沪版牛津英语中考非谓语动词专题复习

沪版牛津英语中考非谓语动词专题复习

第2讲 非谓语动词+句型转换 ‎ ‎ 非谓语动词的通关秘籍 ‎ 构成：（to）+动词原形 ‎ 动词不定式 非 在句中的作用（除谓语动词外的任何成分）‎ 谓 构成：V.-ing ‎ 语 动名词 动 用法（主、宾、表、定）‎ 词 ‎ ‎ 构成：V. -ing / V.-ed（规则变化）‎ ‎ 分词 ‎ 用法（表、补、定、状）‎ ‎（一）动名词 一、动名词的构成：动名词一般由“动词原形+ing”构成 ‎ 二、动名词的句法功能 功能 例句 说明 主语 Eating too much is bad for your health.‎ 吃得太多对你的健康有害。‎ 谓语动词用单数形式。‎ ‎ 动词宾语 ‎ 介词宾语 I like playing basketball very much.我非常喜欢打篮球。‎ Stamps are used for sending letters.邮票是被用来寄信的。‎ 表示一般的习惯或抽象行为或经常性的动作。‎ 表语 His hobby is collecting stamps.‎ ‎=Collecting stamps is his hobby.‎ 多数情况下，动名词作表语可转化成作主语。‎ 定语 She is in the reading room.她在阅览室。‎ We should improve our teaching methods.我们应该改进教学方法。‎ 只表明它所修饰的词的用途、所属关系等。置于所修饰词之前。‎ 注意：英语中有一些词后面常跟动名词作宾语。我们初中阶段常见的有：finish, mind, be worth, be busy, practice, have fun, have trouble/problem（in）, spend...（in）, feel like, be used to（习惯于）, give up, keep on, consider, suggest, can't help。我们可按下面的顺口溜记忆这些词。‎ ‎ 完成实践值得忙（finish, practice, be worth, be busy）‎ ‎ 继续习惯别放弃（keep on, be used to, give up）‎ ‎ 考虑建议不禁想（consider, suggest, can't help, feel like）‎ 喜欢思念要介意（enjoy, miss, mind）‎ ‎（二）动词不定式 不定时的基本形式为：to+动词原形，有时可以不用to，这里的to 是不定式符号，本身无词义，动词不定式的否定形式是not+（to+）动词原形。‎ 动词不定式的句法功能 功能 例句 说明 主语 To speak English is not easy for us=It is not easy for us to speak English. 讲英语对我们来说不容易。‎ 作主语用的不定式，常常用it作形式主语，而把不定式放在后面。‎ 表语 My work is to clean the room everyday.=To clean the room every day is my work. 我的工作就是每天打扫这间屋子。‎ 多数情况下，不定式作表语，可转换作为主语。‎ 宾语 ‎—What sports does he like to play?他喜欢做什么运动？‎ ‎—He likes to play basketball.他喜欢打篮球。‎ 只能做某些动词的宾语，一般不作介词的宾语。‎ 宾补 My mother made me play the piano all the time. ‎ 我妈妈让我一直弹钢琴。‎ 在make，let，see，hear，watch等使役、感官动词后，不定式省略to。‎ 定语 Have you got anything to say? 你有要说的吗？‎ 不定式作定语，要放在所修饰词的后面。‎ 状语 I'm sorry to trouble you.（表原因）很抱歉，给你添麻烦了。‎ I went to the library to study English.（表目的）‎ 不定式作状语，其逻辑主语要和句子的主语一致。‎ ‎1、 不定式作主语 ‎ 动词不定式作主语时，常用it作形式主语，而将真正的主语放在句末 其结构为：It+be+adj.（+ for/ of sb.）+动词不定式 如：To learn English well is useful.→ It is useful to learn English well.‎ ‎ It’s important for us to protect the environment.‎ ‎ 注意：在kind，good，nice，clever等表示人的品质的形容词后，不用for而用of。如：‎ ‎ It's very kind of you to help me. 你帮助我真是太好啦。‎ ‎ It's very clever of you to do like that. 你那样做真是太聪明啦。‎ ‎2、不定式作宾语 有些谓语动词后只能用不定式作宾语，常见的这类词是表示命令、打算或希望的，如： ‎ ‎ would like, like, want, wish, hope, decide, plan, expect等。如：‎ ‎ Would you like to see a film this evening? 你今晚想去看电影吗？‎ ‎ ②在find, think后跟不定式作宾语时，常用it代替，而将真正的宾语放在后面。如：‎ ‎ I find it easy to read English every day. ‎ ‎ ③常见的一些不带to的动词不定式 Why not do..., Why don't you do..., had better（not）do..., would rather do,‎ ‎ could/would/will you please（not）do...‎ I would rather stay in the room.我宁愿待在房间里。‎ ‎3、不定式作宾语补足语 ‎ 不定式作宾语补足语时与宾语有逻辑上的主谓关系。如：‎ ‎ Lucy asked him to turn down the radio. 露西让他关小收音机。‎ ‎ tell, ask, want, allow, get, would like, encourage后常跟动词不定式作宾语补足语。如：‎ ‎ My mother encourages me to learn Japanese. 我妈妈鼓励我学日语。‎ ‎ 注意：还有一些使役动词和感官动词也用不定式作宾补，这时不定式要省略to。这些动词有：‎ 一感（feel）、二听（hear, listen to）、三让（let, make, have）、四看（look at, see, watch, notice）。但变被动语态时，必须加上to。如： ‎ ‎ My friends were made to work the whole night by the boss. 老板让我的朋友们工作了一整夜。‎ ‎4、 不定式作定语 ‎ ①不定式作定语时，应放在名词之后。它与名词有逻辑上的动宾关系。‎ ‎ ②如果是不及物动词，且与所修饰的词之间有动宾关系，要在不定式后加上适当的介词。‎ ‎ There is nothing to worry about. 没有什么可担心的。‎ ‎5、不定式常和疑问词what, which, when, where, how连用，相当于一个宾语从句。如：‎ ‎ The teacher is telling the students what to do. 老师正告诉学生们做什么。‎ ‎ He didn't know where to go. 他不知道去哪里。‎ 真题精讲 ‎ ‎ ‎( )1. Tom's mother told him _______ eating too much meat.‎ ‎ A: stopping B: to stop C: stops D: stopped ‎( )2. We don't know ________ it next. Let's go and ask Mr. Li.