高考英语作文评分标准及写作的基本原则

高考英语作文评分标准及写作的基本原则

‎ 高考英语作文评分标准及写作的基本原则 一．高考评分标准 ‎● 高考作文采用总体评分方式，集中在以下四个方面：‎ 第一，覆盖了题目提出的所有内容要点和要求；‎ 第二，应用了较多的语法结构和词汇，内容比较丰富；‎ 第三，在使用复杂结构或高级词汇时允许有些许错误；‎ 第四，有效地使用了语句间的连接成分，全文结构紧凑流畅。 ‎ ‎●高考英语作文完美行文四步骤 STEP1：确定文章框架，包括：时态、语态、格式、展开方式、开头结尾等。‎ STEP2：确定内容要点，包括：主要人物、时间地点、重要细节、合理发挥等。‎ STEP3：正式开始写作，整理思路成篇，行文连贯。‎ STEP4：及粗心犯下的错误.‎ ‎ （一）评分原则 ① 评分时先根据文章的内容和语言初步确定其所属档次，然后以该档次的要求来衡量，确定或调整档次，最后给分。‎ ②档次少于80和多于120的，从总分中减去2分。‎ ③评分时应注意的主要内容为：内容要点、应用词汇和语法结构的数量和准确性及上下文的连贯性。‎ ④拼写与标点符号是语言准确性的一个方面。评分时应视其对交际的影响程度予以考虑。英、美拼写及词汇用法均可接受。‎ ⑤ 如书写较差以至影响交际，将分数降低一个档次。‎ ‎ （二）各档次的给分范围和要求 ‎ （满分分别为25分，30分）‎ 第一档 （21—25分 25—30分）‎ 完全完成了试题规定的任务、完全达到了预期的写作目的。‎ ² 覆盖所有内容要点 ² 应用了较多的语法结构和词汇。‎ ² 为尽力使用较复杂结构或较高级词汇,具备较强的语言运用能力，但语法结构或词汇方面有些许错误。‎ ² 有效使用了语句间的连接成分，使全文结构紧凑。‎ 第二档 （16—20分 19—24分）‎ 完成了试题规定的任务，达到了预期的写作目的。‎ ² 虽漏掉一两个次重点，但覆盖所以主要内容。‎ ² 应用的语法结构和词汇能满足任务的要求。‎ ² 语法结构或词汇方面应用基本准确，些许错误主要是因尝试较复杂结构或词汇所致。‎ 应用简单的语句间连接成分，使全文结构紧凑。‎ 第三档 （11—15分 13—18分）‎ 基本完成了试题规定的任务，整体而言，基本达到了预期的写作目的。‎ ² 虽漏掉一些内容，但覆盖所有主要内容。‎ ² 应用的语法结构和词汇能满足任务的要求。‎ ² 有一些语法结构和词汇方面的错误，但不影响理解。‎ ² 应用简单的语句间连接成分，使全文内容连贯。‎ 第四档 （6—10分 7—12分）‎ ² 未恰当完成试题规定的任务，信息未能清楚地传达给读者。‎ ² 漏掉或未描述清楚一些主要内容，写了一些无关内容。‎ ² 语法结构单调，词汇项目有限。‎ ² 有一些语法结构或词汇方面的错误，影响了对写作内容的理解。‎ ² 较少使用语句间的连接成分，内容缺少连贯性。‎ 第五档 （1—5分 1—6分）‎ 未完成试题规定的任务。信息未能传达给读者。‎ ² 明显遗漏主要内容，写了一些无关内容，原因可能是未理解试题要求。‎ ² 语法结构单调，词汇项目有限。‎ ² 较多语法结构或词汇方面的错误，影响对写作内容的理解。‎ ² 缺乏语句间的连接成分，内容不连贯。‎ 第六档 0分 未能传达给读者任何信息：内容太少，无法评判；写的内容均与所要求内容无关或所写内容无法看清。‎ 另外对紧扣主题的适当发挥不予扣分。‎ 高考高分英语作文，是如何吸引阅卷老师的？‎ 大多数考生写作文，都是以“写够字数”作为自己的努力方向，因此习惯性地用初一、初二的单词、语法知识堆砌自己的命运，在全省同学的作文内容差不多的情况下，老师阅卷主要靠什么依据来判分呢？其中一个依据，就是语言，也就是，你用什么样的语言来表达你的意思。‎ 比如跟朋友分别时，表达“再见”这个意思，一般人就说“再见”，而语言水平高的诗人们则会说：“孤帆远影碧空尽，唯见长江天际流。”“莫愁前路无知己，天下谁人不识君。”“桃花潭水深千尺，不及汪伦赠我情。”看到了吗？同样的内容（再见），只要用不同水平的语言表达出来，给人的感觉就大不一样！‎ 而真正的“高手”应该努力尝试使用较高级的语言知识来打造自己的高分作文。这方面的技巧包括高级词汇和高级句型的高级句型。‎ 一．如何理解“应用了较多的词汇”‎ 这里所说的“词汇”，包括以下几个方面 ‎ （一）“高级词汇”代替低级词汇 ‎ 即：使用地道的表达（“带点洋味”）‎ 评分标准第一档次的要求中提到，“词汇方面有些许错误，但为尽力使用较复杂结构或较高级词汇所致”。这里所说的“高级词汇”，指的是大纲中没有列入或没有识记要求，但在实际运用中却出现比较频繁的词汇，比如frustration (沮丧；失败) , awkward (不灵活的，令人不舒服的)，awfully (很，非常)，concern (担心)等；同时尝试使用高级词汇时，把一些常用词汇进行替换，都可以算作是“高级词汇”。考生若能够适当地运用一些高级词汇，定会给评卷老师留下深刻的印象。‎ ‎1. I can’t find any way to solve the problem.‎ ‎ 换作高级词汇：I can’t find any solution to the problem.‎ ‎2. The pet dog is so lovely that almost everybody likes her. ‎ ‎ 换作高级词汇：The pet dog is so cute (可爱的，聪明的) that almost ‎ everybody likes her.‎ 3. The question is really difficult to understand. ‎ ‎ 换作高级词汇：The question is really confusing(令人费解的).‎ 4. He had to face all the possible difficulties. ‎ 换作高级词汇：He had to cope with all the possible difficulties.‎ ‎5. He is very busy. 换作高级词汇 He is as busy as a bee.‎ ‎6. I’ve told you many times.‎ 换作高级词汇I’ve told you a hundred time.表面上看似乎用词太具 ‎ ‎ 体了，其实a hundred time使用“夸张”修辞手法。‎ 7. Thank you for playing with us.换作地道表达 ‎ ‎ Thank you for sharing the time with us.‎ 8. I like this magazine.换作地道表达 ‎ This magazine is warmly received.‎ ‎ （二） 多实少虚原则（单词“具体化”、多用同义词）‎ ‎ 英语中有些词的使用频率非常高，比如interesting, clever等，在表达时大家都很喜欢用，这样很容易令文章入千人一面的窘境中。但如果我们能够使用它们相应的同义词，就可以做到与众不同，给评卷者带来清新的感觉。‎ 1. 单词“具体化”‎ 请先对比以下几组句子：‎ ‎ 第一组： 【例1】I go to school everyday. ‎ ‎ 【例2】I ride to school everyday.‎ 很多同学都能感觉到例句2要比例句1好。究其原因，是例句2中的rode比例句1中的went更加具体：went只表达了“去”的意思，而rode不但表达出“去”的意思，还能表达出具体的交通方式。也就是说，例句2表达的信息量比例句1更加丰富。‎ 第二组：【例句3】Mr Wang is a good teacher. ‎ ‎ 【例句4】Mr Wang is a kind, patient and knowledgeable teacher.‎ 例句3只表达出Mr Wang是一个“好”老师，而到底“好”在哪些方面，却没有具体说清楚；例句4则清楚地告诉读者，Mr Wang好在三个方面：和蔼（kind）、耐心（patient）以及知识丰（knowledgeable）。‎ ‎ 因此，写文章还是应该写一些实际的东西，不能空话连篇。这就要求一定多用实词，少用虚词。这里所说的虚词就是指那些比较大的词。比如我们想表达一个人或事物很好的时候，不应该总是用nice这样空洞的词，像这样的虚词还有kind, young, happy等，而应换为具体的 generous, humorous, smart, gentle, honest, warm-hearted, hospitable (热情友好的，殷勤的)等。因为实词会使文章显得更生动，具体，让你妙笔生辉，令人耳目一新我们必须学会换用更为具体的单词表达我们的思想，如：‎ （1） adj. 学习 （黯然低分词：learn） ‎ ‎ 闪光高分词：research研究；master掌握 ‎ pick up偶然学到，顺便学到，轻松学到；‎ ‎（2）n. 好老师 （黯然低分词：a good teacher）‎ ‎ 闪光高分词：a kind, patient and knowledgeable English teacher ‎ ‎ 一个善良、耐心、博学的老师 当然，除了替换某些表意抽象的单词，我们还可以通过增加细节成分，使表达更为具体，如，例句2可以加上同伴、心情等信息，进一步改写成：‎ ‎【例句5】I，together with Tom and Jerry, rode to the Zhongshan park yesterday，feeling rather excited.‎ 同样的，例句4也可以加上一个定语从句，写出Mr Wang到底擅长哪些事情，如：‎ ‎【例句6】Mr Wang is a kind, patient and knowledgeable teacher who knows how to enlighten us students.‎ 可以看到，例句5和例句6两个句子采用“具体化”的手段，将原本毫无生气的句子顿时变得生动形象了。‎ 综上所述，想让你的表达“具体化”，一共有两种常用方法，其一，是换掉某些表意不明确的单词，换上表意更加明确具体的单词；其二，是在句中适当增加细节成分。“具体化”的好处，是让句子的含义更加丰富，让读者更容易由句子展开丰富的联想，随着作者一起经历、一起思考、一起感动。在平时的学习、训练中，与其生硬地使用超纲词汇，不如好好熟悉大纲单词，用好“具体化”的两种方法，为你的作文增光添彩。‎ ‎“具体化”在汉语写作中也有同样的体现。比如，要表达“惜别”的感情，光说“再见”是不够的，应该像诗人那样，用具体化的细节带动感情，写出梦幻般的文字：“让我与你握别/ 再轻轻抽出我的手/ 知道思念从此生根/ 浮云白日/ 山川庄严温柔...”‎ 这就是“具体化”的作用，你体会到了吗？‎ ‎ 2. 同义词替换 ‎ （1） good——excellent；‎ ‎ 例句：It's an excellent idea for you to make a foreign pen-pal.‎ ‎ 你想交个外国笔友，这是个很棒的注意。‎ ‎ （2）happy——joyful；‎ ‎ 例：We felt joyful and excited to see so many trees and flowers in the countryside. 在乡下看到这么多花和树，让我们感到很开心和激动。‎ ‎ （3）tired——exhausted; ‎ ‎ 例：Exhausted as we were, we felt our time and effort worthwhile.虽然很累，我们仍感觉自己的时间和精力花的很值。‎ ‎ （4）.think about —— ‎ ‎ take into consideration / take into account（考虑到）；‎ 例句：We should take into consideration other people's opinion. 我们应该考虑其他人的意见。‎ ‎ （4）.important —— vital （至关重要的）；‎ ‎ 例句：It is vital for us to be brave enough to face challenges in our life. 