高中英语-语法

高中英语-语法

简单句句型结构\n主--系--表Supermanisahero.Supermanisagreathero.Supermanispowerful.Supermanisverypowerful.Supermanlookscool.\n系动词\n1）状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有be一词。Heisateacher.Wewerechildren.Whathesaidwastrue.\n2）持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep,remain,stay,lie,stand。Healwayskeptsilentatmeeting.Thismatterremainedamystery.\n3）感官系动词感官系动词主要有feel,smell,sound,tasteseem,appear,look。Thiskindofclothfeelssoft.Thisflowersmellsverysweet.Heseemsverysad.\n4）变化系动词这些系动词表示主语变成什么样，变化系动词主要有become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run.Hebecamemadafterhisfatherdied.Shegrewrichwithinashorttime.\n5）终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove,turnout,表达“证实”，“变成”之意。Theresearchproveddifficult.Hisplanturnedoutasuccess.\n主—谓（不及物动词）Wetalked.WetalkedinEnglish.Wetalkedhappily.Wetalkedyou.Wetalkedtoyou.我们与你谈话。Wetalkedaboutyou.我们谈关于你的事。Wetalkedofyou.我们说起你。\n主--谓（及物动词）--宾Imissyou.Wewillcallyou.主--谓--宾--宾语补足语WewillcallyouKitty.Wemadeyouthepresident.HisparentswantTommytobehonest.Ifindtheworkdifficult.Don’tconsiderhimabadman.\n主--谓--间宾--直宾Iwrotealetter.Iwrotehimaletter.Mom,couldyoubuyabike?Mom,couldyoubuymeabike?区分：ShallIcallyouKitty?ShallIcallyouataxi?宾补直宾\nEXERCISES\nThebicycleseemsnice.Thebrandnewbicycleseemsverynice.Wesawamovie.Wesawanexcitingmovieyesterday.Thetwinslivehere.Thetwinsliveinabigcity.主系表定语状语主谓宾定语状语主谓(不及物)+状语定语\nDon’ttellthetruth.Don’ttellhimthetruth.Isawanangel.Isawanangelsmiling.Isawanangelsmilinginthesky.Isawabeautifulangelsmilinginthesky.(主)谓宾间接宾语主谓宾宾语补足语状语定语\nTheangelgavemeasmile.Suddenly,theangelgavemeabigsmile.Eatingastrawberryisanexperience.Whathesaidsoundscrazy.Idon’tknowwhat’sinhisstupidmind.主谓+双宾状语定语主系表主系表主谓宾\n１．主语：主语是在句子中说明全句中心主题的部分．一般由名词，代词，不定式，动名词或从句充当．它的位置一般在句首．Thegirlispretty.Readingisuseful.Toseeistobelieve.Theyaregoodfriends.Whetherwecanfinishthejobisstillunknown.\n谓语：谓语说明主语做什么，是什么，怎么样，由简单动词或者动词短语构成．Theyareteachers.Shelookswell.Hestudieshard.Helaughedathisclassmates.HecanspeakEnglish.\n{False:Heissendingnow.Right:Heissendingaletternow.1)及物动词后面必须跟宾语意义才完整的实义动词，叫做及物动词(transitiveverb)。如：Ibelievethatthecommitteewillconsideroursuggestion.我相信委员会将会考虑我们的建议。“HowlongcanIkeepthebook?”Harryasked.哈里问：“这本书我可以借多久?”Dr.Bethunesetusagoodexample.白求恩大夫给我们树立了好榜样。Crudeoilcontainsmanyusefulsubstances.原油含有许多有用的物质。及物动词与不及物动词\n2)不及物动词本身意义完整后面不须跟宾语的实义动词，叫做不及物动词(intransitiveverb)。如：Birdsfly.鸟会飞。IthappenedinJune1932.这件事发生于一九三；年六月。Mywatchstopped.我的表停了。Shespokeatthemeetingyesterdayevening.她在昨天晚上的会上发了言\n3)兼作及物动词和不及物动词:英语里有不少实义动词可以兼作及物动词和不及物动词。