高考英语语法复习系列之1定语从句

高考英语语法复习系列之1定语从句

高考英语语法复习系列之1---定语从句 Part one----基础知识 I.‎‎ 定语可以由形容词、代词、数词、名词、分词、不定式、介词短语等来担任，修饰名词。(以分词、介词短语为例）‎ ‎ 例：The girl behind the tree is Kate.‎ ‎ The man driving too fast was a drunk 在英语中，修饰名词或代词的句子叫定语从句。‎ ‎ 例：The girl who is behind the tree is Kate.‎ ‎ The man who was driving too fast was a drunk 定语从句起了形容词的作用，在句中修饰一个名词或代词。被修饰的词叫做先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词，他的作用一是放在先行词与定语从句中间起了连接作用，二是在从句中担当一个成分，并与先行词保持数的一致。‎ 普通代词与关系代词的区别 I have a sister. She works in Shanghai. she 代替 sister I have a sister who/that works in Shanghai.‎ q 普通代词：只起代替的作用（如上例she)‎ q 关系代词： （如上例who/that）‎ ‎1. 除了代替先行词外，‎ ‎2.它还在定语从句中担任一定的成分，‎ ‎3. 同时连接先行词与它引导的定语从句。（把主句和从句连起来）‎ 关系词 先行词 从句成分 例句 备注 关系代词 who 人 主语 Do you know the man who is talking with your mother?‎ whom, which和that在从句中做宾语时，常可以省略，但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略，也不可以用that whom 人 宾语 Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am working The boy (whom) she loved died in the war..‎ whose 人，物 定语 I like those books whose topics are about history.‎ The boy whose father works abroad is my deskmate. ‎ that 人，物 主语，宾语 A plane is a machine that can fly.‎ She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much.‎ which 物 主语，宾语 The book (which) I gave you was worth $10.‎ The picture which was about the accident was terrible.‎ as 人，物 主语，宾语 He is such a person as is respected by all of us.‎ This is the same pen as I lost yesterday. ‎ as做宾语一般不省略 关系副词 when 时间 时间状语 I will never forget the day when we met there.‎ 可用on which where 地点 地点状语 This is the house where I was born.‎ 可用in which why 原因 原因状语 I can’t imagine the reason why he turned down my offer.‎ 可用for which II. 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别：‎ 类别 语法意义及特征 例句 限制性定语从句 对先行词起修饰限制作用，如果去掉，主句意思就不完整明确，这种从句与主句的关系十分密切，写时不用逗号分开。‎ The accident happened at the time when I left.‎ 非限制性定语从句　‎ 对先行词作附加的说明，与主句的关系不十分密切，较松散。从句和主句之间用逗号分开，相当于一个插入语，不能用that引导，关系代词做宾语时也不能省略。‎ His mother, whom he loved deeply, died ten years ago.‎ III. 关系词的选用与判断 ‎　 正确选择关系词是掌握定语从句的关键。关系词的选择完全取决于先行词在定语从句中所充当的什么成分。关系词一共有九个，它们在从句中所充当的句子成分见下表。 ‎ 关系词 主语 宾语 表语 定语 状语 说　明 that 人/物 人/物 ‎√‎ ‎×‎ ‎√‎ 不能用于非限定性从句 which 物 物 ‎×‎ ‎×‎ ‎√‎ ‎　‎ who 人 ‎×‎ ‎×‎ ‎×‎ ‎×‎ whom ‎×‎ 人 ‎×‎ ‎×‎ ‎×‎ whose ‎×‎ ‎×‎ ‎×‎ 人/物 ‎×‎ when ‎×‎ ‎×‎ ‎×‎ ‎×‎ ‎√‎ where ‎×‎ ‎×‎ ‎×‎ ‎×‎ ‎√‎ why ‎×‎ ‎×‎ ‎×‎ ‎×‎ ‎√‎ as 主要用于非限制性的定语从句和such…as, the same…as, as…as,结构中。‎ IV．介词+关系代词：‎ ‎1）介词后面的关系词不能省略。‎ ‎2）that前不能有介词。‎ ‎3） 某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的"介词+关系词"结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互换。‎ ‎ This is the house in which I lived two years ago.‎ ‎ This is the house where I lived two years ago.‎ ‎ Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?‎ ‎ Do you remember the day when you joined our club?‎ ‎4）介词的位置变化以及相应的关系词的变化。请分析下面两个句子。 　　①那就是他工作的大学。 　　　　　　　　　　　┏ at which he works. 　　　　　　　　　　　┣ which he works at.　　 　　That is the college ┣ where he works. 　　　　　　　　　　　┣ that he works at. 　　　　　　　　　　　┗ he works at. 　　②它出生的那一天是1952年8月20日。 　　　　　　 ┏ on which he was born 　　　　　　 ┣ which he was born on 　　The day ┣ when he was born was　Aug.20,1952. 　　　　　　 ┣ that he was born on 　　　　　　 ┗ he was born on 总结：介词的选择是根据先行词与介词的搭配关系而定。 V. that与which, who, whom的用法区别：‎ 情况 用法说明 例句 只用that的情况 1． 先行词为all, everything, anything, nothing, little, much,等不定代词时。‎ 2． 