勇于面对人生挑战，对我们来说是至关重要的。‎ ‎ （5）It will be very interesting. ‎ ‎ It will be a lot of fun.‎ ‎ （6）He was so clever that he could count all the way up to 100 at one year old. ‎ ‎ He was so smart that he could count all the way up to 100at one year old.‎ ‎ （7) Last summer I visited Xiamen with my parents.‎ ‎ Last summer I toured Xiamen with my parents.‎ ‎ （8）她的眼睛很迷人。‎ ‎ Her dark eyes are very beautiful. ‎ ‎ Her dark eyes are very attractive.‎ ‎ (9) He was angry that she had forgotten his birthday.‎ ‎ He was annoyed that she had forgotten his birthday.‎ ‎ (10) I happened upon her in the street a few days ago. ‎ ‎ I happened upon her in the street the other day.‎ ‎ (11)He spends all his spare time in reading.换作 ‎ He devotes all his spare time to reading.‎ ‎ (12)seek替换 want / look for.‎ ‎ They sought (wanted) to hide themselves behind the trees.‎ ‎ (13) I’m an average (ordinary) student.‎ ‎ (14)on替换as soon as ‎ As soon as he arrived, he began his research. ‎ ‎ → On his arrival, he began his research..‎ ‎(15)contribute to替换 be helpful/useful ‎ Plenty of memory work is undoubtedly helpful to English study. →‎ ‎ Plenty of memory work will undoubtedly contribute to English study.‎ ‎(16) ．more than替换very ‎ ① I’m very glad to learn that you are coming in September. →‎ ‎ I’m more than glad to learn that you are coming in September. ‎ ‎ ② If there is anything I can do for you, I would be more than glad to help.(全国卷)‎ ‎（17）perfect (ly) 替换good/ very well ‎ He speaks perfect ( good ) English.‎ ‎ / He speaks English perfectly ( very well ).‎ ‎（18）do sb a/the favor 替换help ‎ Would you please do me the favor ( help me ) to turn down the radio?‎ ‎（19）the majority of替换most ‎ The majority of (Most of ) the interviewees prefer watching TV at home to going to the cinema.‎ ‎（20）consist of替换be made up of ‎ Our class consists of ( is made up of ) 50 students.‎ ‎（21）be worn out替换 be tired / broken ‎ ① After five hours’ non-stop work, we were all worn out (tired).‎ ‎ ② My shoes are worn out (broken). Please buy me a new pair.‎ ‎（21）attend to替换look after ‎ ‎（22）on condition that替换as long as ‎（23）nevertheless替换however ‎（24）express one’s satisfaction with替换be satisfied with ‎ ‎（25）spare no efforts to do替换try one’s best to do ‎（26）many a 替换many ‎（27）meanwhile替换at the same time ‎（28）get to one’s feet替换stand up ‎ ‎（29）occasionally替换sometimes /once in while ‎（30）for instance替换for example ‎（31）seldom替换not often ‎（32）wealthy替换 rich ‎（33）amazing替换surprising ‎ ‎（34）as a matter of fact 替换in fact ‎（35）can not but / can not help but替换have to do ‎ I could not but (had to) go home.‎ ‎（37）Only 改成no one but ‎ ‎ Only Tom passed the exam last week. ‎ ‎ → No one but Tom passed the exam.‎ 上面这些句子本身都在高考作文里很常用，大家可以马上结合例句，掌握这几个常见词汇的“换词”，并思考和感受“换词”技巧的神奇作用。‎ ‎（三）晚词和短语优先（晚词、短语优先原则）‎ 1. ‎ 晚词优先原则 老师偏爱“学得晚”的单词，因为它可以体现一个人“学以致用”的意识。如果一个意思既可以用初中单词来表达，又可以用高二、高三单词来表达，那尽量选择高二、高三的单词，如：‎ （1） Adj.困难的（黯然低分词：difficult） ‎ ‎ 闪光高分词：challenging 有挑战性的 ‎（2）Adj.重要的（黯然低分词：important）‎ ‎ 闪光高分词：vital 至关重要的；essential 必不可少的； ‎ ‎ significant 有重要意义的；‎ ‎（3）Adj.美丽的 （黯然低分词：beautiful）‎ ‎ 闪光高分词：appealing动人的；attractive 吸引人的； ‎ ‎ charming迷人的；fascinating 迷人的 ‎【注】：以上五个词既能修饰人，又能修饰物，非常好用，务必记熟！‎ ‎2. 短语优先原则 ‎ （1） “巧”凑字数 写作时，尤其是在考试时，如果正确使用短语，好处：一是用短语会给文章增光添彩，自然会增加得分点；二是学生在考场上有时过于紧张、思维短路，但还得凑够字数，那么用短语替代一个单词不失为好办法！比如：‎ ‎1）. I can’t bear it. 可以用短语表达为： I can’t put up with it.‎ ‎2）. I want it.可以表示表达为：I am looking forward it. ‎ ‎3）. Suddenly I had a good idea. 换作短语： Suddenly I came up with a good idea.‎ ‎4).Take a moment to see what is happening around you. 换作短语： Take a moment to see what is going on around you.‎ ‎5）.Everyone should do his or her best. 换作短语：‎ ‎ Everyone is supposed to do his or her best.‎ ‎6）.The film we saw last night was very interesting. 可表达为 ‎ The film we saw last night was nothing but(除了)interesting.‎ ‎ The film we saw last night was nothing but (决不) boring.‎ （2） adj.转化n.原则 在阅卷老师看来，活用短语是一个考生能力的体现。因此，我们可以掌握一些将某些常见单词转化为短语的用法，如：‎ （4） v. 参加 (黯然低分词：join ) ‎ ‎ 闪光高分词：take part in （5） v. 使用 (黯然低分词：use) ‎ ‎ 闪光高分词：make good use of （6） v. 拜访 (黯然低分词：visit) ‎ ‎ 闪光高分词：pay a visit to ‎（7）最常见的换词手段：形容词=of+同根名词 黯然低分词：‎ 闪光高分词：‎ very important 重要的 of great importance very difficult 困难的 of great difficulty very beautiful 美丽的 of great beauty very useful 有用的 of great use very helpful 有帮助的 of great help very harmful 有害的 of great harm very valuable 有价值的 of great value very significant 至关重要的 of great significance very necessary 必要的 of great necessity 二． 如何理解“应用了较多的语法结构”‎ ‎ 即：（多变句式原则）‎ 高考鼓励尽量使用复杂的语法结构。较复杂的语法结构通常指以下几种情况：‎ ‎ （一）尽量使用复杂句式，如在一句中加入定语从句、状语从句、名词性从句、强调句、分词结构等。‎ 1. 名词性从句、定语从句 ‎ what引导的名词性从句：将动宾结构转化为此结构。‎ ‎ What he gave me, which I knew, were not only a Christmas present but also a heart full of love and a mind of my existence in it.‎ ‎ It would mean a great deal to me to listen to the tape and learn what is covered in the talk. ( 2004 全国卷 Ⅲ )‎ ‎ My hometown is no longer what it used to be.‎ ‎ 高级定语从句：若定语从句中的动词带有介词，只需将介词移至先行词后。‎ We came to a place to which they had never paid a visit before.‎ ‎（非限制性）定语从句 ‎ ① The flat is in a building on Fangcao Street. It is not far from Jianxin Chinese School.