初中英语被动语态复与练习

初中英语被动语态复与练习

英猪彼幼猪态一、被动语态概述语态是动词的一种形式，用以说明主语与谓语动词之间的关系。英语的语态共有两种：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式，一般说来，只有需耍动作对象的及物动词才有被动语态。汉语往往用”被”、”受”、”给”等词来表示被动意义。如：Heopenedthedoo匚他打开了这扇门。（主动语态）Thedoorwasopened.这扇门被打开了。（被动语态）二、被动语态的构成被动语态由”助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。被动语态的时态变化只改变be的形式，过去分词部分不变。疑问式和否定式的变化也如此。1、被动语态的时态较常见的八种，现以动词clean为例列表说明:«在边£»AHR{btentare{mcteamdvne"amGtaivd0MK&.areFoubeqgdoaneiLvwcI'tewebeatcteanodhsdbsoi^wilhambeatckmed2、被动语态的句式变化:以一般现在时和动词invite为例，列表说明被动语态的句式变化:育定旬lannftelEWSMHttMe(LlanMturitetHeWk衽mtEftoiL善S^SVAmIbsritedfMcyujiurbVVei.jouareKs,Ilw.XmaeVei.^W^Myan.Hu,fvimA.VeatfLHo,aofLLlher3、伤有情态动词的被动语态\n情态动词的被动语态结构为：情态动词+be+过去分词；其时态及句型的变化仅由情态动词完成，”be+过去分词”部分不变。女thTablescanbemadeofstone.桌了可由石头制造。Tablescouldbemadeofstoneatthattime.那时桌子可由石头制造。（一般过去时）Cantablesbemadeofstone?桌了能用石头制造吗？（疑问句）三、主动语态变为被动语态转换图示：主动句：Theyplantedatre已主被动句：Atr託wasplantsbythem宾吾匙语bh过去分词主语变为by…1、主动语态变为被动语态的步骤：（1）将主动句的宾语变为主语：注意：如果主动句的宾语是代词，需将其曲宾格变为主格。女口：Tomkilledhim.fHewaskilledbyTom.（2）将动词改为”be+过去分词”。注意：Theyheldameetingyesterday・fAmeetingwasheldbythemyesterday.他们昨天开会了。（3）将主动语态的主语改为be…放在谓语动词后。注意：如果原主语是代词，则应曲主格变为宾格。Hesangasong.—Asongwassungbyhim.2、主动语态变为被动语态的注意事项：含有双宾语，即直接宾语（常指事物）和间接宾语（常指人）的句子，每个宾语都可变为被动语态的主语，即其被动语态有两种形式。但多以间接宾语作主语。Jacktoldusthetruth.杰克告诉了我们真相。WeweretoldthetruthbyJack.Thetruthwastold（to）usbyJack.四、下列动词（词组）没有被动式：1・、系动词无被动语态：以主动形式表示被动之意常见的系动词有：①be动词②起来（7个）:look/seem/appear,feel（感觉,摸起来），sound,smell,tastee.g.Sheseems/appearshappy.Itsmellsterrible.③（逐渐）变得/变成：become,grow,get,turn,come,goe.g.Hiswishhascometrue.Peopleoftenwenthungryintheolddays.Thetreeisgrowingtall.④保持:keep,stay\ne.g.Wemustkeepquietinthereadingroom.2>happen,takeplace,breakout，belongto,cost^take3、不及物动词sell,wash,read，write,open,close,shut,lock,wear等，常用主动形式表示被动意义。①、Anaccidentwashappenedyesterday.(X)昨天发生了一起事故。Anaccidenthappenedyesterday.②、Theflowersmellssweet.这花闻起來很香。③、Thewatchlooksgood.这表看起来很好。④、Thisbooksellswell.这木书畅销。⑤、Thekindofclothwasheswell.这种布很容易洗。⑥、Thearticlereadswell.这篇文章读起来很好。⑦、Thesupermarketopensat8:00inthemorning.超市在早上八点钟营业。⑧、Thedoorwon'tclose/shut.这门关不上。⑨、Thedoorlockseasily.这门容易锁。©、Thismaterialwearswell(won'twear).这种材料耐久(不耐久)四.特殊情况的被动语态：1.带双宾语的被动语态：动词+sb(间宾)+sth(直宾)口诀：如遇双宾语，一般变间宾，若把直宾变，to/for间宾连。1).give/pass/show与介词to搭配。givesbsthsb+begivensth或sth+begiven+tosb・2).buy/make/cook与介词for搭配。buysbsthsb+bebought+sth或sth+bebought+forsbHegavemeabookIabookbyhim.Abookmebyhim・Mymothermademeacake・IacakebymymotherAcakemebymymother.2•带省to的不定式作宾补的被动语态：动词+sb+dosth.口诀：感使动词真叫怪，to来to去记心怀，主动语态to离去被动语态to回来。动词：make/let/have/see/hear/feel/watchmakesbdosthsb+be+made+todosthThebossmadetheworkersworkalldayTheworkersworkalldaybytheboss・3.see/hear/notice/keep+sb+doingsth句型中变被动语态时doing不变。IheardTomsingingjustnowTombymejustnow.4•以动词短语作谓语的主动语态变被动语态时，不可丢掉后面的介词或副词。