初高中英语衔接教材

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初高中英语衔接教材

初高中英语衔接63\n同学们,为了让你们更好的适应高中阶段的英语学习,将初中和高中的英语学习有机的结合起来,特编写了以下的内容,希望对大家能够有所帮助。一.解读高中英语教材目前我们用的这套教材是由人民教育出版社出版的《普通高中课程标准实验教科书英语》(NewSeniorEnglishForChina),简称为人教新课标版教材。这套教材和以往的教材相比,更加符合中国学生的认知特点和思维方式。教材把话题、结构、功能和任务型活动有机地结合在一起,既符合中国学生英语学习的规律和特点,又体现了新的教育教学理念。教材系统性强,同时该教科书以话题为核心,以结构和功能项目为主线,组织和安排听、说、读、写的活动,有利于我们从整体上进行把握。本套教材又分为必修和选修两个部分,必修部分共分为5个模块(即必修1-必修5)。高中英语课程设计为学生提供了若干模块的选修课程,学生可以根据自己的兴趣、特长和对未来发展的设计进行选修,分为两个不同的系列课程,即B系列和C系列课程。B系列课程为顺序选修课程,应在完成A系列课程后顺序选修。B系列课程的内容和结构与A系列基本相同,在继续发展学生听、说、读、写的综合语言技能的同时,重点发展学生的阅读与表达能力。共设6个模块即(即选修修6-选修11)。我们一般选修的是B系列的课程。C系列课程又分为三种类型的课程:语言知识与技能类、语言应用类和欣赏类。其目的是为培养学生的专项语用技能,发展特长、爱好,满足兴趣和需求而开设的,为学生进一步学习或就业,特别是终身发展打好基础。由于这一系列的要求较高,我们一般不选修这一系列的课程。本套教材的必修部分和顺序选修部分的每册中都以话题为重点,以单元为顺序进行编排,每一模块包含5个单元,每一单元又包含了一个话题。教材Contents(目录)部分列出了每个单元的Topics(话题),Functionalitems(功能项目),Structures(结构,即语法),Reading(阅读内容),Writing(写作)以及workbook(练习簿),还具体列出条目供给我们自主学习。每一单元主要有以下及部分构成的:WarmingUp,Pre-reading,Reading,Comprehending,LearningaboutLanguage,UsingLanguage,SummingUp,LearningTip八项。Workbook中包括Listening,Talking,Usingwordsandexpressions,Usingstructures,Listeningtask,Readingtask,Speakingtask,Writingtask,Project,Checkingyourself十项。当然,在平时的学习中老师会根据具体的情况对这些项目进行整合或者适当删减的。总之,这套教科书中的语言材料基本源自当代社会生活,语言真实、地道、自然,以英式英语为主,也介绍了世界上主要英语国家的英语,如美国、澳大利亚等国家的英语,可以增进我们对英语的全面了解。相信经过我们的努力,在这套教材的帮助下,我们可以更好的感悟和体验英语,发展语言技能,进而逐步获得综合语言运用能力。祝愿同学们在高中英语学习中取得理想的成绩!二.高中英语学法指导迈进高中的校门,面对全新的学习环境,同学们进入了一个新的学习阶段。学习内容及难度与过去初中有了很大的改变,因而学习方法也应当相应地有所改变。在初中阶段,英语学习主要重视对于简单英语知识和语法的学习,而到了高中阶段则侧重于培养英语的的综合能力,这就需要我们把学到的知识灵活运用到对语言、文章的理解中,不断提高分析判断能力、逻辑思维能力和语言运用能力。因此我们应当讲求学习策略,制定符合自己的学习方法和目标,力争从一开始就养成一个良好的学习习惯,使自己充满信心,学好英语。一、学习英语首先从总体上中要注意的几点:1、要点滴积累,不要急于求成。记住:Romeisn’tbuiltinoneday!(罗马不是一天就建成的)。63\n急于求成就可能会造成消化不良,或者一事无成的结果。急于求成往往表现为对自己提出过高的要求。这样做往往会给自己很大压力,进而对自己逐渐失去信心,失去兴趣。只有逐步的积累,才能聚沙成塔、集腋成裘,由量的积累进而实现质的变化,从而实现英语成绩的飞跃提升和自己语言运用能力的提高。2、要把握英语学习的规律,善于积累。语言的学习应听、说、读、写全面发展,在开始阶段应侧重以听说为主。然后逐步加大阅读,毕竟高中英语学习阶段主要以阅读理解是主要的培养目标。养成每天阅读一定的英文的好习惯会让你终身受益。记住:Tenmimuteseverydayisbetterthantenhoursinaday!我们要尊重记忆规律,利用点滴时间,与其他学科穿插进行。特别是早晨是学习英语的大好时光。3、要树立信心,不要妄自菲薄。“有的同学在初中阶段英语学习的并不是很好,对高中学习也失去了信心。其实,语言学习就是一个积累的过程,只要我们在高中阶段认真学习,把握英语学习的规律,就一定能够将这一学科学好。无数的实践也反复证明了这一道理,很多在初中阶段英语基础并不是很好的同学,到了高中之后掌握了正确的学习方法并且努力学习,一样可以将英语学得很好。4、要做到博闻强识,加强背诵。许多语言教育专家指出:语言能力的强弱与掌握语言材料的多寡成正比。语言材料输入量越大,语言能力提高越快,其中背诵是一种强化语言材料输入的好方法,是不可缺少的语言学习环节。另外还要学会主动出击,不要坐等人教;要持之以恒,不要三天打鱼两天晒网。二、高中阶段具体的学习方法1、把握好课堂学习这一主阵地。课堂上要积极参与,不能做被动的听众。提高课堂效率,珍惜每一次练习机会。要想在课堂上提高效率,那课前的预习就显得尤为重要了。在预习时,我们要结合课后的notes(注释)熟读课文,了解生词在文章中的使用,标出难点。同时在课堂上要做到认真听讲,积极回答;我们还要学会记笔记,因为理解≠记住≠灵活运用。因此,对好的例句、词语辨析、常用句型、文化差异,中英文差异,习俗差异都可作些笔录。既可以在课上去记,同时课下还要进行认真的补充和整理,要将英语笔记作为我们学习英语的一笔宝贵的财富。语法的框架。关于语法知识的学习:掌握一定的语法知识是必要的,它是基础,也是高中英语模块教学的重点。中国人学习外语应该学点语法,但是过分地研究语法是不利于能力的培养的,这也是中国人学习英语的误区。因此我们学习语法的时候,不是单纯的记忆语法的条文,而是看语法在实际语境中是如何应用的。语法会对其他能力的形成有很大的影响,缺乏的扎实的语法基础就无法读懂结构复杂的长句,阅读能力和书面表达的能力也因此而受到牵制和影响。切记:语言的意义决定语言的形式。我们在学习时一定要再具体的语境中去分析句子,认真分析并总结错题,我们就一定能够掌握好语法的。3、注重阅读训练,提高自己的阅读能力阅读应该是高中三年中最应重视的部分了。因为它是培养英语语感,巩固和熟悉所学知识的最有效途径。在高中阶段,我们的阅读不能仅仅满足于课文了,还要做到进行大量的课外阅读。要记住,用一本教科书学英语是绝对不够的。泛读时可以选择一些与高中学习有关的书报杂志。读不同题材、体裁的文章,理解跨学科知识。读时注意对运用精妙的词汇,短语或句子做些摘抄。除此之外,同学们也要更加重视听说能力的培养。能说出一口流利的英语,不仅培养了成就感,也促进了语言的学习。开始时可跟录音读,保证发音正确。因为许多同学听力差并不是因为掌握的语言知识不够,而是听到的正确的语音与自己所说熟悉的不正确的读音不能联系起来,因此影响了理解。句子成分及结构63\n一:句子成分由词或词组充当,英语的基本成分有七种主语(subject)、谓语(predicate)、宾语(object)、表语(predicative)、定语(attribute)、状语(adverbial),补语(complement)。(1).主语S主语(Subject)是一个句子所叙述的主体,一般位于句首。表示句子说的是什么人或什么事。但在therebe结构、疑问句(当主语不是疑问词时)和倒装句中,主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如:1.Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.名词2.WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.代词3.One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.数词4.Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.不定式5.Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.动名词6.Therichshouldhelpthepoor.名词化的形容词7.WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.主语从句8.Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage。it为形式主语,不定式为真正的主语(2).谓语(V)谓语(Predicate)说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语,一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下:1、简单谓语:由一个动词或动词短语构成。如:Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.Theplanetookoffatteno’clock.2、复合谓语:由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如:Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.Hehascaughtabadcold.注意:谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。(3)表语(P)表语(Predicative)用以说明主语的性质、特征、状态与身份,它一般位于系动词之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语及表语从句表示。例如:1.OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.(名词)2.Isityours?(代词)3.Theweatherhasturnedcold.(形容词)4.Thespeechisexciting.(分词)63\n5.Threetimessevenistwentyone?(数词)6.HisjobistoteachEnglish.(不定式)7.Hishobbyisplayingfootball.(动名词)8.Themeetingisofgreatimportance.(介词短语)9.Timeisup.Theclassisover.(副词)10.Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.(表语从句)注意:系动词(Linkingverb)用于连接主语和表语,说明主语的状态,性质特征和身份等。1)状态系动词用来表示主语状态,只有be一词,例如:Heisateacher.2)持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,主要有keep,remain,stay,stand,例如:Healwayskeepsilentatmeeting. 3)感官系动词主要有feel,smell,sound,taste,例如:Thiskindofclothfeelsverysoft.4)变化系动词表示主语变成什么样,主要有become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run.例如:Hebecamemadafterthat.  除此之外,还有prove,turnout,appear,seem等。Therumorprovedfalse.Hisplanturnedoutasuccess。(4)宾语(O)宾语(Object)表示动作的对象或承受者,一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如:1.Theyvisitedanexhibitionyesterday.名词2.Theheavyrainpreventedmefromcomingtoschoolontime.代词,动名词3.Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavefive.名词,数词4.Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.名词化形容词,名词5.Hepretendednottoseeme.不定式6.Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.动名词7.Ithink(that)heisfitforhisoffice.宾语从句宾语种类:1)双宾语(间接宾语O+直接宾语O)Lendmeyourdictionary,please.Hegavemeabookyesterday.2)复合宾语(宾语O+宾补C)63\n1.Theyelectedhimtheirmonitor.名词2.Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.形容词3.Letthefreshairin.介词4.Youmustn’tforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.不定式5.Wesawherenteringtheroom.动名词6.Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.介词短语7.Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.从句以上几种是句子的必要成分,不可缺少,否则句子意义就不完整。句子除了必要成分外,还可以有定语,状语,同位语和插入语。(5)定语修饰,限制,描述或补充说明名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语(Attribute)。1.Guilinisabeautifulcity.(形容词)2.Chinaisadevelopingcountry;Americaisadevelopedcountry.(分词)3.Therearethirtywomenteachersinourschool.(名词)4.HisrapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.(代词)5.Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirsttoentertheclassroom.(不定式短语)6.Theteachingplanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.(动名词)7.HeisreadinganarticleabouthowtolearnEnglish.(介词短语)8.Farmerswhosawusstaredatusasifwearewalkingskeletons.(定语从句)(6)状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明动作或状态特征的句子成分。从情况,时间,处所,方式,条件,对象,肯定,否定,范围和程度等方面对谓语中心进行修饰或限制,状语一般由副词充当,也可由名词,介词短语,非谓语动词,从句等充当。1.Lighttravelsmostquickly.副词及副词性短语2.Hehaslivedinthecityfortenyears.介词短语3.Heisproudtohavepassedthenationalcollegeentranceexamination.不定式4.Heisintheroommakingamodelplane.分词短语5.Waitaminute.名词6.Onceyoubegin,youmustcontinue.状语从句9种状语种类如下:1.Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?时间2.Lastnightshedidn’tgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.原因3.Ishallgothereifitdoesn’train.条件4.MrSmithlivesonthethirdfloor.地点5.Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.方式63\n5.Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.伴随6.Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder.目的7.Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.结果8.Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.让步9.Iamtallerthanheis.比较(7)同位语(Appositive)对前面的名词或代词做进一步的解释,通常由名词、数词、代词或从句担任,如:ThisisMr.Zhou,ourheadmaster.Westudentsshouldstudyhard.Weallarestudents.(8)插入语(Parenthesis)对一句话做一些附加的解释,通常有tobehonest,Ithink(suppose,believe---)等,如:Tobefrank,Idon’tquiteagreewithyou.二:英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型,是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。1:SV(主+谓)2:SVP(主+系+表)3:SVO(主+谓+宾)4:SVoO(主+谓+间宾+直宾)5:SVOC(主+谓+宾+宾补)基本句型一:S│V(不及物动词)1.Thesun│rose.2.Who│cares?3.Whathesaid│doesnotmatter.4.They│talkedforhalfanhour.5.Thepen│writessmoothly此句型的句子有一个共同特点,即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词,后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。