→‎ ‎ The flat is in a building on Fangcao Street, which is not far from Jianxin Chinese School. (NMET 2003)‎ ‎ ② It was quite an experience for us both, which I’ll never forget for the rest of my life. (2002 北京卷)‎ 定语从句和同位语从句或者是插入语的恰当运用，也会让人感觉你有深厚的语法功底，又具有极强的语言表现力。如：‎ The man whom you met yesterday is a friend of mine.‎ I don’t enjoy that book you are reading.‎ Mr Liu, our oral English teacher, is easy-going.‎ ‎2. It做形式主语（宾语）句型 ‎ ① It will be + some time + before…‎ ‎ It won’t be long before humans visit the Mars.‎ ‎ ② It is + adj./n.+ for sb to do sth.‎ ‎ It is very important for us to learn computer well, because it has changed our life so much.‎ He said since it was a new model in China, it was impossible to fix it without the right spare parts.（2008年湖北卷）‎ ‎ ③It is + 被强调部分 + that/who…‎ ‎ 强调句：可以轻松地将时间、地点、原因、方式等类型的状语从句转变为强调句。事实上，只要是个现成的英语句子，都能拿出某个成分出来强调一下。如：‎ 把“I like English most.”改写为“It is English that I like most.”‎ ‎ It was not until I arrived home that I realized I had left the bag on the shop counter.‎ It was then that I realized the importance of English.‎ ‎ It is what Yang Liwei has done that encourages us a lot.‎ ‎ Those who like reading extensively say it is through reading that we get our knowledge.‎ 可以看出，强调句型是用起来最方便的高考高级句型。‎ 需要注意，再厉害的句型，一旦重复次数过多，也会显得低俗。因而大家进考场前可以多掌握几种高级句型，就像战士上战场前多带几发子弹一样，在最关键的地方一发一发地用到作文里去。‎ ‎ （二）使用英语写作中的修辞（即：变化多样的句式）‎ ‎ 如：疑问句、祈使句、倒装句、省略句、并列句。‎ 修辞手段一般主要用于文学性写作中。但在大学英语的英文写作中有时也需要运用一定的具有英文特征的修辞手段，而且运用得好，会使语句生动从而增添语句亮点。因此，掌握一些一般常用修辞手段对于实现语句亮点也是非常必要的。对于大学英语写作来说，主要应该掌握以下修辞手段，又称语句辞格，包括结构辞格与语义辞格。对比、排比、重复、倒装等为结构辞格，转义、双关、矛盾等则为语义辞格。‎ ‎ 1.倒装句 ‎  （1）使用“不完全倒装句”（语法结构倒装）‎ 遇到否定词、形容词这两种常见的“升级标志词”时，可以将句子变成倒装句来表达。如：‎ ‎“I don't believe it.”变成“By no means do I believe it.”‎ 或者把“This is a beautiful flower.”变成“So beautiful is the flower that we all like it.”‎ Only when I turned right at the crossing did that car crack towards me.‎ Only by this means can he escape from the big fire.‎ Not until everybody takes care of it will the environment improve.‎ Not only can the little boy speak English well, but also he can speak French fluently.‎ The library is to the east of the teaching building. →‎ ‎ East of the teaching building is the library.‎ Although we are tired, we are happy.→‎ Tired as we are, we are happy.‎ Only in this way can he grow to be a useful man. (2002 上海卷)‎ ‎（2）修辞性语义结构倒装 ‎ 它是指“修辞性语义”结构倒装，是进行强调的一种手段，它利用了语句句首（或句尾）的特殊位置。如：‎ The environment will never improve until everybody takes care of it. 使用倒装结构：‎ 例如，如“充满着风险与机遇的改革的新时代正向我们走来”，可以这样表达：‎ ‎ Now on coming to us is the new era of reform full of ventures and chances.‎ May all your dreams come true!‎ ‎ May our friendship last till the end of the universe.!（2007年湖南卷）‎ ‎2.被动语态 恰到好处的被动句：适合应用于较简短的句子，这样显得语言简洁生动。‎ a. 将习惯使用的“用人作主语”换成“用物作主语”（亦称“无灵主语”），如把“I like English.”变成“English is my favourite subject.”或者“English attracts me a lot.”‎ b. 用动名词作主语：把“You should communicate more with your classmates.”改写为“Communicating more with your classmates would be beneficial for you.”‎ Searched all my pockets, but nothing was found。‎ Opinions are divided on the question. (NMET 2002)‎ New factories, houses and roads have been built.(2004江苏卷 All classes are taught by teachers with rich experience in teaching foreign students. (2004全国卷 Ⅳ) ‎ ‎3.进行时态：‎ ‎ 有时会含有一定情绪，尤其要使用always这样的富含感情色彩的副词。‎ I am always feeling terrible when I take a bus.‎ ‎4.对比、正反对比 ‎ 就是要巧妙地运用对称的英文句式（如：反义词）来表达互为补充的意思，同时来加强语句，实现语句的亮点。‎ ‎ （1）如“很多人很快就会发现，他们在物质上是富裕了，精神上却很贫乏”，可以这样达：‎ ‎　Many people will soon find themselves rich in goods，but ragged in spirit.（注：句中rich in与ragged in，goods与spirit具有正反对比的关系和效果。）‎ ‎ （2）如“利远远大于弊”，可以这样表达：‎ ‎　　The advantages far outweigh the disadvantages.（注：句中the advantages与the disadvantages具有正反对比的关系和效果。）‎ ‎（3）如“他们注意到了这些说法中的一些道理，但他们却忽视了一个重要的事实”，可以这样表达：‎ ‎　　They have noticed a grain of truth in the statements，but have ignored a more important fact.（注：句中have noticed与have ignored，a grain of truth in the statements与a more important fact具有正反对比的关系和效果。）‎ （4） 如“这样做既有积极效果也有消极效果”，可以这样表达：‎ ‎ It will have both negative and positive effects by so doing.（:句中negative与positive具有正反对比的关系和效果）‎ ‎（5）如“我们既有与我们很为相似的朋友，又有与我们很为不同的朋友”，可以这样表达：‎ ‎ We have friends similar to us and friends different from us.（注：句中similar to与different from具有正反对比的关系和效果）‎ ‎ 5.排比、重复，英文中有时也使用排比、重复句式 ‎ “排比”这种句式整齐而有气势，又不会使人感到单调。例如，如“读书使我们聪明，锻炼使我们强健”，可以这样表达：‎ Reading makes us wise while exercises make us strong. ‎ ‎ “重复”英文一般讲求简洁，因此为表达强调偶尔使用重复可以使语句的强调内容得到突出。英文的重复又根据被重复词语在语句中的位置分为句首重复、句尾重复、首尾重复、尾首重复等。‎ ‎ (1）如“现在是忘掉过去一切的时候了。现在是言归正传的时候了。现在是为未来而奋斗的时候了”，可以这样表达：‎ Now is the time to forget everything in the past. Now is the time to get down to the business. Now is the time to work hard for the future.（注：此句为句首重复，重复部分为句首的now it the time to）‎ ‎ (2）如“我们渴望成功，而且正在为成功而努力工作”，可以这样表达：‎ ‎　　We long for success and we are working hard for success.（注：此句为句尾重复，重复的部分为句尾的for success.）‎ ‎ (3）如“我相信我们能够成功，我相信我们也一定会成功”，可以这样表达：‎ ‎　　I am convinced that we can succeed，and Iam convinced that we must succeed.（注：and所连接的两个语句的句首与句尾部分同时重复，重复的部分为句首的I am convinced that与句尾的succeed）‎ ‎ (4）如“我们现在生活在一个新的时代，而一个改革充满着风险与机遇”，可以这样表达：‎ ‎　　We are now living in a new era，and a new era of reform is always full of ventures and chances.（注：and之前的句尾与and之后的句首重复，重复部分为a new era.）‎ ‎ 6.转义 ‎ 转义是一种对词语灵活运用的修辞手段，主要有比喻、拟人、夸张、反语、婉转等，比喻又包括明喻、暗喻、换喻、提喻等。‎ ‎ (1）如要表达“过去的经历就像图片一样总是在脑海中萦绕”，英文可为：‎ ‎ What had been experienced in the past was always looming in memory like a picture.