Weshouldtakecareoftheold.Theoldshould・六、各种时态的被动语态举例(以动词do为例)\n1・一般现在时(am/is/are+done)Englishisspokenbylotsofpeopleintheworld.世界上的许多人都说英语。ClassmeetingisheldeveryThursday.每周四都举行班会。Theclassroomiscleanedbythestudentseveryday.学生们每天都打扫教室。1.一般过去时(was/were+done)Thecupwasbrokenbytheboy.杯了被那个男孩打碎了。Hewassavedatlast.他最终获救了。Mybikewasstolen.我的Cl行车被偷了。2.一般将来时与过去将来时(will/shallbe+done;would/shouldbe+done)Aspeechwillbegiventhisafternoon.今天卜午有一个演讲。Anewroadwillbebuiltnextyear.明年要修一条新马路。Ithoughtthousandsofpeoplewouldbehelped.我认为将有数「人得到帮助。3.现在进彳亍时与过去进彳亍时(am/is/arebeing+done;was/werebeing+done)Themachinewasbeingrepairedatthistimeyesterday.昨天这时，机器正在被修理。Theproblemisbeingdiscussednow•问题止在被讨论。Abusisbeingpushedbythepassengers.路人止在推一辆公共汽车。5•现在完成时(have/hasbeen+done)Twohundredtreeshavebeenplantedbynow.到现在为止，已经种了二百棵树了。Thebookhasbeenreadmanytimesbyme.这本书已经被我读了许多遍了。6.过去完成时(hadbeen+done)Theysaidtheyhadbeeninvitedtotheparty.他们说已经被邀请参加晩会了。Shefoundthehousehadbeendestroyedbythestorm.她发现房了已经被暴风|：l；j摧毁。Hehadbeentorturedbytheillnessformanyyearsbeforehedied.他在去世前已经被疾病折磨很多年了。被动语态专项练习I单项选择1.Goodbooksagainandagain.A.shouldbereadedC.mustread2.Thechildrenbythenurse.A.werelookedB.lookedafter3.Hesomepiecesofadvice,butheA.gave,didnrtlistenC.give,wasn'tlistened4.Whentheaccident?A.was,happenC.is,happen5.Thequestionbyussoon.A.isgoingtodiscussC.isgoingtobediscussed6.Thelababoutfiveyearsago.A.wasbuildedB.wasbuiltB.shouldbereadD・oughttoreadC・werelookedafterD.looked_tothem.B.wasgiven,wasn'tlistenedD・wasgiven,didn'tlistenB.did,happenD.was,happenedB.willdiscuss\nD・hasbeendiscussedA.buildsD・hasbeenbuilt1.Alotoftallbuildingsinhishometowninthelastthreeyears.A.havesetupB.havebeensetupA.weresetupD.setup\n8.Theyprinting500copiesbytheendoflastmonth.A.hadfinishedB.havefinishedC・hadbeenfinishedD・havebeenfinished9.Ricealsointheirhometown.A.is...grownB・is…grewbytheteachers.A.isalwayspraisedC・havebeenpraised11.GreatchangesC.was...grewD・was...grown10.HeA.havetaken,havebeenopenedC.aretaken,open12.ThepictureinOctober,1996.A.wastakingB.praisesD.alwaysispraisedplace.Manynewschools•B・take,areopenD.havebeentaken,areopenedB.hadbeentakenC.wastakenD・hadtaken13.Wecan!tusethebridgenow,becauseitA.hasbeenrepairedB.isrepairing14.1thewaytotherailwaystationbyapoliceman.A.wasshownB.showedC.haveshownC.isrepairedD.isbeingrepairedD.wasshowing15.Thewarin1941.A・brokeoutB.hadbeenbrokenoutC・wasbrokenout16.WhenwaterA・isheatedD・hadbrokenout,itwillbechangedintovapor（蒸汽）.B.heatingC.hasheatedD.heats17.Wecan!tentertheroombecauseitsdoor.A.lockedB.locksC・islockedD・islocking18.Theydayandnight.A.aremadeworkB.aremadetoworkC・madetobeworkedD.aremakingtowork19.Chang'anRoadisofpeople.A.filledB.fillC.fullD.fulled20.Man-madesatellitesintospacebymanycountries.A.wassentupB.issentupC.havebeensentupD.hasbeensentup21.ThisEnglishsongoftenbythechildren.A.is,singingB.is,sungC.will,sing22.Thewindowsofourhouseonceaweek.oftenD・was,sungA.mustcleanB.havecleanedC.iscleanedD.arecleaned23.WhenthePeople'sRepublicofChinaA.was,foundB・was,foundedC.did,found24.Mary'sradiobymybrotherjustnow.A.willbemendedB・hasmendedC.wasmendedD.does,foundD・mended25.Yourexercisebooksafterclass.