good use of water and avoid polluting it. Our government is doing its best to take measures to fight against pollution.‎ ‎ Something must be done to prevent factories from polluting the air. Thus more effective measures should be taken immediately to protect wild animals. Only by this means can we stop the air from being polluted. Only in this way can we enjoy fresh air and live a healthy life. To protect ourselves, we must keep the balance of nature. We should take good care of the forest and plant more trees instead of cutting down so as to improve our living conditions. 解决方法题型 要求考生列举出解决问题的多种途径 1.????问题现状 2.????怎样解决(解决方案的优缺点)     In recent days, we have to face I problem-----A, which is becoming more and more serious. First, ------- -(说明A的现状).Second, ----------(举例进一步说明现状)    Confronted with A, we should take a series of effective measures to cope with the situation. For one thing, ------(解决方法一). For another ---------(解决方法二).  Finally, --------------(解决方法三).   Personally, I believe that -------------(我的解决方法). Consequently, I’m confident that a bright future is awaiting us because --------------(带来的好处). With the development of modern industry, more and more people are concerned about the problem…(点题). It is…because… Firstly,…Secondly…thirdly…(原因或现象1 2 3) Personally, I believe that…(结论,前景,解决方式) Man is now facing with a big problem of …, which is becoming more and more serious. (点题,重要性或严重性)The reasons for this are listed as follows: Firstly,…Secondly…Thirdly…(原因或理由1 2 3) In brief,…(结论或措施) Very often you come across an empty classroom with the light on. It’s not difficult to find evidence of Wasting water, a very serious problem. Additionally, Students do not recycle enough, throwing away the Soft drink bottles, used exercise papers and books. Worse still, many students still use the non-Environmentally friendly lunch boxes, causing the ‘White pollution’.  These things show that many students lack the sense Of enviromental awareness. It’s important to educate Students to be more environmentally friendly. At the Same time, students can do small things, such as Collecting used item for recycling , turning off the lights, Saving water. Always remember that it’s everyone’s Responsibility to protect the environment. ‎ ‎ 高考前英语基础知识清理(8) Action 1.  bathe 洗澡;游泳 bite v. 咬;叮 breath n. 气息;呼吸 breathe vi. 呼吸 bury  vt. 埋;葬 carve vt.刻;雕刻 forget v.忘记,忘形,忘乎所以 forgetful a.健忘的,不留心 forgive 原谅,宽恕 choke n. & v. 窒息 choose vt. 选择 clap  vi. 拍手;鼓掌 climb v. 爬,攀登 collect vt. 收集,搜集 cry n.叫喊;哭声 v. 喊叫; cut v. n. 切,剪,削,割伤 dig v. 挖;掘 elect vt. (投票)选举 enter vt. 进入 entry n. 进入 gather n.& v. 聚集;采集 howl vi. 嚎叫,嚎哭 kiss n.& vt. 吻,亲吻 knock n.& v. 敲;打;击 laugh n.& v. 笑,大笑;嘲笑 laughter n. 笑;笑声 lift v. 举起,抬起;(云烟)消散 lift 举起, 电梯, 起重机, 搭车 mention 提及;记载 ,提到, memory n回忆,记忆,内存 nod  vi. 点头 pick  拾起,采集;挑选 raise vt. 使升高;饲养 remember v. 记得,想起 remind vt. 提醒,使记起 rise n.&vi. 上升,上涨,起义, select vt. 选择,挑选,选拔 shave v.&n.剃, 刮, 削刮 ‎ sigh n.& vi. 叹息; 叹气 sit  vi. (使)就座, (使)坐 smile n.& v. 微笑 sneeze  n.&v. 打喷嚏 sob n.& v. 抽泣,啜泣 spit v. 吐唾沫;吐痰 split v. 撕开,切开, 分裂, 分离 stand 站,立场,,摊,坐落,经受, step 脚步,台阶,步骤 sweat n.&v 汗,汗水 sweep v.清扫,席卷,冲光,扫过 tap n.水龙头 v. 轻打, 轻敲 tear n.&v. 泪滴, 眼泪, 流泪 tear v.&n 扯, 撕, 撕破, tip 顶端,尖端,告诫, 小费, walk 步行;散步 wash 洗, 洗涤, 冲洗, washing machine n. 洗衣机 washroom 盥洗室,厕所 weep 哭泣,流泪 wipe 擦;擦净;擦干 wrap 包装, 卷, 缠绕, Weather climate 气候,风土,思潮 cloud 云;云状物;阴影 cloudy a. 多云的,阴天的 flash 闪;闪光;转瞬间 lightning 闪电 rain . 雨,雨水 vi. 下雨 rainbow .彩虹,幻想,幻觉 rainfall 一场雨;降雨量 rainy 下雨的;多雨的 shower . 阵雨;淋浴 smog 烟雾(= smoke + fog) snow n. 雪 vi. 下雪 snowball n. 雪球 foggy snowy a. 雪的, 多雪的 storm n. 风暴,暴(风)雨 thunder n.& v. 雷声,打雷 thunderstorm 雷电交加暴风雨 weather 天气,气候,气象 a weather forecast  天气预报 wind 风 , 缠绕,蜿蜒,弯曲 tornado 龙卷风 ‎ tsunami 海啸 typhoon 台风 重点词汇 :go vi. 