（注：此句采用明喻，明喻的特点是使用了like一词）‎ ‎(2）如要表达“我们的英语老师就是我们最好的英语辞典”，英文可为：‎ Our English teacher is our best English dictionary.（注：此句采用暗喻，暗喻的特点是利用事物之间的相似之处进行比喻，与明喻不同之处在于不使用like一词）‎ ‎(3）如要表达“我正在读莎土比亚的书呢”，英文可为：‎ I am reading Shakespeare.‎ ‎（注：此句采用换喻，换喻的特点是直接借用一事物的名称宋代替另一事物的名称，使用通过联想理解其含义，但不是所有的事物都是可以用换喻来表达的）‎ ‎(4）如要表达“这里需要一个帮手”，英文可为：‎ ‎　　A hand is needed here.‎ ‎（注：此句采用提喻，提喻的特点是用一个事物的部分来代表事物的整体或用一个事物的整体来代表事物的部分。这里用hand一词代表整个人）‎ ‎(5）如要表达“巨大的不幸笼罩着整个城市”，英文可为：‎ ‎　　A great misfortune crept over the whole city.‎ ‎（注：此句采用拟人。拟人的特点是将事物人格化）‎ ‎(6）如要表达“这种想法可真是伟大的愚蠢”，英文可为：‎ ‎　　This is really a great stupid idea.‎ ‎（注：此句采用反语。反语的特点是故意将话反说，具有讽刺意味）‎ ‎(7）如要表达“我太渴望成功了。听到成功的消息我欣喜若狂”，英文可为：‎ I was mad for success and on the news of success I went mad with joy.（注：此句采用夸张。夸张的特点是为表现事物的特征故意夸大其词）‎ ‎ 7. 使用非谓语动词、并列句和其他固定句型。‎ ‎ (1）使用现在分词结构：‎ 现在分词结构可以表达伴随、原因等状语，因此几乎在任何文章中都可以用得上。现在分词短语可以使句子更加简洁、生动，而且也使前后两个动作的衔接更加紧密。例如：‎ When I heard the news, I felt kind of discouraged. 可改为：‎ Hearing the news, I felt kind of discouraged.‎ Nowadays, we can easily travel from one place to another and this ‎ bridges the gap (减少分歧) among different races or cultures. 换作现在分词短语：‎ Nowadays, we can easily travel from one place to another, thus bridging the gap among different races or cultures.‎ ‎ (2）使用并列句。‎ 在并列句中，要使两个或几个主谓结构连接在一起，就要用并列连词。‎ 并列连词按不同的意思有下面几种：‎ ‎ 表示转折意思：but, yet, however, nevertheless如：‎ Everything in the world is outside you but health belongs to yourself.‎ 一切都是身外之物，只有健康属于自己。‎ He has learned English for only one year, yet he can communicate with people in English. 他才学了一年英语，但已能用英语与人交流了。‎ John has his shortcomings; however, that doesn’t mean he is not qualified for the job.约翰有缺点，但不等于说他不能胜任这份工作。‎ ‎ 表示因果关系：for, so, therefore, hence, owing to, due to, thanks to, on account of等 You’d better take an umbrella with you, for it’s going to rain.要下雨了，最好带把伞。‎ I’ve got a meeting to attend, so I have to go now.我要去开会，所以现在我得走了。‎ You are in the right; therefore we should support you.你是对的，所以我们该支持你。‎ The town was built on the side of a hill, hence it’s named Hillside.‎ 这个小镇建在山坡上，所以叫“山坡”。‎ ‎ 表示并列关系：and, or, either…or, neither/ nor, not only…but(also), both…and, as well as, together with等 She came to my house yesterday evening, and I went to hers.昨晚她来我家了，我去她家了。‎ Do it this way or you’ll be in trouble. 你就这么办，不然你会有麻烦的Either you tell him the truth, or I do it. 不是你告诉他事实，就是我来告诉他 He doesn’t know your address, neither / nor do I.‎ 他不知道你的地址，我也不知道。‎ ‎ 其他连词 ‎ 表示强调in deed, in fact, surely, certainly, no doubt, without any doubt, truly, obviously, above all,‎ 表示让步关系：though, although, as, even if, even though, whether …or…, however, whoever, whatever, whichever, wherever, whenever, no matter how (who, what, which, where, when,whom)‎ 表示举例for example, for instance, such as…, take… for example 表示比较：be similar to, similarly, the same as, in contrast, compared with (to)…just like, just as,‎ 表示目的：for this reason,, for this purpose, so that, in order to, so as to,‎ 表示解释说明：now, in addition, for example, for instance, in this case, moreover, furthermore, in fact, actually ‎(3）使用固定句型（或句型转换表达同一意思）‎ 习惯做某事 主语+ make it a rule to + 动词原形 主语+ make a point of + 动名词 It is a rule with sb. + to + 动词原形 我喜欢在傍晚的时候出去散步。‎ I make it a rule to go out for a walk towards evening.‎ I make a point of going out for a walk towards evening.‎ It is a rule with me to go out for a walk towards evening.‎ ‎8.较多使用表达委婉语气的词语和句子 在英语中，常用虚拟语气，让步状语从句和情态动词can，could，may，might，would，should等。请看下面两组有关“面试在招生过程中的重要性”的文字：‎ ‎(1）No one should be admitted into（招收进）college without a personal interview（面试）.What can admissions people（招生人员）tell from a piece of paper？They can tell nothing.Only when they see a student face to face，can they decide what kind of a person he is.‎ ‎(2）Though admissions people can learn some things from a piece of paper，such as how well a person writes and what he is interested  in，there  may  be  many  other  things that  an  application （申请表）can not tell but can only be seen in a personal interview.The way a person talks，the way he thinks about and answers questions，the  way  he  reacts（反应），are  all  important  facts  of  a person which can not be found on a piece of paper.‎ ‎　　两段文字都强调“大学生入学必须面试”，但相比之下，例（2）用了情态动词，though引导的让步状语从句等表达方式，语气较为委婉，更容易为读者所接受。‎ ‎ 9.with结构 ‎ with引导的伴随结构：可以将状语从句或并列句中的其中一个分句变成with结构。‎ ‎ With the sun setting in the west, we had to wave goodbye to the workers.‎ ‎ With his help, we've learned how to analyze and settle problems.（湖南卷）‎ ‎ With the functions of inserting, deleting, moving and copying, it enables us to edit test, browse web page and download what we want.（年江苏卷）‎ ‎ With the sun lighting brightly and the birds singing clearly, I went to school in high spirits ‎ He always likes to sleep with the windows open.‎ ‎ A terrible accident happened yesterday, with nine people killed and almost eighty injured.‎ ‎ He was carrying a bedroll and a large bag on his shoulder, with a large suitcase in his left hand. ‎ 三．使用有辩论、推理等含义的连接词和过渡词等词语结构 ‎　英语议论文讲究辩论推理的条理性和逻辑性，因此，往往较多地使用这类性质的过渡词和连接词，常用的包括：since （既然），now that（既然）， therefore（因而），consequently（因此），accordingly（因此），hence（因而），in that case（在那种情况下），because（因为），so（所以）。