\nA.handedinD.mustbehandedin26.Sometreesmayatothertimesoftheyear.A.beplantedB.plantA.areplantedD.willbeplanted27.Thesunatnightasusual.A.canbeseenB.can!tseeC.cantbeseenD.doesn'tsee2&AnewEnglishplaytherenextweek.A.willputonB.willbeputonC.isgoingtoputonD.willbeputtedon29.Astrangethinginourschoolyesterday.A.washappenedB.hasbeenhappenedC.happenedD.wasgoingtohappen30.Theglass.ItbylittleTomthismorning.A.broke,isbrokenB.isbroken,wasbrokenC.wasbroken,brokeD.hasbeenbroken,brokenII把F列句了改为被动语态1.1sawtheboyrunyesterday.2.Hetoldmethathewouldcomebacksoon.3.Youcanfindalotofdifferencesbetweenthetwolanguages.4.Doyouwateryourflowerseveryday?5.Thewindblewdownthebigtreelastnight.6.1thinkthatheisright.6.Hehadnotthrownthebadfood.7.Motherwasnotmendingthetrousers.8.TheywouldnottakehimtoBeijing.9.Nobodyknewmeinthistownatthattime.21.1promisethatmatterwill.A.betakencareB.betakencareofC.takecareD.takecareof22.Nopermissionhasforanybodytoenterthebuilding.A.beengivenB.givenC.togiveD.begiven23.1tenminutestodecidewhetherIshouldrejecttheoffer.A.gaveB.wasgivenC.wasgivingD・hadgiven24.Cansuchathinghappeningagain?A.preventfromB.preventedfromC・bepreventedfromD.topreventfrom25.Anewhouseatthecorneroftheroad.\nA・isbuildingB・isbeingbuiltC.beenbuiltD.bebuilding24.Thisbikelastyear.A・boughtB.hasbeenboughtC.wasboughtD・hadbeenbought25.Didyouseethehousethatbyfirelastyear?A・wasdestroyingB.destroyedC.woulddestroyD・wasdestroyed26.Itwhethershewillgetherworkinthehospital.A・hasn'tbeendecidedB.isn'tdecidingC.doesn9tdecideD・hasiftdecided27.Thepenme.Itishers.A・isiftbelongtoE.wasn'tbelongtoC.doesrTtbelongtoD.didiftbelongto30.1can'tusemybikebecauseit.A・isrepairingB.isbeingrepairedC.willrepairD.wasrepairing31•ThechairmantoldthespeakerthatshetospeakalittleloudersoastomakeherselfA.wasexpected;heardB.hadexpected;hearC.hadhoped;hearD.washoped;heard32.-Thewindowisdirty.一Iknow.Itforweeks.A・hasn^tcleanedB・didn^tcleanC.wasiftcleanedD.hasrTtbeencleaned33.Bytheendoflastyear,anothernewgymnasiuminBeijing.A・wouldbecompletedB.wasbeingcompletedC.hasbeencompletedD.hadbeencompleted34.一Howlongatthisjob?一Since1990.A・wereyouemployedB.haveyoubeenemployedC.hadyoubeenemployedD.willyoubeemployed35.一Whathappenedtothepricelessworksofart?