去;离开;走 link-v. go + adj. /bad  变为 be going to   准备或打算做某事       go about  到处走动;vt. 着手干... go after  追(捕),追求 go against  违背,违反;对...不利 go ahead  开始做...;进行;往前走;用吧   go all out to do sth.  全力以赴做... go along 和...一道去,和...一样干   go around(round)  到处走;流传,传开 go away  走开、离开、逃跑 go back to  可追溯到 go bad  (食物)变坏、坏掉         go beyond    超出,超越 go by过去,经过;根据...行事,从...来看  ‎ go down(太阳等)下落,(船)下沉/下降/下跌;传下去 go down on one’s knees 跪下,屈膝 go Dutch  各付各的钱,打平伙 go in for 从事(某种职业或工作),有某种爱好  go into  调查;了解,研究,讨论     go off   离开, 走开   go over研究,检查,审阅;复习,讲解,排演;查看   go on    发生,进行,进展     go on to do sth.  接着做... go on doing sth. = go on with sth. 继续做...       go out  出去,出国;熄灭 【辨析】 go to bed  上床睡觉(未睡着)        go to sleep   睡着 go to pieces  破碎  go to the dogs  变得不可救药,情况变得糟糕极了 go to work  干起来      go together  相配,和谐 go up to   向...走过来   go with  相配;和...交朋友 go up  上涨,涨价;上升,增长;(楼房)盖起来 go through 审阅,检查,讨论;查看,翻找,搜寻;看一遍,做一遍;经理,经过;通过,成功  go fishing (hunting, shooting, cycling, swimming, walking, drinking, shopping...) 去干某事 重点句型 七、An advantage of ~~~ is + that 从句( ......的优点是......) 使用e-mail的优点是它不会浪费纸张。 八 The reason why + 句子 ~~~ is + that从句( ......的原因是......) 他失败的原因是他拒绝听从我的劝告。 九 .So + 形容词 + be + 主词 + that从句(如此......以致于......) 他是如此生气以致于说不出一句话来。 十、adj + as + subject(主词)+ be, S + V~~~ (虽然......) 虽然他还是个孩子,他却懂得很多东西。 十一、The + ~er + S + V, ~~~ the + ~er + S + V ~~~ /The + more + adj + S + V, ~~~ the + more + adj + S + V ~~~ 你学习愈努力,你取得的进步就愈大。  The harder you work, the more progress you will make. 十二、~~~ enable + object(宾语)+ to + V (... ...使... ...能够... ...) 例句:听音乐使我们能够感觉轻松。   Listening to music enable us to feel relaxed. 范文背诵:议论文(正反观点对比) 最近,你校同学正在参加某报社组织的一场讨论。讨论的主题是:中国是否应大力发展家用小汽车?请你根据下表所提供的信息,客观地介绍这两种不同的意见。 ‎ ‎ 60%的同学认为:  40%的同学认为:    1.应大力发展 2.促进国家经济发展 3.增加就业机会 4.提高生活质量;方便、省时  1.应有限度地发展 2.增加城市交通拥挤,交通事故 3.修路占用土地 4.空气和噪音污染   注意:1.信的开头已为你写好。2.词数:100左右  3.参考词汇:国民经济—the national economy About the discussion we’ve had about whether China should devote major efforts to developing car industry, opinions are divided on the question. 60% of the students think China should fully develop car industry. They believe this will speed up the development of the national economy. More workers will be employed. With cars the people’s life quality will be raised. They will save time and be more convenient in their life and work. On the other hand, 40% of them think China should control its car industry development. Otherwise, the city traffic will be even heavier and more traffic accidents will take place. At the same time, more land will be used for the new roads. What is more, air and noise pollution will become more serious. 语法复习: 数词 1. 数词作定语,表语. 2. 顺序编号中的数词.    事物名词+基数词      序数词+事物名词 3. 年,月,日的表达顺序.      时间小的在前,大的在后.要注意标点符号 4. 时间与地点同时出现的问题.     在同一句中,如果时间状语和地点状语都在谓语动词后,按习惯,地点在前,时间在后. 5. “一个半...”的表达法.   one pound and a half one and a half years 6. 带数词的成语. twos and threes   三三两两at sixes and sevens  乱七八糟 7. 数词的修饰语问题. 形容数目很大,常用full, solid 于名词前; good, all of, no less than, as…as , 用于数词前. 形容数目小常用barely, scarcely, no more than等于数词前. 形容“恰好”,“不多不少”,常用clear (名词前) sharp (后置定语) more or less (数词前). 表示“大约”,“大致”常用nearly, almost, close to, some, about等于数词前,or so(句末),more or less(句末). 小数,分数,百分比引导的短语作主语时的主谓一致问题. 分数和百分数引导的短语作主语,其谓语动词的数应根据分数和百分数后面的名词来确定.如果是可数名词的复数,其谓语动词用复数形式;如果是不可数名词或单数可数名词其谓语动词用单数形式.        ‎ ‎ 高考知识清理(9) Shape 1.  bend 使弯曲 bent 弯的 n.倾向, 爱好 big 大的 bow 鞠躬,弯腰行礼,弓 brief [bri:f] a. 简洁的 broad 宽的,宽大的 circle .圆圈,将…圈起来 deep 深 ad. 深;深厚 deeply ad. 深深地 direct 直接,指挥(演奏),导演 fat 脂肪 a. 胖的;肥的 figure数字/目,图形;身型;人物 form 表格;形式;结构 grand 宏伟的,重大的 great .伟大;重要的;好极了 ad. (口语)好极了,很好 high 高的;高度的 ad. 高地 height 高,高度 huge 巨大的,庞大的 large 大的;巨大的 length 长,长度,段,节 little 小/少的 n. 