另外，还有些句型也常出现在英语议论文中，比如： It follows that…（因而……），If…，we may conclude that…（如果……，我们可以这样下结论……）， Should it be the case（如果是这样的话……），Idon't want to…，but…（我并不想……，但是……）， If you admit…，then…（如果你承认……‎ ‎，那么……），It is true that…，but…（诚然……，但是……），  Even  if…（即使……）等。‎ 下面这篇学生作文较好地使用了上述这些英语议论文常用的连接词和过渡词等词语结构，从而使文章的辩论和推理条理清晰，富有说服力：‎ ‎ Some people say that they will not give up smoking because they have the right to do what they want to do since smoking is not against the law.Yes，it's true that smoking does not violate （违反）the law and therefore they can do as they like，but what is equally true is that they have to be responsible for what they do at the same time. Now I don't want to bring fears to anyone，but here are some statistics（统计数字）I've just got from newspaper：Over seventy percent of the people who died of lung cancer were  heavy smokers. ‎ ‎ More  than  thirty-five  percent  deformed（畸形的）babies have smoking mothers. Even if those chain smokers （一支接一支抽烟者）are not afraid for themselves，shouldn't they be afraid for their family members if they have got any？‎ 四、 条理性强的原则 ‎ 表示概括归纳：in a word, in short, in brief, on the whole, generally speaking, in my opinion, as far as I know, As we all know, as has been stated, as I have shown, finally, at last, in 　　summary, in conclusion 表示罗列增加：First, second, third,First, then / next, after that / next, finally；For one thing … for another…；On (the) one hand…on the other hand；Besides / what’s more / in addition / furthermore / moreover / another / also/Especially / In particular,‎ 表示时间顺序：now, at present, recently,after, afterwards, after that, after a while, in a few days,at first, in the beginning, to begin with, later, next, finally,immediately, soon, suddenly, all of a sudden, at that moment, as soon as, the moment, form now on, from then on,at the same time, meanwhile,till, not…until, before, after, when, while, as during,‎ 一般来说，如果一篇文章以第一、第二、第三或首先、其次、再次等罗列要点会让人感觉层次分明、条理清晰、逻辑性强。强烈推荐下列关联词：‎ 五、挑战极限原则 挑战极限听似很难，但并非高不可攀。‎ 学生的文章中，很少发现诸如独立主格之类的句子，因为学生要么想不到，要么怕写错。其实这项语法并不难，它只是分词的一种特殊形式，分词要求前后主语一致，而独立主格则有自己的逻辑主语。如：‎ The weather being fine, a large number of people went to climb the hill.‎ This book being very interesting, I have read it again and again.‎ 这种句子出现在文章中一定令人刮目相看，很自然成了一个采分点。‎ 六、高考书面表达常用的标点符号 高考标点符号同汉语标点符号有所不同。只有正确地使用标点符号来写作，才能使你的英语作文锦上添花。标点符号乱用，不仅使你的作文大打折扣，而且会严重地影响作文得分。英语书面表达常用的标点符号有：句号、逗号、分号、引号、冒号、问号和感叹号。‎ 注意：英语中没有书名“<< >>” ，英语中的书名、报刊名、杂志名及其他出版物一般用斜体字表示，在书写中可用引号。‎ 1. 句号（Full stop / Period）‎ 句号表示说完一句话后的停顿，用在句子末尾。英语句号的写法是一个实心点，有别于汉语的空心点。所以英语作文不能随便点点，以免造成误解。除一句话结束时用句号以外，在缩略词后面也用句号。和汉语不同，英语中的句点表示一个基本句型已经结束，而汉语的句号表示一个意思已经完整。如：‎ 我是老师而他是学生。（I am a teacher. He is a student. 或I am a teacher, while / but he is a student.）‎ e.g.(= for example )‎ ‎2.逗号（Comma）‎ 逗号表示一句话没有说完而暂时的停顿，用在句子中间。逗号的主要作用有：‎ （1） 当两个成分或句子并列时，需用并列连词，当三个或三个以上的成分或句子并列时，最后两个句子或成分需用并列连词，前面的句子或成分可用逗号隔开。‎ Mary got up early and went to school.玛丽早早起床去上学。‎ Mary got up early, dressed herself quickly and went to school.‎ 玛丽早早起床，迅速穿好衣服去上学。‎ （2） 表示独立成分 The teacher, to tell you the truth, is her father.实话告诉你，那位老师是他父亲。‎ （3） 表示同位语 Kofi Annan, the former Secretary-General of UN, has made great achievements for the world. 联合国前任秘书长安南为世界做出了巨大贡献。‎ （4） 表示句首的状语（非谓语动词作状语，状语从句）‎ Hearing the good news, the little boy jumped with joy.‎ (5) 表示句首或句尾的非限制性定语从句 As everyone knows, he is the winner of the English contest.‎ 众所周知，他是英语竞赛的冠军。‎ ‎（6） 表示称呼语Mary, close the door.‎ ‎（7）表示演说、书信、口头通知等的称呼语 Boys and girls,…‎ ‎ (8) 表示引出直接引语The boy shouted, “Be careful!”‎ ‎3.分号（Semicolon）‎ 分号表示比逗号长的停顿。分号主要用在没有连接词的情况下把句子分开。另外，在however, therefore, nevertheless等副词前也常用分号。‎ They often play basketball; They are getting more and more healthy.‎ ‎4. 引号 （Quotation mark）‎ 引号主要表示直接引语。引号分两种：双引号和单引号，在引号之间再用引号只能用单引号。‎ The old man continued, “I was about to go into the lift when I heard a young man shout‵Hands up!′”‎ ‎5.冒号（Colon）‎ 冒号主要用来引出下文，表示举例、摘录、解释、引语、对照等。‎ The whole plan is as follows: 计划全文如下：‎ What he told me is this:他告诉我的是：‎ ‎ 6.问号（Question mark）‎ 问号表示疑问，用于各种疑问句末尾。‎ What are you going to do this weekend?‎ ‎7.感叹号 （Exclamation mark）‎ 感叹号主要用在感叹句、感叹词和表示强烈感情的祈使句后面。‎ What a fine day it is today! Be quick, please! 快点！‎ ‎8.省略号（Elipsis mark）‎ 省略号表示言犹未尽的省略或相同内容的省略。英语省略号是三个点，居下。“Help! Help!...”everyone heard the voice from the river over there just now.‎ ‎9.破折号（Dash）‎ 破折号表示后面是前面的解释，也表示意义的进展。‎ The whole country welcome your visit --- your visit to our country.‎ ‎10.连字符（Hyphen）‎ 连字符表示复合词的连接或移行，连字符比破折号短。‎ a five-year plan 第二讲：英语写作十字真经：研习、背诵、默写、互译、模仿 英语的书面表达一直以来就是英语学习的瓶颈。在此，笔者向各位学习者提供突破英语写作的十字建议，即研习、背诵、默写、互译、模仿，概括出培养写作能力的五个方面，如能严格遵循，定能柳暗花明。 一.研 习 “没有规矩，不成方圆。”对于一般英语学习者而言，写出优秀的文章有赖于后天习得，但并不意味着机械背诵、生吞活剥，或者照搬照抄、人云亦云。所谓研习，需要有独立思考和个人的判断，本着“他山之石，可以攻玉”的精神，汲取文章的精华部分加以研究。研习主要侧重两个方面，包括文章章法和语言表达。文章章法指文章的行文思路、布局谋篇、结构安排、逻辑顺序。许多学习者面对一个话题，可能存在两种不同的困惑，一是下笔千言，但离题万里；二是思绪万千，却无从落笔。导致两种困惑的根源皆在于欠缺思考问题、组织思路的恰当方式，以至于文章不得要领、章法紊乱。这就要求我们从全篇脉络角度多研习范文，之后领悟如何以演绎法行文、怎样用归纳法谋篇以及如何围绕特定话题拓展思路等等。此外，研习还要侧重于语言表达，包括遣词造句和句子、段落之间的各 种衔接手段，以期在自己日后的写作中派上用场，因为英文写作皆通一理。只有善于借鉴，勤加研究，才会借他人的优势和长处，提高自己的写作水平。 二. 背 诵 背诵是提高写作的又一有效途径。要学好写作，首先要处理好语言输入与输出之间的关系。前者是后者的前提条件。如果头脑空空如也，就根本谈不上写出像模像样的文章。只有读过大量东西，并且有意识地将其中精彩部分储存于记忆之中(commit the highlights to memory)，才能保证下笔流畅、文通字顺。因此，背诵对于写作极为重要。但背诵不是机械记忆，而是有选择性的背诵，是有意义的记忆。因为机械背诵的结果要么是记忆很快就荡然无存、了无痕迹，要么是无法活学活用、付诸实践。背诵包括五个方面：重点词汇、常用套语、精彩句子、优秀段落、经典篇章。 （1）重点词汇 美妙的用词及搭配皆在此列，像fall victim（受害），stand a fair chance（大有希望）这种地道的动宾搭配要勤加记忆。