高考阅读理解题常见干扰项设置手法

高考阅读理解题常见干扰项设置手法

高考阅读理解题常见干扰项设置手法 阅读理解是高考试卷中分值最大的题型。近年来随着高考命题指导思想的发展，阅读理解题的考查角度越来越灵活多变。其干扰选项的设置不仅能检测出考生理解、概括、推理等逻辑思维的精确性、深刻性，而且对考生个人心理品质也是一种检验，因此，它常使很多考生陷入误区。阅读理解干扰项的设置其实有一定的规律可循，如果做题时能够把握干扰项的特点，准确捕捉选项的错误信息点或不合题目要求的信息点，迅速排除干扰项，对提高解题的准确率必将起到事半功倍的作用。奇速英语暑假网络互动直播课程,九天让你的英语成绩华丽转身，来不及的不是时间，而是行动，心动就马上行动，当你还在犹豫的时候，先报名的童鞋已经甩你很远了。‎ 一般说来，阅读理解中客观事实题的干扰项的设置手法体现在下列几个原则：‎ ‎1．包含项原则 在答案选项分析中，假如对A选项的理解概括了对其它三项 (或其中某一项)的理、解，那么我们就说选项A与其他三项是包含或概括关系，包含项A往往就是正确答案。如在“花”与“玫瑰”两选项中，正确答案肯定是“花”，花包含了玫瑰,因为玫瑰肯定是花，但花并不一定是玫瑰。‎ Living in a residence hall （学生宿舍）carries certain obligation.（义务）. You have to be considerate ofothers, especially during study hours. Telephone calls and visits by friendsshould be short. You have to cooperate in keeping the room as sanitary（卫生） as possible. It is sometimeshard to be tolerant（容忍的）of another person’s habits that may differ from your own.‎ Q: What must you learn to be tolerant of if you livein a dormitory?‎ A. Your roommate’s telephone calls B.Habits that may differ from your own C. Visits by your roommate’s friends D. Roommates who are unsanitary ‎【原文题意】:住学生宿舍要受一些约束。你必须要考虑他人习惯，特别是在学习的时间。打电话及接待朋友来访的时间尽量要短。你还得齐心协力与室友尽可能保持好寝室卫生。有时候你是很难容忍别人不同的生活习惯。‎ ‎『个案解析』：从四个选项分析中我们可以看出，选项B“与你不同的生活习惯”‎ 其实就包含并概括了其他三选项，即A室友的电话、C室友的朋友来访、D室友不爱卫生，这些都是你不能接受的生活习惯。如果我们可以选A、C、D任一选项，那么B也可以选，但正确答案只有一个，所以我们只能选B。‎ Q: The three examples are cited to show that______.‎ A. Quit smoking is necessary B. Healthy habits benefit our health C. Fruits and vegetables are better than milk D. We should drink more water everyday.‎ ‎『个案解析』：‎ 答案为B。 显而易见，B为包含项，概括了A、C、D三项，即 “quit smoking, have more fruits and vegetables anddrink more water”都是“Healthyhabits”。‎ Q: In the building of the rail lines, ______.‎ A. more equipment made in China should beused B. more imported equipment should be used C. more exported equipment should be used D. more equipment used in infrastructure（基础） projects should be used ‎『个案解析』：‎ 正确答案为A。选项A命题（应该使用更多的国产设备）包含了选项C命题（应该使用更多的出口设备），关注奇速英语公众微信号qisuen，因为出口设备本身就意味着它是国产设备。‎ 包含项原则预示：选项中内容全面、概况性强的，往往是正确答案。‎ ‎2．正反项原则 所谓正反项，是指两选项陈述的命题完全相矛盾。根据形式逻辑排中律知识：两个相互矛盾的判断不能都是假的，其中必有一真。所以在阅读理解中，假如四选项中A、B互为正反项，那我们通常先排除C、D项，正确答案一般在A、B项当中取其一。‎ They feel they are poor listeners when they thinkabout something else while the other is talking or when they are tired, or notinterested in what she or he is talking about. Most people listen only withtheir ears.‎ Q: According to the passage, listening only with earsmay happen to us when____‎ A. we are emotionally tired B. we are physically disabled C. we are so interested in the topic D. we are asked many questions ‎【原文题意】:当他们心不在焉, 感到厌倦,或对他/她谈论的话题不感兴趣的时候，他们就会觉得自己不是一个好的听众了。他们大多数人仅仅是用耳朵而非用心去听。‎ ‎『个案解析』：四个选项中，A与C陈述互相矛盾,互为正反项。我们什么时候不会用心去听? A我们情绪厌倦的时候，C我们对话题很感兴趣的时候。显然这两个选项是矛盾正反判断，只有一个而且必有一个是真，所以我们可以先排除B、D选项，然后再结合我们下文将要提及的常识项原则，可以把答案确定为A。‎ 再看一例：‎ The main problem is that our neighbor worlds appear tobe unsuitable for advanced life forms. The moon may be the case first, it hashardly any atmosphere. Venus is little better, but the surface’s temperatureis very high. Mars with thin atmosphere and little water cannot support theliving necessity of the animals.‎ Q: There is unlikely any life on Venus because______.