没有多少,一点 long 长的ad. 长久vi. 渴望 low 低,矮的,粗俗,卑贱的 round 圆形,形物, [体]一轮 shallow 浅的,不深,肤浅的 shape 形状v. 制造,塑造 short 短的,矮的,不足的,不够 short wave n. 短波 slight 轻微的,细小的 small 小的,少的 splendid 灿烂的,极好 square 平方的,方形的 straight 一直的,直的 surround 围绕;包围 surrounding 围绕物, 环境 tall 高的, 长的 thick 厚的,粗的,稠的,浓的 ‎ thin . 薄的;瘦;稀 tiny [极小的,微小的 vast 巨大的,广阔的 wide 宽的, 广阔的, 张大的 Move 1.  dip 浸,蘸;把…放入又取出 drop 滴 v. 掉下,投递;放弃 fall vi. 落,降落;倒 firm a.,adv. & v. 坚固,坚定 firmly ad. 牢牢地 fog 雾 leak 漏;渗,<俚>撒尿 lean 倚,倾斜 leap 跳, 跳越, 跳跃 mobile 活动的,可移动 mobile phone手提电话,手机 move 移动,搬动,搬家 movement 运动,活动 pour 倾泻,涌入,流,倾盆大雨 quake 震动,颤抖 rock .摇动,摇滚 roll 滚动, 卷起, 摆动, 名单 roller 滚筒;辊 roller skating n.滑旱冰 shake 摇动,摇,颤抖,震动 shock 打击,震动,使震惊 sink 水槽 vi. 下沉; 消沉 slide 幻灯片,滑道v. 滑行 slip 滑倒, 事故, 片, 纸片 steady 稳固的, 坚定的 tremble 颤抖, 战栗 wag 摇动;摆动 词汇:get get sth.  得到,收到;买;找 link.v. 变得  get + adj.          get + done/hurt/burnt/paid get to do know ,realize, understand 逐渐 ‎ get up 起床,举办,组织;打扮,装饰,化妆;记熟  get sb. to do sth.  使...做...   get sth. + p.p. 请别人做某事;使某事完成 get sth. + adj.         get to do sth. = have to do sth. get away from 离开,走开;逃走,跑掉,躲开    get married 结婚 get back  回来;放回去;要回来;恢复  get by   (走)过去,通过,过下去 get close to 接近     get down 下来;去下来,吃下去;跪下来;写下来 get down to sth.   开始认真干...     get hold of   抓住,找到 get in 收庄稼      get in touch with 和...联系 ‎ get on  上车(船等)穿上;继续干      get out  出来;传出去;出版,拟出来 get out of 从得到,逃避,避免;改掉(习惯)  get over    克服,摆脱;痊愈; get rid of   摆脱,除掉,处理掉     get together   聚首,欢聚,碰头,聚会 get into the habit (hobby) of 养成.的习惯(爱好)   get into   进入,陷入 get to到(某一时刻/年龄/地方),开始(做某事);  ‎ get off下车;离开,动身,起飞;脱下来;下班;寄走 get about vi. = get around (消息)传开,传出去;四处走动 get along (well) with   get on (well) with   进展(顺利);情况(好);相处(好) get through  做完,办完,看完;通过(考试);通过(议案);接通..的电话;度过(时间);穿过 经典句型复习: 一、~~~ the + ~ est(形容词最高级) + 名词 + (that)+ 主语 + have ever + seen ( known / heard / had / read, ) ~~~ the most + 形容词 + 名词 + (that) + 主语 + have ever + seen ( known / heard / had / read, etc) 例句:海伦是我所见过的最美丽的女孩。 Helen is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen. 二、Nothing is + ~~~ er than to + V. Nothing is + more + 形容词 + than to + V. 例句:没有比接受教育更重要的事了。 Nothing is more important than to receive education. 三、~~~ cannot emphasize the importance of ~~~ too much.  (再怎么强调... ...的重要性也不为过。)  例句:我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。         We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much. 四、There is no denying the fact + that从句(不可否认的......) 例句:不可否认的,我们的生活质量已经每况愈下。   There is no denying the fact that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse. 五、It is universally acknowledged + that从句 (全世界都知道... ... ;众所周知... ... ) 例句:全世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺的。   It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable to us. I.‎ 语法复习: 反意疑问句 附加疑问句的主要形式:  肯定的陈述句+否定的附加疑问句      否定的陈述句+肯定的附加疑问句 一、反意疑问句的一般情况 当陈述部分的主语是:等everyone, everybody, someone, no one, nobody, somebody合成代词时,附加疑问句的主语非正式文体中往往they用。(也可以按语法一致原则用单数。) 当陈述部分以one定代词做主语时,附加疑问句的主语在正式常合用one,非正式常合you用。 当陈述部分的主语是不定式、动名词、从句、this或that,附加疑问句的主语用it 。(是those,these则用they) Learning how to repair motors takes a long time, doesn’t it? 当陈述部分的主语是表示物的不定代词everything, anything, nothing等,附加疑问句的主语用it。 陈述部分带有否定词或半否定词,例如:seldom, hardly, never, rarely, few, little, nowhere,‎ ‎ nothing,附加疑问句的动词, 要用肯定形式。 6. 如果陈述部分中的否定词仅带有否定的前缀或后缀,那么该陈述句应作肯定句处理,附加疑问句应用否定形式。 二、常见句型的反意疑问句 7. 当陈述部分是there be 存在句型时,附加疑问句的主语也用there。 8. 感叹句的附加疑问句,其谓语要求用否定句。 9. 祈使句后面的附加疑问句问题   A) 祈使句是否定形式,附加疑问句只能用will you。 B) 祈使句是肯定形式,附加疑问句用肯定、否定均可。 C) Let开头的祈使句要注意: Let’s 在意义上包含谈话的对方在内,表示提出建议或征求对方意见,其反意疑问句往往用shall we。 2. Let us 在意义上一般不包含谈话的对方在内,表示请求对方允许做某事的含义,let 有allow的意思。附加疑问部分用will you。 3. Let me 开头表示请求,附加疑问句用will you,或用may I。 