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广州中考时态分析
个 性 化 课 程 辅 导 教 案 授课时间:2015 年 4 月 18 日 备课时间:2015 年 4 月 15 日 年级科目: 初三英语 课时:2 小时 学生姓名:徐政浩 教师姓名:郑晓珊 教学目标 很好掌握时态的运用 难点重点 区别分析不同句子所含时态 教材资料及教具 教学内容 中考英语备考现在完成时的六个要点 现在完成时是初中英语中最重要也是最难掌握的一个时态,同时它也是中考英语中一个最重要的时态考点,许多同学们对现在完成的用法似懂非懂,具体做题时也往往是跟着感觉走。本文结合初中英语的教学内容和中考英语的考查特点,为同学们归纳学好定语从句必须注意的五个方面,供大家参考。 一、 弄清基本构成方法 现在完成时由“have / has+过去分词”构成。其中的have / has 为助动词,构成疑问句时,可将其提前;构成否定句时,可直接在其后加not. 二、 掌握两种主要用法 现在完成时主要有两种用法,一种是已完成用法,也叫影响性用法;另一种是未完成用法,也叫持续性用法。 两种用法的特点是: 1. 已完成用法(影响性用法):该用法的现在完成时表示一个过去发生的动作在过去已经完成,并且动作的结果对现在有影响。 如:She has left. 她离开了。(对现在的影响或结果:她现在不在这儿。) 2. 未完成用法(持续性用法):该用法的现在完成时表示一个过去发生的动作并未在过去完成,而是一直持续到现在,并且有可能继续下去(也可能到此结束)。 如: How have you been? 你近来怎样? She has been a teacher for 20 years. 她已当了20年的老师。 注:除以上用法外,现在完成时还可表示过去的重复动作甚至将来动作。 如: He has always gone to work by bike. 他总是骑自行车上班。 三、 注意通常连用的副词 现在完成时通常连用的副词有already, never, ever, just, before, recently等。 如: We have finished our work already. 我们已经完成了工作。 He has never driven a car before. 他过去从未开过车。 一、 注意since与现在完成时的关系 since不管用作介词、连词还是副词,句子(主句)谓语通常都用现在完成时。 如: I haven‘t seen her since(作介词)last week. 自上周以来我一直未见过她。 注:表示时间长度时,通常用一般现在时代替现在完成时。 如: It‘s a long time since I met you last. 好久不见了。 二、 注意现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 现在完成时的已完成用法很容易与一般过去时相混淆,其区别是:前者强调对现在的影响和结果,后者不强调这个影响和结果,而是强调这个动作发生的时间是在过去。 如:I’ve lived here for ten years. 我在这里住了10年。(现在仍住这儿) I lived here for ten years. 我在这里住过10年。(现在不住这儿了) 三、 掌握have been to 和have gone to的用法区别 两者均可后接地点,前者表示去过某地,通常可与表示次数的状语连用;后者表示到某地去了,强调说话的当时去某地的人不在场。 比较: She has been to Europe twice. 她到欧洲去过两次。 She has gone to Europe. 她到欧洲去了。(即现在不在这儿) 注:若其后不是接名词,而是接副词,则不用to. 如: He has been abroad many times. 他多次出国。 He has gone home. 他回家去了。 一般过去时和过去进行时的用法比较 1) 过去进行时表示过去某个时间正在进行的动作,往往表示动作的未完成性;而一般过去时表示在过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态,往往表示动作已完成。 试比较: David wrote a letter to his father last night. 大卫昨晚给他父亲写了一封信。(信写完了。) David was writing a letter to his father last night. 大卫昨晚正在给他父亲写信。(指信在写的过程中,不一定写完。) 1) 过去进行时和一般过去时都可表示过去某段时间内发生的动作或情况,但过去进行时侧重动作持续时间的长度;而一般过去时只说明过去某时发生某事,侧重说明事实。 试比较: It was raining heavily last night.昨晚下着大雨。(侧重说明下雨持续时间长。) It rained heavily last night.昨天下了大雨。(侧重说明下雨这一事实。) 2) 在带有all night,the whole morning等强调时间长度的状语时,用过去进行时更好些。如: He was working all night last Monday.上周一他整整工作了一个晚上。 中考英语如何判断动词时态的技巧 一、 根据时间状语与时态的对应关系 动词特定的时态常常与特定的时间状语联 系在一起,如由this time yesterday可知用过去进行时;由so far, in the past three years, till now可知要用完成时,等等。 At this time tomorrow ______ over the Atlantic. A. we’re going to fly B. we’ll be flying C. we’ll fly D. we’re to fly 解析:由时间状语at this time tomorrow可知用将来进行时,故选B。 二、 根据某些动词与时态的对应关系 在英语里有些动词与时态有着特定的对应 关系,如see(看见),hear(听见),find(找到) 等 都不可用于进行时态;work表示机器不能正常 运行、运转时,常用一般现在时的否定式;open, close, lock等词表示门、窗等不能正常关、开、锁的意思时,常用won’t open /close /lock等,这时它们是以主动形式表示被动意义。 —Can I help you, sir? —Yes. I bought this radio here yesterday, but it _____. A. didn’t work B. won’t work C. can’t work D. doesn’t work 解析:此处的work是指radio不能正常运 行,应用一般现在时的否定式,故选D。 三、 根据上下语境来确定时态 在绝大多数情况下,动词的时态是由上下文来决定的,这就要求我们一方面要熟记各种时态的适用范围,另一方面要求我们注意上下文的提示。 — Is this raincoat yours? — No, mine ______ there behind the door. A. is hanging B. has hung C. hangs D. hung 解析:根据上下文的提示,hang表示的是目前的状态,故选A。 中考英语动词不同时态辨析 一、 一般现在时和现在进行时: 一般现在时表示的动作的时间不受限制或不确定,现在进行时表示动作的短暂性或有限度的持续性。请比较: Father works 48 hours every week.(指长期性的工作) Don’t make a noise. Father is working. (指目前的工作) ② I usually wear sports shoes.(经常性的动作) I’m not wearing sports shoes today. (暂时的情况) 一般过去时与过去完成时的用法比较 1) 过去完成时表示过去某一时间或某个动作之前已经发生的动作或存在的状态。它是个相对的状态,只有在与过去某一时间或某一动作相比较时才会用到它。而一般过去时则表示某一个时间发生了某事或在过去 某一段时间内经常发生的事。 如:They had already left when I arrived.我到来时他们已经走了。 (在我“到达”这一过去动作之前,他们就已经“离开”了,因此用had left表示。) I saw him in the street yesterday.昨天我在街上看 见他了。 (“看见他”这一动作是在“昨天”这一过去时间发生的。) 2) 在过去某时之前的继续动作,表示某事继续到过去某时已有一段时间,则用过去完成时,并与for,since等词连用。 如: He had been ill for a week when he was sent to the hospital. 他被送医院时已病了一周了。 He said that he had worked in that factory since 1994. 他说他从 1994年以来一直在那家工厂工作。 3) 在并列句或复合句中,几个(一般是两个)谓语动词的行为发生的顺序有明显的先后之分时,则先发生 的行为用过去完成时。但若句中有before,after等连 词,由于它已表明动作发生的先后,两个动作都可以 用一般过去时。 如: I thought I had told you about the news.我原以为我已告诉过你这个消息。 两个或两个以上的动作,用and,then或but等连接,按照动作发生的顺序表达时,用一般过去时,表示过去发生的连续动作。 如: The man got up,put on his cap and went away.那个人站了起来,戴上帽子,走了。 4) 动词think,hope,want,mean,intend,plan等可以用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法、希望、打算或意图等。 如:I had thought that he had died at least 20years ago. 我以为他至少 20年以前就死了。(实际上现在仍活着。) We had hoped to be able to come and see you.我们本来希望能来看看你。 一般现在时表将来的规律 一、“主将从现”原则 当主句为将来时态或表示将来意义时,时间和条件的状语从句必须用一般现在时表将来: I’ll write to her when I have time. 我有空会给她写信。 【注】① 除表示时间和条件的状语从句外,表示让步、相似、比例的从句也必须用一般现在时表将来: I’ll follow him wherever he goes. 他去哪儿,我就跟着去哪儿。 ② 另外,当主句为用将来时态时,定语从句也通常用一般现在时表将来: I’ll give you anything you ask for. 你要什么我都给你。 一、 用于比较状语从句 在as, than 引出的比较状语从句中可用一般现在时表示将来,也可直接用将来时态: We’ll get there as soon as you do [will]. 你一到,我们就到。 We’ll probably drive faster than you do [will]. 我们开车很可能比你快。 二、 表示计划或安排 表示按规定、时间表、计划或安排要发生的动作: Are you on duty next weekend? 下周末你上班吗? The train leaves at 12:00. 火车12点开出。 【注】用于此用法时,句中通常有具体的时间状语。 三、 by the time„ 当主句为将来时态时,与之相关的by the time后接的从句要用一般现在时表示将来意义: By the time he comes, I will have left. 等他到时,我会已离开了。 四、 表示现在将要宣布某事 I declare the meeting open. 我宣布会议开始。 中考英语情态动词的特殊用法 will与would 1. 表示意愿will 表示现在的意愿,would表示过去的意愿。 如: Go where you will 你愿到哪里就到哪里。 2. 表示征求意见或提出请求 主要用于第二人称的疑问句中,will和would均可用,would此时并不表过去,而表示委婉语气. Would Sunday night suit you? 星期天晚上适合你吗? would有时用于提出想法,通常与like, love, hate, prefer, be glad, be happy等连用,若用于第一人称有时也可将would换成should: 如:I would prefer not to go out today. 我今天不想出去。 1. 表示习惯和倾向性 will表示现在的习惯,would表示过去的习惯。 如: Oil will float on water. 油总是浮在水上。 2. will 还可表示许诺、指示、叮嘱等,而would还可用于评论某一特定的行为等。 如: You will do as I told you. 你得照我说的去做。 