高中英语语法

高中英语语法

高中重点语法讲析冠词，代词和介词动词的时态和语态某些动词的固定用法非谓语动词虚拟语气倒装句主谓一致定语从句名词性从句情态动词独立主格结构倒装句（标有符号“”为A级考试重点句法）\n主谓一致----指导原则:1.语法一致原则(主,谓语在单,复数上的一致)2.意义一致原则(谓语取决于主语的单,复数意义)3.就近原则(谓语决定于最靠近它的词语n.的单,复数形式)\n语法一致原则:Eg:Manygirlswanttobuy.Everygirlwantstobuy.\n意义一致原则:1可单可复1.1集合名词:family,crew,people,staff,all,etc.用作整体,谓语用单数;用作个体,谓语用复数.Eg:Myfamilypoor.Myfamilykindlytoothers.1.2glasses,trousers,shorts(短语),如果之前无单位词而单独使用,谓语动词用复数;否则用单数.Eg:Mytrousersblack.Onepairofscissorsnotenough.1.3thenumberof谓语用单数;anumberof谓语用复数.isareisare\n1.4关系分句中的主谓一致问题1)在“oneof+复数名词+关系分句”结构中,分句的谓语动词常用复数.Eg.I’moneofthosepeoplewhoveryhappynow.2)如果此结构前有“the”或“theonly”等限定词或强调词时,关系分句的谓语动词形式依one而定,用单数.Eg.Heistheonlyoneofthoseboyswhowillingtohelpthelittlegirl.1.5主语+asmushas/ratherthan/morethan/nolessthan,谓语动词形式视主语本身单复数而定.(考点:通常该主语是单数第三人称,所以谓语用单数)Eg.Hisbrotherratherthanhisparentstoblame.Myhusband,,morethananyoneelseinthefamily,anxioustogothereagain.areisisis\n1.6主语+aswellas/inadditionto/with/alongwith/togetherwith/execpt,谓语动词形式随主语本身而定.(考点:通常主语是单数第三人称,所以谓语用单数)Eg.Thefather,aswellashisson,goingtotravel.2.单数2.1以-ics结尾的学科名称后,谓语用作单数.诸如:physics(物理学);mathematics(数学);mechanics(机械学);politics(政治学)等.Eg.Thefather,aswellashisson,goingtotravel.2.2固定名词theUnitedStates,theUnitedNations等做主语,谓语动词用单数.isis\n2.3Manya+单数名词,随后的谓语动词用单数;morethanone(语法一致原则),谓语动词用单数.Eg.Manyastudentthatmistakebefore.AhadmadeBhasbeenmadeChavemadeDhasmade2.4数量词(表距离,金额,重量,时间等复数名词),谓语动词用单数.Eg.Sixmonthsistooshortatimeforme.Twentymilesisalongwaytocover.2.5名词性分句做主语,(what,who,why,how,whether等引导的),谓语动词用单数.Eg.Whatcausedtheaccidentisacompletemestery.2.6不定式和动名词做主语,谓语动词用单数.D\n就近原则3.1遇到or,nor,either…or…,neither…nor…,notonly…butalso…等,谓语动词采用“就近原则”.Eg.Eithermyfatherormybrotherscoming.Eithermybrothersormyfathercoming.3.2therebe的存在句型中,主谓一致采用“就近原则”Eg.Therethreeapplesandoneorangeonthedesk.Thereoneorangeandthreeapplesonthedesk.isareareis\n定语从句(限定性定从&非限定性定从)1)限定性定语从句中,定语从句和它的先行词所指意义之间的联系不可分割,若少了它,则不能表达所需的确切含义.Eg.Successbelongstothosestudentswhoworkhardatordinarytimes.2)非限定性定语从句和它的先行词之间的联系则较松散,只是对先行词提供一些补充说明.因此,若省去该从句,不至于影响先行词所指的主要意义.它和主句之间常用逗号分开,引导词不可用that,常用关系代词which,who,as以及关系副词when和where引导.Eg.Wewillputoffthesportsmeetuntilnextweek,whentheweathermaybebetter.Ashasbeenstated,metalshavemanygoodproperties.\n1.带前置词的定语从句2.名词(代词或数词)+of+whom/which表示部分与整体关系.3.whose引导定语从句.4.只能用that和who引导的定语从句.5.as引导的定语从句.6.but引导的定语从句.7.一种较特殊的定语从句句式.8.同位语从句\n定语从句(theAttributiveClause)madebyW.X.F一.定语从句的功用和结构在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。被定从句修饰的词叫做先行词(antecedent)。定语从句必须放在先行词之后。引导定语从句的关联词有关系代词(relativepronoun)和关系副词(relativeadverb)。