10. 当陈述部分是一个(带that引导宾语从句的)主从复合句时,附加疑问句的主谓要和主句的主谓保持对应关系。但是, 当陈述部分的主语是:I suppose, I think, I believe, I imagine, I expect等结构时,附加疑问句的主语和谓语要和从句的主语,谓语保持一致关系。而且要注意到否定的转移问题。 11.当陈述部分是I’m sure that,;we are sure;I’m afraid that;We are sure that;I feel sure that 等后面跟宾语从句时,反意疑问句与后面的宾语从句一致。 12.当陈述部分是并列句时,附加疑问句的主谓语要合离它最近的句子的主谓保持对应关系。 四、关于情态动词的反意疑问句 13.陈述部分中有have一词,且表示“所有”含义时,附加疑问句部分既可用have也可用do。 14. 陈述部分中有have to,附加疑问句部分用do。 15. 陈述部分带有情态动词ought to,附加疑问句部分,英国人用ought to形式;但在美国人中常用should。 16. 陈述部分有used to,附加疑问句部分可用used 也可以用did 。 17. 陈述部分有needn’t时,附加疑问句部分用need但有时也可用must。 18. 陈述部分有must,且表示“必须”时,附加疑问句部分用mustn’t,如果表示“必要”则用needn’t。 19. 陈述部分中是mustn’t表示“禁止”时,附加疑问句部分用must。 陈述部分中的must表示“一定”、“想必”等推测意义时,附加疑问句部分而是根据陈述部分的谓语动词或其助动词来定。 20. 陈述部分是I wish, 表示询问或征求意见,附加疑问部分用may I。 21. 弄清陈述句中的’d rather = would rather;’d better = had better附加疑问句部分前者用would,后者用had。 22. 陈述部分的主语是each of...结构时,附加疑问句在强调整体时用they,当作个别时用he。 23. 陈述部分有neither...nor...(either...or...)做并列主语,附加疑问部分根据其实际逻辑意义而定。   陈述部分是:I’m ....结构,附加疑问句一般用aren’t I? 25‎ ‎:在口语和非正式文体中,为了加强语气,只是表示某种惊奇、怀疑、反感、讽刺等感情而并不是为了寻求回答,这时前后两部分的肯定、否定是一致的。 如: Oh, he is a writer, is he?   You’ll not go, won’t you? 反意疑问句快速记忆表    陈述部分的谓语  疑问部分    I’m  aren't I    Wish  may +主语    no, nothing, nobody, never, few, seldom, hardly,rarely, little等否定含义的词  肯定含义    ought to(肯定的)  shouldn't/ oughtn't +主语    have to+v.(had to+v.)  don't +主语(didn't +主语)    used to  didn't +主语或 usedn't +主语    had better + v.  hadn't you    would rather + v.  wouldn't +主语    you'd like to + v.  wouldn't +主语    感叹句中  be +主语    Neither…nor,either…or 连接的并列主语  根据其实际逻辑意义而定    指示代词或不定代词Everything/that/nothing/this  主语用it    并列复合句  谓语根据邻近从句的谓语而定    定语从句,宾语从句的主从复合句  根据主句的谓语而定    think, believe, expect,suppose, imagine等引导  与宾语从句相对应的从句    everybody, anyone, somebody, nobody, no one  复数they, 单数he    情态动词dare或need  need (dare ) +主语    dare, need 为实义动词  do +主语    省去主语的祈使句  will you?    Let's 开头的祈使句  Shall we?    Let us 开头的祈使句  Will you?    there be  相应的谓语动词+there (省略主语代词)    否定前缀不能视为否定词  仍用否定形式    must表"推测"  根据其推测的情况来确定反意疑问句   反意问句 1. Be sure to write to us, _________?  A. will you  B. aren’t you  C. can you  D. mustn’t you 2. --- Alice, you feed the bird today, _________? --- But I fed it yesterday.  A. do you  B. will you  C. didn’t you  D. don’t you 3. The news that they failed their driving test discouraged him, ____? (2000 上海) A. did they  B. didn’t they  C. did it  D. didn’t it 4. I don’t suppose anyone will volunteer, _________? A. do I   B. don’t I   C. will they  D. won’t they 5. Mrs. Black doesn’t believe her son is able to design a digital camera, _____? A. is he  B. isn’t he  C. doesn’t she  D. does she 6. Brian told you that there wasn’t anyone in the room at that time, ______? (02 上海春季) A. was there  B. wasn’t there  C. didn’t he  D. did he ‎ 7. Bill’s aim is to inform the viewers that cigarette advertising on TV is illegal, _____? (04上海) A. isn’t it   B. is it    C. isn’t be  D. is he 8. There is no light in the dormitory. They must have gone to the lecture, _______? A. didn't they  B. don' t they  C. mustn't they  D. haven' t they 9. There was a loud scream from the backstage immediately after the concert ended, ______ ? A. wasn’t there     B. was there    C. didn’t it    D. did it 10. He never said that he was good at mathematics, ______ ?