中考英语定语从句考点

中考英语定语从句考点

定语从句 ‎ 请看下面的句子：‎ ‎ I want to know the boy who is the tallest.‎ ‎ ‎ 句子做定语修饰boy ‎（一）概念:‎ 定语从句：在复合句中修饰名词或代词的句子， 叫定语从句。‎ 先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。‎ 关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。‎ （二） 定语从句的分类 Ⅰ、限定性定语从句：从句不可少，没有它，先行词的意思不明确，主句也不完整。与先行词之间不用逗号。‎ e.g:This is the book that/which I want.‎ Ⅱ、非限定性定语从句：是对先行词的补充说明，没有它不会影响先行词或主句意思的完整性。 从句一般用逗号同主句分开。‎ e.g:Mr. Green， who is watching TV，is my uncle.‎ ‎（三）(限定性)定语从句的结构 Mary is a girl who has long hair.‎ 先行词 关系词 定语从句 关系代词 关系副词 ‎ ‎ which, who, whom,‎ ‎ whose, that where, when, why ‎（四）定语从句的实质：二句合一 ‎（合并条件：人物先行在句一，又占句二一席地）‎ Mary is a girl.‎ ‎ 合并为一个句子 She has long hair.‎ 思路：留（保留先行词）-----舍（舍去与先行词互指的词）----替（用关系词代替舍去部分）‎ Mary is a girl who/that has long hair.‎ 请把下列句子二句合一 ‎ 1. I saw the man.He closed the door ‎ ‎ ‎ 2.The girl is happy. She won the race ‎ ‎ ‎ 3.The man called the police . His wallet was stolen ‎ ‎ ‎（五） 定语从句关系词的确定:‎ l a.先行词的分类 l b.先行词在从句中充当的成分 ‎1.先行词做主语 人：who/that ‎ 物：which/that ‎2.先行词做宾语 人：who/whom/that ‎ 物：which/that ‎3.先行词做定语 人：whose ‎ 物：whose/of which ‎4.先行词做状语：when, where, why l who, whom, whose, that用法区别.‎ l who /that作定语从句的主语或宾语.‎ ‎ The man who/that is speaking at the meeting is a worker.‎ ‎ 做题思路：先分解——分析——再合并 分解 The man is a worker.‎ ‎ The man is speaking at the meeting.‎ ‎ 作主语 l Whom /that作定语从句的宾语 ‎ The woman（ whom/that) they wanted to visit is a teacher.‎ 分解 The woman is a teacher.‎ ‎ They wanted to visit the woman.‎ ‎ 作宾语 注意: 关系代词作动词宾语时可省略.‎ l whose 作定语从句的定语.‎ ‎ I know the girl whose mother is a teacher.‎ 分解 I know the girl.‎ ‎ The girl’s mother is a teacher.‎ ‎ 作定语 小结：‎ 关系词判断步骤 l 首先，要辨别出先行词。如果先行词是指人,关系词可能就用who, that whom, whose。如果先行词指物,关系词可能用which或that l 然后，要确定关系词在从句中的成分。请看下表 先行词 ‎ 主语 ‎ 宾语 ‎ 定语 ‎ 人 who, that who(m), that ‎ whose ‎ 物 ‎ which,‎ ‎ that which, that ‎ whose, ‎ ‎ of which 巩固练习：用适当代关系词填空 ‎1. I have a friend ________ likes listening to classical music.‎ ‎2. Yesterday Emily was wearing the new dress __________ I gave her.‎ ‎3. The man ______ leg broke in a match used to be a football player.‎ ‎（六）只能用that,不能用which的情况： ‎ (1)先行词为all, everything，anything，nothing, something, nothing ,few, little, much, the one等不定代词时； ‎ (2)先行词被形容词最高级所修饰或被the only, the very, the last, any, few, little , no, all, one of 等修饰时：‎ ‎ (3)先行词为数词或被序数词（含 last)修饰时。‎ ‎ （4）先行词是并列词组既有人又有物时。‎ ‎ (5)在以who, which开头的句子中为了避免重复。‎ 口诀：不定代词这一伙，全用that准没错 ‎ 先行词前有修饰，千万不能用which.‎ 请在以下例句中体会以上规则：‎ ‎1. Here is something that I will tell you.‎ ‎2.We haven’t got much that we can offer you.‎ ‎3. Is it the one that you want ?‎ ‎4.This is the most interesting story that I have ever heard.‎ ‎5. I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I see.