‎ A. it has very thin atmosphere B.the surface temperature is too hot C. the weather is too cold D. it is extremely short of water ‎『个案解析』：B项（表面温度太热）与C项（气候太寒冷）语义相反互为正反项。根据正反项原则，可以排除A、D项，然后在B、C项中选其一，这样，考生至少可以在不看原文的前提下把答案的命中率从25%提高到50％。其实，此题为细节题，根据原文第三句，我们可以把答案确定为B。奇速英语暑假网络互动直播课程,九天让你的英语成绩华丽转身，来不及的不是时间，而是行动，心动就马上行动，当你还在犹豫的时候，先报名的童鞋已经甩你很远了。‎ 正反项原则预示: 陈述内容或基调完全相反的两选项往往有一个是正确答案。‎ ‎3．委婉项原则 所谓委婉，这里是指说话不能说死，要留有余地。阅读理解选项中语气平和、委婉的往往是正确答案。这些选项一般含有不十分肯定或试探性语气的表达，如：probably, possibly, may, usually, might, most of, more or less,relatively, be likely to, not necessary, although, yet, in addition，tend to，be liable to等等，而含有绝对语气的表达往往不是正确答案，如：must, always, never, the most,all, every, any, merely, only, completely, none, hardly, already等等。‎ Q: According to the first two paragraphs, ____.‎ A. the use of water is a completely new concept B. the sea has already long been used as a way ofpower C. water is a source of energy far more economicalthan any other energies D. water, if properlyhandled, may present a promising solution to energy crisis.‎ ‎『个案解析』：很明显，根据委婉原则，正确答案应该为D, 其他三项都含有过于肯定语气的词，如：completely, has already, far morethan any other。而选项D比较委婉，if分词短语使说话留有余地，情态动词may使语气相对平缓。‎ 再如：‎ Q: The opinion of the writer is that____.‎ A. there may be otherintelligent beings in the universe B. there are other intelligent beings in theuniverse C. people living on the earth are almost certainly the only intelligentbeings in the universe D. people living on the earth are definitely the only intelligent beingsin the universe ‎『个案解析』：‎ 答案为A。根据委婉项原则，我们先可以把含有绝对语气词almost，certainly， definitely，the only的C、D项先排除，对比A、B项，我们会发现A项与B项所表达意思相近，但A项含有推测情态词may，使得它所表述的语气比B项更委婉，所以答案应该为A项。‎ Q: Which of the following is true according to thepassage?‎ A. Working hard is a basic requirement of all employees.‎ B. Good writing skills alone help you succeed in any field C. The onlyqualification for getting hired by a company is good communication skills D. While theimportance of one’s ability to communicate increases, his professionalbackground may becomeincreasingly less important.‎ ‎『个案解析』：‎ 答案：D。选项A（工作努力是对所有员工最起码的要求）；选项B（单凭好的写作技能可使你在任何领域取得成功）、C（被聘任上的唯一条件就是要有良好的表达技能）都过于绝对化；选项D（当交流表达能力重要性上升时，专业技术背景的重要性就可能会相应降低）中“may”表推测的情态动词使语气较为平缓，所以有可能是正确答案。奇速英语暑假网络互动直播课程,九天让你的英语成绩华丽转身，来不及的不是时间，而是行动，心动就马上行动，当你还在犹豫的时候，先报名的童鞋已经甩你很远了。‎ ‎4．同形项原则 几个选项如存在形式与结构上的相似，那它们就互为同形项。同形项组可喻为高尔夫球场上的“果岭”，而正确答案就是果岭上的“球洞”‎ ‎。命题者往往先将正确答案设置在一个大命题范围，然后通过语言形式的细微变化来考察考生的理解能力与分析能力。同形项原则告诉我们：词汇与句法结构相似的选项一般存在有正确答案。‎ The development of rapid transit rail lines in citiesshould parallel(与……平行) local economic development and blind construction ofsuch lines should be avoided…It stressed that the amount of domestically madeequipment used in such infrastructure projects needs to be increased.‎ Q:The rapid-transit rail lines should ______.‎ A. develop as quickly as possible B. develop with local economic development C. develop after local economic development D. develop with the construction industry ‎『个案解析』：答案为B。经语言形式与结构分析，我们不难发现B、C选项形式与结构相似（仅with与after一词之差）为同形项，所以可先试着排除A、D。再结合常识（常识项原则/下文）：高速路轨的建设应该与地方经济互相促进、同步发展，最终确定答案为B。‎ 检验：根据原文中的“parallel”（与…平行）可以确定上述分析结果正确。‎ ‎5．常识项原则 在议论文当中，那些符合一般常识，意义深刻富有哲理，符合一般规律，属于普遍现象的选项往往是正确答案。