(05北京春季)   A. was he   B. wasn’t he   C. did he   D. didn’t he Answers:  1-10  ABDCDCADAC         名词 26. A rough estimate, Nigeria is__________ Great Britain. (05上海卷) ( D) A. three times the size as   B. the size three times of C. three times as the size of  D. three times the size of  27. He proved himself a true gentleman and the beauty of his _______ was seen at its best when he worked with others. (05上海卷) (D) A. temper    B. appearance  C. talent  D. character 28. I am sure David will be able to find the library — he has a pretty good _______ of direction. (05浙江卷)(D) A.idea  B.feeling  C.experience     D.sense 29. Bill was doing a lot of physical exercise to build up his_______. (05天津卷) (C) A. ability    B. force     C. strength    D. mind 30. My ______ of this weekend’s activity is going out with some good friends. (05安徽卷) (A) A. idea    B. opinion   C. mind    D. thought 31. The head office of the bank is in Beijing, but it has ____ all over the country. (05辽宁卷) (B) A.companies  B.branches  C.organizations  D.businesses 32. It took us quite a long time to get here. It was ______ journey.(05北京春)(C) A. three-hour  B. a three hour   C. a three-hour  D. three hours      ‎ ‎ 高考前知识清理(10)  life alive 活着的,存在的 asleep a. 睡着的,熟睡 awake v. 唤醒 醒着的 bear  v. 生育,结果 danger  n. 危险 dangerous a. 危险的 dead a. 死的;无生命的 deadly adj 致命的 death  n. 死 die v. 死 drown vi. 溺死;淹没 energetic 精力旺盛的 energy n. 精力,能量 fate n. 天数, 命运, 运气 fatal a. 致命的;重大的 fierce [fiEs] a. 猛烈的 fortunate a.幸运的,侥幸 fortune n. 财产;运气 force vt. 强迫,迫使 full 充满的;完全的 hang 绞刑;上吊 /悬挂 hatch v. & n. 孵蛋, 孵出, 策 hibernate vi. 冬眠 hibernation n. 冬眠 hunger n. 饥饿,欲望,渴望 hungry a.(饥)饿的,荒年的 kill v. 杀死,弄死, 杀伤 life n.生命,生涯,传记,寿命 lifetime n. 一生,终生 live a. 活的,现场(直播)的 lively a. 活泼的;充满生气的 luck n. 运气,好运 lucky a. 运气好,侥幸 magic [5mAdVik] a. 有魔力的 mental a. 精神的;脑力的 ‎ ‎ moral a. n.道德,寓意,精神的 murder n.&vt. 谋杀 part-time a.& ad. 兼职的  physical a. 身体的;物理的 power 力,动力,电力 powerful a.强有力,强大的 safe a. 安全的 n.保险柜,饭橱 safety n. 安全,保险 sleep n. 睡觉 vi. 睡觉 sleepy a.想睡的,困倦,瞌睡的 spirit n. 精神, 灵魂, 幽灵 starvation n.饥饿,饿死 starve v. 饿死 soul n. 灵魂;心灵;气魄 stay 停留,逗留,呆 thirst n. 渴;口渴 thirsty a.口渴的,渴望,热望的 tire vi.&n. 使疲劳,使厌烦 tired a. 疲劳的,累的 unfortunate 不幸, 不吉利的, unfortunately ad. 不幸地 violence n.强烈,暴力,暴虐 violent a. 暴力的,激烈的 wake N.& v. 醒,叫醒, 激发 weak a. 差的,弱的,淡的 weakness n. 软弱 will n. 意志, 决心, 意向, 遗嘱 v.&aux.将, 愿意, 必须 momentaccelerate vt.加速,促进 delay 拖延,延期,耽搁 early 早的 ad. 早地 fast 快的,迅速的;紧密的 ad. 快地,迅速地;紧密地 final 最后的;终极的 n. 结局, 决赛, 期末考试, first  第一;首次;最初 immediate 立即的,马上 immediately ad. 立即 instant a.瞬间,刹那,方便的 just 刚才,恰好,不过,仅 last 持续, 支持, 维持 late 晚的/迟的 ad. 晚地,迟 lately 最近,不久前 later 晚些的,迟些的 latest 最近的,最新,最晚的 ‎ moment 片刻,瞬间 new 新的;新鲜的 old 老的,旧的 quick .快,敏捷的,急剧 rapid 快的,飞快的,险峻的 recent 近来的,最近的 shortly 立刻, 不久, 简略 slow 慢慢地,缓慢地 soon 不久,很快,一会儿 speed 速度 v. (使)加速 swift 快的,迅速的 young 年轻的 youth . 青春;青年keep  keep sth. 保持,保留,留下,保留 link.v. 保持,继续  keep + adj. / adv.  keep + 介词短语    keep sb. (sth.) + 分词 keep sb. (sth.) + adj. / adv.   keep sb. (sth.) + 介词短语 keep a close watch on  密切注视        keep a diary   记日记 keep a record   作记录 keep an eye on   瞧着点, 照看 keep doing sth.   老是做...      keep on doing sth.   老是不断做... keep body and soul together 维持生命      keep ...from...   阻止...做... keep back   忍住, 留下      keep fit   保持健康 keep in touch with 与…保持联系    keep on ( doing sth. )  继续(做某事) keep one’s word  守信 keep ...in mind  记住 keep silence   保持安静,保持沉默 keep up保持,继续(做..) keep up with 跟上 议论文例句复习:规劝恶习、见解评说 Different people have got different attitudes towards failure. Different people have different opinions about internet. There are always two aspects(方面) to any situation. Everything lives with opposite forces. The same can be said about modern technology, such as Internet.   We must try to persuade people to give up smoking. It is investigated that 30% of the computers are used to play games. According to a recent investigation, … Playing games on computers can be a waste of time. It’s been proved that early rising can make people full of energy.. As the English proverb says, “Early to bed and early to rise, make a man healthy, wealthy and wise.” ?COMPOSTION 6 : 交通状况 青山村的变化:人口500,坐落在大山脚下。 ?  过去  现在    作物  主要种植玉米,  各种适合山区气候的经济作物。    环境治理  大量的树木被砍伐,经常发生山洪,造成极大损失  植树造林,水土不再流失,没有山洪,生命财产得到保护。    ‎ 交通  只有一条小路通向山外,出行困难。  修建了一条宽阔的马路,交通旅行多很方便,经济得到促进。   Green hill village lies at the foot of a mountain. (1) The villagers used to grow only corn. They were rather poor. But now(2) they grow cash crops . The crops are suitable for the weather in the mountain area. In the past, the villagers cut sown a great many trees for building or for firewood. As a result, frequent floods caused great losses. Now, (3)a large number of trees have been planted. The trees hold the soil and water. There are few floods now to destroy people’s possessions. What’s more, in order to develop economy, a broad high way has been built to replace the old small road. It’s much easier for people to transport goods and travel. Thanks to this, the economy is greatly improved. 语法复习: 名词性从句 (主语从句,宾语从句, 表语从句, 同位语从句) that 在引导名词性从句中的用法.      2. whether, if 在引导名词性从句中的用法区别. 3.同位语从句与定语从句的区别及判断.    4. what在引导名词性从句中的用法. 5.宾语从句中否定转移时应该注意的几个问题. 6.宾语从句中使用形式宾语it的问题及注意事项. 哪些表语形容词后可以跟从句. 最常用用连词用法辨析 连 词  从 句 种 类  功     用    what  主、宾、表语从句  在从句中充当主、宾、表同时在主句中充当主、宾、表语    that  主、宾、表、同位语、定、状  在名词性从句中引导从句,不充当成分,无词意;定语从句中代替人或物,在从句中充当主、宾。表;在状语从句中引导目的、结果状语从句    whether  主、宾、表、同位语  在从句中引导从句,不充当成分,有词意:“是否”    who  主、宾、表、定  在从句中充当主语    which  主、宾、表、定  在名词性从句中充当定语,词意为:“哪一个。。。”;在定语从句中代替物,在从句中充当主、宾语,与介词一起作状语    when  主、宾、表、同位语、定、状  在从句中作时间状语,词意为:“在何时”    where  主、宾、表、同位语、定、状  在从句中作地点状语,词意为:“在何处”    how  主、宾、表、同位语、状  在从句中作方式状语,词意为:“如何”    why  主、宾、表、同位语、定  在从句中作原因状语,词意为:“为什么”   if 的十不用   If和whether引导宾语从句,表示“是否”,一般是可以互换的,如:I wonder if(whether)I can catch the last bus,但下列十种情况要用whether,而不用if。   1、if之后不能直接加or not。        2、动词discuss后不用if。   3、动词不定式前不用if。 4、介词之后不用if。   5、引导同位从句不用if。 6、引导主语从句放句首不用if。   7、引导表语从句不用if。 8、造成歧义时尽量用whether不用if。 9、宾语从句置于主句之前时不用if。    10、引导让步状语从句,表示“不管”时不用if。 ‎ ‎ 高考知识清理(11) feeling 1.  admire v. 钦佩; 羡慕 anger n. 怒,愤怒 angry a. 生气的,愤怒的 appreciate v. 欣赏,感激 ashamed a. 惭愧, 害臊 bitter a.有苦味,痛苦,严酷 boring 乏味的,无聊的 clear a. 清晰的;明亮;清楚的 clearly ad. 清楚地,无疑地 content 甘愿的,满意的 delight n. 快乐;乐事 delighted a. 高兴,快乐的 difficult a.(艰)难的;不易相处的 difficulty n. 困难,费力 dislike vt. 不喜爱;厌恶 disappoint vt. 使失望 disappointment n. 失望;沮丧 disturb vt. 扰乱;打扰 ease v. 减轻;缓解 easily ad. 容易地 easy a. 容易的,不费力的 easy-going a. 随和的 enjoy vt. 欣赏,享受,喜欢 enjoyable a. 愉快的;有趣的 envy vt.& n. 忌妒; 羡慕 excite vt. 使兴奋,使激动 feel  感觉,觉得;摸,触 feeling n. 感情;感觉 fond a. 喜爱的,爱好的 gay (男)同性恋的;快活的 glad a. 高兴的;乐意的 happily ad. 幸福地,快乐地 happiness n. 幸福,愉快 happy a. 幸福的,高兴的 ‎ ‎ hard ad. 努力地;猛烈 地 a.硬的;困难的;艰难的 hardship n. 困难 hardworking a. 努力工作的 hate vt.& n. 恨,讨厌, 不愿 hatred n 仇恨, 憎恨, 乱意 hobby n. 业余爱好,嗜好 honour (美honor) 荣誉,光荣 humble a. 谦逊的;谦虚的 joy n. 欢乐,高兴,乐趣 lazy a. 懒惰的 like vt. 喜欢,喜爱 like prep. 像,跟……一样 likely a.很可能的,合适的 love n.& vt. 爱,热爱,,爱慕 lovely a. 美好的,可爱的 merry a. 高兴的,愉快的 modest a. 谦虚的, 适度的 naughty a.顽皮, 淘气, 不听话 pleasant a.令人愉快的,舒适 please v. 请,使高兴,使人满意 pleased a. 高兴的, 满足的 pleasure n. 高兴,愉快 pride n. 自豪,骄傲, 傲慢 proud a. 自豪的; 骄傲的 puzzle v.&n. 难题, (使)为难 respect vt.‎& n. 尊敬,尊重 sad a. 忧愁的, 悲哀的 sadness n. 悲哀,忧伤 satisfaction n. 满意 satisfy vt. 满足,使满意 shame n. 遗憾的事;羞愧 shy a. 怕羞的, 畏缩的 soft . 软的,柔和的, 温柔的 sorrow n. 悲伤,悲痛 sorry a. 对不起.难过的 simple a. 简单的, 朴素的 simple-minded 纯朴,头脑简单 simply ad. 简单地,的确 simplicity n. 简单;朴素 simplify vt.简化,单一化, steep a.&n. 险峻的,陡峭,悬崖 sweet .糖a.甜的,可爱,亲切的 tender a. 温柔的;脆弱的 ‎ tense . 心烦意乱的,紧张 tension n.紧张(状态),张力 trap n. 陷阱 vt. 使陷入困境 trouble vt.&n 苦恼,忧虑,麻烦 troublesome a. 令人烦恼;讨厌 tough a. 坚硬的,棘手, 凶恶的 unhappy 不高兴的,伤心 worship n. &v. 崇拜,礼 break  break away      突然逃掉或离开;断绝往来;改掉(习惯);破除(旧做法) break away from   脱离... break down     (身体)垮了;(谈话)中断;(机器)坏了;压倒,克服 break forth      突然(迸出) break in       突然进入,非法进入;插嘴,打岔 break into      破门而入;突然,一下子...;打扰,打断 break out      爆发;       突然(大声地)vt. break off       vt. 