情态动词may(might) might的特殊用法为表示责备, 如 You might ask before borrow my book. 在借我书之前本可以说一声嘛! 用于固定习语 如:You may as well give him the letter. 你还是把信给他为好。 情态动词shall和should 1. Shall用于第一人称,表示征求对方的意愿。 如: What shall we do this evening? 我们今天晚上做什么呢? 2. Shall用于第一、第三人称疑问句中,表示说话人征求对方的意见或向对方请示. 如: Shall we begin our lesson? 我们可以开始学习了吗? 3. Shall用于第二、第三人称,表示说话人给对方命令、警告、允诺或威胁。 如:You shall fail if you don't work harder. (警告) Tell him that he shall have the book tomorrow. (表允诺) You shall suffer for this. (表威胁) 4. 此外,Why(or How) + should结构表示说话人对某事不能理解,感到意外、惊异等意思。意为“竟会”。 如: Why should you be so late today? 你几天怎么来得这么晚? 瞬间动词进行时的用法与意义 一、 表示反复或重复 英语的现在进行时用于少数瞬间动词可以表示不断重复的动作,这类动词主要有jump, knock, kick, hit, nod, tap, wink, cough, shoot, drop等。 如: Someone is knocking. 有人敲门。 如果主语为复数,某些动词的现在进行时往往有“不断”或“一个接一个”的含义,如:如:People are dying in that part of the world. 在那个地方人们不断地死去。 二、 表示即将发生 注意有些瞬间动词的现在进行时并不表动作的重复,而是表动作即将发生。 如: Mike is coming home on Thursday. 迈克星期四回来。 一、 表示即将结束 有些瞬间动词的现在进行时则表动作即将结束, 如: I am finishing. 我快做完了 一、单项选择。 ( )1.I will tell him as soon as he _____ back A. come B. comes C. will come D. came ( )2. Mary _____ on shoes when she ____ them. A. tries„buys B. tries„ buies C. trys„ buys D. trys„ buies ( )3. The girl often ______ cold when she ______. A. catch„dances B. catches„ dances C. catchs„dances D. catches„ dance ( )4. _____ he ____ himself there? No, I don't think so. A. Do„enjoy B. Does„ enjoies C. Does„ enjoys D. Does„enjoy ( )5. -_____ your teacher ____ from them very often? -Certainly. A. Do„hear B. Does„hear C. Do„ receive D. receive ( )6. _____ your mother _____ some cleaning on Sundays? A. Does„does B. Do„does C. Does„do D. Do„ do ( )7. -_____ Tom _____to work hard to help his family ? -Yes, he _____. A. Has„ x„does B. Has„x„does C. Does„has„has D. Does„ have„does ( )8. Which teacher _____ lessons to you every day ? A. does „gives B. does„ give C. do„ give D. gives ( )9. Smith does not go fishing on weekdays, ____? _____ , he does. A. does he„No B. does he„Yes C. doesn't he„No D. doesn't he„Yes ( )10.Mr Black often _____ fishing on Sundays, _____ he ? A. goes„doesn't B. goes„isn't C. doesn't go„goes D. doesn't go„is ( )11.He usually _____ TV on Sunday evening. A. watch B. watches C. watching D. is watching ( )12. We'll go to play with snow if it ______ tomorrow. A. snow B. snows C. will snow D. snowed ( )13. Neither I nor he ______ French. A. speak B. doesn't speak C. speaks D. doesn't speak ( )14. Nobody ______ how to run(操纵) this machine. A . know B. have known C. knows D. is knowing ( )15. The Young Pioneer _____ water for the old man every day. A. carry B. bring C. takes D. carries ( )16. Some are ______ in the river and some are ______ games. A. swimming„plaiing B.swiming„playing C.swimming„playing D. swimming„plaing ( )17.When will you come to see me, Dad? I will go to see you when you ________ the training course. A. finished