2011年12月六级真题及答案

2011年12月六级真题及答案

PartIWriting　　TheWaytoSuccessPartIIReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)　　Google’splanforworld’sbiggestonlinelibrary:philanthropyoractofpiracy?　　Googlehasalreadyscanned10millionbooksinitsbidtodigitisethecontentsoftheworld’smajorlibraries,butacopyrightbattlenowthreatenstheproject,withAmazonandMicrosoftjoiningauthorsandpublishersopposedtothescheme.　　Inrecentyearstheworld’smostvenerablelibrarieshaveplayedhosttosomeincongruousvisitors.Industynooksandfar-flungstacks,teamsofworkersdispatchedbyGooglehavebeenbeaveringawaytomakedigitalcopiesofbooks.Sofar,Googlehasscannedmorethan10milliontitlesfromlibrariesinAmericaandEurope–includinghalfamillionvolumesheldbytheBodleianinOxford.Theexactmethoditusesisunclear;thecompanydoesnotallowoutsiderstoobservetheprocess.　　WhyisGoogleundertakingsuchaventure,soseeminglyout-of-kilterwithitssnazzy,hi-techimage?Whyisiteveninterestedinallthoseout-of-printlibrarybooks,mostofwhichhavebeengatheringdustonforgottenshelvesfordecades?Thecompanyclaimsitsmotivesareessentiallypublic-spirited.Itsoverallmission,afterall,isto"organisetheworld’sinformation",soitwouldbeoddifthatinformationdidnotincludebooks.LiketheAncientEgyptianswhoattemptedtobuildalibraryatAlexandriacontainingalltheknownworld’sscrolls,Googleexecutivestalkofconstructingauniversalonlinearchive,atreasuretroveofknowledgethatwillbefreelyavailable–oratleastfreelysearchable–forall.　　Thecompanylikestopresentitselfashavinglofty,utopianaspirations."Thisreallyisn’taboutmakingmoney"isamantra."Wearedoingthisforthegoodofsociety."AsSantiagodelaMora,headofGoogleBooksforEurope,putsit:"Bymakingitpossibletosearchthemillionsofbooksthatexisttoday,wehopetoexpandthefrontiersofhumanknowledge."　　DanClancy,thechiefarchitectofGoogleBooks,offersananalogywiththeinventionoftheGutenbergpress–Google’sbookproject,hesays,willhaveasimilardemocratisingeffect.Hetalksofpeopleinfar-flungpartsbeingabletoaccessknowledgeasneverbefore,ofsearchqueriesleadingthemtotheone,longout-of-printbooktheyneed.　　Andhedoesseemgenuineinhisconvictionthatthisisprimarilyaphilanthropicexercise."Google’scorebusinessissearchandfind,soobviouslywhathelpsimproveGoogle’ssearchengineisgoodforGoogle,"hesays."Butwehaveneverbuiltaspreadsheetoutliningthefinancialbenefitsofthis,andIhaveneverhadtojustifytheamountIamspendingtothecompany’sfounders."　　Itiseasy,talkingtoClancyandhiscolleagues,tobesweptalongbytheirmissionaryzeal.ButGoogle’sbook-scanningprojectisprovingcontroversial.Severalopponentshaverecentlyemerged,rangingfromrivaltechgiantssuchasMicrosoftandAmazontosmallbodiesrepresentingauthorsandpublishersacrosstheworld.Inbroadterms,theseopponentshavelevelledtwosetsofcriticismsatGoogle.　　First,theyhavequestionedwhethertheprimaryresponsibilityfordigitallyarchivingtheworld’sbooksshouldbeallowedtofalltoacommercialcompany.InarecentessayintheNewYorkReviewofBooks,RobertDarnton,theheadofHarvardUniversity’slibrary,arguedthatbecausesuchbooksareacommonresource–thepossessionofusall–onlypublic,not-for-profitnbodiesshouldbegiventhepowertocontrolthem.　　