‎ ‎ A: what to do B: to do what C: whether to do D: to do whether ‎ ‎( )3. How kind you are! You always do what you can _______me.‎ ‎ A: help B: helping C: to help D: helps ‎( )4 Drivers shouldn't be allowed ________after drinking, or they will break the law.‎ ‎ A: drive B: driving C: to drive ‎( )5. Water Park is a good place________.‎ ‎ A: to have fun B: have fun C: having fun D: to have a fun ‎( )6. Take time to relax by listening to music, reading a book or just spending some time alone. Relaxing allows you _______to your studies with more energy.‎ ‎ A: return B: to return C: returning ‎( )7. Nick, would you mind ________those old jeans? They look terrible.‎ ‎ A: not to wear B: not wear C: wearing not D: not wearing ‎( )8. —_______ a volunteer is great.‎ ‎ —I think so. Some of us want _______volunteers for the London Olympics.‎ ‎ A: Being；being B: To be；being C: Being；to be D: To be；to be ‎( )9.—Don't forget ______your history and politics books tomorrow morning.‎ ‎ —Thanks. I won't.‎ ‎ A: bring B: to bring C: bringing ‎( )10.—What about _______a rest?‎ ‎ —OK. Let's go out and have a walk.‎ ‎ A: to take B: takes C: taking ‎ ‎( )11. —I like this set of sofa so much, but I don't know ______it in my small house.‎ ‎ —You're supposed to put it in the living room.‎ ‎ A: where to put B: why to put C: how to put ‎ ‎( )12. While we were running on the playground, Jack suddenly stopped ______and lay on the ground, so we all stopped _______what was wrong with him.‎ ‎ A: to run; to see B: running; seeing C: running; to see ‎( )13. May I have a rest? I have already finished ______the report. ‎ ‎ A: write B: writing C: to write D: written ‎ ‎( )14.—I feel a bit hungry now.‎ ‎ —Why not _______for dinner with us?‎ ‎ A: go B: did you go C: to go D: do you go 巩固训练 ‎( )1. Granny often tells us ________water in our daily life.‎ ‎ A: save B: saving C: to save D: saves ‎( )2. Richard turned off the computer after he had finished ________the email.‎ ‎ A: write B: to write C: writing D: wrote ‎( )3.—We can use QQ to chat with each other on the Internet.‎ ‎ —Really? Will you please show me ______it?‎ ‎ A: how to use B: what to use C: how can I use D: what can I use ‎( )4.—Where's your brother now，Bob?‎ ‎ —I saw him ________ in the street a moment ago and I told him _______.‎ ‎ A: playing；don't do so B: playing；not to do so C: play；to do so ‎ ‎( )5. As teenagers, we're old enough _______with housework. We can help set the table, wash the dishes and clean our own rooms. ‎ ‎ A: to help B: helping C: helped ‎( )6. Nancy is really a hard-working student. We often see her _______books in the classroom.‎ ‎ A: read B: to read C: reads ‎( )7 Mrs. Smith made her students _______the compositions three times a week.‎ ‎ A: write B: to write C: written D: writing ‎( )8.Tom often makes his sister , but yesterday he was made by his sister.‎ A: cry; to cry B: to cry; cry C:cry; cry D: to cry; to cry ‎( )9. You'd better _______ too much time playing computer games.‎ ‎ A: don't spend B: not to spend C: to not spend D: not spend ‎( )10. More and more young people are trying to do something _______the old.‎ ‎ A: served B: to serve C: serve D: serves ‎( )11. Why not _______ an English club to practice _______ English?‎ ‎ A. to join; to speak B. join; speaking C. join; to speak D. to join; speaking ‎( )12. When we came to the gate, he stopped _________ me go in first.‎ ‎ A. to let B. to tell C. to allow D. to ask ‎( )13. She saw some boys _________ soccer on the playground when she was on the way to the classroom.‎ ‎ A. played B. to play C. playing ‎ ‎( )14. —How about going shopping this weekend, Peter?‎ ‎ —Sorry, I prefer _________ rather than _________.