初中语法复习与练习配套

初中语法复习与练习配套

初中语法复习－精挑细讲Ⅰ词类。词类英语名称意义例词名词TheNoun(缩写为n)表示人或事物的名称Basket,mouth,hospital,year,train冠词TheArticle(art)用在名词前帮助说明名词所指的人或事物a,an,the代词ThePronoun(pron)用来代替名词、形容词或数词They,his,him,mine,which,all形容词TheAdjective(adj)用以修饰名词，表示人或事物的特征Long,empty,heavy,different,cheap,hungry数词TheNumeral(num)表示数量或顺序Three,thirteen,twenty,second动词TheVerb(v)表示动作或状态Hear,write,swim,eat,borrow,sing副词TheAdverb(adv)修饰动词、形容词或其他副词Quickly,early,out,soon,then,sometimes介词ThePreposition(prep)表示名词、代词等和句中其他词的关系From,with,at,into,behind,between,for连词TheConjunction(conj)用来连接词与词、短语与短语或句与句And,or,but,so,because感叹词TheInterjection(interj)表示说话时的喜悦、惊讶等情感Oh,hey,ouch,well,there,dear（一）名词：专有名词：表示人名、月份、日期、地名等。如China,John,London,theUSA,Harbin.1．名词个体名词：表示单个的人或事物。如boat,chair,desk,apple.可数名词集体名词：表示一群人或一些事物的总称。如family,people,class,police.普通名词物质名词：表示无法分为个体的物质。如water,air,tea,sea,money,cotton.抽象名词：表示抽象概念的词。如health,help,work,friendship.不可数名词2．名词的数。可数名词有单复数，不可数名词没有单复数。3．名词的格：名词有三个格：主格（作主语）、宾格（作宾语）、和所有格。其中只有名词的所有格有形式变化。（三）形容词1．形容词的构成。简单形容词由一个单词构成。Good,long,green,large,bright,interesting,surprised,learned,developing,sleeping.复合形容词由一个以上的词构成。20-minute,second-hand,500-word,8-year-old,three-legged,round-trip,part-time,good-looking.2．形容词的用法。修饰名词作定语。Sheisabeautifulgirl.作表语。Heisverystrong.\n作宾语补足语。Letthedooropen.Youmustkeepyourclassroomclean.“定冠词＋形容词”表示一类人或物，在句子中可作主语或宾语。Weshouldspeaktotheoldpolitely.大多数形容词既可作表语又可作定语，但少数形容词只能作表语，不能作定语。如：asleep,ill,awake等。有些形容词只能作定语而不能作表语。如：many,little,wooden,golden等。3．形容词的位置。形容词通常放在它所修饰的名词的前面。Aheavybox.与表示度量的词连用，形容词要放在它所修饰词语的后面。3metrelong.12kilometeraway.与不定代词something,anything,everything,nothing等连用时，可以放在这些词之后。Somethingimportant.nothingserious.当名词前有多个形容词修饰时，一般按下面的词序排列：冠词（包括物主代词、序数词、基数词）－描述形容词（brave,beautiful）－表示形状（大小、长短、高矮）的形容词－表示年龄或新旧的形容词－表示颜色的形容词－表示国籍、出处或来源的形容词－表示材料、物质的形容词－表示用途或类别的形容词－被修饰的词。Mynicesmallbrownleatherbag.thoselargeroundblackwoodentables.4．形容词的比较级和最高级。（一般加er/est，不规则见表）原级的用法：“……和……相同”A．肯定句：A＋动词＋as＋形容词原级＋as＋B.Heisastallasme.B．否定句：A…＋notas＋形容词原级＋as＋B（即A不如B那么…）A…＋notso＋形容词原级＋as＋B=A…+less+形容词原级＋than+B.比较级的用法：A．A＋动词＋形容词的比较级＋than＋B.（A比B更…，在这种句型中，比较级前面可用much,even,still,alittle,abit,alot,any,far等修饰，表示“…得多”，“甚至…”，“更…”，“…一点儿”。B．“比较级＋and＋比较级”、“moreandmore＋部分双音节或多音节的原级”译为“越来越…”。最高级的用法：（个体用－of，范围用－in，最高级前面要用定冠词－the）A．三种最高级表示法。最高级：ShanghaiisthelargestcityinChina.比较级：ShanghaiislargerthananyothercityinChina./ShanghaiislargerthantheothercitiesinChina.原级：NoothercityisaslargeasShanghaiinChina./NoothercityislargerthanShanghaiinChina.（四）副词1．副词的种类：时间副词：often,always,usually,early,ago,already,before,ever,late,now,soon,since,tomorrow,justnow…地点副词：here,there,above,below,outside,anywhere,back,down,home,out,everywhere…方式副词：hard,well,badly,fast,slowly,angrily,simply,carefully…程度副词：very,quite,much,still,almost,little,too,enough…疑问副词：how,when,where,why…关系副词：when,where,why…（引导定语从句）连接副词：how,when,where,why,whether…频率副词：often,seldom,usually,never,sometimes,everyday,always,hardly…\n其他副词：really,certainly,surely,maybe…2．副词的用法：作状语：Hecanfinishtheworkeasily.作定语（要后置）：ThestudentsherearefromHarbin.作表语：Imustbeoffnow.作宾补，构成复合宾语：Showhimup.Isawhimoutwithmysisterlastnight.3．副词的比较级和最高级。（一般加er/est,不规则见表）副词的原级：A．