基本句型二:S│V(是系动词)│P(表语)1.This│is│anEnglish-Chinesedictionary.2.Thedinner│smells│good.3.He│fell│inlove.4.Everything│looks│different.63\n5.He│isgrowing│tallandstrong.6.Ourwell│hasgone│dry.7.Hisface│turned│red.基本句型三:SVO(主+谓+宾)此句型句子的共同特点是:谓语动词都具有实义,都是主语产生的动作,但不能表达完整的意思,必须跟有一个宾语,即动作的承受者,才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。S│V(及物动词)│O(宾语)1.Who│knows│theanswer?2.He│hasrefused│tohelpthem.3.He│enjoys│reading.4.He│said│"Goodmorning."5.He│admits│thathewasmistaken.基本句型四:SVOO(主+谓+间宾+直宾)有些及物动词可以有两个宾语。这两个宾语通常一个指人(间接宾语);一个指物(直接宾语)。S│V(及物)│O(多指人)│O(多指物)1.She│ordered│herself│anewdress.2.He│brought│you│adictionary.3.I│showed│him│mypictures.4.I│told│him│thatthebuswaslate.5.He│showed│me│howtorunthemachine.基本句型五:SVOC(主+谓+宾+宾补)此句型的句子的共同特点是:动词虽然是及物动词,但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思,必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语,才能使意思完整。S│V(及物)│O(宾语)│C(宾补)1.They│painted│thedoor│green.2.This│set│them│thinking.3.They│found│thehouse│deserted.4.He│asked│me│tocomebacksoon.5.I│saw│them│gettingonthebus.三:Practicemakesperfect.(一)选择句子结构a,SVb,SVPc,SVOd,SVoOe,SVOC63\n1.Pleasetellusastory._______2.Shesmiled.______3.Ihavealotworktodo._____4.Hisjobistotrainswimmers._____5.Henoticedamanentertheroom._____6.Pleaselookatthepicture._____(二).指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分:v1.Thestudentsgotontheschoolbus.v2.Hehandedmethenewspaper.v3.Ishallansweryourquestionafterclass.v4.WhatabeautifulChinesepainting!v5.Theywenthuntingtogetherearlyinthemorning.v6.Hisjobistotrainswimmers.v7.HetookmanyphotosofthepalacesinBeijing.v8.ThereisgoingtobeanAmericanfilmtonight.v9.HeistoleaveforShanghaitomorrow.v10.Hiswishistobecomeascientist.v11.Hemanagedtofinishtheworkintime.v12.Tomcametoaskmeforadvice.v13.HefounditimportanttomasterEnglish.v14.Doyouhaveanythingelsetosay?v15.Tobehonest,yourpronunciationisnotsogood.v16.Wouldyoupleasetellmeyouraddress?v17.Hesatthere,readinganewspaper.v18.Itisourdutytokeepourclassroomcleanandtidy.v19.Henoticedamanentertheroom.v20.Theapplestastedsweet.(三)翻译下列句子主谓结构(主语+不及物动词)1.你应当努力学习。2.她昨天回家很晚。63\n3.那天早上我们谈了很多。4.会议将持续两个小时。5.在过去的十年里,我的家乡已经发生了巨大的变化。主谓宾结构(主语+及物动词+宾语)1.昨晚我写了一封信。2.今天下午我想同你谈谈。3.这本书他读过多次了。4.他们成功地完成了计划。5.那位先生能流利地说三种语言。主系表结构(主语+系动词+表语)1.我的兄弟都是大学生。2.冬季白天短,夜晚长。3.孩子们,请保持安静。4.树叶已经变黄了。5.这个报告听起来很有意思。双宾语结构(主语+双宾动词+间接宾语+直接宾语)1Johnson先生去年教我们德语。2.奶奶昨晚给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。3.Mary把钱包交给校长了。4.RobinsonCrusoe给自己做了一只小船。5.我替你叫辆出租汽车好吗?63\n复合宾语结构(主语+动词+宾语+宾语补足语)1.我们叫她Alice.2.我们大家都认为他是诚实的。3.我们要使学校变得更美丽。4.每天早晨我们都听到他大声朗读英语。5.我们不会让她在晚上外出的。Therebe句型1.今晚没有会。2.这个村子过去只有一口井。3这个学校有一名音乐老师和一名美术老师4.灯亮着,办公室里肯定有人。5.恰好那时房里没人。初中英语语法一.名词I.名词的种类:专有名词普通名词国名地名人名,团体机构名称可数名词不可数名词个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词Beijing,ChinagunfamilyworkairII.名词的数:1.规则名词的复数形式:名词的复数形式,一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下:规则例词63\n1一般情况在词尾加-smap-maps,sea-seas,girl-girls,day-days2以s,x,ch,sh结尾的名词后加-esclass-classes,box-boxes,watch-watches,dish-dishes3以-f或-fe结尾的词变-f和-fe为v再加-esleaf-leaves,thief-thieves,knife-knives,wife-wives,half-halves加-schief-chiefs,proof-proofs,roof-roofs4以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i加-esparty-parties,family-families,story-stories,city-cities5以元音字母加y结尾的名词,或专有名词以y结尾的,加-stoy-toys,boy-boys,day-days,ray-rays,Henry-Henrys6以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词一般加-esNegro-Negroes,hero-heroes,potato-potatoes,tomato-tomatoes不少外来词加-spiano-pianos,photo-photos,auto-autos,kilo-kilos,solo-solos两者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes,volcano-volcanoes/volcanos7以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-sradio-radios,bamboo-bamboos,zoo-zoos8以-th结尾的名词加-struth-truths,mouth-mouths,month-months,path-paths,2.不规则名词复数:英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的,现归纳如下:规则例词1改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men,woman-women,foot-feet,goose-geese,mouse-mice2单复数相同sheep,deer,means,works,fish,yuan,jin,3只有复数形式trousers,clothes,thanks,goods,glasses,4一些集体名词总是用作复数people,police5部分集体名词既可以作单数(整体)也可以作复数(成员)class,family,crowd,couple,group,government,population,team,public,party6复数形式表示特别含义customs(海关),times(时代),spirits(情绪),63\ndrinks(饮料),sands(沙滩),papers(文件报纸),looks(外表),brains(头脑智力),greens(青菜)7表示“某国人”加-sAmericans,Australians,Germans,Greeks,Swedes,Europeans单复数同形Swiss,Portuguese,Chinese,Japanese以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-womenEnglishmen,Frenchwomen8合成名词将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law,lookers-on,passers-by,story-tellers,boyfriends无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数grown-ups,housewives,stopwatches将两部分变为复数womensingers,menservantsIII.名词的所有格:名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种:一是名词词尾加’s构成,二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西,后者多表示无生命的东西。1.’s所有格的构成:单数名词在末尾加’stheboy’sfather,Jack’sbook,herson-in-law’sphoto,复数名词一般在末尾加’theteachers’room,thetwins’mother,不规则复数名词后加’sthechildren’stoys,women’srights,以s结尾的人名所有格加’s或者’Dickens’novels,Charles’sjob,theSmiths’house表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加’sJapan’sandAmerica’sproblems,Jane’sandMary’sbikes表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加’sJapanandAmerica’sproblems,JaneandMary’sfather表示"某人家""店铺",所有格后名词省略thedoctor’s,thebarber’s,thetailor’s,myuncle’s2.’s所有格的用法:1表示时间today’snewspaper,fiveweeks’holiday63\n2表示自然现象theearth’satmosphere,thetree’sbranches3表示国家城市等地方的名词thecountry’splan,theworld’spopulation,China’sindustry4表示工作群体theship’screw,majority’sview,theteam’svictory5表示度量衡及价值amile’sjourney,fivedollars’worthofapples6与人类活动有特殊关系的名词thelife’stime,theplay’splot7某些固定词组abird’seyeview,astone’sthrow,atone’swit’send(不知所措)3.of所有格的用法:用于无生命的东西:thelegsofthechair,thecoverofthebook用于有生命的东西,尤其是有较长定语时:theclassroomsofthefirst-yearstudents用于名词化的词:thestruggleoftheoppressed二.冠词冠词分为不定冠词(a,an),定冠词(the),和零冠词。I.不定冠词的用法:1指一类人或事,相当于akindofAplaneisamachinethatcanfly.2第一次提及某人某物,非特指Aboyiswaitingforyou.3表示“每一”相当于every,oneWestudyeighthoursaday.4表示“相同”相当于thesameWearenearlyofanage.5用于人名前,表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事AMr.SmithcametovisityouwhenyouwereoutThatboyisratheraLeiFeng.6用于固定词组中Acoupleof,abit,onceuponatime,inahurry,haveawalk,manyatime7用于quite,rather,many,half,what,such之后Thisroomisratherabigone.8用于so(as,too,how)+形容词之后Sheisascleveragirlasyoucanwishtomeet.II.定冠词的用法:63\n1表示某一类人或物Thehorseisausefulanimal.2用于世上独一无二的事物名词前theuniverse,themoon,thePacificOcean3表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事Wouldyoumindopeningthedoor?4用于乐器前面playtheviolin,playtheguitar5用于形容词和分词前表示一类人thereach,theliving,thewounded6表示“一家人”或“夫妇”theGreens,theWangs7用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前Heisthetallerofthetwochildren.8用于国家党派等以及江河湖海,山川群岛的名词前theUnitedStates,theCommunistPartyofChina,theFrench9用于表示发明物的单数名词前ThecompasswasinventedinChina.10在逢十的复数数词之前,指世纪的某个年代inthe1990’s11用于表示单位的名词前Ihiredthecarbythehour.12用于方位名词,身体部位名词,及表示时间的词组前Hepattedmeontheshoulder.III.零冠词的用法:1专有名词,物质名词,抽象名词,人名地名等名词前BeijingUniversity,Jack,China,love,air2名词前有this,my,whose,some,no,each,every等限制Iwantthisbook,notthatone./Whosepurseisthis?3季节,月份,星期,节假日,一日三餐前March,Sunday,NationalDay,spring4表示职位,身份,头衔的名词前LincolnwasmadePresidentofAmerica.5学科,语言,球类,棋类名词前Helikesplayingfootball/chess.6与by连用表示交通工具的名词前bytrain,byair,byland7以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时husbandandwife,knifeandfork,dayandnight63\n8表示泛指的复数名词前Horsesareusefulanimals.三.代词:I.代词可以分为以下七大类:1人称代词主格I,you,he,she,it,we,you,they宾格me,you,him,her,it,us,you,them2物主代词形容词性my,your,his,her,its,our,their名词性mine,yours,his,hers,its,ours,theirs3反身代词myself,yourself,himself,herself,itself,ourselves,yourselves,themselves4指示代词this,that,these,those,such,some5疑问代词who,whom,whose,which,what,whoever,whichever,whatever6关系代词that,which,who,whom,whose,as7不定代词one/some/any,each/every,none/no,many/much,few/little/afew/alittle,other/another,all/both,neither/eitherII.不定代词用法注意点:1.one,some与any:1)one可以泛指任何人,也可特指,复数为ones。some多用于肯定句,any多用于疑问句和否定句。Oneshouldlearntothinkofothers.Haveyouanybookmarks?No,Idon’thaveanybookmarks.Ihavesomequestionstoask.2)some可用于疑问句中,表示盼望得到肯定的答复,或者表示建议,请求等。Wouldyoulikesomebananas?Couldyougivemesomemoney?3)some和any修饰可数名词单数时,some表示某个,any表示任何一个。