Thesecond,relatedcriticismisthatGoogle’sscanningofbooksisactuallyillegal.ThisallegationhasledtoGooglebecomingmiredinalegalbattlewhosescopeandcomplexitymakestheJarndyceandJarndycecaseinBleakHouselookstraightforward.　　Atitscentre,however,isonesimpleissue:thatofcopyright.Theinconvenientfactaboutmostbooks,towhichGooglehasarguablypaidinsufficientattention,isthattheyareprotectedbycopyright.Copyrightlawsdifferfromcountrytocountry,butingeneralprotectionextendsforthedurationofanauthor’slifeandforasubstantialperiodafterwards,thusallowingtheauthor’sheirstobenefit.(InBritainandAmerica,thispost-deathperiodis70years.)Thismeans,ofcourse,thatalmostallofthebookspublishedinthe20thcenturyarestillundercopyright–andlastcenturysawmorebookspublishedthaninallpreviouscenturiescombined.Oftheroughly40millionbooksinUSlibraries,forexample,anestimated32millionareincopyright.Ofthese,some27millionareoutofprint.　　OutsidetheUS,Googlehasmadesureonlytoscanbooksthatareoutofcopyrightandthusinthe"publicdomain"(workssuchastheBodleian’sfirsteditionofMiddlemarch,whichanyonecanreadforfreeonGoogleBooksSearch).　　But,withintheUS,thecompanyhasscannedbothin-copyrightandout-of-copyrightworks.Initsdefence,Googlepointsoutthatitdisplaysonlysnippetsofbooksthatareincopyright–arguingthatsuchdisplaysare"fairuse".Butcriticsallegethatbymakingelectroniccopiesofthesebookswithoutfirstseekingthepermissionofcopyrightholders,Googlehascommittedpiracy.　　"Thekeyprincipleofcopyrightlawhasalwaysbeenthatworkscanbecopiedonlyonceauthorshaveexpresslygiventheirpermission,"saysPiersBlofeld,oftheSheilLandliteraryagencyinLondon."Googlehasreversedthis–ithassimplycopiedalltheseworkswithoutbotheringtoask."　　In2005,theAuthorsGuildofAmerica,togetherwithagroupofUSpublishersandpublishers,launchedaclassactionsuitagainstGooglethat,aftermorethantwoyearsofwrangling,endedwithanannouncementlastOctoberthatGoogleandtheclaimantshadreachedanout-of-courtsettlement.Thefulldetailsarestaggeringlycomplicated–thetextalonerunsto385pages–andtryingtosummariseitisnoeasytask."Partoftheproblemisthatitisbasicallyincomprehensible,"saysBlofeld,oneofthesettlement’smostvocalBritishcritics.　　Broadly,thedealprovidesamechanismforGoogletoreimburseauthorsandpublisherswhoserightsithasbreached(includinggivingthemashareofanyfuturerevenueitgeneratesfromtheirworks).Inexchangeforthis,therightsholdersagreenottosueGoogleinfuture.　　ThesettlementstipulatesthatabodyknownastheBooksRightsRegistrywillrepresenttheinterestsofUScopyrightholders.AuthorsandpublisherswithacopyrightinterestinabookscannedbyGooglewhomakethemselvesknowntotheregistrywillbeentitledtoreceiveapayment–intheregionof$60perbook–ascompensation.　　Additionally,thesettlementhandsGooglethepower–butonlywiththeagreementofindividualrightsholders–toexploititsdatabaseofout-of-printbooks.Itcanincludetheminsubscriptiondealssoldtolibrariesorsellthemindividuallyunderaconsumerlicence.Itisthesecommercialprovisionsthatareprovingthesettlement’smostcontroversialaspect.　　Criticspointoutthat,bygivingGoogletherighttocommerciallyexploititsdatabase,thesettlementpavesthewayforasubtleshiftinthecompany’srolefromproviderofinformationtonseller."Google’sbusinessmodelhasalwaysbeentoprovideinformationforfree,andselladvertisingonthebasisofthetrafficthisgenerates,"pointsoutJamesGrimmelmann,associateprofessoratNewYorkLawSchool.Now,hesays,becauseofthesettlement’sprovisions,Googlecouldbecomeasignificantforceinbookselling.　　