—.A・TheyweredestroyedintheearthquakeA.TheearthquakewasdestroyingthemB.Theydestroyedintheearthquake\nD・Theearthquakedestroyedthem\n32.ThisisTed9sphoto.Wemisshimalot.Hetryingtosaveachildintheearthquake.A.killedB.iskilledC.waskilledD.waskilling33.Rainforestsandburnedatsuchaspeedthattheywilldisappearfromtheearthinthenearfuture.A.cutB・arecutC.arebeingcutD.hadbeencut34.Selectingamobilephoneforpersonaluseisnoeasytaskbecausetechnologysorapidly.A.schangingB・haschanged.willhavechangedD.willchange35.Hundredsofjobsifthefactorycloses.A.loseB.willbelostC.arelostD.willlose36.Anewcinemahere.Theyhopetofinishitnextmonth.A.willbebuiltB.isbuiltC・hasbeenbuiltD.isbeingbuiltBDACCBBBBBBABCBBDACBBDBABBBADCADDBACCABD初中英语被动语态专项练习()1ThePeople'sRepublicofChinaonOctober1,1949.A.foundB.wasfoundedC.isfoundedD.wasfound()2EnglishinCanada.A.speaksB.arespokenC.isspeakingD.isspoken()3ThisEnglishsongbythegirlsafterclass.A.oftensingsB.oftensangC.isoftensangD.isoftensung()4ThiskindofcarinJapan.A,makesB.madeC.ismakingD.ismade()5Newcomputersallovertheworld.A.isusedB・areusingC.areusedD.haveused()6Ourroommustclean.A.keepB.bekeptC.tobekeptD.tokeep()7-I'dliketobuythatcoat.-Pmsorry.•A.itsoldB.it'ssellingC.It'sbeensoldD.ithadbeensold()8Anewhouseatthecorneroftheroad.A.isbuildingB.isbeingbuiltC.beenbuiltD.bebuilding()9ThekeyonthetablewhenIleave.A.wasleftB.willbeleftC.isleftD.hasbeenleft()10Doctorsineverypartoftheworld.A.needB.areneedingC.areneededD.willneed\n()11Hisnewbooknextmonth.A.willbepublishedB・ispublishingC.isbeingpublishedD.hasbeenpublished()12Japaneseineverycountry.A.isnotspokenB・arespokenC.isspeakingD・isnotspeaking()13Thesepapersyet.A.havenotwrittenB・havenotbeenwrittenC・hasnotwrittenD.hasnotbeenwritten()14Thesportsmeetbehelduntilnextweek.A.didn'tB.won'tC.isn'tD.doesn't()15——Myshoesarewornout.A.Canttheybemended?B・Letmehavealookatit.C.Howmuchdotheycost?D.Canttheymended?()16thewatchbeenrepairedyet?Ibadlyneedit.A.DoesB.HasC.IsD.Are()17thesedesksbeneeded?A.WillB.AreC.HasD.Do()18Whytotalkaboutityesterday?A.didn'tameetingholdB.wasn'tameetingheldC.wasn'theldameetingD.ameetingwasn'theld()19Whowasthebook?A.writeB.wroteC.writtenD.writtenby()20Wheretheseboxesmade?A.wasB.wereC.isD.am()21Theflowersoften.A.mustbewaterB・mustbewateredC.mustwateredD.mustwater()22Thebooksmayfortwoweeks.A.bekeptB.beborrowedC.keepD.borrow()23Theteachermadehimhishomework.A.todoB.doC.didD.done()24Theboystreetswithoutpayintheolddays.A.wasmadetocleanB.madecleanC.madetocleanD・wasmadeclean()25Thesechildrendance.A.wereseentoB.wereseenforC・wereseenD.sawto()26Thesestoneswell.A.arefittedB.fitC.fitsD.isfitted()27Thebike—500yuan.A.wascostB.costedC.costD.iscosted()28Theimportantmeetingonacoldmorninglastyea匚A.washadB.washeldC.heldD.had()29GreatchangesinthepasttenyearsinChina.