Ihavereadthisarticleinsomemagazine.Pleasecorrectthemistakes,ifany.4)some和数词连用表示“大约”,any可与比较级连用表示程度。63\nTherearesome3,000studentsinthisschool.Doyoufeelanybettertoday?2.each和every:each强调个别,代表的数可以是两个或两个以上,而every强调整体,所指的数必须是三个或三个以上。Eachstudenthasapocketdictionary./Each(ofus)hasadictionary./Weeachhaveadictionary.Everystudenthasstrongandweakpoints./Everyoneofushasstrongandweakpoints.3.none和no:no等于notany,作定语。none作主语或宾语,代替不可数名词,谓语用单数,代替可数名词,谓语单复数皆可以。Thereisnowaterinthebottle.Howmuchwateristhereinthebottle?None.Noneofthestudentsare(is)afraidofdifficulties.4.other和another:1)other泛指“另外的,别的”常与其他词连用,如:theotherday,everyotherweek,someotherreason,nootherway,theother特指两者中的另外一个,复数为theothers。如:Heheldabookinonehandandhisnotesintheother.Twostudentsinourclassfailed,butalltheotherspassedtheexam.2)another指“又一个,另一个”无所指,复数形式是others,泛指“别的人或事”如:Idon’tlikethisshirt,pleaseshowmeanother(one).Thetrousersaretoolong,pleasegivemeanotherpair/someothers.Somelikefootball,whileotherslikebasketball.5.all和both,neither和eitherall表示不可数名词时,其谓语动词用单数。both和all加否定词表示部分否定,全部否定用neither和none.AllofthebooksarenotwritteninEnglish./NotallofthebooksarewritteninEnglish.Bothofusarenotteachers./Notbothofusareteachers./Eitherofusisateacher.四.形容词和副词I.形容词:1.形容词的位置:1)形容词作定语通常前置,但在下列情况后置:1修饰some,any,every,no和body,thing,onenobodyabsent,everythingpossible63\n等构成的复合不定代词时2以-able,-ible结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或only修饰的名词之后thebestbookavailable,theonlysolutionpossible3alive,alike,awake,aware,asleep等可以后置theonlypersonawake4和空间、时间、单位连用时abridge50meterslong5成对的形容词可以后置ahugeroomsimpleandbeautiful6形容词短语一般后置amandifficulttogetonwith2)多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序:代词数词性状形容词冠词前的形容词冠词指示代词不定代词代词所有格序数词基数词性质状态大小长短形状新旧温度颜色国籍产地材料质地名词allbothsuchtheathisanotheryoursecondnextonefourbeautifulgoodpoorlargeshortsquarenewcoolblackyellowChineseLondonsilkstone3)复合形容词的构成:1形容词+名词+edkind-hearted6名词+形容词world-famous2形容词+形容词dark-blue7名词+现在分词peace-loving3形容词+现在分词ordinary-looking8名词+过去分词snow-covered4副词+现在分词hard-working9数词+名词+edthree-egged5副词+过去分词newly-built10数词+名词twenty-yearII.副词副词的分类:1时间副词soon,now,early,finally,once,recently5频度副词always,often,frequently,seldom,never63\n2地点副词here,nearby,outside,upwards,above6疑问副词how,where,when,why3方式副词hard,well,fast,slowly,excitedly,really7连接副词how,when,where,why,whether,however,meanwhile4程度副词almost,nearly,very,fairly,quite,rather8关系副词when,where,whyIII.形容词和副词比较等级:形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级,比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加-er和-est,多音节和一些双音节词前加more和most。1.同级比较时常常用as…as…以及notso(as)…as…如:Iamnotsogoodaplayerasyouare.2.可以修饰比较级的词有:much,many,alot,even,far,abit,alittle,still,yet,byfar,any,agreatdeal。3.表示一方随另一方变化时用“themore…themore…”句型。如:Theharderyouwork,themoreprogressyouwillmake.4.用比较级来表达最高级的意思。如:Ihaveneverspentamoreworryingday.5.表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型:Ourschoolisthreetimeslargerthanyours./Ourschoolisfourtimesaslargeasyours./Ourschoolisfourtimesthesizeofyours.6.表示“最高程度“的形容词没有最高级和比较级。如:favourite,excellent,extreme,perfect。五.介词I.介词分类:1简单介词about,across,after,against,among,around,at,below,beyond,during,in,on2合成介词inside,into,onto,outof,outside,throughout,upon,within,without3短语介词accordingto,becauseof,insteadof,upto,dueto,owingto,thanksto4双重介词fromamong,frombehind,fromunder,tillafter,inbetween5分词转化成的介词considering(就而论),including6形容词转化成的介词like,unlike,near,next,opposite63\nII.常用介词区别:1表示时间的in,on,atat表示片刻的时间,in表示一段的时间,on总是与日子有关2表示时间的since,fromsince指从过去到现在的一段时间,和完成时连用,from指从时间的某一点开始3表示时间的in,afterin指在一段时间之后,after表示某一具体时间点之后或用在过去时的一段时间中4表示地理位置的in,on,toin表示在某范围内,on指与什么毗邻,to指在某环境范围之外5表示“在…上”的on,inon只表示在某物的表面上,in表示占去某物一部分6表示“穿过”的through,acrossthrough表示从内部通过,与in有关,across表示在表面上通过,与on有关7表示“关于”的about,onabout指涉及到,on指专门论述8between与among的区别between表示在两者之间,among用于三者或三者以上的中间9besides与except的区别besides指“除了…还有再加上”,except指“除了,减去什么”,不放在句首10表示“用”的in,withwith表示具体的工具,in表示材料,方式,方法,度量,单位,语言,声音11as与like的区别as意为“作为,以…地位或身份”,like为“象…一样”,指情形相似12in与into区别in通常表示位置(静态),into表示动向,不表示目的地或位置六.动词I.动词的时态:1.动词的时态一共有16种,以ask为例,将其各种时态的构成形式列表如下: 现在时过去时将来时过去将来时一般ask/asksaskedshall/willaskshould/wouldask进行am/is/areaskingwas/wereaskingshall/willbeaskingshould/wouldbeasking完成have/hasaskedhadaskedshall/willhaveshould/wouldhaveasked63\nasked完成进行have/hasbeenaskinghadbeenaskingshall/willhavebeenaskingshould/wouldhavebeenasking2.现在完成时与一般过去时的区别:1)现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状况,但和现在有联系,强调的是对现在造成的影响或结果,它不能同表示过去的时间状语连用,汉译英时可加“已经”等词。简言之,利用过去,说明现在。如:Ihavealreadyreadthenovelwrittenbytheworld-famouswriter.(已经看过,且了解这本书的内容)2)一般过去时只表示过去发生的动作或状态,和现在无关,它可和表示过去的时间状语连用,汉译英时可加“过”,“了”等词。简言之,仅谈过去,不关现在。如:Ireadthenovellastmonth.(只说明上个月看了,不涉及现在是否记住)IlivedinBeijingfortenyears.(只说明在北京住过十年,与现在无关)3.现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别:两者都可以表示“从过去开始一直持续到现在”,在含义上如着重表示动作的结果时,多用现在完成时,如着重表示动作一直在进行,即动作的延续性时,则多用现在完成进行时。一般不能用于进行时的动词也不能用于现在完成进行时。Ihavereadthatbook.我读过那本书了。Ihavebeenreadingthatbookallthemorning.我早上一直在读那本书。4.一般将来时的表达方式: 将来时用法例句1will/shall+动词原形表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态Mysisterwillbetennextyear.2begoingto+动词原形含有“打算,计划,即将”做某事,或表示很有可能要发生某事It’sgoingtoclearup.We’regoingtohaveapartytonight.3be+doing进行时表示将来go,come,start,move,leave,arrive等词可用进行时表示按计划即将发生的动作Heismovingtothesouth.AretheyleavingforEurope?4beaboutto+动词原形表示安排或计划中的马上就要发生的动作,后面一般不跟时间状语Iwasabouttoleavewhenthebellrang.Themeetingisabouttoclose.63\n5beto+动词原形表示按计划进行或征求对方意见We’retomeetattheschoolgateatnoon.6一般现在时表示将来时刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情,可用一般现在时表示将来Themeetingstartsatfiveo’clock.Theplaneleavesattenthisevening.II.动词的被动语态: 常用被动语态构成 常用被动语态构成1一般现在时am/is/areasked6过去进行时was/werebeingasked2一般过去时was/wereasked7现在完成时have/hasbeenasked3一般将来时shall/willbeasked8过去完成时hadbeenasked4过去将来时should/wouldbeasked9将来完成时will/wouldhavebeenasked5现在进行时am/is/arebeingasked10含有情态动词的can/must/maybeasked注意事项被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not,短语动词的被动态不可漏掉其中介副词。固定结构begoingto,usedto,haveto,hadbetter变为被动态时,只需将其后的动词变为被动态。如:Treesshouldnotbeplantedinsummer./Theboywasmadefunofbyhisclassmates.Newspapersusedtobesentherebythelittlegirl.汉语有一类句子不出现主语,在英语中一般可用被动结构表示。如:Itisbelievedthat…Itisgenerallyconsideredthat…Itissaidthat…Itiswellknownthat…Itmustbepointedoutthat…Itissupposedthat…Itisreportedthat…Itmustbeadmittedthat…63\nItishopedthat…下面主动形式常表示被动意义:如:Thewindowwants/needs/requiresrepairing.Thebookisworthreadingtwice.Thedoorwon’tshut./Theplaywon’tact.Theclotheswasheswell./Thebooksellswell.Thedishtastesdelicious./Waterfeelsverycold.下面词或短语没有被动态:leave,enter,reach,become,benefit,cost,equal,contain,last,lack,fit,fail,have,appear,happen,occur,belongto,takeplace,breakout,comeabout,agreewith,keepupwith,consistof,haveon,loseheart等等七.情态动词I.情态动词基本用法:情态动词用法否定式疑问式与简答can能力(体力,智力,技能)允许或许可(口语中常用)可能性(表猜测,用于否定句或疑问句中)cannot/cannot/can’tdoCan…do…?Yes,…can.No,…can’t.couldcouldn’tdomay可以(问句中表示请求)可能,或许(表推测)祝愿(用于倒装句中)maynotdoMay…do…?Yes,…may.No,…mustn’t/can’t.mightmightnotdoMight…do…?Yes,…mightNo,…mightnot.must必须,应该(表主观要求)肯定,想必(肯定句中表推测)mustnot/mustn’tdoMust…do…?Yes,…must.No,…needn’t/don’thaveto.haveto只好,不得不(客观的必须,有时态人称变化)don’thavetodoDo…havetodo…?Yes,…do.No,…don’t.63\noughtto应当(表示义务责任,口语中多用shouldoughtnotto/oughtn’ttodoOught…todo…?Yes,…ought.No,…oughtn’t.shall将要,会用于一三人称征求对方意见用于二三人称表示许诺、命令、警告、威胁等shallnot/shan’tdoShall…do…?Yes,…shall.No,…shan’t.should应当,应该(表义务责任)本该(含有责备意味)shouldnot/shouldn’tdoShould…do…?will意愿,决心请求,建议,用在问句中would比较委婉willnot/won’tdoWill…do…?Yes,…will.No,…won’t.wouldwouldnot/wouldn’tdodare敢(常用于否定句和疑问句中)darenot/daren’tdoDare…do…?Yes,…dare.No,…daren’t.need需要必须(常用于否定句和疑问句中)neednot/needn’tdoNeed…do…?Yes,…must.No,…needn’t.usedto过去常常(现在已不再)usednot/usedn’t/usen’ttododidn’tusetodoUsed…todo…?Yes,…used.No,…use(d)n’t.Did…usetodo…?Yes,…did.No,…didn’t.II.情态动词must,may,might,could,can表示推测:以must为例。must+do(be)是推测现在存在的一般状态进行;must+bedoing推测可能正在进行的事情;must+havedone是推测可能已经发生过的事情。1.must“肯定,一定”语气强,只用于肯定句中。HemustbeamanfromAmerica./Hemustbetalkingwithhisfriend./Hemusthavealreadyarrivedthere.2.may和might“也许”,后者语气弱,更没有把握。可用于肯定句和否定句。Hemaynotbeathome./Theymighthavefinishedtheirtask.63\n3.can和could“可能”,could表示可疑的可能性,不及can’t语气强,用于肯定、否定、疑问句中。Theweatherinthatcitycouldbecoldnow.Wecouldhavewalkedthere;itwassonear.(推测某事本来可能发生,但实际上没有发生)Canhebeintheofficenow?No,hecan’tbethere,forIsawhiminthelibraryjustnow.(语气很强,常用于疑问句和否定句中)III.情态动词注意点:1.can和beableto:都可以表示能力。