Interestinthisaspectofthesettlementhasfocusedon"orphan"works,wherethereisnoknowncopyrightholder–thesemakeupanestimated5%to10%ofthebooksGooglehasscanned.Underthesettlement,whennorightsholderscomeforwardandregistertheirinterestinawork,commercialcontrolautomaticallyrevertstoGoogle.Googlewillbeabletodisplayupto20%oforphanworksforfree,includetheminitssubscriptiondealstolibrariesandsellthemtoindividualbuyersundertheconsumerlicence.　　"ThedealhasineffecthandedGoogleaswathofintellectualcopyright.Itisamammothpotentialbooksellingmarket,"saysBlofeld.HeaddsitisnosurprisethatAmazon,whichcurrentlycontrols90%ofthedigitalbooksmarket,isbecomingworried.　　ButDanClancyofGoogledismissestheideathat,bygainingcontroloverout-of-printandorphanworks,Googleissecuringforitselfasignificantfuturerevenuestream.Hepointsoutthatout-of-printbooksrepresentonlyatinyfractionofthebooksmarket–between1%and2%."Thisideathatwearegainingaccesstoavastmarkethere–Ireallydon’tthinkthatistrue."　　JamesGleick,anAmericansciencewriterandmemberoftheAuthorsGuild,broadlyagrees.Hesaysthat,althoughGoogle’sinitialscanningofin-copyrightbooksmadehimuncomfortable,thesettlementitselfisafairdealforauthors.　　"Thethingthatneedstobeemphasisedisthatthisso-calledmarketoverwhichGoogleisbeinggivendominance–themarketinout-of-printbooks–doesn’tcurrentlyexist.That’swhythey’reoutofprint.Inreallife,Ican’tseewhatthedamageis–it’sonlygood."　　Itisbynomeanscertainthatthesettlementwillbeenacted–itisthesubjectofafairnesshearingintheUScourts.Butifitisenacted,GooglewillineffectbeoffthehookasfarascopyrightviolationsintheUSareconcerned.Manypeopleareseriouslyconcernedbythis–andthecompanyislikelytofacechallengesinothercourtsaroundtheworld.　　Overthecomingmonths,wewillhearalotmoreabouttheGooglesettlementanditsramifications.Althoughit’sasubjectthatmayseemobscureandspecialised,itconcernsoneofthebiggestissuesaffectingpublishingand,indeed,othercreativeindustries–thecontrolofdigitalrights.　　NooneknowsthepreciseuseGooglewillmakeoftheintellectualpropertyithasgainedbyscanningtheworld’slibrarybooks,andthetruth,asGleickpointsout,isthatthecompanyprobablydoesn’tevenknowitself.Butwhatiscertainisthat,insomewayoranother,Google’sentranceintodigitalbooksellingwillhaveasignificantimpactonthebookworldinyearstocome.　　1.Googleclaimsitsplanfortheworld’sbiggestonlinelibraryis_____　　A.tosaveout-of-printbooksinlibraries.　　B.toservetheinterestofthegeneralpublic　　C.toencouragereadingaroundtheworld　　D.topromoteitscorebusinessofsearching　　2.AccordingtoSantiagodelaMora,Google’sbook-scanningprojectwill　　A.helpthebroadmassesofreaders　　B.broadenhumanity’sintellectualhorizons　　C.makefulluseofthepowerofitssearchenginen　　D.revolutionisetheentirebookindustry　　3.OpponentsofGoogleBooksbelievethatdigitallyarchivingtheworld’sbooksshouldbecontrolledby_______.　　A)theworld’stechgiants　　B)theworld’sleadinglibraries　　C)non-profitorganizations　　D)multinationalcompanies　　4.4.Googlehasinvolveditselfinalegalbattleasitignored______.　　