打断,折断; 中断,断绝(关系) break through     突破,打通 break up       分散,折散;分解;腐蚀 break the rule      违反规定 人生信条、人口人权 We should make full use of our time to do useful things. We should form the good habit of saving time. Do not put off what can be done today until tomorrow. It is a pity that some people do not know the importance of time. They do not realize that wasting time is equal to wasting a part of their valuable life. Do not put off what can be done today until tomorrow. Women shouldn’t be looked down upon. There’s nothing that women can’t do. Women hold half of the sky. Sometimes women are better at their work than men. The day will come soon when women can really enjoy equal rights. It is high time we practised birth control. In my opinion, there is no relation between the so-called lucky number and luck. The only key to success or wealth lies in hard work. We should believe in our own efforts to struggle for success. 语法复习: 状语从句 状语从句  引导从句的连词   备  注      时间  after, as, before, once, since, till, until, when, whenever, while, as long as, as soon as, hardly(scarcely) … when, ‎ ‎ No sooner … than, the time (moment, instant, minute, day…)  1.  hardly, no sooner在句首,2.  引导的从句  要部分倒装. 3.  since引导的从句注意看启动词是否是  瞬间动词还是延续性动词. 4.  when 引导的从句注意其特殊用法. 5.  一些名6.  词也可以引导时间状语从句.    地点  where , wherever   后者表示强调.    方式  as, as if, as though,  as引导的方式状语从句多在句首.    原因   because, since, as, now (that)    语气一个比一个弱.for可以引导原因状语从句,但它只能位于句末.    结果  so …that,   such (a)… that,  so that,    that  so…that中的so在句首,主句要部分倒装.    目的  so that, in order that, that, so,  so that 使用最普遍.    条件  if , unless, in case , as long as,   注意分清if从句中是否该用虚拟语气.    让步   though, although, even if, even though, as, in spite of the fact, while, no matter wh- ,   as 引导的让步状语从句要倒装.    连词 并列连词 A. and, or, but连接两个相同的句子成分或句子. B. both,… and, neither… nor 只连接两个相同的句子成分,不能连接句子. C. not only … but also 既可以连接相同的句子成分,又可以连接两个并列句,强调的重点在后一个并列成分上. D. whether… or, either… or 可以连接句子中的两个成分,表示选择,either…or可以连接两个句子,.而whether…or 不行 E. for引导一个并列句,对前面一个句子做补充说明或推断原因. F. when作为并列连词时, = and then "这时候", "此时此刻". G. while做并列连词用时,连接两个在意义上相互对比的句子.注意在while之前,一般有逗号与前一个句子分开. H. and(or)用鱼"祈使句(名词短语), and(or) + 将来时态的陈述句"结构中. 从属连词  that, when, which….详见前面的从句中.         ‎ ‎ 高考前英语知识清理(12) sports basketball football  volleyball 排球 handball手球 baseball 棒球  soccer 英式足球 ice hockey 曲棍球 water polo 水球 golf bowling保龄球badminton 羽毛球  tennis table tennis= ping-pong athlete 运动员 sportsman运动家 player 比赛者 ‎ gymnast 体操运动员 the Olympic Games  go cycling ‎ entertainment 娱乐  movie(film)  play戏  opera 歌剧  dance  ballet芭蕾舞  stage 舞台 curtain 幕  scenery setting 布景 actor actress hero heroine 女英雄  comedy喜剧  tragedy 悲剧 tourism 旅游  journey  trip短途旅行   tour  voyage   travel  cooking tools :  knife  fork 叉  plate   glass  spoon 勺子   pan 平底锅   stove 炉  bowl chopsticks 筷子 bottle basket basin 盆  steam 蒸  boil 煮 fry 煎  bake 烘 machines television computer  fridge 电冰箱 cupboard 橱柜  microwave 微波炉  diswasher air-conditioner 空调  digital camera 数码相机  wahsing machine;    drawer 抽屉  wastebaket垃圾桶 video 录相机 sofa  carpet地毯 curtain窗帘 violin piano guitar clothes   trousers  shirt  skirt  dress  hat  sweater 毛衣  tie  collar 衣领  suit sleeve 袖子 jeans necklace jacket socks 短袜 stocking 长袜 blanket 毛毯 shoe  fruits: strawberry 草莓 grape 葡萄 orange  lemon 柠檬  watermelon 西瓜 pineapple 菠萝 mango 芒果 coconuts 椰子  banana pear  peach 桃子  vegetable  onion 洋葱  potatoes 马铃薯  tomatoes cucumber 黄瓜 pumpkin 南瓜  peas 豌豆  ginger 姜 carrot胡萝  cabbage 卷心菜  pepper 辣椒  eggplant 茄子   mushroom蘑菇 think  sb. think      想,思考  think that...  想,认为,以为     I don’t think he is good student.