但beableto可以表达“某事终于成功”,而can无法表达此意。Beableto有更多的时态。另外,两者不能重叠使用。2.usedto和would:usedto表示过去常常做现在已经不再有的习惯,而would只表示过去的习惯或喜好,不涉及现在。3.need和dare作情态动词和实义动词的区别:两者作情态动词时常用于否定句和疑问句。其形式为:needn’t/daren’tdo;Need/dare…do…?做实义动词时可用于肯定句,否定句和疑问句。其形式为:need(needs/needed)/dare(dares/dared)todo,don’t(doesn’t/didn’t)need/daretodo八.非谓语动词I.非谓语动词的分类、意义及构成:非谓语形式构成特征和作用时态和语态否定式复合结构不定式todotobedoingtohavedonetobedonetohavebeendone在非谓语前加notforsb.todosth.具有名词,副词和形容词的作用在句中做主、宾、定、表和状语分词现在分词doinghavingdonebeingdonehavingbeendone 具有副词和形容词的作用在句中做定、表、宾补和状语过去分词done 动名词doingbeingdonesb’s具有名词的作用63\nhavingdonehavingbeendonedoing在句中做主、宾、定和表语II.做宾语的非谓语动词比较:情况常用动词只接不定式做宾语的动词hope,want,offer,long,fail,expect,wish,ask,decide,pretend,manage,agree,afford,determine,promise,happen只接动名词做宾语的动词或短语mind,miss,enjoy,imagine,practise,suggest,finish,escape,excuse,appreciate,admit,prevent,keep,dislike,avoid,risk,resist,considercan’thelp,feellike,succeedin,befondof,objectto,getdownto,beengagedin,insiston,thinkof,beproudof,takepridein,setabout,beafraidof,betiredof,lookforwardto,devoteoneselfto,beworth,bebusy,payattentionto,stickto两者都可以意义基本相同begin,start,like,love,hate,prefer,continue(接不定式多指具体的动作,接动名词多指一般或习惯行为)need,want,require(接动名词主动形式表示被动意义,若接不定式则应用被动形式)意义相反stoptodo停止手中事,去做另一件事stopdoing停止正在做的事意义不同remember/forget/regrettodo(指动作尚未发生)remember/forget/regretdoing(指动作已经发生)goontodo(接着做另外一件事)goondoing(接着做同一件事)trytodo(设法,努力去做,尽力)trydoing(试试去做,看有何结果)meantodo(打算做,企图做)meandoing(意识是,意味着)can’thelptodo(不能帮忙做)can’thelpdoing(忍不住要做)III.非谓语动词做宾语补足语的区别: 常见动词与宾语的逻辑关系及时间概念例句不定式ask,beg,expect,get,Iheardhimcallme63\norder,tell,want,wish,encourage主谓关系。强调动作将发生或已经完成severaltimes.have,notice,see,watch,hear,feel,let,make现在分词notice,see,watch,hear,find,keep,have,feel主谓关系。强调动作正在进行,尚未完成Ifoundherlisteningtotheradio.过去分词动宾关系。动作已经完成,多强调状态Wefoundthevillagegreatlychanged.IV.非谓语动词做定语的区别: 区别举例不定式与被修饰词往往有动宾关系,一般式表示将来,进行式表示与谓语动作同时发生,完成式表示在谓语动词之前发生Ihavealotofpaperstotype.Ihavealotofpaperstobetyped.动名词通常指被修饰词的用途,无逻辑上的任何关系Shallwegototheswimmingpool?现在分词与被修饰词之间是主谓关系,表示动作与谓语动作同时发生theboilingwater/theboiledwaterthedevelopingcountry/thedevelopedcountrythefallingleaves/thefallenleaves过去分词与被修饰词之间是被动关系,表示动作发生在谓语动作之前,现已经完成V.非谓语动词做主语和表语的区别: 区别举例不定式多表示一个特定的具体的将来的动作,做主语时可以借助于it把不定式移到句子后面。做表语有时可和主语交换位置,而且意义不变,并且还能用what来提问主语或表语。Mydreamistobecomeateacher.Toobeythelawisimportant.(dream,business,wish,idea,plan,duty,task做主语时常用)动名词与不定式的功能区别不大,然而它更接近于名词,表示的动作比较抽象,或者泛指习惯性的动作,有时也可以用it做形式主语,做表语时可以和主语互换位置。Itisnousesayingthatagainandagain.Teachingismyjob.63\n分词无名词的性质,不能做主语。但是有形容词的性质,可以做表语,多表明主语的特征性质或者状态等,可被very,quite,rather等副词修饰。现在分词多含有“令人…”之意,说明主语的性质特征,多表示主动,主语多为物。过去分词一般表示被动或主语所处的状态,含有“感到…”之意,主语多是人。Thesituationisencouraging.Thebookiswellwritten.(常见分词有astonishing,moving,tiring,disappointing,puzzling,shocking,boring,amusing及其-ed形式)九.定语从句I.定语从句起了形容词的作用,在句中修饰一个名词或代词。被修饰的词叫做先行词,引导定语从句的词叫关系词,他的作用一是放在先行词与定语从句中间起了连接作用,二是在从句中担当一个成分,并与先行词保持数的一致。关系词先行词从句成分例句备注关系代词who人主语Doyouknowthemanwhoistalkingwithyourmother?whom,which和that在从句中做宾语时,常可以省略,但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略,也不可以用thatwhom人宾语Mr.SmithisthepersonwithwhomIamworkingTheboy(whom)sheloveddiedinthewar..whose人,物定语Ilikethosebookswhosetopicsareabouthistory.Theboywhosefatherworksabroadismydeskmate.that人,物主语,宾语Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.Sheisthepopstar(that)Iwanttoseeverymuch.which物主语,宾语Thebook(which)Igaveyouwasworth$10.Thepicturewhichwasabouttheaccidentwasterrible.as人,物Heissuchapersonasisrespectedbyallas63\n主语,宾语ofus.ThisisthesamepenasIlostyesterday.做宾语一般不省略关系副词when时间时间状语Iwillneverforgetthedaywhenwemetthere.可用onwhichwhere地点地点状语ThisisthehousewhereIwasborn.可用inwhichwhy原因原因状语Ican’timaginethereasonwhyheturneddownmyoffer.可用forwhichII.that与which,who,whom的用法区别:情况用法说明例句只用that的情况1.先行词为all,everything,anything,nothing,little,much,等不定代词时。2.先行词被all,any,every,each,much,little,no,some,few等修饰时3.先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰时4.先行词既指人又指物时5.先行词被theonly,thevery修饰时6.句中已经有who或which时,为了避免重复时1.Hetoldmeeverythingthatheknows.2.Allthebooksthatyouofferedhasbeengivenout.3.ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverread.4.Wetalkedaboutthepersonsandthingsthatweremembered.5.HeistheonlymanthatIwanttosee.6.Whoisthemanthatismakingaspeech?只用which,who,whom的情况1.在非限制性定语从句中,只能用which指代物,用who/whom指人2.在由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中,只能用which指物,whom指人。3.先行词本身是that时,关系词用which,Hehasason,whohasgoneabroadforfurtherstudy.Ilikethepersontowhomtheteacheristalking.Thosewhorespectothersareusuallyrespectedbyothers.63\n先行词为those,one,he时多用who。III.as与which的区别:定语从句区别例句限制性定语从句中名词前有such和thesame修饰时,关系代词用as,不能用whichHeisnotsuchafoolashelooks.Don’treadsuchbooksasyoucan’tunderstand.非限制性定语从句中as和which都可以指代前面整个主句。如果有“正如,象”的含义,并可以放在主句前,也可以放在后面,那么用as;而which引导的从句只能放主句后,并无“正如”的意思。Theywonthegame,aswehadexpected.Theywonthegame,whichwehadn’texpected.Asiswellknown,heisafamousfilmstarinthe1980s.IV.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别:类别语法意义及特征例句限制性定语从句对先行词起修饰限制作用,如果去掉,主句意思就不完整明确,这种从句与主句的关系十分密切,写时不用逗号分开。TheaccidenthappenedatthetimewhenIleft.非限制性定语从句 对先行词作附加的说明,与主句的关系不十分密切,较松散。从句和主句之间用逗号分开,相当于一个插入语,不能用that引导,关系代词做宾语时也不能省略。Hismother,whomheloveddeeply,diedtenyearsago.十.名词性从句种类作用常用关联词例句主语从句在复合句中做主语,相当于名词,一般置谓语之前,也可用it作形式主语,主语从句放主句之后that,whether,if,asif,asthough,who,whose,which,how,when,where,why,what,Whetherhewillcomeornotdoesn’tmattermuch.Whoevercomesherewillbewelcome.63\nwhatever,whoever,wherever表语从句在复合句中做表语,相当于名词,位于系动词之后Itlooksasifitisgoingtosnow.Heaskedmewhichteamcould宾语从句在复合句中做宾语,相当于名词winthegame.同位语从句放在名词之后(news,problem,idea,suggestion,advice,thought,hope,fact等)表明其具体内容Youhavenoideahowworriedweare.Thefactthatheliedagaingreatlysurprisedus.十一。状语从句种类连接词注意点时间状语when,whenever,while,as,before,after,until,till,bythetime,assoonas,hardly…when,nosooner…than,themoment,theminute,immediately,directly,instantly主句表示将来意义时,从句须用一般现在时;while引导的从句中动词一般是延续性的;until用在肯定句中主句动词是延续性的,而否定句中主句动词为短暂性的。地点状语where,wherever 原因状语because,as,since,nowthatbecause语气最强,since较弱,表示大家都明了的原因,as又次之。条件状语if,unless,once,incase,aslongas,onconditionthat从句中动词时态不可用将来时,常用一般时代替目的状语sothat,inorderthat,forfearthatsothat和inorderthat后常接may,should,could,would等情态动词结果状语so…that,such…that 比较状语than,as…as,notso/as…as,themore…themore 方式状语asif,asthough,asasif和asthough引导的从句一般用虚拟语气。让步状语though,although,evenif,eventhough,as,nomatterwhat,whatever,nomatterwho,whoever,nomatterwhich,whichever,nomatterhow,however,nomatterwhen,wheneveras在让步状语从句中常用倒装形式;although和though用正常语序,可和yet连用,但不可和but连用63\n十二。倒装句种类倒装条件例句完全倒装here,there,up,down,in,out,off,away等副词开头的句子表示强调Outrushedthechildren.表示地点的介词短语作状语位于句首Underthetreestoodtwotablesandfourchairs.强调表语,置于句首,或为保持句子平衡Presentatthemeetingwere1,000students.部分倒装never,hardly,scarcely,seldom,little,notuntil,not等表示否定意义的副词放于句首HardlydidIknowwhathadhappened.only和修饰的状语放于句首OnlythendidherealizedtheimportanceofEnglish.notonly…butalso连接并列的句子,前倒后不倒NotonlydoesheknowFrench,butalsoheisexpertatit.neither…nor…连接并列的句子,前后都倒装NeitherdoIknowit,nordoIcareaboutit.so…that,such…that中的so或such及修饰的成分放于句首时前倒后不倒Sobusyishethathecannotgoonaholiday.as引导的让步状语Childasheis,hehaslearnedalot.so,neither或nor表示前句内容也适用于另外的人或事。Hecanplaythepiano.Socani.用于表示祝愿的祈使句中Mayyoubeingoodhealth!省略if的虚拟条件WereIyou,Iwouldnotdoitinthisway.十三。虚拟语气类别用法例句If引导的条件从句与现在事实相反从句动词:过去式(be用were)主句动词:should/would/could/might+动词原形Ifhewerehere,hewouldhelpus.从句动词:had+过去分词IfIhadbeenfree,I63\n与过去事实相反主句动词:should/would/could/might+have+过去分词wouldhavevisitedyou.与将来事实相反从句动词:过去式/should+动词原形/were+不定式主句动词:should/would/could/might+动词原形Ifitshouldraintomorrow,wewouldnotgocamping.其它状语从句asif引导的状语从句中动词用过去式或过去完成式Theyaretalkingasiftheyhadbeenfriendsforyears.inorderthat/sothat引导的状语从句中动词用can/could/may/might/would等+动词原形Turnonthelightsothatwecanseeitclearly.宾语从句demand,suggest,order,insist后接的从句中动词为should+动词原形Hesuggestedthatwenotchangeourmind.wish后的从句中分别用过去式,过去完成式和should/would+动词原形表示与现在,过去和将来情况相反IwishIcouldbeapopsinger.主语从句在Itisnecessary/important/strangethat…,Itissuggested/demanded/ordered/requestedthat…等从句中,谓语动词用should+动词原形Itisstrangethatsuchapersonshouldbeourfriends.其它句型中Itistimethat…句型中动词用过去式或should+动词原形It’shightimethatweleft.wouldrather所接的从句中动词用过去式或者过去完成式Iwouldratheryoustayedathomenow.Ifonly句型中动词常用过去式或者过去完成式,表示强烈的愿望Ifonlyourdreamhadcometrue! 英语翻译句子专项练习 63\n1.   我们坚信什么也不能阻止历史的车轮滚滚向前。We‘resurenothingcan__________thewheelofhistoryfrom_______________.2.  无论刮风下雨,我们的老师总是第一个到校。