‎ ‎ A. to stay at home; go out B. to go out; stay at home ‎ ‎ C. staying at home; go out D. Going out; stay at home ‎ ‎( )15. It's a good habit _________ every day.‎ ‎ A. to keep doing exercise B. to stay up late C. to make much noise D. to too much ‎ ‎( )16. —It's hot. Would you mind my _________ the window.‎ ‎ —__________. Do it as you like, please!‎ ‎ A. to open; OK B. opening; Certainly not C. closing; Of course D. Open; Good idea ‎ ‎( )17. Who do you think you'd like _________ with you, a boy or a girl?‎ ‎ A. to let to go B. letting to go C. to let go D. let go ‎ ‎( )18. The house was so dirty. They decided _________.‎ ‎ A. clean it up B. to clean it up C. clean up it D. cleaning up ‎( )19. I heard someone _______ the door and .‎ ‎ A. open; come in B. to open; to come in C. open; come into D. to open; to come into ‎( )20. The girl was heard _________ the piano in the next room.‎ ‎ A. plays B. to play C. played D. play ‎ ‎ 句型转换 Complete the following sentences as required（根据所给要求，完成下列句子。（62-67题）每空格限填一词）： ‎ ‎62. He forgot to lock up the door to the cage and accidentally let the tiger escape.（改为一般疑问句）‎ ‎ ______ he _____ to lock up the door to the cage and accidentally let the tiger escape?‎ ‎63. Mr. Wang will introduce Shanghai to all the foreign guests at the welcome party.（对划线部分提问）‎ ‎ ________ _______ Mr. Wang introduce to all the foreign guests at the welcome party?‎ ‎64. They usually store these fished in the fridge to keep them fresh.（改为被动语态）‎ ‎ These fishes _______ usually ______ in the fridge to keep them fresh.‎ ‎65. Ian promises the technology of his invention is not harmful to the human body.（保持句意基本不变）‎ ‎ Ian promises the technology of his invention does _______ ________to the human body.‎ ‎66. Professor Tenor’s lecture on universe is very difficult. Many people can’t understand it.（合并两句为一句）‎ ‎ Professor Tenor’s lecture on universe is _______ fifficult for many people _______ understand.‎ ‎67. This warning sign tells us not to pick flowers.（保持句意基本不变）‎ ‎ This warning sign says,“________ ________ flowers!”‎ ‎68. a plan, made, before Friday, the staff, work out, the manager（连词成句）‎ ‎ _____________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎62. Henry wants to have a five-day holiday in Hainan Island. （改为否定句）‎ Henry ________ ________ to have a five-day holiday in Hainan Island.‎ ‎63. Susan left for Beijing to attend an international meeting. （对划线部分提问）‎ ‎________ ________ Susan leave for Beijing?‎ ‎64. Father said, “Jerry, be careful when walking along the river!” （改为简单句）‎ Father told Jerry ________ ________ careful when walking along the river.‎ ‎65. His tour around the USA was pleasant. （改为感叹句）‎ ‎________ ________ his tour around the USA was!‎ ‎66. A man gave Tom 100 yuan for returning the cellphone. （改为被动语态）‎ Tom ________ ________ 100 yuan for returning the cellphone.‎ ‎67. The waiter stopped explaining the menu after all of us understood it. （保持句意基本不变）‎ The waiter ________ stop explaining the menu ________ all of us understood it.‎ ‎68. took, good English, many years of hard work, it, to speak, （连词成句）‎ ‎___________________________________________________________‎ ‎62. He tried to keep healthy by taking regular exercise. (改为一般疑问句)‎ ‎ __________ he __________ to keep healthy by taking regular exercise?‎ ‎63. We will go to Thailand for a holiday in a week. (对划线部分提问)‎ ‎__________ __________ will you go to Thailand for a holiday?‎ ‎64. This kind ofcomputer is very small. You can put it in your pocket. (合并为一句)‎ This kind ofcomputeris __________ small __________ you can putitin your pocket.