中考必备语法　形容词

中考必备语法　形容词

中考必备语法　形容词 二、考点跟踪解读 ‎ ‎1．考查形容词的句法功能及其位置。‎ ‎2．考查形容词的构成。‎ ‎3．考查形容词的特殊语序。‎ ‎4．考查形容词的比较等级。‎ 三、要点精讲全解 （一） 形容词的用法 ‎ ‎1. 作定语,一般放在所修饰词的前面。如：‎ ‎ She is a pretty girl. 她是个漂亮的女孩。‎ ‎ The clever boy drew a beautiful picture in ten minutes. ‎ 这个聪明的男孩在十分钟画了一副漂亮的画。‎ ‎2. 作表语,放在系动词的后面。‎ ‎    He looks happy today. 今天他看起来很高兴。‎ ‎ Water is very important to living things. 水对生物来说非常重要。‎ ‎3. 作宾语补足语，放在宾语之后。‎ ‎ The news made me sad. 这件消息让我伤心。‎ ‎ I found it difficult to learn English well. 我发现学好英语很难。‎ ‎4. 表语形容词。‎ 这类形容词在句子中只能作表语。下面是几类典型的表语形容词。如：‎ ‎ (1) 某些以a-开头的形容词。如：‎ afraid 害怕的 alike 相同的 alive 活着的 ‎ ‎ asleep 睡着的 awake 醒着的 alone 单独的 Most children are afraid of dogs. 许多孩子怕狗。‎ ‎(2) 某些表示健康的形容词。如：‎ fine 健康的 ill有病的 well身体健康的 I’m not feeling well today. 今天我感到身体不舒服。‎ ‎(3) 某些描述感觉或心情的形容词。如：‎ glad 高兴的 pleased 高兴的 sorry 难过的 upset 心烦意乱的 I’m glad to hear from you.很高兴收到你的来信。‎ ‎（4）其它表语形容词还有：sure 确信的，fond 喜欢的， ready 准备好的，worth 值得 ‎ It’s sure to rain. 一定要下雨了。‎ ‎5. 定语形容词。‎ 所谓定语形容词即指只位于名词前作定语，即前置定语，而不用作表语的形容词 下面是几类典型的定语形容词。如：‎ ‎（1）表示强调意义的形容词：only 唯一的，very 正是 You are the very person I want to see.你就是我想见的人。‎ ‎（2）与时间有关的形容词。daily 每日的，everyday 每日的，last刚过去的 ‎ These are my everyday shoes, not my best ones.这是我平常穿的鞋，不是最好的。‎ ‎（3）表示度量的复合形容词。如：three-year-old 3岁大的，120-page 120页的， five-year 5年的。‎ She has a five-year-old son. 她有一个5岁的儿子。‎ ‎（二）形容词的特殊语序 ‎1. 表示长、宽、高、深及年龄的形容词,应放在相应的名词之后。如：‎ How long is the river? It’s about two hundred meters long. 那条河多长？大约‎200米长。‎ ‎2.形容词修饰something,anything,nothing,everything等复合不定代词时,须放在其后。‎ I have something important to tell you. 我有重要的事情告诉你。 ‎ ‎3.enough在句中的位置是放在名词前，形容词、副词之后。‎ ‎4.else只能作后置定语，修饰疑问代词what, who, whom, whose和不定代词something, anything, nothing, somebody, anybody, nobody等。‎ ‎5. 多个形容词修饰名词时的顺序 ‎   限定词(冠词、指示代词、形容词性物主代词、数词)→描绘词(大小,长短,形状,新旧,长幼,颜色) →出处→材料性质→类别→名词。如：a small round table一张小圆桌，    a tall white building一幢高大的白色建筑物，a dirty old black shirt一件又脏又旧的黑色衬衣 ‎（三）常见名词变为形容词的方法 ‎1. 名词加-y构成形容词。如：‎ rain →rainy, win→windy, cloud→cloudy, snow→ snowy , ‎ sun→ sunny, luck→ lucky, noise→noisy, health→healthy ‎2. 名词加-ful构成形容词，表示肯定。如：‎ use →useful, help→helpful, forget→forgetful, beauty→beautiful, ‎ care →careful, wonder→wonderful, color →colorful, thank→thankful ‎ ‎3. 名词加-ly构成形容词。如：‎ friend →friendly, love→lovely, live→lively, day→daily ‎4. 名词加-en构成形容词。如：‎ wool→woolen, wood→wooden , gold→golden ‎5. 名词加-less构成形容词，表示否定。如：‎ use→useless, care→careless, harm→ harmless, help→helpless ‎6. 在某些以元音结尾的名词后加-n构成形容词。例如：‎ Asia→Asian, America→American, Australia→Australian ‎（四）形容词的比较等级 ‎1.比较等级的构成 ‎（1）规则变化 分类 情况 例词 单音节形容词和少数双音节词 一般情况 在词尾加 -er或-est.