例如：Thisisthepresentthathegavemeformybirthday.Doyouknoweverybodywhocametotheparty?IstillrememberthenightwhenIfirstcametothevillage?ThisistheplacewhereChairmanMaooncelived.\n二.关系代词和关系副词的功用关系代词和关系副词用来引导定语从句，在先行词和定语从句之间起纽带作用，使二者联系起来。关系代词和关系副词又在定语从句中充当一个成分。关系代词做主语，宾语，定语；关系副词可作状语。1.作主语：关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词的人称和数须和先行词一致。例如：Idon’tlikepeoplewhotalkmuchbutdolittle.ThecarswhichareproducedinHubeiProvincesellverywell.2.作宾语：SheisthepersonthatImetattheschoolgateyesterday.Thebookthatmygrandmothergavemeiscalled“TheGreatEscape”.\n3.作定语关系代词whose在定语从句中作定语用。例如：What’sthenameoftheyoungmanwhosesisterisadoctor?Thegirlwhosefatherisateacherstudiesveryhard.4.作状语I’llneverforgetthedaywhenIfirstcametoBeijing.ThisisthehousewhereIwasborn.三.各个关系代词和关系副词的具体用法1.who指人，在定语从句中作主语。例如：Thepersonwhobrokethewindowmustpayforit.Theboywhoiswearingtheblackjacketisveryclever.\n2.whom指人，在定语从句中作宾语。例如：Doyouknowtheyoungman(whom)wemetatthegate？Mr.Lee(whom)youwanttoseehascome.3.whose指人或物，在定语从句中作定语。e.g.Thegirlwhosemotherisillisstayingathometoday.IknowthebookwhosenameisTheRedRoseisveryinteresting.注:(1)whose引导定语从句其先行词可以是人也可以是物，且应紧跟名词，构成名词短语；(2)whose在从句中与它所修饰的名词一起可作介词宾语，可以与介词一起放在先行词与从句之间;e.g.ThebossinwhosedepartmentMr.Kingworkedhadheardabouttheaccident.\n(3)whose的先行词指物时，可用ofwhich代替，但词序不同，即whose加名词=the+名词+ofwhich.e.g.Helivesintheroomwhosewindow(thewindowofwhich)facessouth.4.which指物，在定语从中作主语或宾语。例如：Adictionaryisabookwhichgivesthemeaningofwords.Hereisthebook(which)theteachermentionedyesterday.5.that多指物，有时也指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。例如：I’vereadthenewspaperthat(which)carriestheimportantnews.\nWhoisthepersonthatisreadingthenewspaperoverthere?6.when指时间，在定语从句中作状语。例如：I’llneverforgetthedayswhenweworkedonthefarm.HearrivedinBeijingonthedaywhenIleft.7.where指地点，在定语从句中作状语。例如：Thisisthehousewherewelivedlastyear.Thefactorywherehisfatherworksisintheeastofthecity.四.关系代词whom，which在定语从句中作介词宾语时，可以和介词一起放于先行词与定语从句之间，有时为了关系紧凑也可以将whom与which与先行词紧挨着书写，而将介词置于定语从句的后面，e.g.Thatwastheroominwhichwehadlivedfortenyears.=Thatwastheroomwhichwehadlivedinfortenyears.\n五.具体使用时还要注意下列问题：1.只能使用that,不用which的情况：(1)先行词是all,few,little,much,something,nothing,everything,anything等不定代词时。Allthathesaidistrue.(2)先行词被only,no,any,all,some,every,few等词修饰时.Heistheonlyforeignerthathasbeentothatplace.(3)先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰的词。Hewasthesecond(person)thattoldmethesecret.(4)先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰的词。Thisisthebestbook(that)Ihavereadthisyear.(5)先行词既包括人又包括物时。