‎ ‎6.Which is the bike that you lost?‎ ‎7.Who is the woman that was praised at the meeting?‎ ‎（七）只能使用which 的情况 l ‎1.关系代词前有介词时；‎ l ‎2.先行词本身是 that 时；‎ l ‎3.非限定定语从句 l 口诀:要有which别着急，‎ l ‎ 介词提前逗隔离。‎ l e.g:1.This is the classroom in which we studied for two year.‎ l ‎ 2.She has two dolls，which are from her parents ‎【定语从句命题趋势与预测】‎ 根据对定语从句部分全国各省市中考试题的分析可知，今后该部分仍将是重点考查点之一。其考查重点为：‎ 1． 定语从句的功用和结构 2． 关系代词和关系副词的功用 3． 各个关系代词和关系副词的具体用法 ‎【考点诠释】‎ 一、考查以that与which引导的定语从句 ‎1．通常只能用that的情况 ‎1）当先行词是不定代词a11，few，little，much，something，anything，nothing，everything等时。‎ ‎2）先行词被序数词、形容词的最高级以及被a11，any，every，each，few，little，no，some，‎ the only．the very．the last等修饰时。‎ ‎3）如果先行词既指人又指物，应用关系代词that。‎ ‎【考例】Without friendship, one can't be happy although he is rich enough. As for me, I will never forget the days __ I spent with my dearest friend. [哈尔滨市]‎ A. that B. when C. who ‎[答案]A。[解析]在定语从句中，引导词who(指人)which(指物)that(指人或物)。由先行词the days作spent的宾语可判定用that引导。‎ ‎2．通常只用which的情况 ‎(1)引导非限定性定语从句，用关系代词which指代前面整个句子的内容。‎ ‎(2)引导非限定性定语从句，而且先行词指物时只能用which，不用that。‎ ‎(3)如果句中有两个定语从句，如果两个从句都可以用that引导，那么其中一个应改用which引导。‎ ‎【考例】Many young people love the songs _________have great lyrics. [成都市]‎ A. who B. those C. which ‎[答案]C。[解析]考查定语从句。定语从句的引导词有which，who，where，that，故排除B，who指人，又排除了A，先行词是物，故选C。‎ 二、考查以who，whom与whose引导的定语从句 ‎(1)如果先行词是指人的不定代词anyone，anybody，everyone，everybody，someone，somebody，nobody，one，ones，those，all(指人)等作先行词，作主语用who，作宾语用whom。who而不用which。‎ ‎(2)在非限制性定语从句中，指人作主语用who，作宾语用whom，who。‎ ‎(3)在定语从句中，作定语的关系代词只能用whose，它相当于the+名词+of +which／whom；非限制性定语从句中还有 “代词／数词+of +which／whom"结构。‎ ‎【考例The man _________ gave us a talk on science yesterday is a famous scientist. [广东省]‎ A. who B. whose C. which D. whom ‎[答案]A。[解析]本题考查定语从句的关系代词。先行词为the man，指人，排除which；连接代词在从句中作主语，排除 whose和whom。故本题选who。‎ ‎--Do you know the man __is running along the street?‎ ‎--Yes. He is our English teacher. [长沙市]‎ A. who B. which C. whom ‎[答案]A。[解析]考查定语从句。限制性定语从句，如果修饰人，一般用关系who，有时用 that(作主语时用who较多)。‎ 三、考查关系副词where、when与why引导的定语从句 它们相当于“介词+which"，其中where=in／at +which；when=at／in／during +which；why=for +which。‎ ‎(1)关系副词where引导定语从句时，只能在定语从句中作地点状语，其修饰的名词必须是表示地点的名词。‎ ‎（2）关系副词when引导定语从句时，只能在定语从句中作时间状语，其修饰的名词必须是表示时间的名词。‎ ‎(3)关系副词why引导定语从句时，只能在定语从句中作原因状语，其修饰的名词必 须是表示原因的名词。‎ ‎【考例】 (2009·绵阳中考)Disney is an amusement park you can find a11 the normal attractions and Disney ‎ movies and characters．‎ A．which B．where C．that D ．when 答案：B点拨：此题考查定语从句。先行词为an amusement park指地点，故关系词用where。 ‎ 五、对“介词+关系代词”的考查 当关系代词作介词宾语，且该介词不是和从句的谓语动词构成固定短语时，介词可以提前，这样就出现“介词+关系代词”。先行词指物，用“介词+which”，指人则用“介词+whom"，且两个关系代词均不能省略。介词的选择要遵循两个原则：根据定语从句中谓语动词与先行词的搭配内容而定；根据先行词的特殊用法而定。