这样的动词又有两种不同的情况：a)兼作及物动词和不及物动词时，意义不变。试比较：ShallIbeginatonce?我可以立刻开始吗?(begin作不及物动词)Shebeganworkingasalibrarianaftersheleftschool.她毕业后当图书馆管理员。(began作及物动词)WhendidtheyleaveChicago?他们是什么时候离开芝加哥的？(leave作及物动词)Theyleftlastweek.他们是上周离开的。(left作不及物动词)b)兼作及物动词和不及物动词时，有时意义不尽相同。如：Washyourhandsbeforemeals.饭前要洗手。Doesthisclothwashwell?这布经得起洗吗?\n总而言之，一个动词后面如果可以接宾语就是及物动词。如果后面不可以接宾语就是不及物动词。在英语中绝大部分动词，既可以用做及物动词，也可以用做不及物动词,绝对及物或不及物的动词是很少的。如:HestudiesEnglishveryhard.(study后有宾语English所以是及物动词)Hestudieshard.(study后没有宾语所以是不及物动词)TheyhavereachedBeijing.(reach是绝对及物的动词，所以后面一定接宾语)Whenwillyougothere?(go是绝对不及物的动词，后面不可以接名词或代词，只可以接副词。如果要接名词或者代词的话，要使用介词)如:Whenwillyougotoschool?\n表语：表语说明主语是什么，或者怎么样，由名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，不定式，动名词，短语，或者从句充当．表语位于系动词后面．Iamateacher.Sheishappy.Everybodyishere.Theyareathomenow.MyjobistoteachEnglish.Seeingisbelieving.\n系动词系动词亦称联系动词（LinkVerb），作为系动词，它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语（亦称补语），构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。说明：有些系动词又是实义动词，该动词表达实义时，有词义，可单独作谓语，例如：Hefellillyesterday.他昨天病了。（fell是系动词，后跟补足语，说明主语情况。）Hefellofftheladder.他从梯子上摔下来。fell是实义动词，单独作谓语。\n1）状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，例如：Heisateacher.他是一名教师。（is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。）2）持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep,rest,remain,stay,lie,stand,例如：Healwayskeptsilentatmeeting.他开会时总保持沉默。Thismatterrestsamystery.此事仍是一个谜。\n3）表像系动词用来表示"看起来像"这一概念，主要有seem,appear,look,例如：Helookstired.他看起来很累。Heseems(tobe)verysad.他看起来很伤心。4）感官系动词感官系动词主要有feel,smell,sound,taste,例如：Thiskindofclothfeelsverysoft.这种布手感很软。Thisflowersmellsverysweet.这朵花闻起来很香。\n5）变化系动词这些系动词表示主语变成什么样，变化系动词主要有become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run.例如：Hebecamemadafterthat.自那之后，他疯了。Shegrewrichwithinashorttime.她没多长时间就富了。\n6）终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove,turnout,表达"证实"，"变成"之意，例如：Therumorprovedfalse.这谣言证实有假。Thesearchproveddifficult.搜查证实很难。Hisplanturnedoutasuccess.他的计划终于成功了。（turnout表终止性结果）\n宾语宾语是动作，行为的对象，由名词，代词，短语，不定式，动名词，从句充当．它和及物动词一起说明主语做了什么，在谓语之后．Sheplaysthepiano.Heoftenhelpsme.IlikewatchingTV.Shelikestogotoshopthisafternoon.Ithinkthatheisgoodguy.\n宾语补足语在英语中，有些句子只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思，还必须在宾语后面家上宾语补足语才能表达完整的意思．它起补充说明宾语干什么，怎么样的作用．它可以由名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，不定式，现在分词和过去分词充当．Leavethedooropen.WefoundJohnoutwhenwearrived.Makeyourselfathome.Isawhimenterthehall.Thebosskeepsthemworkingallday.Iheardmynamecalled.\n状语状语用来修饰动词，形容词或副词．它表示行为发生的时间，地点，目的，方式，程度．