________________windyorrainy,ourteacherisalwaysthefirst________school.3.   必须采取措施使地球免受污染。Something________________to________________frombeingpolluted.4.   我们都坚信台湾迟早会回归祖国。WeareallsurethatTaiwanwill________________themotherland________________.5.   正是团队协作使我们越来越自信。Itis________________thatmakesus________________.6.   本星期五晚上你能来我家吗?23点之前我有空。_______________________________________________________________________7.   明天星期几?明天星期三。_______________________________________________________________________8.   我打算明天看望我姑姑。_______________________________________________________________________9.   为什么不把这些生单词记在你的笔记本上?_______________writedownthenewwordsinyournotebook?10. 她很有耐心,非常适合教学。Sheisverypatientandsheis________________________.11. 我除了步行回家,什么也不能做。汽车站已经没有汽车了。Icoulddo________________walkhome.Therewerenobusesatthebusshop.12. 我觉得每晚睡8小时很重要。Ithinkit’s________________eighthoursanight.63\n13. 他说自从2000年以来他一直当记者。Hesaidhe________________areportsince2000.14. 在很多国家狗常常做向导。____________________________________________________________________15. 我想听音乐而不是看电视。____________________________________________________________________.16. 大声朗读是练习发音的好方法。_____________________________________________________________________.17. 孩子们被告诫不要用太多的时间玩电脑游戏。Thechildrenweretold________________inplayingcomputergames.18. 他认为这部小说值得再读一遍。Hethinksthisnovel________________。19. 你知道火星离地球有多远吗?Doyouthink________________Earth?20. 许多对我们有文献的工作将来都能由机器人来做。Alotofworkwhichisdangeroustouscan________________。21. 这个男孩还没有到独立处理这样的难题的年龄。Theboyisn’t________________suchadifficultproblemhimself.22. 她擅长烹饪。___________________________.23. 我们永远不会放弃希望。___________________________.24. 昨天的晚会会很成功。___________________________.25. 那个奇怪的东西是用来使茶保温的。The________________thingis________________teahot.26. 中华人民共和国是在1949年10月1日成立的。63\nThePRC________________October1,1949.27. 他离开家乡大约有20年了。He________________hishome________________about20years.28. 这瓶里装满了牛奶。Thebottle________________milk.29. 如果你不知道一个生词如何读,应该查字典。Ifyoudon’tknow________________,youshould________________.30. 你应该找到自己的发展道路。___________________________.31. 10年是相当长的一段时间。___________________________.32. 多亏了你的帮助,我通过了这次考试。___________________________.33. 田野被白雪覆盖。Thefield________________snow.34. 请把他的死向他的母亲隐瞒一下。Please________________hisdeath________________hismother.35. 这本法语书有可能属于谁的?是Mary的还是Tom的?________________theFrenchbook________________MaryorTom?36. 如果我要听取他的建议的话,我就不会犯这样的错误了。IfI________________hisadvice,Ishouldn’thave________________mistakes.37. 我们学校学生的数字已经增加到5000多人了。The__________ofthestudentsinourschool________________over5,000people.38. 作为一名学生我们应该好好利用时间。___________________________.39. 今日事今日毕。___________________________.40. 汤姆不能去聚会,他得准备化学考试。_____________________.41. 一个16岁的女孩放弃了她的学业。A________________girl________________her_______________.63\n42. 我来这儿已有两周了。I________________twoweeks.43. 他不但会说日语,而且还会说法语。Hecan________________Japanese________________French.44. 在市冲浪比赛中,我获得头等奖。I________________already________________thecity.45. 我喜欢住在南方,特别是夏天。Ilike_____________________________summer.46. 无论什么样的天气,你总是可以看见他在踢足球。__________theweather____________,youcanalwaysfindhim_________football.47. 别称赞他,他会骄傲的。Don’t________________.He________________.48. 我们的朋友遍天下。We________________theworld.49. 我起床后要进行运动。I________________afterIgetup.50. 我们不允许在学习日外出。Wearenotallowedtogoouton________________。51. 我们过去常常在周末看电影。Weoften________________onweekends.52. 了不起!他能用好几种方法解答这道练习题。Howgreat!Hecanworkouttheprobleminseveral________________ways.53. 星期五下午我们通常要做两个小时的作业。Weusuallydoourhomework________________onFridayafternoon.54. 昨晚街上没什么人。___________________________.55. 如果有问题,请举手。___________________________.56. 你有什么有趣的事要告诉我们吗?___________________________.57. 你还有别的什么忘在家里了吗?Doyouhaveanything________________?58. 孩子们将那猴子团团围住,然后抓住它,送它到了动物园。Thechildren________________themonkey,________________andsenttothezoo.59. 你最好在他改变注意之前把机票费帮他付了。63\nYou‘dbetter_______________theairticketforhimbeforehe________________.60. 图书馆仅这个月就借给学生两千多本书。Onlythis___________,thelibraryhaslentover________________tothestudents.61.自从我们上次见面以后,已经有10个多月了。Ithasbeen________________wemetlast.62.布鲁斯太太对我们非常亲切,以至于学生们把她当作自己的母亲。MrsBruccwas_____________herstudentssothatthey_______________theirmother.63.在网页顶端,打上网址。___________________________.64.当走到收银台时,我才发现我把钱包忘家里了。___________________________.65.请告诉我那是不是一辆快车。___________________________.66.无论冬夏,海南岛都是个值得去的地方。___________________________.67.我有一个大眼睛的漂亮妹妹。___________________________.68.费兰克在业余时间去钓鱼或者去划船。Frankgoes________________fishing________________boatinginhissparetime.69.虽然他没多少钱,但还是给她买了礼物。He________________giftforher,________________hewasnomuchmoney.70.喝杯咖啡怎么样?________________drinkingacupofcoffee?71.你最好脱掉你的外套。You’dbetter________________yourcoat.72.格林一家经常坐飞机去旅游。TheGreenoftentravel________________。73.她很虚弱,经常感冒。___________________________.74.请问,去火车站怎么走?___________________________.75.这本书很畅销。Thiskindofbook________________。76.这本字典的价格至少50元。63\n________________thedictionaryis________________50yuan.77.在美国和英国书面语大致相同。________________isaboutthesamein_______________theUK___________theUS.78.在过去,伦敦被人们看作是雾城。________________,Londonwasknown________________acityoffog.79.据说他去过英国两次。________________thathehas________________Englishtwice.80.活下来的人们把毛埃推倒了。Thosewhowereleft________________theMoai________________.81.我们相信他迟早会回来的。Webelievehewillbeback________________. UNIT1survey调查;测验addup合计upsetadj.心烦意乱的;不安的;不适的vt.使不安;使心烦。ignore不理睬,忽视calmvt.vi(使)平静;(使)镇定adj.平静的;镇静的;沉着的calm(…)down(使)平静下来;(使)镇静下来havegotto不得不;必须concern(使)担忧;涉及;关系beconcernedabout关心;挂念walkthedog遛狗loose松的;松开的vet兽医gothrough经历;经受Amsterdam阿姆斯特丹(荷兰首都)Netherlands荷兰(荷兰国家)Jewish犹太人;犹太族的German德国的;德国人的;德语的;德国人;德语Nazin.纳粹党人adj.纳粹党的setdown记下;放下;登记series连续;系列aseriesof一连串的;一系列;一套outdoors在户外;在野外spellbinding迷住;迷惑63\nonpurpose故意inorderto为了…dusk黄昏;傍晚atdusk在黄昏时刻thunderv打雷;雷鸣;n雷;雷声entire整个的;完全的;全部的entirely完全地;全然地;整个地power能力;力量;权力facetoface面对面地curtain窗帘;门帘;幕布dusty积满灰尘的nolonger\not…anylonger不再partner伙伴;合作者;合伙人settle安家;定居;停留使定居;安排;解决suffer遭受;忍受;经历sufferfrom遭受;患病loneliness孤单;寂寞highway公路;大路;<美>高速公路recover痊愈;恢复;重新获得get\betiredof对…厌烦pack捆扎;包装;打行李小包;包裹pack(sth)up将(东西)装箱打包suitcase手提箱;衣箱overcoat大衣;外套teenager十几岁的青少年getalongwith与…相处;发展gossip闲话;闲谈fallinlove相爱爱上exactly确实如此;正式;确切地disagree不同意grateful感激的;表示谢意的dislike不喜欢;厌恶joinin参加;加入tipn.揭示;技巧;尖;尖端;消费vt.倾斜;翻到secondly第二;其次swap交换item项目;条款1.addup【探究】1)Addupthesefigures,please.2)ShallIaddyournametothelist?3)Thebadweatheraddstoourdifficulties.4)Sheaddedsomesalttothesoup.【归纳拓展】63\naddvt._______;_______vi._______;_______addup_______________addupto_________;_________addto________;__________add…to…________;________【运用】1)Thiskindofmusic____________________(能增加)myenjoyment.2)Heranswershaveonly_____________(增加)histrouble.3)Themoneythathespentonthehouse________________________(合计共达)2,000dollars.4)Please_______thenumbersandI’msuretheywill_______morethan1,000.A.add;addupB.addup;addupC.addup;adduptoD.addto;addup5)_____isknowntoall,goodfriends___happinessandvaluetolife.A.It;addB.As;addC.It;addupD.As;addto2.upset【例释】1)Iupsetthesoupalloverthetable.2)Hehasanupsetstomach.3)Don’tupsetyourself--noharmhasbeendone.【归纳拓展】1)Thenewsthathismotherwasill______him.(使他心烦意乱)2)Tomwas_______(难过)becausehehadlosthisticket.3.ignore【例释】①Eventhebestofmenignoredthatsimplerule.②Itriedtotellhimbutheignoredme.③Hisletterswereignored.④Nevermakeyourstudentsfeelignorant.【归纳拓展】ignorevt.__________;____________________n.无知;愚昧___________adj.无知的;愚昧的【运用】1)____________oflawwillbringyoutrouble.对法律的无知必会带给你麻烦。2)Heis__________(无知的)ofmusic.3)IstoppedandsmiledwhenIsawhim,buthe_____meandwalkedon.A.refusedB.ignoredC.deniedD.missed63\n4.calm【例释】1)It’simportanttokeepcalminadangeroussituation.2)Theteachertriedtocalmthefrightenedchildren.3)Helitacigarettetocalmhimselfdown.【归纳拓展】【辨析】calm/peaceful/quiet/still/silent1)calm主要指“风平浪静的”,也可指人“平静的,镇定的”。2)peaceful指“和平的,没有战争的”。3)quiet指“没有吵闹声的”;“没有噪音的”;“清静的”;“平静的”,强调“声音很低、很少或全然无声”。4)silent强调“沉默不语”。【运用】1)___________(镇静下来)andtelluswhat’sgoingon.2)It’sbadmannerstokeep________whentheteacherasksyouaquestion.3)Theskyisblue,andtheseais________.4)Althoughshewasfrightened,sheansweredwitha________voice.5)Wearegladtoliveina________environment.6)Hehada________life.5.concernedYou’lltellyourfriendthatyouareconcernedabouthim/herbutyouwillmeetafterclassandtalkthen.告诉你的朋友你很关心他,但你会在课后见他并告诉他。【例释】1)Policesaidtheywereconcernedabouttheboy’ssafety.2)AsfarasI’mconcerned,theproblemisover.3)Hewroteanarticleconcerningtheproblemsofover—crowdedcities.4)Thegirl’spoorhealthconcernedherparents.