‎ short-shorter-shortest long-longer-longest  ‎ 以e结尾的词 加-r,-st ‎ brave-braver-bravest ‎ nice-nicer-nicest 以“辅音+y”结尾的词, 变y为i，再加加 -er或-est.‎ busy-busier-busiest ‎ lazy-lazier-laziest 以重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母, 双写该辅音字母，再加加 -er或-est. ‎ hot-hotter-hottest thin-thinner-thinnest 多音节词和部分双音节词 原级前加more和most beautiful-more beautiful-most beautiful 规则形容词的比较级和最高级的发音规律如下：一般情况下-er, -est分别读作/[/, / /Ist/。如：tall- taller /5tC:l[/ –tallest/5tC:lIst /.‎ 如果形容词的原级的词尾为不发音的-r，加-er, -est后要发/r/。如：‎ clever-cleverer/5klev[r[/- cleverest/5klev[rIst /‎ 以ng结尾的形容词，加-er, -est后，读音/N/由变为/N^/。如：‎ young- younger/ 5jQN^[/- youngest / 5jQN^Ist/。‎ ‎（2）不规则变化 原级 比较级 最高级 good/well better best ‎ many/ much ‎ more most bad/ ill ‎ worse worst little less least far farther（较远的）‎ further（进一步）‎ farther （最远的）‎ further（最大程度的）‎ old older（年纪较大的）‎ elder（较年长的）‎ oldest（年纪最大的）‎ eldest （最年长的）‎ 注意：‎ ‎● farther/farthest和further/furthest的比较 farther和farthest表示实际的距离。further/furthest可用于指抽象意义，表示“进一步的，更深入的”。如：further study进一步研究，furthest study最深入的研究。‎ ‎●older/oldest和elder/eldest的比较 elder/eldest主要用来表示家庭成员之间的长幼关系，在句中常用作定语。如：my elder brother我的哥哥  his eldest son他的长子。‎ 在有than的比较句中一般不用elder,要用older.如：‎ I am two years older than Tom.我比汤姆大两岁。‎ ‎（五）形容词比较等级的用法 ‎1. 原级的用法 原级也就是形容词的原形，只能修饰原级的词有very, quite, so, too, enough等。如：‎ He is too tired to walk on.他太累了以至于不能再继续走了。‎ 原级常用的句型结构：‎ ‎（1）表示前者与后者在某方面程度相同时： be as＋形容词原级＋as， 如：‎ Tom is as old as Kate.汤姆和凯特年龄一样大。‎ ‎（2）表示前者在某方面不如后者时： be＋not＋as/so+形容词原级＋as，如：‎ ‎　　This room is not as/so big as that one. 这个房间不如那个大。‎ ‎（3）表示A是B的几倍时：be+倍数＋ as +形容词的原级+as，如：‎ This room is three times as big as that one.这个房间是那个房间的三倍。‎ ‎（4）the same…as句型表示原级比较，在这个句型中the same后面只能接名词。如：‎ I am the same age as you.我和你一样大。‎ ‎2. 比较级的用法 比较级用于两者之间进行比较，可以修饰比较级的词有much , far（……的多），even （甚至），still（仍然）。如：‎ Lesson One is much easier than Lesson Two. 第一课比第二课容易得多。‎ ‎　　Tom looks even younger than before.汤姆甚至比以前更年轻。‎ ‎　　比较级常用的句型结构 ‎　　（1）比较级的最基本句式是：be形容词比较级+than。如，‎ Tom is taller than Kate.汤姆比凯特高。‎ ‎（2）表示“甲比同一范围的任何一个人/物都……“，含义是 “甲最……” 时：be+形容词比较级+than any other+单数名词。如：“长江是中国最长的河流。”的几种翻译法：‎ The Changjiang River is longer than any other river in China.‎ The Changjiang River is longer than any of the other rivers in China.　　‎ The Changjiang River is longer than the other rivers in China. ‎ The Changjiang River is the longest river in China. ‎ ‎　　注意：The Changjiang River is longer than any river in Japan.长江比日本的任何一条河都长。‎ ‎（3）“表示“甲是两者中较……的”时：be+the+形容词比较级+of the two+……。如：‎ Look at the two boys. My brother is the taller of the two.‎ 看那两个男孩，我弟弟是两个当中较高的那个。‎ ‎（4）“比较级+and+比较级”表示“越来越……”。如：‎ He is getting taller and taller.他变得越来越高了。‎ The flowers are more and more beautiful.