为了积累写作词汇，应将文中同属一个话题的用词汇总归纳，组成主题词族（topic family）。归类记忆可以使自己日后即写即用，得心应手。下文是一篇阐释爱心的优秀文章，多处用词精巧，‎ ‎ 现将文中关于“爱心”这一主题的词汇总结如下： emotional strength 情感的力量 no thought of gain不计得失 the lamp of love爱心之灯 ‎ help the victims of natural disasters支援自然灾害受害者 donate whatever they can倾囊相助 ‎ help their needy fellow citizens 帮助有需要的同胞 be ready to give a helping hand 随时准备伸出援手 ‎ the noblest of human emotions人类最高尚的情感 ‎ ‎ When we use the word “love”, we do not simply mean an attraction to a person of the opposite sex, which is a very narrow definition of the word. Love is emotional strength, which can support us no matter how dark the world around us becomes. In fact, throughout history people of many different cultures have regarded love as the noblest of human emotions. As an example of the power of love, we should remember how the Chinese people of all nationalities respond to the call to help the victims of natural disasters every year. Although their incomes are still low by international standards, people all over the country do not hesitate to donate whatever they can ― be it money or goods ― to help their needy fellow citizens. Moreover, they do this with no thought of gain for themselves. In my opinion, the best way to show love is to help people who are more unfortunate ‎ than we are. We should always be ready to give a helping hand to those who are in trouble, no matter whether they are family members or complete strangers. In this way, we can help to make the world a better place, for the darker the shadows of sorrow become, the more brightly the lamp of love shines. 当我们用“爱”这个词时，我们不仅仅指异性对一个人的吸引，这只是对这个词非常狭隘的解释。爱心是一种情感的力量，不论我们周围的世界多么黑暗，爱心都能支撑我们。事实上，纵观历史，不同文化背景的人都把爱看成是人类最高尚的情感。 说到爱心的力量，我们马上就会想起每年中国各族人民是如何响应号召支援自然灾害受害者的。尽管按照国际标准他们的收入还处于低水平，全国人民毫不犹豫地倾囊相助――不管是钱还是物――帮助那些有需要的同胞。而且，他们这么做并不考虑自己的得失。 我认为，表达爱心的最好方式是帮助比我们更加不幸的人。我们应该随时准备向有困难的人伸出援助之手，无论他们是家庭成员还是素昧平生。这样，我们就能够助一臂之力把世界变成一个更美好的地方，因为，悲伤的阴影越黑暗，爱心之灯的光芒就越闪亮。‎ ‎ 现仍以上面谈“爱心”的文章为例，其中值得背诵的句子为数不少。摘录如下： ①Love is emotional strength, which can support us no matter how dark the world around us becomes. 爱心是情感的力量，不论我们周围的世界多么黑暗，爱心都能支撑我们。 ②People all over the country do not hesitate to donate whatever they can ― be it money or goods ― to help their needy fellow citizens. 全国人民毫不犹豫地倾囊相助――不管是钱还是物――帮助那些有需要的同胞。 ③The best way to show love is to help people who are more unfortunate than we are.表达爱心的最好方式是帮助比我们更加不幸的人。 ④The darker the shadows of sorrow become, the more brightly the lamp of love shines.悲伤的阴影越黑暗，爱心之灯的光芒就越闪亮。 （2）常用套语 套语指流行的公式化语言，在写作中适当使用颇有必要。‎ ‎ 如在商业信函结尾，期望对方早日回复的表达方式就要遵循套语的基本模式，使表达规范得体。下面试举几个例子： Your prompt reply will be highly appreciated. 如能及时回复，将不胜感谢。‎ Kindly let us have your reply at your earliest convenience. 请在您方便时尽早赐函。 We would appreciate it if you could respond right away. 如能即刻回复，将不胜感谢。 Kindly favor us with an early reply. 请早日赐复。 We are expecting your prompt reply. 急盼回复。‎ We look forward to hearing from you soon. 早日回复。Please have the kindness to answer this letter quickly. 请早日回信。 当前流行应试写作模板，即套语的使用贯穿文章始终，为考生提供万能公式型的文章主架，每句表达皆由固定套语框定，考生只要背下套用句型、过渡词语，在考试中根据特定考题填充具体内容。这种应试策略使写出的文章矫揉造作，生硬刻板，虽可以让考生及格过关，但绝对得不到高分。套语的过多使用不妨可以比作大海中的救生圈，有了它，仅仅可以让不擅游泳者保全性命，却无法自在畅游，一展泳姿。一般而言，套语较为空洞，如使用过多，文章容易流于空泛，言之无物。写作宜虚实结合，形式与内容相统一。‎ ‎ 下例是一篇比较“在家学习与入校读书”谁优谁劣的范文，文中巧妙地使用了一些固定句式和过渡词语，不仅增强了表达效果，而且实现了形式与内容的统一。 There are two major arguments that can be made for studying at home. First, as advances in the electronic media have brought the whole world of scholarship into the home via the Internet and educational courses on TV, the classroom is no longer the only place for acquiring knowledge. Second, it is widely held that a person studies better in the familiar surroundings of his own home and when he can arrange his own study time. But we must not lose sight of the fact that there are advantages to studying in the classroom, too. Being surrounded by people of roughly the same abilities and interests can be a great stimulus to acquiring knowledge, whereas studying in solitude at home is boring for many people. More importantly, there can be no substitute for a good teacher, who must not only be able to impart facts and theories, but also to appraise and encourage his students. Given the choice between these two methods of learning, I prefer the classroom. This is because I am the sort of person who finds it difficult to concentrate on study in the midst of household chores, and disturbances from visitors and telephone calls. The classroom environment, I feel, is the only one in which most people feel comfortable applying all their energies to the all-important task of acquiring knowledge. 关于在家学习，我们可以提出两个主要论点。第一，由于电子媒体方面取得的进步把整个世界的知识通过互联网和电视上的教育课程带入了家庭，教室不再是惟一获取知识的场所。第二，人们普遍认为，在自己家里这样熟悉的环境中，并且能自己安排学习时间，一个人能学得更好。 但是，我们不能忽视在教室里学习也有好处这一事实。周围都是能力相近和兴趣相投的人可能会对获取知识形成巨大的刺激，而对很多人来说孤独一人在家学习会有些枯燥乏味。更重要的是，没有什么可以替代一个好老师，他不仅能够传道授业，而且能够评估并鼓励学生。 如果在两种学习方法中选择，我更喜欢在教室里学习，因为我是那种很难在家务琐事、客人、电话的打扰下集中注意力学习的人。我认为大多数人只有在教室里才能把全部精力放在获取知识这件十分重要的工作上。 （3）精彩句子 精彩句子指文章中句式优美、蕴含哲理的句子。精彩句子的背诵有助于写作时的引用和模仿。如在阅读美国前总统约翰?肯尼迪(John F. Kennedy)的就职演说(Inaugural Address)时，可以记住诸如“Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country. ”（不要问国家能为你做什么，而要问你能为国家做什么。）这样的传世佳句，当你写关于爱国(patriotism)主题的作文时，则可以适时引用。‎ （4） 优秀段落 阅读时，我们经常会碰到一些过目难忘的段落。