B. finish C. are finishing D. will finish ( )18. Where's your brother? He ________ for France for further studies. A. had left B. has left C. 1eft D. will leave ( )19. If you _______ him tomorrow, please ask him if he_______ to work on the farm with us. A. see; goes B. will see; goes C. will see; will go D. see; will go ( )20. I won't go to bed until the TV play ________ over. You'd better not do that. A. is B. was C. will D. will be 二、请用正确的动词和时态填入下列各词: 1. He __________ back a month ago. (come) 2. My mother often tells me __________ in bed. (not read) 3. I must take it back the day after tomorrow. You can only __________ it for 24 hours. (保存) 4. Why have you kept me __________ here for so long a time? (wait) 5. Please come to our meeting if you __________ free tomorrow. (be) 6. She __________ to the Great Wall several times. (goes) 7. In his letter, he said that he __________ us very much. (miss) 8. The film __________ for nearly fifteen minutes when I got to the cinema. (be) 9. He said he became __________ in physics. (interest) 10. This film is worth __________. (see) 11. He went to school instead of __________ home. (go) 12. In the old days it was difficult for the poor to __________ a job. (找) 13. It's cold outside, so you'd better __________ your coat. (穿上) 14. He is hungry. Please give him something __________. (eat) 15. Please don't waste time __________ TV every evening. You should word hard at English. (watch) 16. We found the window __________. (break) 17. You have dropped your pencil. __________. (拾起来) 18. Mother often tells me __________ too late. (not come home) 19. You had better __________ by bus, or you will be late. (go) 20. I will __________ Li Ming the good news as soon as I see him. (告诉) 21. Great changes __________ in our country since 1978. (take place) 22. I __________ my daughter since last month. (hear from) 23. It __________ me two days to write the article. (花费) 24. Don't touch that __________ child. (sleep) 25. Every time he tried to start the car, the wheels __________ deeper into the mud. (sink) 26. We __________ football when it began to rain. We had to stop and go home. (play) 27. If I had arrived there earlier, I __________ him. (meet) 28. I didn't remember __________ her the book before. (give) 29. He called at every door, __________ people the exciting news. (tell) 30. Yesterday Mary couldn't finish her homework, so she has to go on __________ it this afternoon. (do) 答案 一、1—5 BABDB 6—10 CDDBA 11—15 BBCCD 16—20 CBBDA 二、1. came 2. not to read 3. keep 4. waiting 5. are 6. has been 7. missed 8. had been on 9. interested 10. seeing 11. going 12. find 13. put on 14. to eat 15. watching 16. broken 17. Pick it up 18. not to come home 19. go 20. tell 21. have taken place 22. have heard from 23. took 24. sleeping 25. sank 26. were playing 27. would have met 28. giving 29. telling 30. doing 课后布置:查看更多