Hetalkedaboutthepeopleandthethings(that)heremembered.(6)当主语是以who或which开头的特殊问句时，须用that以避免与先行词重复。Whoistheboythatwasherejustnow?Whichofusthatknowssomethingaboutphysicsdoesnotknowthis?\n(7)当先行词在定语从句中作表语时。Thevillageisnolongertheonethatitusedtobe.2.用which，不用that的情况：(1)当关系代词前面有介词时。Azooisaparkinwhichmanyanimalsarekept.Thisisthejobatwhichtheylaughed.介词+which/whom时，不能用that和who，若介词放在从句之后不提前，则可代替，也可省略。Idon’tknowtheman(whom/who/that)youtalkedto.(=Idon’tknowthemantowhomyoutalked.)(2)在非限制性定语从中。e.g.Themotorbike,whichbelongstomehasbeenstolen.Themeetingwasputoff,whichwasexactlywhatwewanted.3)在一个句子中有两个定语从句。前一个用that的话，另一个就用which.LetmeshowyouthebookthatIboughtfromtheshopwhichisnearmyhome.\n3.As引导的定语从句as用作关系代词和关系副词引导定语从句,构成thesame…as…,such…as….,so...as等结构.Ilikethesamebookasyouhave.Ishalldoitagaininthesamewayasyoudid.Iwanttohavesuchadictionaryashehas.[注意]此处要注意定语从句和状语从句的区别.Mr.Chengaveussuchadifficultquestionasnobodyworkedout.Mr.Chengaveussuchadifficultquestionthatnobodyworkeditout.4.关系代词在从句中作主语时,从句的谓语动词的人称和数必须和先行词保持一致.Thosewhoareagainsttheplanpleasesignyournameshere.AnyonewhobreaksthelawistobepunishedTomisoneofthestudentswhowerepraisedbytheteacheryesterday.Tomistheoneofthestudentswhowaspraisedbytheteacheryesterday.\n名词性从句(主语从句,表语从句,宾语从句在主句中起相当于名词的作用,即它们在复合句中的功用和名词相同,分别做主句的主语,表语和宾语.因此这三种从句合称为名词性从句.)相同点:1)关连词相同A.主从连词:that,whether,if在从句中只起连接作用不担任成分.B.连接代词:what,which,who,whose,whatever,whichever,whoever等在句中既起连接作用同时又充当主,宾,表,定语等成分.C.连接副词:when,where,how,why在句中既起连接作用又作状语.2)三种从句均不能用逗号与主句分开.3)名词性从句一般都用陈述句的语序.\n1.主语从句2.表语从句3.宾语从句4.状语从句\n1.1主语从句的结构和用法主语从句在复合句中充当主语,主句中的动词多为系动词.经常用来引导主语从句的关联词有主从连词that(无词义),whether(是否),连接代词what(…的东西)以及连接副词等.1)有代词what引导的主从表示“…的(东西)”其句子结构相当于一个名词加上一个定语从句Eg.Whatshewantstoknowisthat.她想知道的是那一点.2)有主从连词,连接副词引导.Eg.Whetherweshallhavethemeetingremainsuncertain.我们是否开会还不能肯定.Howsheisstillaliveisbeyondus.她怎么还活着,我们实在弄不明白.3)有连词that引导Eg.Thattheworkersmanagedtodoitisafact.工人做了这项工作是事实.\n1.2用代词it做形式主语的主语从句.通常在主句的动词是连系动词的句子中,把主语从句放在句尾,把代词it(无具体意义)放在句首,作为形式上的主语,避免头重脚轻.Eg.Itremainsuncertainwhetherweshallhavethemeeting.当what引导的主语从句表示“…的东西”时及whatever,whichever等关系代词引导的主语从句一般都不用it做形式主语.这种形式的主语从句可以用主从连词that和whether引导,也可以用连接代词或连接副词引导.Eg.Itisstrangethatshedidn’tcomeyesterday.\n1.2.1it+be+名词+主语从句Eg.Itisapity(afact,anhonour,ashame,agoodnews,agoodthing,nowonder,adeplorable不幸的thing,etc.)that…1.2.2It+be+形容词+主语从句.Eg.Itisstrange(natural,true,fortunate,obvious,impossible,possible,likely,unlikely,funny,surprising,etc.)that…1.2.3It+be+过去分词+主语从句Eg.Itisreported(announced,arranged,decided,expected,stressed,etc.)that…Itisnotknown(decided…etc.)that…Itmustbepointedoutthat…Ithasbeendiscussedthat…1.2.4It+不及物动词+主语从句Eg.Ithappened(seems,turnedout,occurredtome,suddenlystruckme,etc.)that…\n2.