先行词被all, any, every, each, much, little, no, some, few等修饰时 3． 先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰时 4． 先行词既指人又指物时 5． 先行词被the only, the very修饰时 6． 句中已经有who或which时，为了避免重复时 ‎1.He told me everything that he knows.‎ ‎2.All the books that you offered has been given out.‎ ‎3.This is the best film that I have ever read.‎ ‎4.We talked about the persons and things that we remembered.‎ ‎5.He is the only man that I want to see.‎ ‎6.Who is the man that is making a speech?‎ 只用which,‎ 1． 在非限制性定语从句中，只能用 He has a son, who has gone ‎ who, whom的情况 which指代物，用who/whom指人 1． 在由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中，只能用which指物，whom指人。‎ 2． 先行词本身是that时，关系词用which, 先行词为those, one, he时多用who。‎ ‎ abroad for further study.‎ I like the person to whom the teacher is talking.‎ Those who respect others are usually respected by others.‎ VI. as与which的区别：‎ 定语从句 区别 例句 限制性定语从句中 名词前有such和the same修饰时，关系代词用as,不能用which He is not such a fool as he looks.‎ Don’t read such books as you can’t understand. ‎ 非限制性定语从句中 as和which都可以指代前面整个主句。如果有“正如，象”的含义，并可以放在主句前，也可以放在后面，那么用as；而which引导的从句只能放主句后，并无“正如”的意思。‎ They won the game, as we had expected.‎ They won the game, which we hadn’t expected.‎ As is well known, he is a famous film star in the 1980s.‎ as引导定语从句主要用于非限制性定语从句和the same…as，such…as，as…as的结构中。 1.as与which都可以引导一个非限制性定语从句，并代表前面整个句子或主句中的表语。 　He married the girl，as(which)was natural. 　He seemed a freigner,as(which)in fact he was. 不同的是：as引导的定语从句可以前置，而which不行。 As was natural, he married the girl. 2. 在the same…as,such…as,as…as结构中，same,such,as之后应是名词或形容词＋名词。 　We are facing the same problems as we did years ago. 　Some people have no doubt that their cat understands as many words as a dog does. 　We hope to get such a tool as he is using. 这三种结构也可以用which改写。但要去掉这种结构，不能直接用which代替as。以上三句分别可以改写成： 　We are facing the problems which we faced years ago. 　Some people have no doubt that their cat understands the words which a dog understands. 　We hope to get the tool which he is using. 3.the same…as与the same…that引导的定语从句在意义上的区别是：前者修饰的是与原物同样的；而后者修饰的就是先行词同样的东西。是比较： 　This is the same watch as I lost.　这和我丢失的那一只表一样。（不是同一只） 　This is the same watch that I lost　这就是我丢失的那一只表。（同一只）‎ VII. 定语从句与其它从句 1. 定语从句与同位语从句的区别。‎ 首先看引导从句的关系词that是否在从句中充当句子成分。如果在从句中充当主、宾、表，则是定语从句。再看that前的名词是否是一些需要有内容的名词，如：idea, fact, thought, news等。后面的从句是说明其内容的，（这个名词在后面的从句中部充当任何成分），这个从句则是同位语从句。 He expressed the hope that he has had for many years. hope在从句中不充当句子成分，又加上后面从句是说明hope的内容的，因此时同位语从句。‎ We heard the news that pleased everyone.‎ We heard the news that our term had won.‎ ‎2. 定语从句还是状语从句 ‎1）Here is such a big stone as no one can move.‎ ‎2) Here is so big a stone as no one can move.‎ ‎3) Here is such a big stone that no one can move it ‎4) Here is so big a stone that no one can move it.‎ ‎　　在1) 2)句中as 都在定语从句中做了move 的宾语，as是引导词，引导定语从句，而在3) 4)句中，that 上作来引导状语从句的。‎ ‎3. 定语从句还是地点状语从句 ‎1）I’ll go to the place where you stay.‎ ‎2）I’ll go where you stay.‎ 在句1）中where是引导定语从句，而在句2）中where是引导在点状语从句的。‎ ‎4．定语从句还是主语从句 ‎1）As is known to all, they are sure to win.‎ ‎2）It’s known to all that they are sure to win.‎ 在句1）中as是关系代词，代表后面的整个句子做主句的主语。在句2）中it是代词，代表that引导的句子做主句的主语。‎ ‎5. 独立句与定语从句分不清 ‎1）I met twenty students, some of whom are good at maths.‎ ‎2）I met twenty students. Some of them are good at maths.