‎ Trees are useful to man in three import ways: theyprovide him with wood and other products; they give him shade; and they help toprevent droughts and floods. Unfortunately, in many parts of the world, man hasnot realized that the third of these services is the most important.‎ Q: What is the most important service of trees to manaccording to the passage?‎ A. They help him make money B. They give him wood andother products C. They help him preventdroughts and floods D. Theygive him shade ‎『个案解析』：答案为C，这是常识项。植树造林是我国的一大国策，目的在于防止洪涝、风沙、旱灾，这是我国公民的普遍常识，所以C为正确答案：树木可以帮助人类阻挡洪涝与旱灾。相对于其它三项，C项意义更加深远。 其实，根据“Unfortunately(语义转折标志)，in many parts of the world, manhas not realized that the third of these services is the most important，”我们也可以得出C项为正确答案。‎ 再如：‎ If Mrs. Abby dies after he has paid premiums for oneor two years only, the insurance company will lose heavily. But if she lives to the age of seventy orbeyond, the insurance company will make a profit.‎ Q: According to the passage, the insurance company willmake great profits.‎ A. If the premium（保险费）is increased so the company can earn more money eachyear.‎ B. If nobody above seventy buys insurance againstdeath.‎ C. If most insurancebuyers live longer than the average length of life.‎ D. If most insurance buyers live shorter than theaverage length of life.‎ ‎『个案解析』：答案为C，这也是常识项。众所周知，保险公司之所以能盈利，那是因为被保险的对象平安无事，所以，人活得越长，他交的保险额就越多，保险公司利润就越高，所以C为正确答案：如果投保人比普通人活得更长。奇速英语暑假网络互动直播课程,九天让你的英语成绩华丽转身，来不及的不是时间，而是行动，心动就马上行动，当你还在犹豫的时候，先报名的童鞋已经甩你很远了。‎ 注意：人的平均年龄往往是保险公司设置保率的基准。另外，此题根据“But （语义转折标志）if she lives to the age ofseventy or beyond, the insurance company will make a profit.”也可以推断出答案为C。‎ ‎6．因果项原则 阅读理解逻辑推理基本都是通过因果链进行的，前因后果，一步步循序渐进。然而，在推理题型的选项中，有的选项会推理不到位（止于前因），或者推理过头（止于后果），这就是所谓的干扰项。关注蔡章兵主编腾讯认证空间QQ757722345，获取更多资讯。因果项原则规定：假如四个选项中有两项互为同一事物推理过程中的因果关系，那么正确答案就是这两个因果项中的其中之一。如果因项可以产生几个结果，那么答案就是因项；如果果项可以对应几个原因，那么答案就是果项。‎ No one should be forced to wear a uniform. Uniformsare totally unnecessary in a democratic society. Uniform tell the world thatthe person who wears one has no value as an individual, that is, the individualin a uniform loses self-worth. There are those who say that wearing a uniformgives a sense of identification with a more important concept. But in fact, theindividual himself is the most important, if an organization is so weak that itmust rely on the uniform to inspire it members, that organizationhas not right to continue its existence. On the other hand, uniforms also hurtthe economy.‎ Q: The author’s main purpose in writing this paragraphis to______.‎ A. show that uniform are possible in a democraticsociety B. advocate stronger governmental controls on thewearing of uniforms C. convince the reader thatuniforms have more disadvantages than advantages D. advocate doing away with uniforms ‎『个案解析』：答案为C，综合分析四个选项，我们会发现C与B、D项互为因果项，也就是说，因为C：制服的弊大于利，所以B：呼吁政府采取措施控制穿制服，或D呼吁废除制服。根据因果项原则，一个原因对应了两个结果，答案应该选原因项C。本题是主旨题，根据原文，本段主要是列出制服的弊端，说明制服弊大于利。B、D项为干扰项，属于推理过头。‎ ‎7. 张冠李戴原则 即把文章作者的观点与他人的观点混淆起来，题干问的是作者的观点，选项中出现的却是他人的观点；或者题干问的是他人的观点，却把作者的观点放到选项中去。或者是选项的答案并非是题干中主语的行为或观点，而是文中其他人物的行为或观点。奇速英语暑假网络互动直播课程,九天让你的英语成绩华丽转身，来不及的不是时间，而是行动，心动就马上行动，当你还在犹豫的时候，先报名的童鞋已经甩你很远了。