这些段落或者表达流畅、文笔优美，或者逻辑缜密、结构严谨。根据表达需要，有不同的功能段落，如现象说明段、观点陈述段、原因列举段、利弊解释段、结论归纳段、趋势预测段、措施建议段等。有些优秀段落可以作为写作的功能段落加以背诵，对于我们拓展思路、规范行文大有裨益。在背诵过程中，熟练掌握各种功能段落的行文规则，自己在表达时就能驾轻就熟。‎ ‎ 下面仅举观点陈述段和措施建议段各一例： 观点陈述段（陈述“民族文化应该成为世界文化”的观点） A culture of one nation may become international, which is beneficial for all mankind. Since China has opened its doors widely to the outside world, many people from different countries want to visit China. They will come to accept and love Chinese culture as a whole. In addition, Chinese culture should be shared generously ‎ with foreign people, who show great interest in it. Meanwhile, as more and more foreigners come to China, they bring aspects of their own culture to share with the Chinese people. In this way, people from various nations in the world will be able to acquire a better understanding of each other and live peacefully together. 一个国家的文化可能成为世界文化，这对全人类都有益。由于中国已经向外界敞开了国门，许多来自不同国家的人都希望来看一看中国。他们会开始接受并喜欢整个中国文化，中国文化应该大大方方地让感兴趣的外国人分享。与此同时，随着来中国的外国人越来越多，他们也把他们自己的文化带给了中国人。这样，世界各国的人们就能够更好地相互理解、和平相处。 措施建议段（建议“人口老龄化”的解决措施） The rapidity of the population’s aging has made it more urgent for the adoption of countermeasures. No doubt, the key is to build a solid economic foundation. Meanwhile, importance should be attached to overall social progress by changing the backward situation in social security, welfare and service. What’s more, family care and community services should also be encouraged. 人口老龄化的加速使采取应对措施变得更为紧迫。毫无疑问，解决问题的关键是建立稳固的经济基础。与此同时，应该重视整体的社会进步，改变社会保障、福利和服务的落后局面。除此之外，应该鼓励家庭照料和社区服务。 （5）经典篇章 古往今来，英语宝库中涌现出大批经典佳作，如林肯的《葛底斯堡演说》(The Gettysburg Address)，福克纳的诺贝尔奖演说(Banquet Speech)，海伦?凯勒的《给我三天光明》(Three Days to See)。这些文章在文字的运用上技法高超，在思想内涵上寓意深刻，读来字字珠玑，文字优美，启迪心智，含义隽永(full of exquisite words and truth, satisfying the mind, appealing to the heart)。这样的文章如不能熟读成诵，则无法融会贯通。背诵一定数量的经典名篇既有助于提高自己遣词造句的能力，也有助于加强自己表达思想的深度。‎ ‎ 下面的一篇短文是英国哲学家罗素(Bertrand Russell)自传的序言部分，题为What I Have Lived For（我的人生追求），概述了作者一生追求的三种理想，文章在语言和思想两个方面都堪称经典，值得背诵。 What I Have Lived For Three passions, simple but overwhelmingly strong, have governed my life: the longing for love, the search for knowledge, and unbearable pity for the suffering of mankind. These passions, like great winds, have blown me hither and thither, in a wayward course, over a deep ocean of anguish, reaching to the very verge of despair. I have sought love, first, because it brings ecstasy ― ecstasy so great that I would often have sacrificed all the rest of life for a few hours of this joy. I have sought it, next, because it relieves loneliness ― that terrible loneliness in which one shivering consciousness looks over the rim of the world into the cold unfathomable lifeless abyss. I have sought it, finally, because in the union of love I have seen, in a mystic miniature, the prefiguring vision of the heaven that saints and poets have imagined. This is what I sought, and though it might seem too good for human life, this is what ― at last ― I have found. With equal passion I have sought knowledge. I have wished to understand the hearts of men. I have wished to know why the stars shine. And I have tried to apprehend the Pythagorean power by which number holds sway above the flux. A little of this, but not much, I have achieved. Love and knowledge, so far as they were possible, led upward toward the heavens. But always pity brought me back to earth. Echoes of cries of pain reverberate in my heart. Children in famine, victims tortured by oppressors, helpless old people ― a hated burden to their sons, and the whole world of loneliness, poverty, and pain make a mockery of what human life should be. I long to alleviate the evil, but I can’t, and I too suffer. This has been my life. I have found it worth living, and would gladly live it again if the chance were offered me. 我的人生追求 有三种简单然而无比强烈的激情左右了我的一生：对爱的渴望，对知识的探索和对人类苦难的难以忍受的怜悯。这些激情像飓风，无处不在、反复无常地吹拂着我，吹过深重的苦海，濒于绝境。 我寻找爱，首先是因为它使人心醉神迷，这种陶醉是如此的美妙，使我愿意牺牲所有的余生去换取几个小时这样的欣喜。我寻找爱，还因 为它解除孤独，在可怕的孤独中，一颗颤抖的灵魂从世界的边缘看到冰冷、无底、死寂的深渊。最后，我寻找爱，还因为在爱的交融中，神秘而又具体而微地，我看到了圣贤和诗人们想象出的天堂的前景。这就是我所寻找的，而且，虽然对人生来说似乎过于美妙，这也是我终于找到了的。 以同样的激情我探索知识。我希望能够理解人类的心灵。我希望能够知道群星为何闪烁。我试图领悟毕达哥拉斯所景仰的数字力量，它支配着此消彼涨。仅在不大的一定程度上，我达到了此目的。 爱和知识，只要有可能，通向着天堂。但是怜悯总把我带回尘世。痛苦呼喊的回声回荡在我的内心。忍饥挨饿的孩子，惨遭压迫者摧残的受害者，被儿女们视为可憎负担的无助的老人，连同这整个充满了孤独、贫穷和痛苦的世界，使人类所应有的生活成为了笑柄。我渴望能够减少邪恶，但是我无能为力，而且我自己也在忍受折磨。 这就是我的一生。我发现它值得一过。如果再给我一次机会，我会很高兴地再活它一次。（方舟子译） 三 默 写 默写也是提高写作的一个重要环节，即把背熟的东西付诸纸端。这个过程不仅是为了检验自己的记忆效果，更为重要的是训练正确的书面表达能力。在英语学习中，我们少有机会动笔写英文，长期以来，手笔生疏，导致提笔即错。再者，由于受汉语思维和习惯的种种影响，在潜意识里容易犯一些英语表达错误。普遍存在的语言错误包括主谓一致、时态处理、冠词用法、名词单复数形式、单词拼写等，尤其在单词拼写方面，很多人混淆词性，把society, economy, difficulty写成social, economic, difficult；再如字母位置错误，将true, tired, modern写作ture, tried, morden；诸如此类。这些看似微妙的错误如果不加以有意识的克服，可能会发展为根深蒂固的习惯，成为写作中的重大弊病。通过默写，写出曾经记诵过的段落字句，之后自我查验、批改，发现并纠正在动笔中的错误，可以有效克服自己潜意识中的英文错误，提高实际写作时的熟练和准确程度。 四 互 译 能够在英汉两种语言之间自如转换是英语学习的一个至高境界。尝试英汉互译，即把英语文章翻译成地道汉语，间隔数日再将汉语翻译回英文。英文和汉语在表情达意方面存在着诸多差异，可惜学习者往往观察不足，领悟不深。通过互译训练，比较异同，可以强化我们对两种语言之间差异的认知，可以加强英语表达能力。在复原成英文的过程中，词汇表达、句式结构、段落组织、篇章布局等各个方面、多个角度都得到复习。同时，可以有效避免中国式英语在作文中的出现。中式英语在书面表达中屡见不鲜，根源在于学习者受到汉语表达和中式思维的制囿。英汉互译有助于冲破两种语言习惯的壁垒，有助于超越两种语言思维的障碍，有助于思维与表达取得和谐的统一，有助于将中文的思想地道流畅地传达为英语语言。互译的实质在于巧妙地借翻译手段促进英语的创作性表达。 五 模 仿 ‎ ‎ 在自己写文章时，应有意识地调用以前的积累，正向迁移，融入自己的写作，包括语言表达、文章章法、写作技巧等，最终达到学以致用的目的。