\nA.tookplaceB.havetakenplaceC.weretakingplaceD.hadtakenplace()30Youcan'tusethecomputer,it.A.wasbrokendownB.iswrongC.isbadD.hasbrokendown()31Greatchangesinourcountryduringthepast20years.A.havehappenedB.happenedC.havebeenhappenedD・werehappened()32Thewatchhasoftendown.A.satB.lainC.brokenD.fell()33Pleasepassmeanothercup.Thisone.A.isbrokenB.isbreakingC.brokeD.broken()34Thestorybooksbythewriterinthe1960s.A.arewrittenB.werewrittenC・arewritingD.werewriting()35Whattimethedooreveryday?A.does;closedB.does;closeC.is;closedD・/;close()36Canhehimself?A.getdressB・getdressedC.getsdressedD・insteadof()37Hefellfromhisbikeand.A.ishurtB.getshurtC.gothurtD.hurt()38Lookout,pleasekeepawayfromthefire,oryourtrouserswill_A.burntB.burnC.burningD.getburn()39Theappleverysweet.A.istastedB.tasteC.tastesD.aretasting()40Youmorebeautifulinthelightblueshirt.A.seeB.watchC.lookD.lookat()41Whatyousaid.likeagoodidea.A.heardB.listenedC.soundD・sounded()42-WhatdoyouthinkoftheTVplay?-Wonderful.Itisworthasecondtime.A.watchingB.watchedC.seenD.seeing()43.Howdirtythetablesare!Theyneed.A.tocleanB・cleanC.cleaningD.cleaned()44.Thebookisworth.A.seeingB.readingC.seenD.read()45ThebrokenbikeherebyMrSmith.A.canmendB.canmendedC.canbemendD.canbemended()46Theoldbridgeinmyhometownnextmonth.A.isgoingtoberebuiltB.willrebuilt4C.aregoingtoberebuiltD.aregoingtorebuilt()47TheplayatthetheatrenextSunday.A.isgoingtobeshownB・willshownC.willshowD.isshown()48Theoldstonebridgenextweek.A.isgoingtoberebuiltB.willberebuildC.aregoingtoberebuiltD.willrebuild\n()49Nowthesemagazinesinthelibraryforalongtime.A.havekeptB.arekeepingC.havebeenkeepingD.havebeenkept()50Thepotforhotwater.A.used;keepingB.wasused;keepingC.isused;tokeepD・areused;keep()51TeainthesouthofChina.A.growsB.isgrownC.weregrownD・willgrow()55Thebridgestwoyearsago.WOIt'saHaidiantopproblemA.isbuiltB.builtC.werebuiltD.wasbuilt()56Wetclothesareoftenupnearafireinrainyweather.A.hangB.hangedC.hangingD.hung()57Theriversmellsterrible.Peoplemustdirtythingsintoit.A.bestoppedtothrowB.bestoppedfromthrowingC.stoptothrowD.stopfromthrowing()58Theteapotwate匚A.isfilledwithB.filledofC.fullingofD.filled()59OldpeoplemustbelookedAfterwellandpolitely.A.speaktoB.spokenC.speakD.spokento()60Oldpeoplemust.A.lookafterwellB.belookedwellafterC.lookedwellafterD.belookedafterwell()61Newly-bornbabiesinhospital.A.aretakengoodcareB.aretakengoodcareofC.takegoodcareofD.takegoodcare()62Theywereatthesuddennoise.A.frighteningB.frightenedC.frightenD.frightens()63Thesewallsstone.A.aremadeofB.madeofC.aremadeintoD.madeinto()64JanetosingusanAmericansonglastSaturday.A.calledB.wasaskedC.toldD.wassaid()65Thepaperstothem.A.wereshownB.showC.shownD・haveshown()66Thecoathersiste匚A.madetoB.weremadeforC.wasmadeforD.wasmadeto()67IfiveminutestodecidewhetherIshouldgoornot.A.gaveB.wasgivingC.hadgivenD.wasgiven()68Goodcaresuchthings.A.shouldtakeofB.shouldbetakenC.shouldbetakingD.shouldbetakenof\n3楼二、把下列句子改写成被动语态1.Theymakemachinesinthatfactory.2.Everybodylikesthissong.3.Hedoesn'tshowthestampstome.4.Peopledon'tgrowriceinthewestofJapan.5.HeoftenhelpsTomwhenTomisintrouble.6.Dotheworkersbuildmanybuildings?7.DoesKatesometimesbreakglasses?