‎ ‎3）We reached the mountain, on the of which we saw a beautiful scene ‎4）We reached the mountain. On the of it (or: On its top ) we saw a beautiful scene ‎　　1） 和3）是主句和定语从句关系，所以我们要用关系代词，而在2）4）各两句中，它们是各自的独立句子，所以用代词。当然在36中将on the top of which改为on whose top,则定语从句的关系 更为明显。‎ ‎6. 定语从句与what引导的名词性从句的转换 ‎1）He’s not the man that he was.‎ ‎2）He’s not what he was.‎ ‎3）China is no longer the country that it was.‎ ‎4）China is no longer what it was.‎ 我们常用名词+that改变成what的形式，如1）2） 句，它们的意义基本上是一样的，只不过用名词+that更为清晰。3）4）句也是如此。 ‎ ‎7. 区别清"It +be"引导的强调句与带有定语从句的复合句。请看下列两组句子: A. It was September 11, 2001 ________ the World Trade Center in New York was attacked. B. It was on September 11, 2001_______ the World Trade Center in New York was attacked. A. It was Wuhan ____________ Jill met the three-year-old girl and adopted her. B. It was in Wuhan ____________ Jill met the three-year-old girl and adopted her. 以上两组A、B句除了分别相差介词on 和in之外,其余部分完全相同。但一词之差句式不同,横线上的词也不同。那么究竟哪个是强调句,哪个是含定语从句的复合句呢?有一个简单的判定方法:去掉It was和连接词(横线部分)。如果剩余部分仍是一个完整的句子,则是强调句;否则,那个空格中所用的引导词及其引导的部分就是定语从句。根据这个原则我们就很容易判断出两组的A句是含定语从句的复合句,横线部分分别用关系副词when 和where。而B句则是强调句,横线部分应是that。‎ Part two 方法点拨 定语从句的辨认（思考步骤）‎ ‎1. 找出先行词 ‎ a.确定在从句中关系代词的人称、数和性。‎ ‎ b.确定定语从句的位置 ‎2. 确定关系代词在从句中的成分以确定关系代词的格 ‎3. 确定从句的时态 （定语从句的时态都不受主句的限制）‎ The woman who/that spoke at the meeting yesterday is my mother.‎ ‎ (主句)The woman is my mother.(叙述客观事实用一般现在时)‎ ‎ (从句)The woman(who/that) spoke at the meeting yesterday.‎ ‎ (句中yesterday表示过去时间)‎ 判断关系代词与关系副词 ‎ 方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如：‎ ‎ This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.‎ ‎ I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.‎ ‎ 判断改错 ‎ （错） This is the mountain village where I visited last year.‎ ‎ （错） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.‎ ‎ （对） This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.‎ ‎ （对） I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.‎ ‎ 习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。‎ ‎ 方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。‎ 例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days age?‎ ‎ A. where B. that C. on which D. the one 例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held.‎ ‎ A. where B. that C. on which D. the one 答案：例1 D，例2 A 例1变为肯定句： This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.‎ 例2变为肯定句： This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held. ‎ ‎ 在句1中，所缺部分为宾语，而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选D。 ‎ ‎ 而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因 in the museum词组，可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on 用的不对，所以选A。‎ ‎ 关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词 (who, whom, that, which, whose)； 先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词 ( where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语) 。‎ Part three 典型例题 ‎1.（2004年全国卷23题） The English play ____ my students acted at the New Year's party was a great success.‎ A. for which B. at which C. in which D. on which ‎【解析】本句属于“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句这一情况。通过拆分我们可以得 My students acted in the English play at the New Year's party.,所以答案为C。‎ ‎2. (2004年湖南卷23题) I work in a business almost everyone is waiting for a great chance.‎ A. how B. which C. where D. that ‎ ‎【解析】句中先行词a business（商店） 表示地点，定语从句中用关系副词where 来充当状语，相当于in which。‎ ‎3. Alice received an invitation from her boss, ___came as a surprise.