‎ First,employers should take the responsibility for their retired employees. To makethis possible, a percentage of profits should be set aside for thispurpose.‎ Anotherway of solving the problem is to return the responsibility, to the individual.This means each person must save during his working years to pay for his yearsof retirement.‎ Inaddition, the government could take responsibility for the care of the elderly.This could be financed through government taxes to increase the level ofpensions.‎ Q: Accordingto the passage, how can the government help improve lives of retired people?‎ A. Set aside some profits to help peoplewith problems after they retire.‎ B. Increase savings levels of peopleduring their working years.‎ C. Increase the discounts for food andtransport for the old.‎ D. Make available pensions for those whohave retired.‎ ‎『个案解析』：从上述节选的文段我们不难发现选项A是employers该做的，选项B是the individual应做的，选项C属于无中生有，只有选项D符合题目的要求，是government应采取的措施。‎ ‎8. 偷梁换柱原则 干扰项用了与原文相似的句型结构和大部分相似的单词，却在不易引人注意的地方换了几个词汇，造成句意的改变。‎ 例如，2011年南京二模阅读理解A篇第57题 LOSANGELES—Heart trouble is keeping Elizabeth Taylor hospitalized in Los Angeles for sometime, but her publicist says the 78-year-old actress is OK and has beenvisiting with family and friends.‎ Taylor spokeswoman SallyMorrison said in a statement Tuesday that the two-time Oscar winner iscomfortable at Cedars-Sinai Medical Centerand “there has been steady improvement in her condition” since she was admittedlast week.‎ Q：What can weknow about Elizabeth Taylor from the news?‎ A. She hasbeen suffering from heart illness for some years.‎ B. She willgo back home in a day or two.‎ C. She isfeeling quite well in hospital.‎ D. She willreceive her Oscar Award in the hospital.‎ ‎『个案解析』：此题中的答案C就是属于偷梁换柱的选项，此选项与原文的第二段的第一句的后半部分，... the two-time Oscar winner iscomfortable 与She is feeling quite well inhospital有部分相近的意思,但把comfortable偷换成了feeling quite well，意思上还是有区别的。故根据第三节第一句话Taylor is being treated forsymptoms of heart failure, a condition she revealed in November，所以正确答案为A。‎ ‎9．望文生义原则 这一干扰方法一般用于对句子或词语含义的考查，即利用某个词或句子的字面意义代替目前定语境中的具体意义。例如：栟茶中学2009届高三年级模拟冲刺考试试题A篇第57题 A studyinvolving 8,500 teenagers from all social backgrounds found that most of themare ignorant when it comes to money. The findings, the first in a series of reportsfrom NatWest that has started a five-year research project into teenagers andmoney, are particularly worrying as this generation of young people is likelyto be burdened with greater debts than any before.‎ University tuitionfees(学费) arecurrently capped at ￡3,000 annually, but this will be reviewed next year and theGovernment is under enormous pressure to raise the ceiling.‎ Q：The phrase “to raise the ceiling”in paragraph 2 probably means “______”.‎ A. to raise the students loans B. to improve theschool facilities C. to increase the upper limit of thetuition D. to life the schoolbuilding roofs ‎『个案解析』：一看到ceiling这个词同学们可能立即会想到“天花板，顶棚；最高限度，上限”这些含义，这样就会不自觉中将答案限定在了B、D中，而在短文the Government is underenormous pressure这一语境中ceiling显然指的是“最高限度，上限”，故答案应在A、C中，再根据本文是讲的政府部门对学生提供贷款而不是学费，故正确答案为A。‎ ‎10. 无中生有原则 干扰项往往是生活的基本常识和普遍接受的观点，但在原文中并无相关的信息支持点，这种选项的设置往往与问题的设问毫不相干。此外，干扰项也可能就是与所阅读的文章内容没有任何联系。