花儿越来越漂亮。‎ ‎（5）“the+比较级，the+比较级”表示“越……，越……”。前句表示条件，后句表示结果，可以转换为含if引导的条件状语从句的复合句。如：‎ The more careful you are，the fewer mistakes you’ll make.你越认真，犯的错误越少。‎ ‎＝If you are more careful, you will make less mistakes.‎ ‎　　（6）“特殊疑问词+be+形容词比较级，A or B？”。　如：‎ ‎　 Which is bigger，the earth or the moon？哪一个大，地球还是月球？‎ ‎ （7）为了避免重复，在从句中常用the one, the ones, that, those等词来代替前面出现的名词，其中the one代替可数名词的单数，the ones 或those代替可数名词复数，that代替不可数名词。如：‎ There are more students in our class than those in your class.在我们班里的学生比你们班多。‎ The weather in Beijing is colder than that in Shanghai in winter.在冬天北京要比上海冷。‎ ‎3.最高级的用法 三者或三者以上进行比较形用容词的最高级。形容词最高级前必须加the，句末常跟一个表示范围的短语，in+地点，表示环境范围；of/among＋同类，表示对象范围，of/ among后的名词与主语是同一概念范畴的。最高级的常见句式有：‎ ‎（1）be+the+形容词最高级+in/of短语。如：‎ Tom is the tallest in his class./of all the students.‎ 汤姆是他们班上/所有学生当中最高的。‎ This apple is the biggest of the five.这个苹果是五个当中最大的。‎ ‎（2）表示“最……之一”时用： one of the+形容词最高级+复数名词+in/of短语。如：‎ Beijing is one of the largest cities in China.北京是中国最大城市之一。‎ ‎（3）用于三者以上的比较还可用：特殊疑问词+be+the+最高级，A, B or C？如：‎ Which country is the largest，China，Brazil or Canada？‎ 哪一个国家最大，中国，巴西还是加拿大？‎ ‎　　四、思维误区警示 ‎(一) 考查形容词的用法 ‎【例题解析】‎ ‎1.（河北）She told us a story. Her voice sounded______ . ‎ ‎　 A. sweet B. small C. clearly D. sadly ‎　　答案：A｡sound 为连系动词,后面应接形容词作表语,故首先应排除C､D两项,而选项B与题意不符。‎ ‎2 （北京市）Health is very important to us. We should eat more vegetables and fruit instead of ______rich food. ‎ ‎　　A. too much B. much too C. very much ‎　　 答案：A。分析题干逻辑结构和语义可知,空白处应填表示“太多的”意思的词语 too much,修饰不可数名词 food。 ‎ ‎　　【易错知识点解析】‎ 形容词在句中可作定语、表语、宾语补足语。作定语时，常放在所修饰的名词之前；形容词作表语，常位于be, become, smell, seem, look, get, feel, turn, grow等系动词之后。‎ ‎(二) 考查形容词的比较等级 ‎【例题解析】‎ ‎1.（南京）We’ll try our best to do the work with______money and______people.‎ ‎　　A. few; little B. a few; a little　C. less; fewer D. fewer; less 答案：C。该题题干的意思应为“我们将努力花较少的钱,用较少的人把工作做好”｡而修饰不可数名词 money 和可数名词复数 people 的形容词均应使用比较级｡因此,空白处应分别填 less 和 fewer｡‎ ‎2.（长沙）Look at that red car! I think it’s ______in the world. ‎ A. more beautiful B. so beautiful C. the most beautiful ‎ 答案：C｡该题题干的第二句的意思应为“那辆红色小汽车是世界上最漂亮的”, in the world表示比较范围,空白处应填形容词最高级形式。‎ ‎【易错知识点解析】‎ 原级标志词： very, rather, quite, too, so, more, much too。这些副词是原级的常见标志词；as ... as, not as / so ... as。在这两个短语中间的形容词用原级。‎ 比较级标志词： than。than的后面无论接什么词，其前面的形容词总要用比较级形式；much, far, even, still可用来修饰形容词的比较级，表示程度；or。在选择疑问句中，如果有两者供选择，前面的形容词或副词要用比较级形式；of the two。含有of the two这个介词短语时，必须用比较级，且比较级前须加the；The ..., the ...。此句型表示“越……，越……”，要用形容词或副词的比较级。‎ 最高级标志词：⑴ in / of / among。它们在句中表示范围时，要用形容词或副词的最高级形式； or。在选择疑问句中，如果有三者或三者以上供选择且有or连接时，前面的形容词或副词要用最高级； one of the + ... + 复数名词。表示“(在众多当中)最……之一”的意思，这是形容词最高级中常见的句型。