【归纳拓展】concernvt.涉及;使……担忧n.担心,关心;(利害)关系beconcernedabout关心asfarassb.beconcerned就…而言concerningprep.关于【运用】1)Heisnever__________aboutwhatisgoingon.2)Thelecture____________theenvironmentalprotection.3)Asfarastheyare__________,youcangowhereyouwant.4)Hisparents________hissafety.A.concernthemselveswithB.shownoconcernaboutC.areconcernedaboutD.areconcernedwith5)Thenews______yourhometown.63\nA.isconcernedaboutB.isconcernedinC.concernsD.concernswith6.gothrough或者你是不是担心你的朋友会嘲笑你,或者不理解你目前的困境呢?【例释】1)Peterhaslosthisjob,andheisgoingthroughaverydifficulttime.2)Heisverysuccessfulconsideringwhathehasgonethrough.3)Howlongwillittakeyoutogothroughthebook?【归纳拓展】gothrough经历;浏览;通过(考试等);花光(钱财)goby走过;(时间)过去goover越过;复习goout外出;(灯,火)熄灭;公布【运用】1)Withtime____________,wegrewupquickly.2)He___________allhismoneyinoneweek.3)Thelights____________whenwecamein.4)Thepolice___________hisbag,butfoundnothing.A.lookedupB.turnedinD.searchedforD.wentthrough5)—Didyouhaveagoodtimeattheparty?—Asamatteroffact,Ihadsuchfunthattimeseemedto______soquickly.A.gobyB.goawayC.gooutD.goover7.setdown【例释】1)Pleasesetitdowntomyaccount.2)Youshouldsetdownthekeylanguagepointsinyournotebook.3)Passengersmaybesetdownandpickeduponlyattheofficialstops.【归纳拓展】setdown写下;放下setoff出发;使爆炸setup建立setaboutdoing=setouttodo着手做某事setaside把……放在一边;留出;不考虑【运用】1)I_______thetemperatureseverydayinthenotebook.A.setaboutB.setout63\nC.setupD.setdown2)IlikedhispapersomuchthatI____myownworkandtranslateditintoGerman.A.gaveoffB.turneddownC.tookoverD.setaside3)翻译:我已将发生的每件事都记了下来。________________________________8.inordertoinordertodo为了…….(可置于句首或句中)【例释】1)Hearrivedearlyinordertogetagoodseat.=Hearrivedearlyinorderthathecouldgetagoodseat.2)Iagreedtohersuggestioninordernottoupsether.【归纳拓展】inordertodo…=soastodo…=todo…目的状语,但soastodo…不能放在句首,可转化为inorderthat,sothat引导的目的状语从句。inorderthat……以便….(后跟句子)sothat……以便….(后跟句子)其否定在to前加not.为了不做…inordernotto;soasnotto;notto.【运用】1)他早早动身以便按时到达。(翻译)_____________________________________________________________2)她拼命干以便能在6点时把一切都准备好。________________________9.settle【例释】1)Thebirdsettledonabranch.2)Theoldcoupleplannedtosettleinthecountryaftertheyretired.3)You’dbettersettletheproblembeforesupper.4)Hesettleddowninhisarmchairtoreadthenewspaper.【归纳拓展】settlevi.定居;安顿vt.使平静;解决(问题);使定居settledown使平静下来【运用】1)Thefamilysettled_____asmalltown.A.inB.onC.overD.down2)—Whydoyoulookworried?—Therearesomanyproblems________.A.remainingtosettle63\nB.remainedsettlingC.remainingtobesettledD.remainedtobesettled3)他在故乡安顿下来。_______________________________4)这个问题至今尚未解决。______________________________10.sufferfrom【例释】1)She’ssufferingfromlossofmemory.她患有遗忘症。2)Manycitiessufferedaheavylossintheearthquake.3)Hesufferedfrompovertyallhislife.【归纳】suffervt.遭受(痛苦、疾病、饥饿、损失等)后接_______、_______、_______、________、________等。sufferfrom因……而受损失【派生】sufferingn.疼痛;痛苦;(常用复数)苦难;疾苦sufferern.忍受苦难的人们【运用】1)我们在这次灾难中损失惨重。_____________________________________________________________2)Allthevillagers______greatdamageduringthefire.A.causedB.ledtoC.sufferedD.sufferedfrom3)用suffer的适当形式填空。Itismiserable(痛苦的)toseethosepatients________frompovertyanddiseaseandweallwanttodosomethingtoreleasethese________fromtheir________Unit1ANNE’SBESTFRIEND  Doyouwantafriendwhomyoucouldtelleverythingto,likeyourdeepestfeelingsandthoughts?Orareyouafraidthatyourfriendwouldlaughatyou,orwouldnotunderstandwhatyouaregoingthrough?AnneFrankwantedthefirstkind,soshemadeherdiaryherbestfriend.  安妮最好的朋友  你想不想有一位无话不谈能推心置腹的朋友?或者你会不会担心你的朋友会嘲笑你,会不理解你目前的困境呢?安妮.弗兰克想要的是第一种类型的朋友,所以她把的日记视为自己最好的朋友。  AnnelivedinAmsterdamintheNetherlandsduringWorldWarII.HerfamilywasJewishsothehadtohideortheywouldbecaughtbytheGermanNazis.Sheandherfamilyhideawayfortwoyearsbeforetheywerediscovered.Duringthattimetheonlytruefriendwasherdiary.Shesaid,“Idon’twanttosetdownaseriesoffactsinadiaryasmostpeopledo,butIwantthisdiaryitselftobemyfriend,andIshallcallmyfriendKitty.”NowreadhowshefeltafterbeinginthehidingplacesinceJuly1942.63\n  在第二次世界大战期间,安妮住在荷兰的阿姆斯特丹。她一家人都是犹太人,所以他们不得不躲藏起来,否则就会被德国的纳粹分子抓去。她和她的家人躲藏了25个月之后才被发现。在那段时期,她的日记成了她唯一忠实的朋友。她说:“我不愿像大多数人那样在日记中记流水账。我要把我的日记当作自己的朋友,我把我的这个朋友叫做基蒂。”现在,来看看安妮自1942年7月起躲进藏身处后的那种心情吧。Thursday15,June,1944Dearkitty,  Iwonderifit’sbecauseIhaven’tbeenabletobeoutdoorsforsolongthatI’vegrownsocrazyabouteverythingtodowithnature.Icanwellrememberthattherewasatimewhenadeepbluesky,thesongofthebirds,moonlightandflowerscouldneverhavekeptmespellbound.That’schangedsinceIwashere.  …Forexample,whenitwassowarm,Istayedawakeonpurposeuntilhalfpastelevenoneeveninginordertohaveagoodlookatthemoonforoncebymyself.Butasthemoongavefartoomuchlight,Ididn’tdareopenawindow.Anothertimesomemonthsago,Ihappenedtobeupstairsoneeveningwhenthewindowwasopen.Ididn’tgodownstairsuntilthewindowhadtobeshut.Thedark,rainyevening,thewind,thethunderingcloudsheldmeentirelyintheirpower;itwasthefirsttimeinayearandahalfthatI’dseenthenightfacetoface…  …Sadly…Iamonlyabletolookatnaturethroughdirtycurtainshangingbeforeverydustywindows.It’snopleasurelookingthroughtheseanylongerbecausenatureisonethingthatreallymustbeexperienced.  Yours,  Anne1944年6月15日,星期四亲爱的基蒂:  我不知道这是不是因为我太久无法出门的缘故,我变得对一切与大自然有关的事物都无比狂热。我记得非常清楚,以前,湛蓝的天空、鸟儿的歌唱、月光和鲜花,从未令我心迷神往过。自从我来到这里之后,这一切都变了。  ……比如说,有一天晚上天气很暖和,我故意熬到晚上11点半都不睡觉,为的就是能独自好好地看看月亮。但是因为月光太亮了,我都不敢打开窗户。还有一次,就在五个月以前的一个晚上,我碰巧在楼上,窗户是开着的,我一直呆到非关窗不可的时候才下楼去。漆黑的雨夜,刮着大风,电闪雷鸣,乌云滚滚,我完全被这种景象镇住了。这是我一年半以来第一次亲眼目睹的夜晚……  ……不幸的是……我只能透过那满是灰尘的窗帘下那脏兮兮的窗户看看大自然。只能隔着窗户看那大自然实在没意思,因为大自然是需要真正体验的东西。  你的安妮难句剖析1.Iwonderifit’sbecauseIhaven’tbeenabletobeoutdoorsforsolongthatI’vegrownsocrazyabouteverythingtodowithnature.译:_____________________________________________________________________________________________本句是一个主从复合句,if引导的从句作wonder的宾语,宾语从句中使用了Itis…that…的强调句型,被强调的是because引导的原因状语从句.1)强调句型Itis/was+被强调部分+that/who+原句中的其它部分,主要是对原句中的主语、宾语和状语进行强调。注意:①Itis/was...that...中,is和was由后面句子的时态确定。②除强调部分是人作主语可用who/that之外,其他一律用that。63\n③一般疑问句的句式为:Is/Wasit...that...?④特殊疑问句的句式为:疑问词+is/wasitthat...?⑤判断一个句子是不是强调句型的法:把句中的Itis/was和that去掉,看句子结构是否仍完整,若完整就是强调句型,否则就不是强调句型。【运用】1.LastSaturdayhermotherboughtRoseabookinthebookstore.(分别对划线部分进行强调)①_________________________________②_________________________________③_________________________________④_________________________________⑤________________________________⑥Itwasalongtheriver_____hespentmuchofhischildhood.A.howB.whichC.thatD.where⑦Itwasinthelab_____wasneartheschool______theydidtheexperiment.A.where;thatB.which;thatC.which;whereD.that;where2.Icanwellrememberthattherewasatimewhenadeepbluesky,thesongofthebirds,moonlightandflowerscouldneverhavekeptmespellbound.译:whenadeepbluesky…是_________从句,修饰________。常用句式:Therewasatimewhen….“有一段时间……”Therewasatimewhenthiscountrywasoneofthestrongestcountriesintheworld.译:____________________________3.ItwasthefirsttimeinayearandahalfthatI’dseenthenightfacetoface.译:___________________________________________________________1)Itis/wasthefirst(second,third…)timethatsb.Have/haddonesth.….这是某人第一次(第二次、第三次等)做某事,it可以变成this/that,注意此句型中that从句中时态的使用。Itis/wastimeforsb.todosth.到了干…的时候了①ItwasthethirdtimethatI___________(访问)Beijing.②________________________________(这是第二次)wehavecometothemountainvillagetoseethehomelesschildren.③ItisthesecondtimeI_____inHainan.ItistenyearssinceI_______itlasttime.A.hadbeen;leftB.havebeen;leftC.havegone;hadleftD.went;hadleft④Itistimeforus_______________.(起床)4.Iamonlyabletolookatnaturethroughdirtycurtainshangingbeforeverydustywindows.译:_______________________________________________________________hangingbeforeverydustywindows在句中是_______短语做后置定语,修饰___________.5.It’snopleasurelookingthroughtheseanylongerbecausenatureisonethingthatreallymustbeexperienced.观看这些已经不再是乐趣,因为大自然是你必须亲身体验的。1)it是形式主语,动名词短语lookingthroughtheseanylonger是真正主语;类似的有Itisnogood63\ndoing….“做……没有好处”;Itisnousedoing….“做……没有用”2)thatreallymustbeexperienced.在句中是定语从句,修饰____________________.UNIT2subway地下人行道;<美>地铁elevator电梯直升机petrol<美>汽油;(=<美>gasoline)gas汽油;气体;煤气;毒气official官方的;正式的;公务的voyage航海;航行conquer征服;占领becauseof因为;由于nativeadj.本国的;本地的;n本地人;本国人comeup走近;上来;提出apartment<美>公寓住宅;单元住宅actually实际上;事实上AD公元base以…为根据;n基部;基地,基础atpresent现在;目前gradual逐渐的;逐步的gradually逐渐地;逐步地Danish丹麦语;adj.