A.thecopyrightofauthorsofout-of-printbooks　　B.theinterestoftraditionalsellers　　C.thecopyrightofthebooksitscanned　　D.thedifferencesofin-printandout-of-printbooks.　　5.Googledefendsitsscanningin-copyrightbooksbysayingthat__________.　　A)makingelectroniccopiesofbooksisnotaviolationofcopyright　　B)theonlinedisplayofin-copyrightbooksisnotforcommercialuse　　C)itiswillingtocompensatethecopyrightholders　　D)itdisplaysonlyasmallpartoftheircontent　　6.WhatdowelearnabouttheclassactionsuitagainstGoogle?　　A.ItendedinavictoryfortheAuthorsGuildofAmerica.　　B.Itwassettledaftermorethantwoyearsofnegotiations.　　C.ItfailedtoprotecttheinterestofAmericanpublishers.　　D.Itcouldleadtomoreout-of-courtsettlementsofsuchdisputes.　　7.Whatremainedcontroversialaftertheclassactionsuitended?　　A.Thecompensationforcopyrightholders.　　B.ThechangeinGoogle’sbusinessmodel.　　C.Google’sfurtherexploitationofitsdatabase.　　D.Thecommercialprovisionsofthesettlement.　　8.While_______,Googlemakesmoneybysellingadvertising.　　9.Bookswhosecopyrightholdersarenotknownarecalled_______.　　10.Google’sentranceintodigitalbooksellingwilltremendously_______inthefuture.听力SectionA　　Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear8shortconversationsand2longconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,oneormorequestionswillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestiontherewillbeapause.Duringthepause,youmustreadthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD),anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.　　11.　　M:Idon’tknowwhattodo.IhavetodrivetoChicagonextFridayformycousin’swedding,butIhavegotaPsychologytesttopreparefor.　　W:Whydon’tyourecordyournotessoyoucanstudyontheway?　　Q:Whatdoesthewomansuggestthemando?n　　12.　　M:ProfessorWright,youmayhavetofindanotherstudenttoplaythisrole,thelinesaresolongandIsimplycan’trememberthemall.　　W:Look,Tony.Itisstillalongtimebeforethefirstshow.Idon’texpectyoutoknowallthelinesyet.Justkeeppracticing.　　Q:Whatdowelearnfromtheconversation?　　13.　　M:Hello,thisisDr.MartinfromtheEmergencyDepartment.Ihaveamalepatientwithafracturedankle.　　W:Oh,wehaveonebedavailableinward3,sendhimhereandIwilltakecareofhim.　　Q:Whatarethespeakerstalkingabout?　　14.　　W:SinceSimonwillgraduatethisMay,theschoolpaperneedsaneweditor.Soifyouareinterested,Iwillbehappytonominateyou.　　M:Thanksforconsideringme.Butthebaseballteamisstartingupanewseason.AndI’mafraidIhavealotonmyhands.　　Q:Whatdoesthemanmean?　　15.W:HaveyouheardthenewsthatJameSmeilhasresignedhispostasprimeminister?　　M:Well,Igotitfromtheheadlinesthismorning.It’sreportedthathemadepublicatthisdecisionatthelastcabinetmeeting.　　Q:whatdowelearnaboutJameSmeil?　　16.W:Themorningpapersaysthespaceshuttleistakingoffat10a.m.tomorrow.　　M:Yeah,it’sjustanotheroneofthisyear’sroutinemissions.Thefirstmissionwasundertakenadecadeagoandbroadcastlivethenworldwide.　　Q:whatcanweinferfromthisconversation?　　17.M:Wedoalotofcampinginthemountains.Whatwouldyourecommendfortwopeople?　　W:You’dprobablybebetteroffwiththefourrealdrivevehicle.Wehaveseveraloff-roadtrucksinstock,bothnewandused.　　Q:Wheredoestheconversationmostprobablytakeplace?　　18.W:Ihearyoudidsomeseriousshoppingthispastweekend.　　M:Yeah,thespeakersofmyoldstereofinallygaveoutandtherewasnowaytorepairthem.　　