高中英语语法详解

高中英语语法详解

一．时态：一般现在时，现在进行时，一般过去时，现在完成时，一般将来时，过去进行时，过去完成时，过去将来时1.一般现在时表示一般性，经常性的动作或一般性事实。u      含有be动词的句子Heisateacher.Thegirlisverybeautiful.TimandJackarestudents.★变疑问句将be动词移到句首Isheateacher?Isthegirlverybeautiful?AreTimandJackstudents?★变否定句在be动词后面加notHeisnotateacher.Thegirlisnotverybeautiful.TimandJackarenotstudents.★肯定回答及否定回答Yes,heis.No,heisnot.Yes,sheis.No,sheisnot.Yes,theyare.No,theyarenot.u      不含有动词的句子，即含有一般动词的句子第三人称单数及单数名词Helikesbooks.Shelikeshim.Thedoglikesbones.★变疑问句在句首加does,动词变为原型Doeshelikebooks?Doesshelikehim?Doesthedoglikebones?★变否定句在主语及动词之间加doesn’t,动词变为原型Hedoesn’tlikebooks.Shedoesn’tlikehim.Thedogdoesn’tlikebones.★肯定回答及否定回答：Yes,hedoes.No,hedoesn’t.Yes,shedoes.No,shedoesn’tYes,itdoes.No,itdoesn’t.注意：第三人称单数形式一般在动词后面加S，不要和名词复数混淆，变否定句或疑问句时名词复数没有任何变化。其他人称及复数名词\nIwanttohaveabath.Wehavesomemeat.Thestudentslikesmartteachers.★变疑问句在句首加doDoyouwanttohaveabath?Dowehaveanymeat?Dothestudentslikesmartteachers?★变否定句在主语和动词之间加don’t.Youdon’twanttohaveabath.Wedon’thaveanymeat.Thestudentsdon’tlikesmartteachers.www.en5u.com英语无忧学习网★肯定回答及否定回答Yes,Ido.No,Idon’t.Yes,wedo.No,wedon’tYes,theydo.No,theydon’t.2.现在进行时表示现在正在进行的动作。构成：主语＋be动词＋动词的现在分词＋其它成分（现在分词的构成见附录）Wearehavinglunch.Heisreadingabook.Thedogisrunningafteracat.Theboysareswimmingacrosstheriver.★变疑问句将be动词移到句首Arewehavinglunch?Ishereadingabook?Isthedogrunningafteracat?Aretheboysswimmingacrosstheriver?★变否定句在be动词后面加notWearenothavinglunch.Heisnotreadingabook.Thedogisnotrunningafteracat.Theboysareswimmingacrosstheriver.★特殊疑问句：what,which,how,where,who,etc.疑问词＋动词＋主语＋现在分词Whatareyoudoing?Whatisshedoing?Whatisthedogdoing?(必背)没有进行时的动词表示状态，思想，感情和感觉的动词不能表示正在进行的动作1.表示感觉，感官的词see,hear,like,love,want,2.have,has当”拥有”讲时没有进行时3.一般过去时\n表示过去发生的动作或事件，常和表示过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday,lastnight,thedaybeforeyesterday,3daysago,含有be动词的句子，将动词变为过去式，am,is的过去式为was，are的过去式为wereIwasatthebutcher’s.Youwereastudentayearago.Theteacherwasverybeautifultenyearsago.★变疑问句将be动词移动到句首Wereyouatthebutcher’s?Wereyouastudentayearago?Wastheteacherverybeautifultenyearsago?★变否定句在be动词后面加notIwasnotatthebutcher’s.Youwerenotastudentayearago.Theteacherwasnotverybeautifultenyearsago.★肯定回答否定回答Yes,Iwas.No,Iwasnot.Yes,youwere.No,youwerenot.Yes,he/shewas.No,he/shewasnot.★特殊疑问句：www.en5u.com英语无忧学习网Whatdidyoudo?(必背)不含有be动词的句子，将动词变为过去式，动词过去式构成见附录Ifinishedmyhomeworkyesterday.Theboywenttoarestaurant.TheSawyerslivedatKingStreetayearago.KingStreetayearago.★变疑问句在句首加did，动词变为原型Didyoufinishyourhomeworkyesterday?Didtheboygotoarestaurant?DidtheSawyersliveatKingStreetayearago?KingStreetayearago?