丹麦的;丹麦的人;丹麦语的enrich使富裕;充实;改善vocabulary词汇;词汇量;词表Shakespeare莎士比亚makeuseof利用;使用spelling拼写;拼法latter较后的;(两者中)后者的identity本身;本体;身份fluent流利的;流畅的fluently流利地;流畅地Singapore新加坡Malaysia马来西亚;马来群岛suchas例如……;想这种frequent频繁的;常见的frequently常常;频繁地usage使用;用法;词语惯用法command命令;指令;掌握request请求;要求dialect方言expression词语;表达;表示midwestern中西部的;有中西部特性的African非洲的;非洲人的;非洲语言的Spanish西班牙人;西班牙的63\nplayapart(in)扮演一个角色;参与eastern东方的;东部的southeastern东南方的;来自东南方northwestern西北方的;来自西北的recognize辨认出;承认;公认lorry卡车Houston休斯顿Texas德克萨斯州accent口音;腔调;重音catfish鲶鱼lightning闪电straight直接;挺直;直的;笔直的;正直的block街区;块;木块;石块cab出租车1.voyage(P9L2)/becauseof(P9,L3)Laterinthenextcentury,peoplefromEnglandmadevoyagestoconquerotherpartsofworldandbecauseofthat,Englishbegantobespokeninmanyothercountries.在17世纪英国人开始开拓征服世界其他地区。1.1)ThevoyagefromEnglandtoIndiausedtotakesixmonths.过去从英国坐船去印度要花六个月的时间。2)Wemade/goonavoyagetoAmericabyair.我们乘飞机去美国。2.Comparethetwosentences:1)Wewerelatebecauseitrained.2)Wewerelatebecauseoftherain.【归纳】1.voyagen.____;____makeavoyage=goonavoyage____2.because是连词,引导______从句。becauseof是介词短语,后接____和____。【运用】1.Fillintheblanks:1)Theyarehere________us.2)Hedidn’tcometoschoolyesterday________hewasill.3)Hedidn’tcometoschoolyesterday________hisill.2.翻译:TheTitanicsankonitsmaidenvoyage._______________________________2.thelatter;identity(P10,L20)ThelattergaveaseparateidentitytoAmericanEnglishspelling.后者体现了美国英语拼写的不同特色。63\n【例释】1)Thislatterpointwasofgreatimportance.后面这点极为重要。2)HereareTomandDavid;thelatterismybrother.这是汤姆和戴维;后者是我的兄弟。3)Hishealthhasbeendeterioratingintheselatteryears.最近几年他的健康越来越差。4)Hisdriver'slicenseprovedhisidentity.他的驾驶执照证明了他的身份。5)Preservethedistinctidentitiesofanoldtown保留古镇的特征风貌【归纳】thelatter:(两者中的)________,常与theformer(前者)连用。latter:adj________;_____________identity_______;__________;identify(vt)_______identification(n)_______;__________;identitycard/paper身份证underidentification在鉴别中【运用】Translatethefollowingsentences:1)Thelatterpointisthemostimportant.________________________________________________________________2)JohnandJimarebrothers.Theformerisateacher;thelatterisanengineer.__________________________________________________________________3)HespenthislatteryearsofhislifeinAmerica._________________________________4)Theiridentitieswerekeptsecret._________________________________5)Ican’tidentifythissignature._______________________________3.evenif(P10,L5)NativeEnglishspeakerscanunderstandeachothereveniftheydon'tspeakthesamekindofEnglish.(翻译)以英语为母语的人,即使他们所讲的语言不尽相同,他们也可以相互交流。【例释】1)Evenifittakesmesixweeks,Iamdeterminedtofinishthejob.即使这个工作要花掉我六个星期的时间,我仍决心要把它完成。63\n2)I’llhelpyouwithEnglish,evenif/thoughIdon’tsleepforanight.尽管我一夜没有睡觉,也要帮助你学习英语。【归纳】evenif/eventhough________,_______;引导_____________从句;though/although也引导__________从句,都不能和_____连用,但可以和yet,still等连用。可以放在主句前面也可以放在主句后面。【运用】1.①Jackismakinguphismindtogetaticketfortheconcert______itmeansstandinginaqueueallnight.A.asifB.evenifC.incaseD.aslongas②Manyofthemturnedadeafeartohisadvice,______theyknewittobevaluable.A.asifB.nowthatC.eventhoughD.sothat2.EventhoughIknowtherearealotofdifficultiesinmyway,Iwillnevergiveuppursuingmydream.(翻译)________________________________。4.comeup(P10,L8)I’dliketocomeuptoyourapartment.(译)________________________________。【例释】1)Anumberofquestionscameupatthemeeting.会议上提出了许多问题。2)I'lllethimknowifanythingcomesup.如有什么事,我会告诉他的。3)Shecameupandsaid,"Gladtomeetyou."她走过来说,"很高兴见到你。"4)Theteacheraskedadifficultquestion,butfinallyTomcameupwithagoodanswer.老师出了一道难题,但最终汤姆想出了一个很好的答案。5)Theseedsarejustbeginningtocomeup.种子刚开始破土发芽。6)Thepriceofthesteeliscomingupallthetime.钢材的价格一直在上涨。7)Whendidthisidiomcomeup?这写习语是什么时候流行的?【归纳】comeupto=cometocomeup意思为:_____;_____;_____;_____;____;_____。comeupwith提出(建议);[口]找到(答案,解决办法)与come有关的短语:comeabout发生comeout出版;出现comeupto达到;不负(期望);合乎(标准)comeacross偶然碰上comeon加油;得了吧comeatsb向某人扑来comeback回来comeintopower上台,当权63\n【运用】1)翻译下列句子。①Whydon’tyoucomeuptoNewYorkfortheweekend?________________________________.②SorryIcantgowithyou----somethinghassuddenlycomeup.______________________________.③TheseedsIsowedlastweekhaven’tcomeupyet.______________________________.2)-Haveyou_____somenewideas?-Yeah.Iwilltellyou.A.comeaboutB.comeintoC.comeupwithD.comeoutwith5.bebasedon(P10,L11)ItwasbasedmoreonGermanthantheEnglishwespeakatpresent.当时的英语更多的是以德语为基础的,而现代英语不是。【例释】1)ThedanceofThousand-handGuanyinwasbasedonanancientpainting.舞蹈千手观音是基于一幅古老的绘画而创作的。2)Themachinerestsonawidebaseofsteel.这个机器由一个很大的钢制底座支撑。3)Ourcompany’sbaseisinShandong,butwehavebranchesallovertheworld.我们公司的总部在山东,但在全世界都有分公司。4)Theparentsbasedtheirhopesonthechildren..父母把希望寄托在孩子们的身上。basen.&vt.基础,基地;以……为基础如:basesth.onsth.意思是:___.bebasedon意思为:________;【运用】选择正确答案1)Wewillhaveanexamnextweek_____theteachingplan.A.basingB.basingonC.basedonD.basedto2)Hebasedhisidea_____scientificexperiment.A.atB.withC.onD.in3)成功是建立在努力工作的基础上的。翻译:________________________________4)Whatisyour____(base/basis)ofyouropinion?6.atpresent(P10,L12)ItwasbasedmoreonGermanthantheEnglishwespeakatpresent.【例释】1)Atpresent,Idon’thaveanymoreinformation.目前,我们没有更多的信息。2)Atthepresenttime,theyarelivingincountry.63\n目前,他们住在乡下。atpresent意思为:_________,presentn.现在;礼物adj.现在的,当前(作前置定语);出席的,到场的(做后置定语)vt.给,赠送adv.不久,此刻,现在,眼下。【运用】thepeoplepresent___________thepresentchairman___________bepresentat___________presentsbwithsth=presentsthtosbpresentsbtosb___________1)Howmanypeople____________(出席、参加)themeeting?2)写出下面句中斜体字的意思①HegavehismotherapresentonMother’sDay.②Howmanypeoplewerepresentatthemeeting?③Whatisyourpresentjob?④Theypresentedflowerstotheirteacher.⑤Thepeoplepresentatthemeetingcamefromallovertheworld.3)_______plansarebeingmadeforaplayattheendofthesummerholidayinordertocollectmoneyfortheHopeProject.A.InthepastB.InfutureC.AtpresentD.Sofar7.suchas(P10,L25)EnglishisalsospokeninSingaporeandMalaysiaandcountriesinAfricasuchasSouthAfrica.在新加坡、马来西亚和非洲其他国家,比如南非,人们也说英语。【例释】Theyplantedmanyflowers,suchasroses,sunflowers.他们种了许多种花,如玫瑰花、向日葵等。suchas和forexample的区别。1)suchas用于列举事物,所列举的事物的数量不等同于被列举的总量,否则就应用thatis或namely;suchas只位于所列举的事物前,其后不用逗号。一般不与andsoon连用。2)forexample用于举例说明,一般仅举同类人或物的“一个”例子。forexample可位于句首,句中,句末,常用逗号和其他部分隔开。【运用】用suchas,forexample填空1)Hecanspeakfourlanguages,______EnglishandFrench.63\n2)Ourmonitordoesverywellinsportsandgames,swimming,_______.3)___________,Johnhasthesameopinion.4)Pollution,_________,isabigproblem.8.makeuseof(P10,L15)【原句再现】Soby1600’sShakespearewasabletomakeuseofawidevocabularythaneverbefore.所以到17世纪,莎士比亚所用的词汇量比以前任何时期都大。【例释】1)Weshouldmakeuseofknowledgetobuildourcountry.我们应该利用知识来建设祖国。2)Nowhecanmakeuseofmoneybetterthanbefore.现在,他比以前更会花钱了。3)Hemakesgooduseoftimetostudy.他充分利用时间来学习。4)Itismorenecessarythaneverbeforeforallofustoworkhard.我们大家会比以往更需要努力工作。【归纳】1.makeuseof=__________;意思是_________;makegood/fulluseof=makethebest/mostof好好/充分利用makenothingof不当一回事makemuchof尊重,重视2.thaneverbefore_________【运用】完成句子1)Heis_______________________(正充分利用)thechancetotraveltheworld.2)It’sraininghard____________(比以前)3)Weshouldthinkofwhatusecan______suchamaterial(材料)A.bemadeofB.bemadefromC.bemadeupD.bemadein4)Youshouldmake______ofthetimeatschooloryou’llregretA.nothingB.themostC.muchD.everything9.thelargestnumberof(P10,L26)Infact,ChinamayhavethelargestnumberofEnglishlearners.(译)________________________________【例释】1)Anumberofteachersarestudyingcomputers.大量的老师在学电脑。2)Thenumberofthestudentsinourschoolis5,000.我们学校学生的数量是5,000.3)Thenumberofbirdshasbecomesmallerovertheyears.鸟的数量近几年下降了。thenumberof与anumberof1)thenumberof“…….的数目”,后接可数名词复数,中心词是number,谓语动词用单数。2)anumberof“许多的,大量的”,后接复数名词,中心词为其后的复数名词,谓语动词用复数。在之前可加上表示数量大小的形容词,构成:agreat/large/smallnumberof。63\n【运用】用anumberof与thenumberof填空1)Thereare____________________studentsinthepicture.2) _______________________thestudentshasreached30,000inourschool.3)Thenumberofpeopleinvited______fifty,butanumberofthem______absentfordifferentreasons.A.were,wasB.was,wasC.was,wereD.were,were10.command,request(P12)CanyoufindthefollowingcommandandrequestfromReading?你能从下面阅读找出命令和请求吗?【例释】1)Icommandyoutostartatonce.我命令你立刻开始。2)Ourbosscommandedthatweall(should)gotocollectmarketinformation.老板命令我们都去搜集市场信息。3)HemadearequestthatIshouldhelphim.他请求我能帮助他。4)Theyrequestedustorereadthenotice.他们请求我们再读一遍通告的内容。5)Theguiderequestedthathervisitorsnorparkhercaratthegate.向导要求她的游客不要把她的车停在门口。