表语从句表语从句在复合句中做表语,位于主句中的连系动词之后.常用来引导表语从句的连接词有that(有时可省略),whether,连接副词where,when,why,how以及连接代词what,还可以由asif,asthough引导.2.1有连接代词what引导.Eg.Thisiswhatwewant.2.2由主从连词that引导.Eg.Ourteacher’sideaisthatweshoulddoourhomeworkfirst.2.3由连接副词how引导.Eg.Thisishowithappened.事情是这样的。2.4有asif引导.Eg.Itlooksasifitisgoingtorain.天好象要下雨似的。\n2.5用在“Thereasonisthat…”;“Itisbecause…”或“Thisisbecause…”等句型中.Eg.ThereasonwhysheisabsentinBeijingisthatshewenttoseeherfriend.她暂时不在北京的原因是她去看朋友了。Thisisbecauseyouneglectedhisadvice.这是因为你不听他的劝告.\n3.宾语从句宾语从句做动词的宾语,其位置与陈述句基本结构的宾语相同,同时也可做介词,非限定动词(动词不定式,动名词,分词)及be+某些形容词的宾语.3.1有连词that引导的定语从句最为普通(that常被省略)Eg.Ithinkthatyouareright.此类宾语的用法一般有以下几种1)可以跟在某些动词后,这类动词有:see,say,think,insist,wish,deny,expect,agree,believe,decide,declare,explain,hear,feel,imagine,require,order.command,etc.2)不可紧跟在某些动词后,这类动词有:let,allow,admire,like,dislike,take,forgive,etc.Eg.Itakeitthatyoumustunderstandyourmother.我认为你要理解你的母亲.\n3)可作介词expect,in,but的宾语,即为:exceptthat…除了…;inthat…因为,在于;butthat…要不是,只是…Eg.Hesaidnothingexceptthathewasallright.他除了说他很好以外,别的什么都没说.4)可做形容词的宾语:be+形容词+that引导的宾语从句.Eg.Iamsurethatshewillcome.以下形容词后可跟由that引导的宾语从句:afraid,aware,anxious,certain,convinced,surprised,satisfied,proud,sorry,thankful,disappointed,sure,glad,consident,etc.3.2由连续代词what,主从连词whether,if引导的宾语从句.3.2.1用在主句的谓语动词后.\nEg.Iaskedhimifhewouldanswermyquestions.以下的动词或词组后可跟有what,whether等引导的宾语从句:ask,advise,discover,findout,imagine,inform,inquire,know,show,tell,understand,etc.3.2.2可用在介词后Eg.Weareneversatisfiedwithwhatwehaveachieved.我们不要满足于已取得的成就Jimwasnotaware(of)whatamistakehehadmade.3.2.3what引导的从句可做宾语补足语.Eg.Youmaycallmewhatyoulike.3.3由连接副词引导的宾语从句.Eg.IforgotwhenandwhereIfirstmetJane.Icantellyouhowyoucanlearnswimmingquickly.\n倒装1.省略了连接词if的虚拟条件句,且助动词或系动词为should,had,were时,将should,had,were提到主语之前.2.用于so+adj/adv.+(that)和such+(n.)+(that)引出的结果状语从句中,以加强语气.3.用于as引出的让步状语从句和比较状语从句以及“Themore…,themore…”结构.4当(and)so,(and)either(表示与上述情况同样);(and)neither,(and)nor(表示与上述情况同样不)位于句首时,需将系动词,助动词或情态动词提前,构成倒装句.(#要与所有的系动词,助动词或情态动词在形式上和时态上一致).注意:如果不是表示“与上述情况同样或同样不”,而是表示“句子内容的同意或肯定”,则不能用倒装句.\n5.当下列表示否定意义的副词或短语位于句首时,句子要倒装,以加强语气或强调:no,hardly,scarcely,seldom,barely,rarely,nolonger,notuntil,nosooner…(than),hardly(scarely,barely)…when,notonly…butalso…等或only+状语/副词/介词词组.6.当下列表示否定意义的介词短语位于句首时,句子要倒装:atnotime,innocase,bynomeans,innoway,onnoconsideration,bynostretchoftheimagination,inowise.7.当句首为here,there,now,then,hence而谓语为be,go,come等趋向动词,且主语是名词(词组)而非代词时,句子要倒装.8.疑问句,存在句,感叹句,祝愿句中的倒装句式.