‎ ‎（三） 考查表示比较级程度的修饰语 ‎　【例题解析】‎ ‎1.（陕西）This year our school is______than it was last year. ‎ ‎　　A. much more beautiful B. much beautiful C. the most beautiful D. beautiful ‎ ‎　答案：A。该题题干中的连词 than 暗示空白处应填形容词的比较级 more beautiful, 而形容词的比较级可以用程度副词 much 修饰｡ ‎ ‎2.（佛山） “Please don’t be angry with me, ” said Amy. This made me even______ . ‎ ‎　　A. angry B. angrier C. angriest D. angrily ‎ ‎　　答案：B。析:根据题干的逻辑结构和程度副词 even 的使用,空白处应填形容词的比较级形式。‎ ‎　【易错知识点解析】‎ ‎　形容词的比较级可以被表示程度的副词或短语修饰｡这些表示程度的修饰语主要有 even, still, far, much, a lot, a bit, a little等｡‎ ‎（四）考查含形容词原级或比较级的常用句式 ‎ ‎　【例题解析】‎ ‎1.（哈尔滨） Mount Qomolangma, “the roof of the world”, is as______as 8844.43 meters. ‎ ‎　　A. high B. higher C. highest ‎　　答案：A。:“...as... as + 数词 + 名词(复数)”句式中间应为形容词原级｡‎ ‎2.（福州）—The classroom is______clean______it was yesterday. ‎ ‎　　—Sorry. I forgot to clean it. ‎ ‎　　A. as; as B. so; as C. not so; as D. more; than 答案：C。:由题干应答语的意思可以推知题干第一句中的空白处应填表示“……没有……干净”意思的“not so... as”结构｡‎ ‎3.（山东）—Tom is six and he is______his sister Jane. How old is Jane? —Three. ‎ ‎　　A. twice as old as B. two years older than 　‎ C. three years younger than D. as old as ‎　　答案：A。该题题干显示,汤姆6岁,简3岁,因此空白处应填表示“两倍大”意思的词语 twice as old as｡‎ ‎4.（佳木斯市）______exercise you take,______you will feel. ‎ ‎　　A. Much; healthy B. The more; the healthier C. More; healthier ‎ ‎　　答案：B。该题题干的意思应为“你从事的锻炼越多，你就感到越健康”，应用 “the + 比较级， the + 比较级”句式。 ‎ ‎　　 【易错知识点解析】‎ as... as(否定式为 not as/so... as)表示同级比较,意为“和……一样……”，它可以演变为下列句式:“...as... as + 数词 + 名词(复数)”意为“……达……”， “x times as... as...”意为“……是……x倍……”; “as... as you can/as... as possible”意为“尽可能……”｡含形容词比较级的常用句式有： “the + 比较级, the + 比较级”,意为“越……越……”,前半句表示条件,后半句表示结果｡ ‎ ‎（五）考查修饰复合不定代词时的形容词的位置 ‎ ‎　【例题解析】 ‎ ‎　1. （哈尔滨）—What are you going to give your mother for her birthday? ‎ ‎—I’m not sure. But I’ll buy her______ . ‎ ‎　　 A. something special B. anything special C. special something ‎　　答案：A。分析语境可知,空白处应填表示“一些特别的东西”意思的词语,又因形容词修饰复合不定代词时应放在其后｡ ‎ ‎　2. （甘肃）—Have you got my e-mail today?‎ ‎　　 —Oh, there’s________with my computer. It doesn’t work. ‎ ‎　 　A. something wrong B. anything wrong C. nothing wrong 　D. everything wrong ‎ 答案：A。分析语境可以，电脑出了毛病，用不定代词something, 形容词修饰不定代词应后置。‎ ‎【易错知识点解析】‎ 修饰something, anything, nothing,everything等复合不定代词的形容词应放在它们的后面｡‎ ‎【中考演练】‎ I.根据句意和词首字母完成句中所缺的形容词。‎ ‎1. China is f_______ for the Great Wall.‎ ‎2. He often takes an a______ part in the sports meeting and he can get very good results each time.‎ ‎3. Jiefang Road is the b_____ street in our city.‎ ‎4. I like ball games very much, but my f_______ sport is playing basketball.‎ ‎5. The boy is too l______ . He doesn’t want to do anything.‎ ‎6. The dictionary is very u________ . It will help you a lot.