‎ ‎【考例】Do you know the young lady ____your mother is talking? (湖北黄石)‎ A. who  B. whom  C. with whom   D. which ‎ [答案]：C ‎[命题立意]：本题考查“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句的用法。‎ ‎[试题解析]：先行词为the young lady，被关系代词whom代替在从句中作talk with 的宾语，介词with 可以放在关系代词之前，故应选C。‎ ‎【语法回顾】‎ 在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。定语从句所修饰的词叫做先行词。定语从句放在先行词的后面。引导定语从句的词叫做关系代词（that, which, who, whom, whose）或关系副词(when, where)，关系代词和关系副词放在先行词与定语从句之间，起联系的作用，同时又作定语从句的一个成分。‎ 关系代词、副词 作用 先行词 例句 that， who，‎ whom(只做宾语)‎ 主语、宾 语、表语 人 Do you know the girl who／that is standing under a tree?你知道站在树下的女孩是谁吗?‎ that，which 主语、宾 语、表语 物、时 间、地 点、原 因 She got a computer which／that her parents bought for her．‎ 她有一台她的父母买给她的电脑。‎ whose 定语 人物 The boy whose father is a doctor studies very hard．他的爸爸是医生的男孩学习非常刻苦。‎ The classroom whose window is open is mine．窗户开着的那个教室是我的教室。‎ when 状语 时间 I still remember the day when you leave for Beijing．我仍然记得你去北京的那一天。‎ where 状语 地点 This is the school where my mother works．这就是我妈妈 工作的学校。‎ why 状语 原因 Could you explain the reason why you were late?你能解释一下你迟到的原因吗?‎ 二、关系代词在定语从句中的用法(关系代词作宾语时可省略)：‎ ‎1．that指人或物，在定语从句中可作主语或宾语。‎ This is the pen that you are looking for. 这是你要找的那支钢笔。(宾语)‎ The girl that has long hair is my sister.留着长发的那个女孩是我妹妹。（主语）‎ ‎2．which指物，在定语从句中可作主语或宾语。‎ The bike which is made in Tianjin sells well.天津产的自行车销售很好。（主语）‎ The fish which we bought were not fresh.我们买的鱼不新鲜。(宾语)‎ ‎3．who, whom指人，在定语从句中可作主语或宾语。‎ The boy who broke the window is called Tom.打碎窗户的男孩叫Tom. （主语）‎ The person to whom he is talking is my father.正在和他谈话的那个人是我父亲。(宾语)‎ ‎4．whose指人或物，在定语从句中作定语。‎ The girl whose bag is new is called Ann.新书包的那个女孩叫Ann。(指人)‎ He lives in a house whose widows open to the south.他住在窗户朝南的那所房子。(指物)‎ 三、只用which不用that的情况：‎ ‎1．在介词后只用which，不能用that。‎ This is the bank in which the robbery happened.这是那所发生抢劫案的银行。‎ ‎2．先行词本身是that时，只能用which，不能用that。‎ The clock is that which tells the time.钟表是用来报时的。‎ 四、只用that不用which的情况：‎ ‎1．先行词被形容词最高级修饰时只能用that。‎ This is the most beautiful mountain that I have seen. 这是我所见过的最美丽的山。‎ ‎2．先行词被序数词修饰时只能用that。‎ The first English novel that I read was Thirty-nine Steps.我读的第一本英文小说是《39级台阶》。‎ ‎3. 先行词前有all, any, no, little, much, many, the only, the very, the last等修饰词时只能用that。‎ Here are all the books that I have.　这就是我所有的书。‎ This is the only book that I like.这是我唯一喜欢的一本书。‎ ‎4．先行词是everything, something, anything, all, none, much, little, many, few等不定代词时，只能用that。‎ Finally, the thief handed in everything that he had stolen.最后小偷交出了他所偷的东西。‎ ‎5．先行词同时含有“人”和“物”的名词时，只能用that。‎ I can remember the people and some pictures that I saw in the room.我能记得我在房间里看到的人和一些图画。‎ ‎6．先行词是the one时，只能用that。‎ This is the one that you want.　这就是你想要的。‎ ‎7．在以who引导的疑问句后，为了避免重复，只能用that。‎ Who is the girl that is standing there? 