★变否定句在主语和动词之间加didnotIdidnotfinishmyhomeworkyesterday.Theboydidnotgotoarestaurant.TheSawyersdidnotliveatKingStreetayearago.KingStreetayearago.★肯定回答及否定回答Yes,Idid.No,Ididn’t.Yes,hedid.No,hedidn’t.Yes,theydid.No,theydidnot.4.现在完成时构成：主语+助动词have,has+过去分词用法：\n1)表示过去发生的和现在有某种联系的动作，常和just,usually,already,since等时间副词连用Ihavejusthadlunch.(饱了，不用再吃了)Hehashadacupoftea.（_______不渴了，不用再喝）Theyhavealreadyhadtheirholiday.（不能再度假了）Theboyhasalreadyreadthebook.（已经知道书的内容了，不用再看了）2)询问别人是否做过某事一般用现在完成时：Haveyoufinishedyourhomework?HaveyoubeentoBeijing?Haveheseenthefilm?3)表示开始于过去并持续到现在的动作IhavelivedinBeijingfortwentyyears.Ihaveworkedforthisschoolfor1year.4)表示一种经历，经验：去过…地方，做过…事情，经历过…事情Ihaveneverhadabath.Ihaveneverseenafilm.Ihaveneverbeentocinema.IhaveeverbeentoParis.Havebeento表示去过，havegoneto表示去了IhavebeentoLondon.(人已经回来)HehasgonetoLondon.（人还在那里）5)表示一种结果，一般不和时间副词联用Ihavelostmypen.Ihavehurtmyself.Hehasbecomeateacher.Shehasbrokenmyheart.句型变化：★变疑问句将助动词移到句首，变否定句在助动词后面加not.e.g.Haveyoulostyourpen?Ihavenotlostmypen.www.en5u.com英语无忧学习网★肯定回答及否定回答Yes,Ihave.No,Ihavenot.★特殊疑问句：Whathaveyoudone?Whathashedone?一般过去时与现在完成时的区别：凡是有明确的表示过去的时间状语的句子为过去时注意：有些动词表示的动作有一个终点，不能再延续，因此不能和表示一段时间状语连用错：I’veleftBeijingfor3days.对：IleftBeijing3daysago.Ihavebeenawayfrombeingfor3days.5.一般将来时表示将来将要发生的动作，经常和tomorrow,nextyear,thedayaftertomorrow,theyearafterthenext,infivehours’time,etc.表示将来的词联用结构：主语+助动词will+动词原形\nIwillgotoAmericatomorrow.ThepilotwillflytoJapanthemonthafterthenext.Jackwillmoveintohisnewhousetomorrowmorning.★变疑问句将助动词移到句首WillyougotoAmericatomorrow?WillthepilotflytoJapanthemonthafterthenext?WillJackmoveintohisnewhousetomorrowmorning?★变否定句在助动词后面加notIwillnotgotoAmericatomorrow.ThepilotwillnotflytoJapanthemonthafterthenext.Jackwillnotmoveintohisnewhousetomorrowmorning★肯定回答及否定回答Yes,Iwill.No,Iwillnot.Yes,he/shewill.No,he/shewillnot.Yes,hewill.No,hewillnot.★特殊疑问句：Whatwillyoudo?6.过去完成时：用法：在过去的时间里，两个动作中，发生在前的哪个动作要用过去完成时。结构：had+过去分词Aftershehadfinishedherhomework,shewentshopping.TheyhadsoldthecarbeforeIaskedtheprice.ThetrainhadleftbeforeIarrivedatthestation.After/before引导的时间状语从句放在句首要在句子后面加逗号，如果放在主句后则不用加。★变疑问句将助动词移到句首Hadshefinishedherhomework?★变否定句在助动词后面加notShehadn’tfinishedherhomework.★肯定回答及否定回答Yes,shehad.No,shehadn’t.★特殊疑问句：Whathadshedone?7.过去进行时表示过去正在进行的动作,经常用在when,while,as引导的状语从句中。结构：was/were+doingWhenmyhusbandwasgoingintothediningroomthismorning,hedroppedsomecoinsonthefloor.Whilewewerehavingdinner,myfatherwaswatchingTV.www.en5u.com英语无忧学习网8．过去将来时结构：woulddoShesaidshewouldgoherethenextmorning.一．