(注意否定的转移)       What do you think she would feel ?(do you think 是插入语)     think sb.(sth.) + adj.       think sb. (sth.) + 名词     think + it + adj. / 名词 + to do sth. think + it + adj. / 名词 + doing sth.     think + it + adj. / 名词 + that...          think sb.(sth.) to be...     think to do sth. 打算做...; 想到,预料  think that...  想到,预料     think about    想, 考虑   think aloud = (out / loud ) 把想的事情说出来     think back (to)   回忆  think highly(well, much...) of  赞扬...     think little (badly, nothing) of 认为...不好(评价不高)     think of 想到,想起   think of...as...   以为,认为 ‎ ‎    think out    想出   think over    仔细考虑     What do you think about (of)...? 对...觉得怎么样? bring 与take相反   bring sb. sth. = bring sth. to sb. 拿来,带来,送来 bring about vt.   引起,突现,造成     bring in  引进、引来、吸收 bring back    归还,带回来      bring back to life (health) 使复生,使恢复健康 bring out 显示出来,表现出来,讲清楚;出版;生产;提出  bring on 使...前进 bring up   提出; 抚育大,教养    bring down 1. 降低  2. 使...倒下 1.表示原因      1)There are three reasons for this. /  2)The reasons for this are as follows.   例如: There are three reasons for the changes that have taken place in our life.Firstly,people’s living standard has been greatly improved.Secondly,most people are well paid, and they can afford what they need or like.Last but not least,more and more people prefer to enjoy modern life. 2.表示好处      1)It has the following advantages.      2)It does us a lot of good.       5)It is of great benefit to us.  例如: Books are like friends.They can help us know the world better,and they can open our minds and widen our horizons.Therefore,reading extensively is of great benefit to us. 3.表示坏处      1)It has more disadvantages than advantages.      2)It does us much harm.   3)It is harmfulto us.   例如: However,everything dividesinto two.Television can also be harmful to us.It can do harm to our health and make us lazy if we spend too much time watching televi- sion. 语法复习: 不定式 1. 不定式的基本特征:  主动的,表将来的,表目的. 2. 不定式做主语时,谓语动词怎样在人称与数方面保持一致. 3. 可以用不定式做宾语的动词:want , like , wish, hate, prefer, hope, continue, manage, try, ask, offer, start, forget, promise, mean, pretend,begin, decide, learn, agree, expect等. 4. 可以用wh-+不定式做宾语的动词.   ask, decide, explain, forget, know, learn, remember, see, tell, show, teach, discuss, wonder, advise 等. 5. 不定式做宾补的注意事项: A)  使役动词后的宾补.        B)感官动词后的宾补. 6. 不定式作定语时应注意的事项: A)不定式的主动式或被动式的选择. B)与被修饰词的逻辑关系. 7. 不定式作状语. A) in order to     so as to  (表目的) B) be glad to do sth. (表原因,注意该句型的形容词) C)only to do sth. (表结果,多数有only在前.) 8. … too… to… 与 … enough to do sth. 的转换问题. 9. 是不是凡是too… to… 结构都能译成“太...而不能...”?‎ ‎ 10. 省略不定式符号的几种情况: A) 感官动词,使役动词后的宾补中.  B)help后作宾语或宾补中.  C) had better , would rather, would sooner, rather than 后.    D) but, except 位于do + anything(nothing, everything)后.  E) 由and , or 连接两个不定式,第二个不定式前可省略. 分词 分词的基本特征 A) 现在分词    主动的,表进行的,表特征的; B) 过去分词    被动的,表完成的,表状态的. 2. 不是任何动词都可以用于过去分词.(只有及物动词才可以用作过去分词.) 3. 如何使用分词作定语,状语,宾补.      4. 现在分词作表语与过去分词作表语的区别. 5. have sb. (sth.) do (doing , done )的使用区别.    6. make ab. doing sth. 怎么回事? 7. 独立主格结构的用法.   8. 如何使用分词短语化简复合句. 9. 分词作定语时应该注意的问题.(missing , lost ; remaining ,left等) 动名词 能用动名词作宾语的的动词: consider can't help  can't stand enjoy excuse escape practise  put off  miss   mind    avoid    risk    give up    finish    imagine keep    suggest 2. 用动名词作宾语.而用不定式作宾补的动词: advise  allow    permit    encourage "八大金刚"  remember  forget  stop    mean    try    regret    agree    go on 4. need , demand, want, require 表示“需要”的用法. 5. 动名词作定语与现在分词作定语的区别. 6. 状语中的动名词. 7. 动名词的复合结构. 独立主格结构 1. 独立主格结构的作用. 主句前: 作时间,原因,条件等状语. 主句后: 作方式,伴随状语. 2. 独立主格结构的构成: 名词(代词) + 分词(形容词,副词,介词短语) 3. 独立主格结构中出现现在分词与过去分词的使用区别.  4. 如何利用独立主格结构化简复合句.‎
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