如果记忆中有像 “Not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more. ”（不是我爱凯撒浅，而是我爱罗马深。）这样的经典名句，当写作有关英语学习的文章时不妨模仿这个句式: Not that we can’t master English, but that we have not been willing to take pains. （不是我们不能掌握英语，而是我们不愿付出努力。） 正如学好书法常要描红，学好绘画常须描摹，写好文章则需要模仿。Beauty imitated is beauty recreated. （模仿美就是创造美。）赋予经典的表达以新的内涵，这也是一种创新。模仿他人目的在于提高自己。模仿与借鉴为写作所必须。总之，Good writing favors the prepared mind.（好的写作总是照顾那些有准备的人。） 英语写作能力的真正提高有赖于上述概括为十字的五大策略，望朋友们勤之勉之，将其融入自己的学习实践，打下坚实的语言基础，真正实现从阅读到写作的飞跃，达到英语读写能力的完美统一。逐步积累，有所准备，需要之时就可以手到擒来，应对自如，使英文写作成为自身的一项技能。‎ 写作常用句型 ①　 ‎ in order to 为了实现他的梦想，他学习非常努力。 ‎ He worked very hard in order to realize his dream.‎ ②　 in order that 她拼命干活以便到六点时把一切都准备就绪。‎ She worked hard in order that everything would be ready by 6 o’clock..‎ ③　 ‎ so…that ‎ 他们太累了，除了伸懒腰什么都做不了了。They were all so tired that they could do nothing but yawn.‎ ④　 ‎.such…that天气非常冷，以致于街上一个人都没有。‎ It was such a cold day that there was nobody on the street.‎ ⑤　 ‎ would rather do…than do 他宁愿听他人讲而不愿自己说。‎ He would rather listen to others than talk himself.‎ ⑥　 prefer doing to doing 他宁愿在精心准备后去做报告。‎ He prefers making speeches after careful preparation.‎ ⑦　 ‎ prefer to do…rather than do 比起女人，男人总是宁可在家睡觉也不愿花那么多时间来购物。‎ Compared with women, men always prefer to sleep at home rather than spend so much time shopping.‎ ⑧　 ‎　not only…but also 在短短的三年的时间里她不但完成了所有课程，而且还获得了博士学位。In just three years, she had not only finished all the lessons, but also received her doctor’s degree.‎ ⑨　 ‎　either…or 如果考试过关，你可以买一个MP3或去云南玩一趟。‎ ou could either buy an MP3 or go to Yunnan for a visit if you pass the exam.‎ ⑩　 Neither…nor 他是一个无聊的人，既不爱娱乐，也不爱读书。‎ He is a boring man. He likes neither entertainment nor reading.‎ ⑪　 ‎　as well as 他善良又乐于助人。He was kind as well as helpful.‎ ⑫　 ‎ …as well 这个小孩活泼又可爱。The child is active and funny as well.‎ ⑬　 ‎　One…the other 你看见桌子上有两只笔吗？一支是红色的，另一支是黑色的。‎ Have you seen two pens on the desk? One is red, the other is black.‎ ⑭　 ‎　 Some…others 每个人都很忙，有些在读书，有些在写作。‎ Everyone is busy in classroom. Some are reading, others are writing.‎ ⑮　 ‎　make…+adj /n 我们所做的可以让世界更美丽。‎ What we do will make the world more beautiful.‎ ⑯　 not…until 直到他告诉我发生的事，我才了解真相。‎ I didn’t know the truth until she told me what happened.‎ ⑰　 ‎　as if 他夸夸其谈好像什么事都知道。‎ He talks a lot as if he knows everything.‎ ‎18. It is no use (good) doing… 假装不懂规则是行不通的。‎ It’s no use pretending that you didn’t know the rules.‎ ⑱　 find it + adj to do… 我觉得作听力时有必要作笔记。‎ I find it necessary to take down notes while listening.‎ ⑲　 It is + time since…‎ 我已经有两年没见他了。It is two years since I last met him.‎ ⑳　 It is + time when…我到电影院时已经八点钟了。‎ It was 8 o’clock when I got to the cinema.‎ 21　 ‎ It is + time before…不久我们就会再见面的。‎ I won’t be long before we can meet again.‎ 22　 It is…that…‎ 我最珍视的是友谊。It is friendship that I value most.‎ 23　 It is + n / adj + that / to do…‎ 每个人都必须懂得如何使用计算机 It is a must that everybody should know how to use computers.‎ ‎ 写作技巧：写作常用同义词小集 ‎ （1）表示进步,提高的动词：improve ameliorate better develop remedy revise enhance enrich improve ameliorate better develop remedy revise enhance enrich upgrade refine ‎ （2）重要,关键:important significant consequential momentous considerable essential valuable distinctive great weighty major serious grave vital capital substantial material; 稍微扯得远一点的还有conspicuous striking prominent eminent noticeable ‎ （3）正确的,无误的:correct rectify accurate precise proper undistorted right impeccable ‎ （4）增长和减少（这个超级常用!）increase rise extend magnify decrease reduce fall amplify aggrandize elongate intensify enhance prolong strengthen curtail shrink terminate lessen abate raise boost intense（intensify） expand augment enlarge diminish dwindle（swindle是诈骗的意思）slump ‎（5）和证明相关的:justify warrant assert claim contend argue validate substantiate verify accuse assign indict allege affirm ‎（6）论题:statement claim declaration assertion opinion belief view conviction persuasion ‎（7）要求：request demand needs requisition ‎（8）撤销：to cancel; to revoke; to countermand; [Law] to rescind; to quash ‎（9）建立：to build up; to establish; to set up; to found; to take root; to strike root ‎（10）消除：to eliminate; to clear; to remove; to clear up; to take away; to smooth ‎ away ‎（11）推理[Logic] inference; reasoning; deduction; ratiocination.to reason、.to put two and two together ‎（12）相应1.corresponding; relevant; relative; fitting; appropriate ‎2.accordingly; correspondingly; by the same token; in a corresponding way ‎3.to correspond to; to act in responses; to work in concert with; to support each other ‎（13）导致：1.to lead to; to bring about （or on）; to result in; to cause; to spark off; to conduce to; to procure; to induce; to generate ‎（14）后果a consequence; an aftermath; an outcome ‎（15）检查：to inspect; to check; to examine; to look over; to put to the test; to keep a check on ‎（16）发（奖品）（,想不明白当时我怎么会需要review这些词？prize reward award grant assign confer（on） honor fame credit contribution acknowledgement recognition ‎（17）一堆表示程度的副词very strikingly greatly highly insatiably exceedingly dreadfully remarkably drastically dramatically ‎（18）足够：sufficient adequate enough ‎（19）剩下几个也是常用的：present justify practicable hence consequently examination accountable responsible ‎ 特别提醒注意的是同一个条目下面的单词之间不是完全的同义词，用法，搭配，都有区别，各自受到限制，千万不要不加区别混用一气，一定要注意用法是否规范！‎ upgrade refine ‎