特殊句型：therebe句型，begoingto结构1.Begoingto结构\n表示打算，准备，计划做某事★结构：主语+be动词+goingto+动词原型Iamgoingtomakeabookcase.Theyaregoingtopaintit.Thefatherisgoingtogivethebookcasetohisdaughter.★变疑问句将be动词移到句首Areyougoingtomakeabookcase?Aretheygoingtopaintit?Isthefathergoingtogivethebookcasetohisdaughter?★变否定句在be动词后面加notIamnotgoingtomakeabookcase.Theyaregoingtopaintit.Thefatherisnotgoingtogivethebookcasetohisdaughter.★肯定回答及否定回答Yes,Iam.No,Iamnot.Yes,theyare.No,theyarenot.Yes,heis.No,heisnot.★特殊疑问句Whatareyougoingtodo?Whataretheygoingtodo?Whatisthefathergoingtodo?(必背)2.Therebe句型表示哪里有什么东西(某处有某物)u      Thereis＋单数名词＋表示场所的词（一般为介词词组）Thereisabookinthisroom.Thereisapenonthetableu      Thereare＋复数名词＋表示场所的词（一般为介词词组）Therearetwopensonthetable.Therearethreeschoolsthere.★变疑问句将be动词移到句首Isthereabookinthisroom?Aretheretwopensonthetable?★变否定句在动词后面加notThereisnotabookinthisroom.Therearenottwopensonthetable.★肯定回答及否定回答Yes,thereis.No,thereisnot.Yes,thereare.No,therearenot.一．问句：一般疑问句，特殊疑问句，选择疑问句，反意疑问句，选择疑问句，否定疑问句²       一般疑问句:助动词/be动词+主语\nAreyouateacher?Doyouwanttohaveacupoftea?²       特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+一般疑问句Whatisyourname?²       选择疑问句:orDoyouwantbeeforlamb?²       反意疑问句:肯定陈述句+否定疑问部分，否定陈述部分+肯定疑问部分Youdon’tneedthatpen,doyou?²       否定疑问句:一般疑问句+否定词Aren’tyoulucky?Don’tyouwanthavearest?二．冠词用法：a/an/the的一般用法详细见笔记三．限定词：some,any,many,much²       some,any修饰可数名词或不可数名词，some用于肯定句，any用于否定句和疑问句，注意，当期待对方的答案为肯定回答时用some²       many修饰可数名词，much修饰不可数名词，在口语中表示很多一般不用many,much,而用alotof,在否定句中表示很多用many,much.Ihavealotofmoney.Idon’thavemuchmoney.四．名词：种类，复数，名词所有格1．名词分为可数名词和不可数名词²       不可数名词无法分开的东西：water,tea,bread,milk,rice（米）抽象的东西：love,beauty,coldness（寒冷）不可数名词有以下特点：l        不能用a,an修饰l        不能加sl        和单数be动词或动词搭配²       可数名词：单数可数名词要用冠词修饰，复数可数名词要在名词后面加s,名词复数共有以下几种变化：规则变化的名词复数形式规则1一般情况+se.g.shell→shellsbook→books\n规则2以s,x,ch,sh结尾+ese.g.fox→foxeschurch→churches,bus→buses,watch→watches规则3以o结尾+s或+ese.g.potato→potatoes,Negro→Negroes,hero→heroes,tomato→tomatoes，（口诀：黑人英雄爱吃土豆和西红柿），剩下一般加s,radio→radios规则4以f,fe结尾的，变f,fe为vese.g.life→liveshalf→halves,shelf→shelves,city→cities,wife→wives规则5以辅音字母+y结尾,变y为i+ese.g.sky→skiesfly→flies不规则变化的名词复数形式单数manwomanfootgoosetooth复数menwomenfeetgeeseteeth单数childsheepdeermousefish复数childrensheepdeermicefish五．介词(注意总结书上词组)六．副词：用法及形容词变副词的变化u      副词可以修饰形容词，动词，副词或整个句子。如：Thebookisverygood.Herunsfast.\nShecameherequiteearly.CertainlyIwillgowithyou.u      变化：1．直接在形容词后加-ly,careful-carefully,slow-slowly,2．以辅音字母加y结尾的形容词，把y变I,加-ly,happy-happily,lucky-luckily3．有些词形容词和副词的形式相同，不需要做任何变化fast,hard,late4．