一般由副词，介词短语，不定式或相当于副词的词或短语充当，也可由从句来充当．Hediditcarefully.Withouthishelp,wecouldn’tworkitout.Inordertocatchupwithmyclassmates,Imuststudyhard.IwasbornonJune9th1982inGuangxi.Heiswritingwithapen.\n定语定语用来修饰名词或代词．形容词，代词，数词，名词，介词短语，不定式，动名词，分词，从句都可以充当定语．Theblackbikeismine.What’syourname?Abrokenvase.Ihave5books.Asleepingboy.Theymadepaperflowers.TheboyintheroomisJack.Ihavesomethingtodo.Itisaswimmingpool.\n一)挑出下列句中的宾语①Mybrotherhasn'tdonehishomework.②PeopleallovertheworldspeakEnglish.④Howmanynewwordsdidyoulearnlastclass?⑤Someofthestudentsintheschoolwanttogoswimming,howaboutyou?⑥Theoldmansittingatthegatesaidhewasill.\n(二)挑出下列句中的表语--Theoldmanwasfeelingverytired.--Theleaveshaveturnedyellow.--SoonTheyallbecameinterestedinthesubject.\n(三)挑出下列句中的定语1.Whatisyourgivenname?2.Iamafraidsomepeopleforgottosweepthefloor.3.Themandownstairswastryingtosleep.4.Iamwaitingforthesoundoftheothershoe!\n(四)挑出下列句中的宾语补足语①Shelikesthechildrentoreadnewspapersandbooksinthereading-room.②Heaskedhertotaketheboyoutofschool.③Shefounditdifficulttodothework.④TheycallmeLilysometimes.⑤IsawMrWanggetonthebus.\n(五)挑出下列句中的状语①Therewasabigsmileonherface.②Everynightheheardthenoiseupstairs.③HebegantolearnEnglishwhenhewaseleven.④Themanonthemotorbikewastravelingtoofast.\n⑤Withthemedicineboxunderherarm,MissLihurriedoff.⑥Shelovesthelibrarybecauseshelovesbooks.⑦Iamafraidthatifyou'velostit,youmustpayforit.⑧ThestudentsfollowedUncleWangtoseetheothermachine.\n划分句子成分Youwilltellyourfriendthatyou’vegottoschool.Butasthemoongavefartoomuchlight,Ididn’tdareopenawindow.3.Anothertimefivemonthsago,Ihappenedtobeupstairsatduskwhenthewindowwasopen.4.Thedark,rainyevening,thewind,thethunderingcloudsheldmeentirelyintheirpower.\n1.Youwilltell（your）friendthatyou’vegottoschool.2.But[asthemoongavefartoomuchlight],Ididn’tdareopenawindow.3.[Anothertimefivemonthsago],IhappenedtobeUpstairs[atdusk](whenthewindowwasopen).4.The(dark,rainy)evening,thewind,thethunderingCloudsheldme[entirely]intheirpower.主语谓语间宾定语直接宾语原因状语主语谓语宾语时间状语时间状语主语谓语状语宾语\nHOMEWORK一、翻译下列句子，并在系动词下划线。1.Fiveandfiveisten.2.Hisfatherisin.3.Thepictureisonthewall.4.Mywatchisgone/missing/lost.5.Thequestioniswhethertheywillcome.6.Itsoundsagoodidea.7.Tomlooksthin.8.Thefoodsmellsdelicious.9.NowIfeeltired.10.Thedoorremainsopen.\n二、翻译下列句子，并划出定语。1.Mr.Zhangisachemistryteacher.2.Heisourfriend.Webelongtothethirdworld.3.Hewasadvisedtoteachthelazyboyalesson.4.Themanoverthereismyoldfriend6.TheboysplayingfootballareinClass2.7.Thetreesplantedlastyeararegrowingwellnow.8.Ihaveanideatodoitwell.9.YoushoulddoeverythingthatIdo.10.Thebookwhosecoverisredismine.