Q:Whatdidthemandoovertheweekend?　　ConversationOne　　W:Now,couldyoutellmewheretheideaforthebusinessfirstcamefrom?　　M:Well,theoriginalshopwasopenedbyaretiredprinterbythenameofGruby.MrGrubybeingleft-handedhimself,thoughtoftheideatotrytopromoteafewproductsforleft-handers.　　W:Andhowdidhethengoaboutactuallysettingupthebusiness?　　M:Well,helookedforanyleft-handedproductsthatmightalreadybeonthemarketwhichwereveryfew.Andthencontactedthemanufactureswiththeideaofhavingproductsproducedforhim,mainlyinthescissorsrangetostartwith.　　W:Right.Soyoudocommissionsomepartofyourstock.　　M:Yes,verymuchso.About75percentofourstockisspeciallymadeforus.　　W:Andtherestofit?　　M:Hmm,therestofitnow,some25,30yearsafterMr.Gruby’sinitialefforts,therearenmoreleft-handedproductactuallyonthemarket.Manufacturesarenowbeginningtoseethatthereisamarketforleft-handedproducts.　　W:Andwhat’stherangeofyourstock?　　M:Therangeconsistsofavarietyofscissorsfromchildrenscissorstoscissorsfortailors,hairdressersetc.Wealsohavealargerangeofkitchenware.　　W:What’sthecompetitionlike?Doyouhavequitealotofcompetition?　　M:Thereareotherpeopleinthebusinessnowinspecialists,butonlyasmail-orderoutlets.ButwehaveashophereincentralLondonplusamail-orderoutlet.Andwearewithoutanydoubtthelargestsupplieroftheleft-handeditems.　　Q19:Whatkindofbusinessdoesthemanengagedin?　　Q20:Whatdoesthemansayabouthisstockofproducts?　　Q21:Whatdoesthemansayaboutotherpeopleinhislineofbusiness?　　ConversationTwo　　M:Canwemakeyouanoffer?Wewouldliketorunthecampaignforfourextraweeks.　　W:well,canwesummarizetheproblemfrommypointofview?Firstofall,thecampaignwaslate.Itmissedtwoimportanttradeaffairs.Theadsalsodidnotappearintokeymagazines.Asaresult,thecampaignfailed.Doyouacceptthatsummaryofwhathappened?　　M:well,thedelaywasn’tentirelyourfault.Youdidinfactmakelatechangestothespecificationsoftheadvertisements.　　W:Uh,actually,youwerelatewiththeinitialproposalssoyouhaveverylittletimeandinfact,weonlyaskedforsmallchanges.　　M:Wellwhatever,canwerepeatouroffertorunthecampaignfor4extraweeks?　　W:That’snotreallythepoint.Thecampaignmissedtwokeytradeaffairs.Becauseofthis,weareaskingyoueithertorepeatthecampaignnextyearforfree,orweonlypay50%ofthefeeforthisyear.　　M:Couldwesuggesta20%reductiontothefeetogetherwiththefourweeksustentiontothecampaign.　　W:Wearenothappy.Welostbusiness.　　M:Ithinkwebothmademistakes.Theresponsibilityisonbothsides.　　W:Ok,let’ssuggestanewsolution.Howabouta40%cutinfee,orafreerepeatcampaign?　　M:Well,let’stakeabreak,we’renotgettingveryfar.Perhapsweshouldthinkaboutthis.　　22:Whatdowelearnabouttheman’scompany?　　23:Whywasthecampaigndelayedaccordingtotheman?　　24:Whatdoesthewomanproposeasasolutiontotheproblem?　　25:Whatdoesthemansuggesttheydoattheendoftheconversation?SectionB　　PassageOne　　