‎ ‎65. John always keeps calm and knows what he should do when in trouble. (保持句意基本不变)‎ John always keeps calm and knows __________ __________ do when in trouble.‎ ‎66. Some neighbors saw Jack walking in the street last night. (改为被动语态)‎ Jack __________ __________ walking in the street by some neighbors last night.‎ ‎67. He rarely sleeps with the windows open at night. (改为反意疑问句)‎ He rarely sleeps with the windows open at night, __________ __________?‎ ‎68.prefers, a glass of water, she, drinking, before breakfast. (连词成句)‎ ‎ __________________________________________________________________‎ 家庭作业 Part 3 Reading and Writing ‎(第三部分读与写)‎ IX. Reading Comprehension (阅读理解)：(共50分)‎ A. Choose the best answer (根据文章内容，选择最恰当的答案)：(12分)‎ There are a lot of things to do in Shanghai.‎ Live Music - Late Night Jazz(爵士乐)‎ ‎ Enjoy real American jazz from Herbie Davis, the famous trumpet (小号) player. Herbie is known to play well into the early hours, so don't expect to get much sleep. This is Herbie's thirdvisit to Shanghai. The first two were sold out, so get your tickets quick.‎ Place: The Jazz Club Dates: 15-23 May Price: ¥80, ¥120 (From Friday to Sunday) Time: 10 p.m. till late!‎ Tel: 6557-6898‎ Scottish(苏格兰的) dancing Take your partners and get ready to dance till you drop. Scottish dancing is fun and easy to learn. The teachers, Gordon Stroppie and Weefrees, are excellent. They will also demonstrate the dances.‎ Place: Jack Stein’sDates: every Monday Price: ¥60 including one drink Time: 7-10 p.m.‎ Tel: 6427-3957‎ Exhibitions - Shanghai Museum There are 120,000 pieces on show here. You can see the whole of Chinese history under oneroof. It's always interesting to visit, but especially at the moment with the Egyptian Tombs (埃及坟墓) exhibitions.‎ Place: Shanghai MuseumDates: Tuesday-Sunday Price: ¥60 (half for students) Tel: 6888-5066‎ Time: ‎9 a.m. – 5 p.m. Tuesday to Friday ‎ ‎9 a.m. – ‎9 a.m. Weedends Dining - Sushi Chef (厨师) in town Sushi is getting really big in Shanghai. In Japan, it's become an art form. The most famoussushi "artist" is Yuki Kamura. She's also one of the few female chefs in Japan. She'll be at SushiScene all the month.‎ Place: Sushi Scene in Shanghai Hotel Dates: 1 – 31 May Price: ¥240 Time: lunchtime Tel: 6690-2315‎ ‎69. If you want to enjoy Real American jazz, you will get ______ sleep at night.‎ A) much B)no C)alittle D)more ‎70. Two student tickets for Shanghai‎ ‎Museum cost ______.‎ A) ¥30 B) ¥ ‎60 ‎ C) ¥120 D)¥180‎ ‎71. You can go to ______ to enjoy Sushi.‎ A) The Jazz Club B) Jack Stein's ‎ C)Shanghai Museum D) Shanghai Hotel ‎72. The underlined word "demonstrate" most likely means "______".‎ A) learn B)show C)watch D)visit ‎73. Which ofthe following statements is WRONG according to the passage?‎ A) Herbie Davis has never been to Shanghai before.‎ ‎ B) It's not difficult to 1eam Scottish dancing. ‎ ‎ C) Shanghai‎ ‎Museum is open every day except Monday.‎ ‎ D) Sushi has become a kind of art form in Japan.‎ ‎74. The passage is mainly for people who want to ______ in Shanghai.‎ A) eat delicious food B) enjoy Jazz and dancing ‎ C) learn Chinese history D) experience different cultures B. Choose the words or expressions and complete the passage（选择最恰当的单词或词语完成短文)（12分）‎ Have you ever had a day when everything seemed to be wrong, and nothing seemed to be right? Not too long ago I was having one of those days. I was sad and 75. My focus was on me. After all, no one else was experiencing the same problems as I was.