【归纳】command:n._______;v._______;commandsbtodosth:_________;commandthat-clause命令…command后接that从句时,从句中用虚拟语气,动词用___形式request:n._____________;requestsbtodosth:_________;requestthat-clause命令【运用】1)Theofficercommandthatthewounded______tohospitalrightnow.A.tobesentB.shouldsendC.sendD.besent2)Thisishisonlyrequestthattheroom______afterbeingused.A.becleanedB.wouldbecleaned63\nC.iscleanedD.willbecleaned3)Visitors______nottotouchtheexhibits(展品).A.willrequestB.requestC.arerequestingD.arerequested4)Hecamehere______.A.atmyrequestB.bymyrequestC.bytherequestofmeD.formyrequest5)Itisrequiredthatthestudents______mobilephoneintheirschool,soseldom______themusingone.A.don’tuse;willyouseeB.shouldn’tbeused;willyouseeC.shan’tuse;youwillseeD.notuse;willyouseeTHEROADTOMODERNENGLISH  Attheendofthe16thcentury,aboutfivetosevenmillionpeoplespokeEnglish.NearlyallofthemlivedinEngland.Laterinthenextcentury,peoplefromEnglandmadevoyagestoconquerotherpartsoftheworldandbecauseofthat,Englishbegantobespokeninmanyothercountries.Today,morepeoplespeakEnglishastheirfirst,secondorforeignlanguagethaneverbefore.  通向现代英语之路  在16世纪末,大约有五至七百万人讲英语。几乎所有这些讲英语的人都住在英格兰。在其后的一个世纪中,英格兰人为征服世界航海到了世界其他一些地方,结果世界的其他地方的人们也开始说英语了。今天,把英语作为自己的第一语言、第二语言或外语来使用的人比以往任何时候都多。  NativeEnglishspeakerscanunderstandeachothereveniftheydon’tspeakthesamekindofEnglish.Lookatthisexample:  BritishBetty:Wouldyouliketoseemyflat?  AmericanAmy:Yes,I’dliketocomeuptoyourapartment.  以英语作为母语的人,即使他们所讲不是同一种英语,他们也能彼此听懂。请看看这个例子:  英国人贝蒂:来看看我的公寓吗?  美国人艾米:好的,我来看看你的公寓吧。  SowhyhasEnglishchangedovertime?Actuallyalllanguageschangeanddevelopwhenculturesmeetandcommunicatewitheachother.AtfirsttheEnglishspokeninEnglandbetweenaboutAD450and1150wasverydifferentfromtheEnglishspokentoday.ItwasbasedmoreonGermanthantheEnglishwespeakatpresent.ThengraduallybetweenaboutAD800and1150,EnglishbecamelesslikeGermanbecausethosewhoruledEnglandspokenfirstDanishandlaterFrench.ThesenewsettlersenrichedtheEnglishlanguageandespeciallyitsvocabulary.Sobythe1600’sShakespearewasabletomakeuseofawidervocabularythaneverbefore.In1620someBritishsettlersmovedtoAmerica.Laterinthe18thcenturysomeBritishpeopleweretakentoAustraliatoo.Englishbegantobespokeninbothcountries.63\n  那么,随着时间的推移英语为什么发生了变化呢?实际上,当不同文化相互交流渗透时,所有的语言都会有所发展和变化。开始,英格兰人在大约公元450年到1150年之间所说的英语与我们今天所说的英语很不一样。当时的英语更多的是以德语为基础的,不像我们现在说的英语。后来,大约在公元800年至1150年之间,英语慢慢变得不那么像德语,因为统治英格兰的那些人开始是说丹麦语,后来说法语。这些新来的定居者丰富了英语语言,尤其是丰富了英语词汇。所以到17世纪初的时候,莎士比亚能够得以使用比以往任何时候都丰富的词汇。1620年一些英国定居者来到了美洲,后来到了18世纪的时候,一些英国人还被带到了澳大利亚。英语也就开始在这两个国家使用。  Finallybythe19thcenturythelanguagewassettled.AtthattimetwobigchangesinEnglishspellinghappened:firstSamuelJohnsonwrotehisdictionaryandlaterNoahWebsterwroteTheAmericanDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage.ThelattergaveaseparateidentitytoAmericanEnglishspelling.  最后到19世纪的时候,英语这种语言就变得稳定了。当时,英语的拼写发生了两个很大的变化:先是塞缪尔?约翰逊编写了他的英语词典,后是诺亚?韦伯斯特出版了《美国英语词典》。后者使得美式英语的拼写有了其独特的个性。  EnglishnowisalsospokenasaforeignorsecondlanguageinSouthAsia.Forexample,IndiahasaverylargenumberoffluentEnglishspeakersbecauseBritainruledIndiafrom1765to1947.DuringthattimeEnglishbecamethelanguageforgovernmentandeducation.EnglishisalsospokeninSingaporeandMalaysiaandcountriesinAfricasuchasSouthAfrica.TodaythenumberofpeoplelearningEnglishinChinaisincreasingrapidly.Infact,ChinamayhavethelargestnumberofEnglishlearners.WillChineseEnglishdevelopitsownidentity?Onlytimewilltell.现在英语在南亚地区也被作为外语或第二语言使用。比如,印度就有很多人说英语说得很流利,因为在1765年到1947年之间英国统治着印度。在此期间,英语成了印度政府和教育所用的语言。在新加坡和马来西亚以及像非洲的南非,人们现在也说英语。当今,在中国学英语的人数正在快速增加,事实上,中国可能是学英语人数最多的国家。中国式英语是否也能发展成一种具有自己独特个性的语言?这还有待时间去证明。难句剖析1、laterinthenextcentury,peoplefromEnglandmadevoyagestoconquerotherpartsoftheworldandbecauseofthat,Englishbegantobespokeninmanyothercountries.在17世纪,英国人开始开拓征服世界其他地区。于是,许多别的国家开始说英语了。句中laterinthenextcentury在句中作___________。and连接两个__________。becauseofthat在句中作__________,意思是__________,后接__________。2.AtfirsttheEnglishspokeninEnglandbetweenaboutAD450and1150wasverydifferentfromEnglishspokentoday.起初从公元450到1150年在英格兰人们所说的英语跟今天所说的英语就很不一样。句中两个English后都有spoken的短语做___________,可以转换成____/____引导的定语从句。bedifferentfrom意思是___________.3.ThengraduallybetweenaboutAD800and1150,EnglishbecamelesslikeGermanbecausethosewhoruledEnglandspokefirstDanishandlaterFrench.然后,渐渐地,大约在公元800年到1150年期间,英语不那么像德语了,因为那时的英国的统治者起初讲丹麦语后来讲法语。句中because引导___________从句,whoruledEngland是______从句修饰代词_______.lesslikeGerman意思是“不那么像德语了”。4、Onlytimewilltell.这只好由时间来回答。3.Topreventthisfromhappeningagain,JohnSnowsuggestedthatthesourceofallwatersuppliesbeexaminedandnewmethodsofdealingwithpollutedwaterbefound.译:____________________________63\n______________________________.逗号前面的不定式短语作________状语。谓语动词suggested后有两个宾语从句,分别是___________和________________。当suggest表示“建议”时,后面的宾语从句常用“shoulddo”形式,should常可以_____。KEYStothetranslationofsentencepatterns主谓结构(主语+不及物动词)1.Youshouldstudyhard.2.Shewenthomeverylateyesterdayevening.3.Thatmorningwetalkedagreatdeal.4.Themeetingwilllasttwohours.5.Greatchangeshavetakenplaceinmyhometowninthepasttenyears主谓宾结构(主语+及物动词+宾语)1.Iwrotealetterlastnight.2.Iwanttotalkwithyouthisafternoon.3.Hehasreadthisbookmanytimes.4.Theyhavecarriedouttheplansuccessfully.5.Thatgentlemencanspeakthreelanguagesfluently.主系表结构(主语+系动词+表语)1.Mybrothersareallcollegestudents.2.Inwinter,thedaysareshortandthenightsarelong.3.Children,keepquietplease.63\n4.Theleaveshaveturnedyellow.5.Thereportsoundsinteresting.双宾语结构(主语+双宾动词+间接宾语+直接宾语)1.MrJohnsontaughtusGermanlastyear.2.Grandmatoldmeaninterestingstorylastnight.3.Maryhandedthewallettotheschoolmaster.4.RobinsonCrusoemadehimselfaboat.5.ShallIcallyouataxi?复合宾语结构(主语+宾补动词+宾语+宾语补语)1.WecallherAlice.2.Allofusconsideredhimhonest.3.Wewillmakeourschoolmorebeautiful.4.EverymorningwehearhimreadEnglishaloud.5.Wewon’tlethergooutatnight.Therebe句型1.Thereisn’tgoingtobeameetingtonight.2.Therewasonlyawellinthevillage.3.Thereis(are)ateacherofmusicandateacherofartintheschool4.Thelightison.Theremustbesomeoneiontheoffice.5.Therehappenedtobenobodyintheroom.KEYStothetranslation1.     stop/prevent/keep,goingon2.     Nomatterwhetherit’s;togetto63\n3.     mustbedone,stoptheearth4.     comebackto,soonerorlater.5.     teamwork,moreandmoreconfident6.     Couldyoucometomyplace/housethisFridayevening?I’llbefreeeleven.7.     Whatdayistomorrow?TomorrowisWednesday.8.     Iamplanningongoingtoseemyaunttomorrow.9.     Whynot,10. fitforteaching11. nothingbut12. veryimportanttosleepfor13. hadstillbeen14. Dogsareusuallyregardedasguidesinmanybymanycountries.15. IwouldliketolistentomusicratherthanwatchTV.16. Readingaloudisagoodwaytopracticepronounciation.17. nottospendtoomuchtime  18. isworthreadingagain/oncemore.  19. howfaritisfromMarsto/howfarMarsisawayfrom  20. bedonebyrobotsinthefuture/infuture  21. oldenoughtodealwith  22. Sheisgoodatcooking  23. Wewillnevergiveuphope  24. Yeaterday’spartywasabigsuccess.  25. strange,tokeep63\n  26. wasfoundedon  27. hasbeenawayfrom,for  28. isfullof/isfilledwith  29. howtoreadastrangeword,lookitupindictionary  30. Youshouldfindyourownwaytodevelop  31. Tenyearsisquitealongtime  32. Thankstoyourhelp,Ihavepassedtheexam.  33. iscoveredwith  34. hidefrom  35. Whomight/may/couldbelongto  36. hadtakenmadesuch  37. numberhasincreasedto  38. Asastudentweshouldputtimetogooduse/Asastudentweshouldmakeagooduseoftime  39. Don’tletyesterdayuseuptoomuchoftoday./Neverputofftilltomorrowwhatyoucandotoday.  40. Tomcan’t gototheparty.Hehastoprepareforachemistrytest.41. 16-year-old,gaveup,study  42. havebeenherefor  43. speaknotonly,butalso  44. havewonfirstprize,in,surfingcompetition.  45. toliveinthesouth,especiallyin  46. Nomatterwhat,islike,playing  47. speakhighlyofhim,willbeproud63\n  48. havefriendsallover  49. will takeexercise  50. weekdays  51. usedtogotomovies  52. different  53. about2hours  54. Thereisnobodyinthestreetlastnight  55. Pleaseraiseyourhandifyouhavesomeproblem。  56. Doyouhaveanythinginterestingtotellme?  57. elseleftathome  58. crowedaround,thenitwascaught  59. payfor,changeshismind  60. monthalone,twothousandbooks  61. morethan/overtenmonthssince  62. sokindto.regardedheras  63. Attopofthepage,typeinthewebsite.  64. WhenIgottothecheck-out,IrealizedIhadleftmypurseathome.  65. Pleasetellmewhetherit’safasttrain.  66. HainanIslandistheplacetobe,whetherit’ssummerorwinter.  67. Ihaveabeautifulsisterwithbigeyes.  68. either,or  69. bought,though/although  70. Howabout63\n  71. takeoff  72. byplane/air  73. Sheisveryweakandsheoftencatchscold.  74. Excuseme,howcanIgettotherailwaystation?  75. soldverywell  76. Thepriceof,atleast  77. writtenlanguage,both,and  78. Intheolddays,as  79. Itissaidthat,beento  80. knockeddown  81. soonerorlater63
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