TheUniversityofTennessee’sWaltersLifeSciencesbuilding,isamodelanimalfacility,spotlesslyclean,carefulinobtainingpriorapprovalforexperimentsfromananimalcarecommittee.Ofthe15,000micehousethereinatypicalyear,mostgivetheirlivesforhumanity.Thesearegoodmiceandassuchwontheprotectionoftheanimalcarecommittee.Atanygiventimehoweversomemiceescapeandrunfree.Thesemicearepests.Theycandisruptexperimentswiththebacteriaorganismstheycarry.Theyarebadmiceandmustbecapturedanddestroyed.Usually,thisisaccomplishedbymeansofstickytraps,akindofflypaperonwhichtheybecomenincreasinglystuck.Buttherealpointofthecautionarytale,saysanimalbehavioristHerzau,isthatthelabelsweputonthingscanaffectourmoralresponsestothem.Usingsticktrapsorthemoredeadlysnaptrapswouldbedeemedunacceptableforgoodmice.Yetthekillingofbadmicerequiresnopriorapproval.Oncetheresearchanimalhitsthefloorandbecomesanescapee,saysHerza,itsmoralstandardisinstantlydiminished.InHerzau’sownhome,therewasmoreironicexamplewhenhisyoungson’spetmouseWillydiedrecently,itwasaccordedatearfulceremonialburialingarden.YetevenastheymournedWilly,saysHerzau,heandhiswifeweresettingsnaptrapstokillthepestmiceintheirkitchenwiththebarechangeinlabelsfrompettopest,thekitchenmiceobtainedtotallydifferentmoralstandards　　Questions:　　26,Whatdoesthepassagesayaboutmostofthemiceusedforexperiments?　　27,Whydidtheso-calledbadmicehavetobecapturedanddestroyed?　　28,Whenaremicekilledwithoutpriorapproval?　　29,WhydoesthespeakersaywhattheHerzau’sdidathomeisironical?　　PassageTwo　　ThereareroughlythreeNewYorks.Thereis,first,theNewYorkofthemanorwomanwhowasbornhere,whotakesthecityforgrantedandacceptsitssizeanditsturbulenceasnaturalandinevitable.Second,thereistheNewYorkofthecommuter—thecitythatisswallowedupbylocustseachdayandspatouteachnight.Third,thereistheNewYorkofthepersonwhowasbornsomewhereelseandcametoNewYorkinquestofsomething.Ofthesethreetremblingcitiesthegreatestisthelast,thecityoffinaldestination,thecitythathasagoal.ItisthisthirdcitythataccountsforNewYork’shigh-strungdisposition,itspoeticaldeportment,itsdedicationtothearts,anditsincomparableachievements.Commutersgivethecityitstidalrestlessness;nativesgiveitsolidityandcontinuity;butthesettlersgiveitpassion.AndwhetheritisafarmerarrivingfromItalytosetupasmallgrocerystoreinaslum,orayounggirlarrivingfromasmalltowninMississippitoescapetheindignityofbeingobservedbyherneighbors,oraboyarrivingfromtheCornBeltwithamanuscriptinhissuitcaseandapaininhisheart,itmakesnodifference:eachembracesNewYorkwiththeintenseexcitementoffirstlove,eachabsorbsNewYorkwiththefresheyesofanadventurer,eachgeneratesheatandlighttodwarftheConsolidatedEdisonCompany.　　Questions30to32arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.　　30.WhatdoesthespeakersayaboutthenativesofNewYork?　　31.WhatdoesthespeakersaycommutersgivetoNewYork?　　32.WhatdowelearnaboutthesettlersofNewYork?　　PassageThree　　“Ifyouaskedmetelevisionisunhealthy”,IsaidtomyroommateWalter,asIwalkedintothelivingroom.“WhileyouaresittingpassivelyinfrontoftheTVset,yourmusclesareturningtofat,yourcomplexionisfading,andyoureyesightisbeingruined.”　　“Shh~”Walterputhisfingertohislips,“Thisisanintriguingmurdermystery.”　　“Really?”Ireplied.　　“Butyouknow,thebrainisdestroyedbyTVviewing.Creativityiskilledbythatbox.Andpeoplearekeptfromcommunicatingwithoneanother.Frommypointofview,TVisthecauseofthedeclininginterestinschoolandthefailureofourentireeducationalsystem.”　　“Ahha,Ican’tseeyourpoint.”Waltersaidsoftly.“Butsee?Thewomanonthewitnessnstandinthisstoryisbeingquestionedaboutthemurderthatwascommittedonehundredyearsago.”　　