‎ A. it B. that C. which D. he ‎【解析】答案C. 此为非限定性从句，不能用 that修饰，而用which，it 和he 都使后句成为句子，两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选he句意不通。‎ ‎4.The weather turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect. ‎ A. what B. which C. that D. it 答案B。which可代替句子，用于非限定性定语从句，而what不可。That 不能用于非限定性定语从句，it不为连词，使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。‎ ‎5.(’03·北京·24)York, ________ last year ,is a nice old city.‎ A. that I visited B. which I visited C. where I visited D. in which I visited ‎【解析】考查非限制性定语从句。是用关系代词或者是用关系副词引导定语从句，要根据他们在定语从句中的成份来确定，visit是及物动词，后面需要用关系代词作宾语，排除C，D。that 不用于非限制性定语从句中，排除A。答案为B。‎ ‎6. (’03·上海·41)I can think of many cases _________ students obviously knew a lot of English words and expressions but couldn't write a good essay.‎ A. why B. which C. as D. where ‎【解析】 考查定语从句。此句的先行词是many cases，单看从句与先行词的关系应是：students obviously knew a lot of English words and expressions but couldn't write a good essay in many cases.因此应用in which或where引导定语从句，备选答案中没有in which，于是选where。答案为D。‎ Part four 高考演练 ‎（福建卷）31. By nine o’clock, all the Olympic torch bearers had reached the top of Mount Qomolangma, ____ appeared a rare rainbow soon.‎ ‎ A. of which B. on which C. from which D. above which ‎(湖南卷）31. The growing speed of a plant is influenced by a number of factors, _____ are beyond our control. most of them B. most of which C. most of what D. most of that ‎ ‎（江苏卷）24. The Science Museum, ______ we visited during a recent trip to Britain, is one of London’s tourist attractions.‎ ‎ A. which B. what C. that D. where ‎（山东卷）26. Occasions are quite rare ______ I have the time to spend a day with my kids.‎ A. who B. which C. why D. when ‎（江西卷）35. Later in this chapter cases will be introduced to readers __ consumer complaints have resulted in changes in the law.‎ A. where B. when C. who D. which ‎(全国II)16. The road conditions there turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect. A. it B. what C. which D. that ‎（陕西卷）8. Tomorrow is Tom’s birthday. Have you got any idea _________ the party is to be held?‎ A. what B. which C. that D. where ‎（陕西卷）13. The man pulled out a gold watch, _________ were made of small diamonds.‎ A. the hands of whom B. whom the hands of C. which the hands of D. the hands of which ‎(四川卷)4. For many cities in the world, there is no room to spread our further, _______ New York is an example.‎ ‎ A. for which B. in which C. of which D. from which ‎（浙江卷）8. Yesterday she sold her car, ______ she bought a month ago.‎ A. whom B. where C. that D. which ‎（北京卷）28. I’ll give you your friend’s home address, I can be reached most evenings.‎ ‎ A. which B. when C. whom D. where ‎（重庆卷）21. They will fly to Washington, ___ they plan to stay for two or three days.‎ A. where B. there C. which D. when ‎ ‎(上海卷)38. We went through a period ___ communications were very difficult in the rural areas. A. which B. whose C. in which D. with which Part five 综合练习 I. 用定语从句连接下列每对句子. ‎ ‎1.She was talking with a lady. Her son was ill.‎ ‎2.You sent my sister a present. Thank you very much for it.‎ ‎3.The clothes have been cleaned. I'm wearing them.‎ ‎4.He is sitting in a chair. It is broken.‎ ‎5.She is a person. Everyone likes to make friends with her.‎ ‎ ‎ ‎6.The little girl was crying on the street.Her money had been stolen.‎ ‎7.The colour of the bike is green.Have you seen the bike?