‎ 例如，2007年广东卷阅读理解B篇第五段：‎ In the first case, when we don’t tell theclerk, a couple of things would happen. Deep down inside we would knowourselves as a type of thief. In the process, we would lose some peace of mindand self-respect...‎ Q：Theauthor thinks that keeping silent about the uncharged item is equal to_______.‎ A.lying B. stealing C. cheating D. advertising ‎『个案解析』：此题中的选项A和选项C就是属于我们生活中普遍接受的观点，认为在商店拿了东西却没有付款是“说谎”或“欺骗”，但原文中却用了“a type of thief”,所以答案应是B。‎ ‎11．鱼目混珠原则 这种干扰法常用于考查文章有关细节的题目中，即选项中表达的意思正误并存，而且错误只是局部有误。甚至干扰项所表达的意思根本就没有错误，只是内容不完整、不全面罢了，严格起来讲，后面这个情况在没有最佳答案项的情况下可以被选作正确答案。奇速英语暑假网络互动直播课程,九天让你的英语成绩华丽转身，来不及的不是时间，而是行动，心动就马上行动，当你还在犹豫的时候，先报名的童鞋已经甩你很远了。‎ 例如，2011高考复习教程阶段复习巩固练习之十九A篇第2题 ‎...Last week, Jang released her new albumDream of Asia. The leading track on the CD is Our Dream, a duet dedicated tothe Beijing Olympics.‎ Q：Theunderlined part “dedicated to” in Para 2 probably means________‎ A.especially intended for B. devoted to C. showing her personal charm to D. making great progress in ‎『个案解析』：选项B看起来好像与dedicated to 有密切的关系，如不加以分析，仅是望文生义的话，那么，我们就会掉进命题者为我们设置的陷阱里。其实，由前文a duet和后文the Beijing Olympics 的意思，我们不难猜测“dedicated to”应该是a duet是特别为奥运会所设计的，答案应为A。‎ ‎12．偷换概念原则 这种干扰方法的命题思路是，在对原文进行同义转换或解释的过程中，通过改变一些词汇或表达方法，使改变后的意思与原文意思发生微妙或较大的改变。‎ Who firstconceived the idea of the Festival of Hong Kong? To whom did he propose? Howdid he convince others of the feasibility of such a festival? How was theFestival told to the people of the “Pearlof the Orient”? Put it in another way: what purpose did the festival serve?‎ The purpose, as stated in the newspaper was a double one: to giveHong Kong people a sense of security after the disturbance of 1967 and to makeyoung people and working people aware of the need for a bit of fun andenjoyment in the grinding work of their daily lives.‎ Q:The purposeof the Festival of Hong Kong is ________.‎ A. to furnishnewspaper with news B. to attracttourists from abroad C. to providerelief for workers D. to enable people to realize that life is notall work ‎『个案解析』：此题答案为D。选项C采用了“偷换概念”的干扰方法。原文为“The purpose, as stated in the newspaper was a double one: to giveHong Kong people a sense of security after the disturbance of 1967 and to makeyoung people and working people aware of the need for a bit of fun andenjoyment…”而干扰项C把原文中的working people偷换成workers，使范围缩小，表达不准确。‎ ‎13．扩缩范围原则 英语文章为了表达的准确、严密，很注意对范围的限定，有时通过加上almost all，nearly，morethan，normally，usually等词对文意加以限制，“扩缩范围”干扰法就是通过改变或去掉限制性词语，将信息中的范围、程度、色彩等改变，从而导致错误。奇速英语暑假网络互动直播课程,九天让你的英语成绩华丽转身，来不及的不是时间，而是行动，心动就马上行动，当你还在犹豫的时候，先报名的童鞋已经甩你很远了。‎ More and more companies are allowing their officeworkers to wear casual to work. In the United States, the change fromformal to casual office wear has been slow. In the early 1990s, many companiesallowed their employees to wear casual clothes on Friday. This became known as ‎“dress-down Friday” or “casual Friday”. “What started out as an extra one-day-aweek benefit for employees has really become an everyday thing.” said businessconsultant Antony Jones.‎ Q：According to the passage, which of the following isTrue?‎ A. Companyworkers started to dress down about 30 years ago.‎ B.Dress-down has become an everyday phenomenon since the early 1990s.‎ C.“Dress-down Friday” was first given as a favor from employers.