‎ I expressed my sad state to my mother, hoping for some pity. 76, she said, "I heard Jamie was having a difficult day too. Why don't you make her some cookies and take them to her this afternoon? "‎ I didn't really want to, but 77 that I didn't want to go back to my other problems just yet. I made the cookies and put them on a little plate. Then I made a card with a sunflower on it and wrote a small and sweet note.‎ That afternoon I visited my friend's house. I went to the door and rang the bell. Soon, Jamie came to the door and looked at me 78 because she didn't expect my visit. Before she could say anything, I rushed, "I heard you were having a hard day and I made a decision to bring you something. I hope your day goes better." I couldn't describe the 1ook that came over Jamie's 79 properly. It was as if(好像) a dark sky suddenly shone with the golden rays (光线) of the sun; it was as if in that small act, her day became 80.‎ I got back into the car and for some amazing reason, I felt a lot better myself. That day I experienced the truth that "those who bring sunshine to the lives of others cannot keep it from themselves."‎ ‎75. A)sorry B)upset C)lazy D)nervous ‎76.A)Even B)Still C) Rather D) Instead ‎77. A) decided B) warned C) suggested D) proved ‎78. A) in a hurry B) with pleasure C) in surprise D) with care ‎79.A)mind B)shoulder C)face D)head ‎80.A)clean B)bright C)gold D)blue C) Read the passage and fill in the blanks with proper words（在短文的空格内填入适当的词，使其内容通顺，每空格限填一词，首字母已给):（14分）‎ Some people think only school children do not agree with their parents. However, it is not t rue 81 .‎ Communication is a problem for parents and children of all ages. If it's hard for you to communicate with your parents, don't worry about it. Here is some a dvice 82 for you to bridge the generation gap(代沟).‎ Don’t a rgue 83 with your parents. Don't get to your parents when you are angry. Most likely, your parents won't consider your ideas if you shout at them. And you can't express yourself well if you are furious(盛怒的). Go someplace to cool off. Make sure you understand why you are unhappy. Then think about what you want to say to your parents. If you don't think you can speak to them at the moment, try w riting 84 a letter.‎ Try to reach a compromise (妥协). Sometimes you and your parents disagree on something. You can keep your own o pinions 85 and try to accept each other. Michael's mother didn't agree with him about buying a motorcycle at first. But they finally came to a compromise. Michael bought the motorcycle, but only drove it on certain days.‎ Of course, your parents might refuse to compromise on something. In these situations, it is especially important to show love and respect to them. Showing respect will keep your relationship s trong 86 .‎ Talk about your values(f价值观). The values of your parents are p robably 87 different from those of your own. Tell your parents what you care about, and why. Understanding your values might help them see your purposes in life.‎ ‎ A good relationship with your parents can make you a better and happier person. It is worth having a try!‎ D．Answer the questions（根据短文内容回答下列问题）（12分）‎ Teenager Jake Denham was skiing(滑雪) with his family in the USA when he fell over and lost one ofhis skis (滑雪板). His family didn't know that he had a problem. They kept on skiing. When they got to the foot of the mountain, there was no sign of Jake, which made them very worried. .‎ Jake couldn't find his ski anywhere. In the end, he decided to take off his other ski and walkdown the mountain. But he couldn't work out the right way to go.