有些词加上-ly后意思与原词相差很远：neary-nearly,high-highly,late-lately,一．情态动词的使用：can,must,may,might,need,1．情态动词can（能够）,must（必须）,may（可以）结构：主语+can/must/may+动词原型Hecanmakethetea.Sallycanairtheroom.WecanspeakEnglish.★变疑问句将情态动词移到句首Canhemakethetea?CanSallyairtheroom?CanwespeakEnglish?★变否定句在情态动词后面加notHecannotmakethetea.Sallycannotairtheroom.WecannotspeakEnglish.★肯定回答及否定回答Yes,hecan.No,hecannot.Yes,shecan.No,shecannot.Yes,wecan.No,wecannot.★特殊疑问句：Whatcanyoudo?(必背)注意：情态动词的句子没有第三人称单数的变化，不要在情态动词或动词后面加S。2．Must/haveto的区别must表示必须，是主观上觉得应该做，haveto是不得不，是由于客观条件逼迫的必要要做must只能用在表示现在和将来的句子里，而havetodo可以用在任何时态3．must,may,might表示猜测：u      mustdo表示对现在事实的猜测u      musthavedone表示对过去事实的猜测\nu      musthavebeendoing表示对过去正在进行的事实的猜测u      may/mightdo,may/mighthavedone表示没有任何事实依据的猜测，might的可能性更小。u      can’t/couldn’t表示不可能4．need用法：u      表示“需要”时为实意动词，后面可以加名词，也可以加不定式：Ineedapen.Doyouneedanybeer?No,Idon’t.Ineedtohavearest.u      Needdoing=needtobedone，表示被动Theflowersneedwatering.u      Need在否定时做情态动词使用Youneedn’tgosoearly.=Youdon’tneedtogosoearly.MustIcleanthedeskrightnow?No,youneedn’t.一．不定代词及不定副词：Ilookedformybookeverywhere,butIcan’tfinditanywhere.Ifyouwantgosomewhere,ifyouwanttobesomeone,youmustwakeup.Help!Somebody?Anybody?Someanynoeverythingsomethinganythingnothingeverythingonesomeoneanyoneanythingeveryonewheresomewhereanywhereanywhereeverywherebodysomebody\nanybodynobodyeverybodyYouarereallysomething.Sinceeverybodyishere,let’sbeginourclass.Wheredidyougo?Iwentnowhere.Nobodyisathome.Ihavenothingleft.二．感叹句：u      What+名词+主语+谓语Whatabeautifulgirlsheis!u      How+形容词+主语+谓语Howbeautifulthegirlis!三．祈使句：l        第二人称：l        let+其他人称代词l        祈使句的否定，加don’tl        反意疑问祈使句（第二人称）祈使句表示请求，命令，建议，邀请等，谓语动词一律用原型，句子中通常不用主语，句末用惊叹好或者句号，用降调。★肯定句动词原型例，Comehere,please.Godownstairs,please.Standup.Sitdown.Bequiet.Becareful.祈使句中如果有唤语，一定要用逗号隔开，放在句首或者句尾Comein,Amy.Sitdownhere,Tom.Mary,givemeabookplease.★否定：Don't+动词原型Don'tcomehere.Don’tsitdown.Don’tstandup.Don’tgivemeit.letsb.doLetmepass.Letushavearest.Let’shavearest.(反意疑问)：\nLet’shaveawalkalongtheriver,shallwe?www.en5u.com英语无忧学习网Letusgooutforadrink,willyou?四．倒装句：so/neither的倒装eg.Hecanswim.SocanI.Ididn’tgotoclass.NeitherdidI.结构：so/neither+be+主语so/neither+助动词+主语so/neither+情态动词+主语一般现在时,do,does/am,is,are现在进行时,am,is,are一般过去时,did现在完成时,have,has一般将来时,will,shall,过去进行时，was,were过去完成时，had过去将来时,would五．直接引语/间接引语如果引语的主句所用动词为过去时，那么间接引语要做相应变化：时态，人称，时间地点及指示词u      时态变化：一般现在时——一般过去时现在进行时——过去进行时一般过去时——过去完成时现在完成时——过去完成时一般将来时——过去将来时begoingto——was/weregoingto/wouldcan----------------couldmay---------------mightu      时间地点及指示词的变化：here—there,tomorrow—thenextday,thefollowingday,this—that…u      人称变化：根据句意改变人称。