‎ D.Many workers want to wear casual clothes to impress people.‎ ‎『个案解析』：此题中的选项B就是属于扩大了范围。原文提到雇主允许雇员在Friday穿着较为随便的衣服，而不是every day，此题的正确答案为D。‎ ‎14．故意夸张原则 这种干扰方法常见于说明文的备选项中，即在介绍科学实验或新科研成果时，把可能当作现实，把可能出现的问题设置为已经出现的问题，把未然当作已然。‎ 例如，2011年江苏省高考调研卷7-6阅读理解C篇第64题 Mobile phone users will be able to changetheir devices wirelessly for the first time from 2012. Fuhitsu, the Japanesetechnology company, has created a system able to charge multiple portableelectronic devices such as mobile phones, digital cameras and laptop computerswithout the need for cable connections.‎ Electric cars users may also eventually beable to charge their vehicles wirelessly using the same technology according toFujitsu, which developed a prototype system at an Instituteof Electronics, Information andCommunication Engineers conference at Osaka Prefecture University.‎ Claiming to be the world’s first of its kind,the technology works on the basis of the transmission of electricity usingmagnetic fields between the charger and the electroonic device. The systemenables wireless charging at distances of up to several meters, with the aim ofinstalling public “charging spots” on the streets in order to enable easycharging around the clock.‎ Scientists at Fujitsu Laboratories areplanning to commercially sell products with the new wireless charging system asearly as 2012 but did not disclose how much they would cost.‎ ‎“This technology paves the way tomixing compact wireless charging functions into mobile phones and enablingmultiple portable devices to be charged simultaneously without any restrictionson their position with respect to the charger,” the company said in astatement.‎ The popularity of portableelectronic devices ranging from iPads to e-readers is expected to fuel a boomin wireless recharging technology development over the coming decade. Mobile phoneusers in Japan can cuttently top up their batteries using disposable portableplug-in battery-operated devices-available at most train and conveniencestores-although phone companies warn prolonged use can damage the phones.‎ The new system developed by Fujitsu, however,is significantly more sophisticated and represents the next generation ofportable recharging systems using highly tuned wireless technology. The companyadded: “We are also looking at applying the results of this work to fieldsother than portable electronics, including power transmission between circuitboards or computer chips, and providing mobile charging systems for electriccars.”‎ Q：Which of the followingis true according to the passage ?‎ A. The system charges wireless ata distance of several kilometers.‎ B. Repeated use of plug-inbatteries does no harm to cell phones.‎ C. Wireless recharging technologyis available at most train stations.‎ D. Charging positions varydepending on different portable devices.‎ ‎『个案解析』：本题答案为D。干扰项C运用了“故意夸张法”，它的干扰因素就是把可能当作现实，把无线充电在2012年的可能性理解为现在已经成功地在很多的火车站使用。文中的“Mobile phone users will be able to change their devices wirelesslyfor the first time from 2012.” “Scientists at Fujitsu Laboratories are planningto commercially sell products with the new wireless charging system as early as2012”实际上都是将来时，而不是已经成功地投入使用了。‎ ‎ 飞来哈一中猪大侠