‎ ‎83.The student didn’t agree with us.The student was standing under the tree.‎ ‎9.Where is the man? The man talked with you just now.‎ ‎10.The watch is very nice. He gave me the watch for my birthday.‎ II. 根据汉语完成句子：‎ ‎1.This is the engineer____________________________________(给我们作关于计算机报告的) the other day.‎ ‎2.My necklace is not _____________________________(唯一不见的东西）‎ ‎3.The man________________________(在这间房子里工作的)is a chemist.‎ ‎4.The old building_________________________(我们住的)has been here for 30 years.‎ ‎5.The history book _________________________(封皮是黄的）was lost.‎ ‎6.Her is the pen _________________________________(你昨天丢失的）‎ ‎7.This is the best book_______________________________(我读过的）‎ ‎8.I have lost the pen____________________________（我父亲给我买的）‎ ‎9.Wheat is a plant ___________________________________（中国北方种植的） ‎ ‎10.I don’t like the people______________________________(说得多可做得少的）‎ ‎ ‎ III. 猜猜看,下面的句子明白了吗?‎ ‎1. He who knows nothing but pretends to know everything is indeed a good-for –nothing.‎ ‎2. He that makes himself a sheep shall be eaten by the wolf.‎ ‎3. It’s the first step that costs.‎ ‎4. He who would climb that ladder must begin at the bottom.‎ ‎5. He who is full of himself is very empty. ‎ ‎6. Not all that glitters is gold.‎ IV. 找出双语报第四期A版试题阅读理解中含有的定语从句并分析。‎ 定语从句学习总结 定语从句答案 BCBCB BCDBD ADDAC AA ‎1.She was talking with a lady whose son was ill.‎ ‎2.Thank you very much for the present which you sent to my sister.‎ ‎3.I'm wearing the clothes which have been cleaned.‎ ‎4.He is sitting in a chair which is broken.(The chair which he is sitting in is broken.)‎ ‎5.。She is a person whom everyone likes to make friends with.‎ ‎6．The little girl whose money had been stolen was crying on the street.‎ ‎7．Have you seen the bike whose colour is green.‎ ‎8．The student who was standing under the tree didn’t agree with us.‎ ‎9．Where is the man who talked with you just now?‎ ‎10．The watch(that) he gave me for my birthday is very nice. ‎ who gave us a talk about computers 、the only thing that’s missing、who works in the room、(that/which) we live in、whose cover is yellow、(that)you lost yesterday、(that) I have read、(which/that) my father bought me、which/that is grown in the north of China、who talk too much but do little 不懂装懂，一事无成.甘当小绵羊，迟早要喂狼. 万事开头难 千里之行，始于足下。自满的人腹中空.闪光的未必都是金子 定语从句答案 BCBCB BCDBD ADDAC AA ‎1.She was talking with a lady whose son was ill.‎ ‎2.Thank you very much for the present which you sent to my sister.‎ ‎3.I'm wearing the clothes which have been cleaned.‎ ‎4.He is sitting in a chair which is broken.(The chair which he is sitting in is broken.)‎ ‎5.。She is a person whom everyone likes to make friends with.‎ ‎6．The little girl whose money had been stolen was crying on the street.‎ ‎7．Have you seen the bike whose colour is green.‎ ‎8．The student who was standing under the tree didn’t agree with us.‎ ‎9．Where is the man who talked with you just now?‎ ‎10．The watch(that) he gave me for my birthday is very nice. ‎ who gave us a talk about computers 、the only thing that’s missing、who works in the room、(that/which) we live in、whose cover is yellow、(that)you lost yesterday、(that) I have read、(which/that) my father bought me、which/that is grown in the north of China、who talk too much but do little 不懂装懂，一事无成.甘当小绵羊，迟早要喂狼. 万事开头难 千里之行，始于足下。自满的人腹中空.闪光的未必都是金子 ‎