Ignoringhisenthusiasticdescriptionoftheplot,Iwentonwithmyargument.　　“AsIseeit,”Iexplained,“notonlyaremostTVprogramsbadlywrittenandproduced,butviewersarealsomanipulatedbythemassmedia.AsfarasIamconcerned,TVwatchersarecutofffromrealityfromnature,fromtheotherpeople,fromlifeitself!Iwasconfidentinmyabilitytopersuade.　　Afterashortsilence,myroommatesaid,“Anyway,I’vebeenplanningtowatchthefootballgame.Iamgoingtochangethechannel.”　　“Don’ttouchthatdial!”Ishouted,“Iwantedtofindouthowthemysteryturnsout!”　　IamnotsureIgotmypointtocross.　　Questions33-35arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.　　33.Asthespeakerwalkedintothelivingroom,whatwasbeingshownonTV?　　34.Whatdoesthespeakersayaboutwatchingtelevision?　　35.Whatcanwesayaboutthespeaker?SectionC　　CompoundDictation　　Inthepast,oneofthebiggestdisadvantagesofmachineshasbeentheirinabilitytoworkonamicroscale.Forexample,doctorsdidnothavedevicesallowingthemtogoinsidethehumanbodytodetecthealthproblemsortoperformdelicatesurgery.Repaircrewsdidnothaveawayofidentifyingbrokenpipeslocateddeepwithinahigh-riseapartmentbuilding.However,that’sabouttochange.Advancesincomputersandbiophysicshavestartedamicrominiaturerevolutionthatallowsscientiststoenvisionandinsomecasesactuallybuildmicroscopicmachines.Thesedevicespromisetodramaticallychangethewayweliveandwork.　　Micromachinesalreadyaremakinganimpact.AtCaseWesternReserveUniversityinCleveland,Ohio,researchscientistshavedesigneda4-inchsiliconchipthatholds700tinyprimitivemotors.AtLucasNovaSensorinFremont,California,scientistshaveperfectedtheworld’sfirstmicroscopicblood-pressuresensor.Threadedthroughaperson’sbloodvessels,thesensorcanprovidebloodpressurereadingsatthevalveoftheheartitself.　　Althoughsimpleversionsofminiaturedeviceshavehadanimpact,advancedversionsarestillseveralyearsaway.　　Automanufacturers,forexample,aretryingtousetinydevicesthatcansensewhentoreleaseanairbagandhowtokeepenginesandbreaksoperatingefficiently.Somefuturistsenvisionnanotechnologyalsobeingusedtoexplorethedeepseainsmallsubmarine,oreventolaunchfinger-sizedrocketspackedwithmicrominiatureinstruments.　　“Thereisanexplosionofnewideasandapplications,”So,whenscientistsnowthinkaboutfuturemachinesdoinglargeandcomplextasks,they’rethinkingsmallerthaneverbefore.答案11themanislooking...　　12how...　　13thesuitcase...　　14heneeds..n　　15shehasmade　　16repace　　17atalost...　　18convert..　　19careful..　　20tobeentirely..　　21theylook..　　22like..　　23themonpoly..　　24thepassing..　　25theylose..　　26many..　　27howunstable..　　28itcollapsed..,　　29the........ocean　　30whethera..　　31theway..　　32whentheurl..　　33someiced..　　34exercise　　35manyembarassing。深度阅读第一篇　　"Justoneword,"Mr.McGuiretellsDustinHoffman’sBenjaminBraddockinTheGraduate."Plastics."　　What’stheonewordofadviceawell-meaningprofessionalwouldgivetoarecentcollegegraduatetoday?China?India?Hedgefund(that’stwowords)?Plasticsurgery?Howabouttrade?　　Advertisement　　WhentheCommerceDepartmentreportedlastweekthatthetradedeficitinJunespikedtonearly$50billion,itsetoffanewroundofeconomicdoomsaying.Imports,whichsoaredto$200.3billioninthemonth,aresubtractedinthecalculationofgrossdomesticproduct.Thelargerthetradedeficit,thesmallertheGDP.Shouldsuchimbalancescontinue,pessimistssay,theycouldcontributetoaslowdowningrowth.　　