as+副词的原级+as“与…一样”B．notas(so)+副词的原级+as“与…不一样”C．too+副词的原级+todosth.“太…而不能”D．so+副词的原级+that从句“如此…以致于…”E．副词的原级+enoughtodosth.“足够…能做…”副词的比较级：A．A+动词+副词比较级+than+BB．副词比较级前也可以用much,even,still,far,any,alittle,abit,alot等修饰。C．比较级＋and+比较级，表示“越来越…”，themore…themore…表示“越…就越…”D．副词的最高级前通常不加定冠词the.（五）数词1．基数词：1－1213－1920－90100－1one13thirteen20twenty100ahundred2two14fourteen21twenty-one300threehundred3three15fifteen22twenty-two1,000athousand4four16sixteen30thirty5,000fivethousand5five17seventeen40forty1,000,000amillion6six18eighteen50fifty1,000,000,000abillion7seven19nineteen60sixty8eight70seventy9nine80eighty10ten90ninety11eleven12twelve2．序数词：1-1011-1920-90100-1first1st11eleventh11th20twentieth20th100onehundredth100th2second2nd12twelfth12th21twenty-first21st103onehundredandthird103rd3third3rd13thirteenth13th30thirtieth30th134onehundredandthirty-fourth134th4fourth4th14fourteenth14th37thirty-seventh37th200twohundredth200th5fifth5th15fifteenth15th40fortieth40th1000onethousandth1,000th6sixth6th16sixteenth16th50fiftieth50th1,000,000onemillionth1,000,000th\n7seventh7th17seventeenth17th60sixtieth60th1,000,000,000onebillionth1,000,000,000th8eighth8th18eighteenth18th70seventieth70th9ninth9th19nineteenth19th80eightieth80th10tenth10th90ninetieth90th作主语：Thefirstisbetterthanthesecond.作宾语：Hewasamongthefirsttoarrive.作表语：Heisthefirsttocometoschool.作定语：Theninthletteroftheword“restaurant”is“n”./Therearethreethousandworkersinthefactory.（六）代词类别作用例词例句人称代词代替人或事物，主格作主语，宾客作宾语数格人称单数复数Iamateacher.Theyarestudents.Wealllikehim.Hegavethebooktome.一二三一二三主格IyouheSheitweyouthey宾格meyouhimHeritusyouthem物主代词形容词性只作定语，名词性可以作主、宾、表语等，表示所属关系词义类型我的你的他的她的它的我们的你们的他们的Mybookisthere.Herfatherisaworker.Thisbikeisyours,oursisbroken.形容词性myyourhisheritsouryourtheir名词词性mineyourshishersitsoursyourstheirs反身代词起强调作用，只作同位语和宾语数人称第一人称第二人称第三人称Weourselvesdidthework.Hedidtheworkbyhimself.单数myselfyourselfhimselfherselfitself复数ourselvesyourselvesthemselves相互代词表示相互关系，作宾语宾格所有格Weshouldhelpeachother.Pleasecorrecteachother’smistakes.eachother（两者相互）eachother’s（相互的）oneanother（三者或三者以上）oneanother’s（相互的）指示代词起指示作用，作定语、主语、宾语、表语等This,that,these,those,it,such,sameTakethisbooktohisroom.Mypointisthis.不定代词代替或修饰任何不定数量及不定范围的人或事物some,any,no,none,many,few,little,all,both,every,one,either,neither,other,afew,alittle,another,somebody,nobody,nothing,eachIhavesomethingtotellyou.Neitheranswerisright.who,what,whose,which,whomWhomdidyou\n疑问代词表示疑问，构成特殊问句see?关系代词引导定语从句which,that,who,whom,whoseThebookthatIlostwasnew.连接代词引导名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句）what,who,thatIknowwhatyouaredoing.That’swhatIhope.（八）介词1．介词的种类：简单介词：in,at,of,from,since,around,to…合成介词：onto,into,without,upon,within…短语介词：becauseof,infrontof,accordingto…分词介词：regarding,following,concerning…2．介词短语在句子中的作用：作定语。Iknowtheanswertothequestion.作状语。Thechildrenareplayingbasketballintheplayground.作表语。Mikeisintheclassroom.作宾语补足语。Hefoundhimselfinthemiddleoftheriver.作主语补足语。Tomwasseeninsidethecinema.3．常用介词的基本用法：表示时间的介词（at,in,on,for,since,after,by,during,before,from,to,until,within…）表示位置，方位的介词（in,at,on,to…）表示交通方式的常用介词（by,on,in…）其他一些词组搭配介词（beangrywith/at/aboutsb/sth.bestrictwith/in/sb/sth…）