站在那边的那个女孩是谁？‎ 五、在介词后只能用whom，不能用who。‎ The girl to whom I talked just now is from America. 我刚刚与之谈话的那个女孩是来自美国的。‎ 六、定语从句中主谓一致的问题：‎ 当关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，定语从句中的谓语动词要与先行词的人称和数保持一致(我们要知道，关系代词所代指的就是先行词，这里有一个等量关系)。‎ Tom is one of the boys who are from the USA. Tom是众多来自美国的男孩中的一个。‎ Tom is the only boy that is from the USA. Tom是惟一从美国来的男孩。‎ 七、定语从句中的介词与副词的问题：‎ 当关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时，如果定语从句中的谓语动词是不及物动词时，要加介词或副词。(定语从句中的不及物动词加介词或副词构成固定的及物动词短语后，不能把介词或副词提前到关系代词前。)‎ He is the old man who/whom we looked after last year.他是我们去年照顾的那个老人。‎ That is the book which I am looking for.那就是我要找的书。‎ 八、关系副词when与where的使用：‎ ‎1．when指时间：‎ I will never forget the time when we worked on the farm.我将永远不会忘记我们在农场劳动的那段时光。‎ ‎2．where指地点(where=in等介词＋which)：‎ This is the house where(=in which) he lived last year.这是他去年住的房子。‎ 九、定语从句与作定语的①动词不定式、②介词短语、③现在分词短语、④过去分词短语的转换：‎ She has much work that she must do.=She has much work to do.她有许多要做的工作。‎ The man in the car is Mr. Green.=The man who is in the car is Mr. Green.在车上的人是格林先生。‎ The girl watering flowers there is my sister.=The girl who is watering flowers there is my sister.在浇花的女孩是我妹妹。‎ The boy saved in the river has come back to life.= The boy who was saved in the river has come back to life.从河里救起的男孩苏醒过来了。‎ ‎【定语从句中考真题演练】‎ ‎1、There are lots of things ______ I need to prepare before the trip. (河北省卷)‎ A. who B. that C. whom D. whose ‎2、Jim dislikes people _______talk much but never do anything. （吉林省通化市）‎ A.whom B.when C.whose D.who ‎3、—I hear Sam has gone to Qiandiao for his holiday. （江苏省南京市）‎ ‎ --Oh,how nice!Do you know when he_______?‎ A.left B.was leaving C.has left D.had left ‎4、We are trying to help those children ____lost their parents in Yushu , Qinghai Province. (浙江省衢州市)‎ ‎ A. which B. when C. who D. whose ‎5、Do you know the girl _______is singing in the classroom? (湖南长沙)‎ ‎ A.who B.which C.when ‎6、—The volunteers are doing a great job in Yushu. （江苏省扬州市）‎ ‎ --Yes.They are helping the people ______are suffering from the earthquake.‎ A.which B.what C./ D.who ‎7、Have you found the answer to the question ______I asked you this morning? （四川省成都市）‎ A.when B.what C.that ‎8、Friends are those____ make you smile，always open their hearts to you and encourage you to succeed. （河南省）‎ ‎ A which B what C whom D who ‎9、I began to work in Shanghai in the year _____ HongKong was returned to China. （湖北省十堰市）‎ A.that B.which C.where D.when ‎10、This is the school _______ I studied three years ago. （山东省菏泽市）‎ ‎ A. where B. when C. that D. which ‎11、—What do you usually do in your leisure time? （黑龙江省哈尔滨市）‎ ‎—I enjoy reading in the library ____________ I lose myself in a world of good books.