‎ ‎7. I feel p ______when I see the national flag of China.‎ ‎8. You must eat lots of h _______food, like eggs, bananas and tomatoes. ‎ ‎9. My lifestyle is d _____from yours. ‎ ‎10. Linda always feels n ______when she speaks in front of class. ‎ II．用所给形容词的适当形式填空。‎ ‎1. Which is the _______ (far) of the three places?‎ ‎2. The baby panda is quite ________( interesting ). ‎ ‎3. This dictionary is ___________ ( good )than that one .‎ ‎4. The Changjiang River is one of _________ (long) rivers in the world .‎ ‎5. The weather is _________(hot )today than it was yesterday. ‎ ‎6. Guangzhou is very ______in winter, but Beijing is even _________ .(cold )‎ ‎7. She’s ________ (old ) of the two . ‎ ‎8. Which is __________(exciting) of all the stories?‎ ‎9. Which is _______(big), the sun or the moon ?‎ ‎10. Which is city is _______ (beautiful), Xi’an , Beijing or Nanjing ?‎ III. 将下面句子改为同义句。‎ ‎1. The stone is so heavy that I can’t lift it up.‎ ‎ The stone is ______heavy for me ______lift up.‎ ‎2. Jim likes football better than volleyball.‎ ‎ Jim ______football______volleyball.‎ ‎3. Tina is the cleverest girl in her class. ‎ ‎ Tina is cleverer than ________ _______girl in her class.‎ ‎4. The boy is so old that he can go to school.‎ ‎ The boy is ______ _______to go to school.‎ ‎5. Tina is more popular than Tina. ‎ Kate isn’t popular Tina. ‎ IV. 用所给形容词的适当形式填空。‎ London‎ is an important city in England. London was once the biggest city in the world, but now there are many cities which are much 1 (big) than it. London has population of 7,000,000 now. It is an 2 (older) city and is famous for many things. Many tourists come from all over the world to visit its famous buildings and hear the 3 (famous) clock Big Ben.‎ ‎ London has problems with traffic and pollution. Over one million people use the London underground every day, but there are still too 4 (much) cars in the street. The air isn’t clean, but it is 5 (clean) than it was 100 years ago.‎ Perhaps the 6 (good) things about London are the marks. There are five in the center ‎ of the city. But for the children, their favorite place is Hamlets, the biggest toyshop in the world. They can buy good toys there.‎ 第七章 形容词 I. 1. famous 2. active 3. busiest 4. favourite 5. lazy ‎ ‎6. useful 7. proud 8. healthy 9. different 10. nervous ‎ II. 1. farthest 2. interesting 3. better 4. the longest 5. hotter ‎ ‎6. cold, colder 7. the older 8. the most exciting 9. bigger 10. the most beautiful ‎ III. 1. too, to 2. prefers, to 3. any other 4. old enough 5.as/so, as ‎ IV. 1. bigger 2. old 3. famous 4.many 5. cleaner 6. best ‎