&DoyoualwayssendalettertoMrHu?_9.Whatdoestheteacheroftentelltheboystodo?10.Howmanydesksdotheybuyeveryterm?24.Mustwehandinourexercise-booksnow?25.Canyoumendthisradiohere?被动语态练习2一、将下列句子变为被动语态，每空一词。1.Wecanfinishtheworkintwodays.Theworkintwodays.2.TheyproducesilkinSuzhou.SilkinSuzhou.3.ThechildrenwillsinganEnglishsong.AnEnglishsongbythechildren.4.Youneedn'tdoitnow.Itbyyounow.5.LucysentmeaNewYearCardlastweek.ANewYearCardherbymelastweek.6.Peoleusemetalformakingmachines.Metalformakingmachines-7.Hemademedothatforhim.Ithatforhim.8.1havegiventhisbooktothelibrary.Th11.Theysoldthatkindofshoesinthisshoplastweek.12.Grannytoldusastorylastnight.13.Hedidn'tgivethedictionarytomeyesterday.14.Hedidn'tbuyanythingtherebeforeheleft.15.Didhecleantheblackboardjustnow?16.Whendidshecooksupperyesterday?17.Wheredidshemakethem?18.Whoserulerdidyouborrow?19.Wemusttietheyoungtreetothestick._20.Theycan'tmendthebikeinthatshop._21.Youshouldtakegoodcareofherbaby._22.Youmaytakeitbackhome.23.MayIlookafterthebabyathome?12.Mybrotheroftenmendshiswatch.Hiswatchbymybrother.13.Wemustwatertheflowerseveryday.Theflowersmust(byus)everyday・14.Theyuseknivesforcuttingthings.Knivesforcuttingthings.15.Hemadethefarmersworkforalongtime.Thefarmersforalongtime.16.Didhebreakthewindowyesterday?_—thewindowyesterday?17.Theyhavesoldoutthelightgreendresses.Thelightgreendresses_out.18.Wecleantheclassroomeveryday.Theclassroomeveryday.19-Youmustnotplanttreesinverydryearth.Treesinverydryearth.isbooktothelibrary.\n9.Didtheybuildabridgehereayearago?abridgeherebythemayearago?10.WellputonanEnglishplayinourschool.AnEnglishplayoninourschool.1l.MoreandmorefarmersbuycolourTVsets.ColourTVsetsmoreandmorefarmers.20.Youcandigaholeintheearth.AHoleintheearth.二、用动词的正确语态填空。1.Thestudentsoften(tell)totakecareoftheirdesksandchairs.2.Thatplay(put)onagainsometimenextmonth.3.Theoldmanisill.He(mustsend)tothehospital.4.Vegetables,eggsandfruits(sell)inthisshop.5.Whataknife(make)of?It(make)ofmetalandwood.6.APianoconcert(give)herelastFriday.7.themagazine(cantake)outofthelibrary?8.Theroom(clean)bymeeveryday.14.Planes,carsandtrains(use)bybusinesspeoplefortravelling.15.Thecinema(bulid)in1985.16.Thebike(mustnotput)here.17.Abeautifulhorse(draw)byJohnnextday.18.Thiskindofmachine(canmade)byuncleWang.19.Mr.Green(open)twonewschool.9.Thestars(cansee)inthedaytime.10.Someflowers(water)byLiMingalready.11-Thesekindsofmachines(make)inJapan.12.Apples(grow)inthisfarm.13.Russian(learn)asthesecondlanguagebysomestudentsinChina.\n20.ThePLA(found)onAugust1st,1927.21.Bythetimehewasten,theboy_(learn)EnglishandFrench.22.Howlongyouruncle(be)inthecity?23.you(see)thefilmyet?Yes,I(see)itlastweek.24.UncleWang(live)heresince198025.Listen!Someone(sing).24.Tom(nothave)breakfastyesterdaymornin