六．直接宾语/间接宾语主语＋及物动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语直接宾语是及物动词的直接对象，间接宾语是及物动词的动作所涉及的人或事务，也可以说间接宾语表示动作是对谁做的，或者是为谁做的。所以间接宾语要用名词或者宾格代词来担当。Hegivesmeabook.me间接宾语,abook直接宾语直接宾语和间接宾语的位置调换时要加一个介词to或for主语＋及物动词＋直接宾语＋介词+间接宾语\nGivemeabook.Givethebooktome.Sendhisaletter.Sendalettertohim.Showhimthenewdress.Showthenewdresstohim.一．从句：宾语从句，定语从句（限定性），表语从句，状语从句（if引导的真实条件句）u      宾语从句：如果宾语从句的主句中的动词为过去时，那么宾语从句中的时态要和主句统一；如果宾语从句为疑问词引导，那么语序要用陈述语序，即主语在前，动词在后。u      定语从句：u      表语从句：u      状语从句（if引导的真实条件句）：主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时Whatwillyoudoifyouwinalotofmoney?Ifitrainstomorrow,Iwillstayathome.二．动词不定式做宾语及宾语补语的用法(详细用法请见NECII)结构：todo,用法：可以做除谓语以外的所有成分，语法上称之为非谓语动词。做宾语：在一些动词后常用不定式做宾语，例如：want,like,ask,try…做宾补：wantsb.todo,asksb.todo,likesb.todo…附录：代词及be动词名词复数动词的第三人称单数形式动词现在分词动词过去式过去式的读音形容词的比较级形容词和副词的最高级第一人称\n第二人称第三人称代词及be动词单数复数单数复数单数复数主格Iweyouyoushe/he/itthey宾格meusyouyouher/him/itthem代词所有格myouryouryourher/his/itstheir名词性代词mineoursyoursyourshers/his/itstheirsbe动词现在时Amareareareisbe动词过去时\nwaswerewerewerewaswere名词的复数规则变化的名词复数形式规则1一般情况+se.g.shell→shellstoy→toys规则2以s,x,ch,sh结尾+ese.g.fox→foxeschurch→churches规则3以o结尾s或+ese.g.radio→radiospotato→potatoes规则4以f,fe结尾的，变f,fe为vese.g.life→liveshalf→halves规则5以辅音字母+y结尾,变y为i+ese.g.sky→skiesstudy→studies动词的第三人称单数形式规则1一般情况+se.g.like—likes,look--looks规则2以s,x,ch,sh结尾+ese.g.do—does,catch--catches规则5以辅音字母+y结尾,变y为i+ese.g.carry—carries,fly--flies动词现在分词规则一一般动词加-inge.g.look—looking,read—reading,play—playing规则二以不发音的字母结尾的单词去e加-inge.g.make—making,take—taking,arrive—arriving规则三重读闭音节词结尾，即单词中只有一个元音字母，其后紧跟一个辅音字母的词，双写辅音字母再加-inge.g.run—running,sit—sitting,get—getting,swim—swimming,stop--stopping\n动词过去式规则动词变化规则一一般动词加-ede.g.look—looked,watch—watched,play--played规则二以e结尾的加-de.g.make—maked,arrive--arrived规则三以辅音字母加结尾的变y为i加-edcry—cried,carry-carried规则四重读闭音节词结尾，即单词中只有一个元音字母，其后紧跟一个辅音字母的词，双写辅音字母再加-edstop—stopped,过去式的读音在清辅音后面（除外）读/t/e.g.walked,jumped在浊辅音和元音后读/d/e.g.washed,watched在/t/，/d/后读/id/e.g.waited,hated形容词和副词的比较级www.en5u.com英语无忧学习网规则一一般加-ere.g.high—higher规则二以结尾加-rnice—nicer规则三以辅音字母加y结尾，变y为i再加-erbusy—busier,比较级规则四重读闭音节结尾，双写辅音字母再加-erfat—fatter,形容词和副词的最高级规则一一般加-este.g.high—highest规则二以结尾加-stnice—nicet\n规则三以辅音字母加y结尾，变y为i再加-estbusy—busiest最高级规则四重读闭音节结尾，双写辅音字母再加--estfat—fattest常见缩写：is=’sIam=I’mare=’reisnot=isn’t/iznt/arenot=aren’t/a:nt/donot=don’tdoesnot=doesn’twas=’sdidnot=didn’tcannot=can’thave=’vehas=’shavenot=haven’thasnot=hasn’twill=’llwillnot=won’tshallnot=shan’twww.en5u.com英语无忧学习网__