‎ ‎ It was now getting dark and he was a 1ong way from any place of safety. He knew that hemight die that night in the cold temperatures. But Jake kept calm. At home, Jake watched a lot of TV programmes about living in difficult situations. He remembered the tips from these programmes and knew that he should build a hole in the snow. He made a hole and pointed it up the hill so the wind couldn't blow into it. Outside his hole, the temperature dropped to a dangerous -15oC that night, but inside it Jake was safe from the cold.‎ But he had to get down the mountain; The T'V programmes always said, “If you are lost, you should find someone else's tracks (足迹) through the snow and follow them. "I wanted to live my life." remembers Jake. "So I got up and I found some ski tracks and I followed those." He walked and walked and finally he saw lights. Nine hours after he lost his ski, he found a team of workers who came to save him. He was safe!‎ His mum was very happy when she heard the news. Amazingly Jake didn't even have to go to hospital. He got through the terrible experience without any injury.‎ ‎88. Jake lost one of his skis after he fell over when skiing, didn't he? ‎ ‎______________________________________________________________‎ ‎89. When did his parents realize that Jake was missing?‎ ‎ _____________________________________________________________‎ ‎90. What did Jake do to protect himself from the cold temperatures? ‎ ‎ _____________________________________________________________‎ ‎91. How did Jake get down the mountain the next morning?‎ ‎ _____________________________________________________________‎ ‎92. How long did it take Jake to return to safety after he lost his ski?‎ ‎ _____________________________________________________________‎ ‎93. What do you think of Jake? Give at least one reason.‎ ‎ _____________________________________________________________‎ VII. Writing （作文）（共20分）‎ ‎94. Write at least 60 words about the topic“______ influenced me most”.‎ ‎（在你成长过程中可能有很多的人、事、物在潜移默化地影响着你，那么对你影响最深的是谁？是什么？请以“______深深地影响了我”为题，写一篇不少于60个词的短文，标点符号不占格）‎ ‎（注意：1. 在答题纸上将题目补充完整。‎ ‎2. 短文中不得出现任何人名、校名及其它相关信息，否则不予评分。）‎ ‎ The following questions are for reference only. （以下问题仅供参考）‎ ‎1. Who/what influenced you most?‎ ‎ 2. How did somebody/something influence you? (You may give an example.)‎ ‎ 3. What did you learn from him/it?‎ My teacher influenced me most I remember when I was a primary school student ,my Chinese teacher Miss Wang gave me much help and encouraged me a lot ,and she influenced me most .‎ Firstly ,she taught me to set a life goal and tried my best to achieve it . It was her influence that I also would hope to become a teacher in the future. Then she gave me much encouragement when I was in trouble .At that time my family was so poor that I couldn’t take on my tuition for my study ,then she helped me solve the problem and asked my parents not to worry about it .Finally ,she ‎ ‎__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________‎ Part III ‎(A) 69. C 70. B 71. D 72. B 73. A 74. D ‎(B) 75. B 76. D 77. A 78. C 79. C 80. B ‎(C) 81. true 82. advice 83. argue 84. writing 85. opinion(s)‎ ‎86. strong 87. probably ‎(D) 88. Yes, he did./Yes.‎ ‎89. When they got to the foot of the mountain.‎ ‎90. He built a hole in the snow. /He made a hole in the snow and pointed it up the hill.‎ ‎91. By following some ski tracks. /He followed some ski tracks. /He found some ski tracks and followed those.‎ ‎92. It took him nine hours to return to safety. /It took nine hours. /Nine hours.‎ ‎93. He was clever/smart/intelligent because he could use what he learned on TV in emergency. ‎ ‎/He was calm/brave because he still succeeded in solving the problem although he faced a difficult situation.‎ VII. 94. 略。‎