‎ A. which B. that C. where ‎12、—The village _________I visited last year has changed a lot. （福建省福州市）‎ ‎ --Really?I hope to go there on day.‎ A.that B.who C.when ‎13、This is my beautiful school _______ is near the famous library. （广西省桂林市）‎ ‎ A. where B. which C. who D. when ‎14、The old woman ______ is wearing a pair of glasses ______ Mrs. Black. （黑龙江省鸡西市）‎ ‎ A. which, are B. who, are C. who, is ‎15、Do you like music _______ makes you relaxed? （广西省定西市）‎ A. it B. what C. who D. that ‎【语法过关】‎ ‎1. --Do you like the pop singer?‎ ‎ --No, I prefer the singer __________can sing folk music.‎ A. which B. who C. where D. how ‎2. The man _________is wearing a blue jacket is Jim's uncle.‎ A. who B. whom C. which D. /‎ ‎3．Do you know the young lady ____your mother is talking? ‎ A. who  B. whom  C. with whom   D. which ‎4． ---Does the teacher know everybody _______ planted the trees?‎ ‎ ---Yes, he does. ‎ ‎ A. which B. whose C. where D. who ‎5．The letter _______ I received from him yesterday is very important. ‎ A. who B. where C. what D. that ‎6．---Where is the scientist ________ gave us the talk yesterday?‎ ‎---He has gone back to Qinghua‎ ‎University. ‎ A. whom B. who C. whose D. which ‎7．I hate people _______ talk much but do little. ‎ ‎ A. whose B. whom C. which D. who ‎8．I'm looking at the photograph ___ you sent me with your letter. ‎ A. who B. whom C. which D. it ‎ ‎9．I hate people don’t help others when they are in trouble. ‎ A．who B．which C．they ‎10． --Barbara, where do you work?‎ ‎--I work for a company _________sells cars. ‎ A. which B. where C. what D. who ‎11．Do you know the young lady ____your mother is talking? ‎ A. who  B. whom  C. with whom   D. which ‎12．The letter _______ I received from him yesterday is very important. ‎ A. who B. where C. what D. that ‎【参考答案】‎ ‎1．B[解析]考查学生对定语从句中引导词的掌握。定语从句中先行词是人时用who引导。‎ ‎2．A．[解析]考查学生对定语从句。 先行词是人且引导词在从句中作主语，故用who引导。‎ ‎3．C．[解析]本题考查“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句的用法。先行词为the young lady，被关系代词whom代替在从句中作talk with 的宾语，介词with 可以放在关系代词之前，故应选C。 ‎ ‎4．D．[解析]本题考查引导定语从句的关系代词的选择。 因为先行词是人，而关系代词又在定语从句中作主语，所以只有who合适。‎ ‎5．D．[解析]本题考查定语从句的关系代词的选择。因为先行词是物，而关系代词在定语从句中作宾语，所以只有that合适。‎ ‎6． B．[解析]本题考查引导定语从句的关系代词的选择。因为先行词是人，而关系代词又在定语从句中作主语，所以只有who合适。‎ ‎7．D．[解析]本题考查引导定语从句的关系代词的选择。因为先行词是人，而关系代词又在定语从句中作主语，所以只有who合适。‎ ‎8． C．[解析]本题考查定语从句的用法。句中的先行词是the photograph，同时在定语从句中作宾语，故关系代词应用which。其答案为：C。‎ ‎9． A．[解析]本题考查定语从句的用法。句中的先行词是people，同时在定语从句中作主语，故关系代词应用who。其答案为：A。‎ ‎10．A．[解析]作定语从句的引导词，which可修饰物，who指代人，that指人或物。定语从句修饰company，选用which。‎ ‎11。答案C 解析：先行词为the young lady，被关系代词whom代替在从句中作talk with 的宾语，介词with ‎ 可以放在关系代词之前，故应选C。‎ ‎ 12．答案D 解析： 因为先行词是物，而关系代词在定语从句中作宾语，所以只有that合适。‎