Butthere’sanotherwayoflookingatthetradedata.Overthepasttwoyears,thefiguresonimportsandexportsseemnottosignaladouble-diprecession—i.e.,areneweddeclineinthebroadlevelofeconomicactivityintheUnitedStates—butaneconomicexpansion.　　InJune,importswere$200.3billionandexportswere$150.5billion—totaltradeingoodsandservicesof$350.8billion.InJune2009,bycontrast,importswere$155billionandexportswere$128billion—atotaltradeingoodsandservicesof$283billion.Inotherwords,thevolumeofU.S.tradewithothercountriesinJunewasupnearly24percentfromtheyearbefore,withexportsup17.5percentandimportsup29percent.Tradeisnowherenearitspeak—inJuly2008,whenexportswere$165billionandimportswere$232billion,themonthlytotalwasnearly$400billion.Butoverthecourseof2010,astherateofeconomicgrowthhasslowed,tradehasgainednmomentum.InJune,exportswere5percenthigherthantheywereinDecember2009,andimportswereup10.5percent.　　Therisingvolumeoftrade—moregoodsandservicesshuttlinginandoutoftheUnitedStates—isgoodnewsformanysectors.Companiesengagedinshipping,trucking,railfreight,delivery,andlogisticshaveallbeenreportingbetterthanexpectedresults.Therisingnumberssignifygrowingvitalityinforeignmarkets—whenweimportmorestuff,itputsmorecashinthehandsofpeoplearoundtheworld,andU.S.exportsarerisingbecausemoreforeignershavetheabilitytobuythethingsweproduceandmarket.Therisingtideoftradeisalsogoodnewsforpeoplewhoworkintrade-sensitivebusinesses,especiallythosethatproducecommoditiesforwhichglobaldemandsetstheprice—agriculturalgoods,mining,metals,oil.　　Andwhileexportsalwaysseemtolag,U.S.companiesarebecomingmoreinvolvedintheglobaleconomywitheachpassingmonth.GeneralMotorssellsasmanycarsinChinaasitdoesintheUnitedStateseachmonth.Whilethatmaynotdomuchforimports,itdoeshelpGM’sbalancesheet—andhencemakesthejobsofU.S.-basedexecutivesmorestable.　　OnegreatchallengefortheU.S.economyisslackdomesticconsumerdemand.Americansarepayingdowndebt,savingmore,andspendingmorecarefully.That’stobeexpected,givenwhatwe’vebeenthrough.Butthere’sabiggerchallenge.CanU.S.-basedbusinesses,largeandsmall,figureouthowtogetapieceofgrowingglobaldemand?UnlessyouwanttopickupandmovetoIndia,orBrazil,orChina,thebestwaytodothatisthroughtrade.Itmayseemobvious,butit’snolongerenoughsimplytodobusinesswithourfriendsandneighborshereathome.　　AstheyfigureouthowtomonetizeeyeballsintheUnitedStates,forexample,smartmediacompaniesshouldalsobefiguringouthowtheycaninvestinandpromotenewventuresinothercountries—alaSlate.fr.Newsweek’sdomesticstruggleshavebeenwell-documented,butseveralforeignpublisherslicensethemagazine’snameandcontenttoproducelocal,foreign-languageversions.NewsweekPakistanisabouttolaunch.It’samysterytomethateveryU.S.printmediacompanydoesn’thaveanaggressivestrategytobecomeheavilyinvolvedinIndia.Resortsandhotelsthatdon’thaveaplantoappealtothegrowinglegionsofChinesepeoplewhohavetheabilityanddesiretotraveltotheUnitedStatesaresimilarlymissingoutonalargepotentialopportunity.　　Companiesandindividualswhodon’thaveastrategytoexportmore,ortogetmoreinvolvedinforeignmarkets,ortoplayaroleinglobaltrade,areshuttingthemselvesoutofthelion’sshareofeconomicopportunityinourworld.　　第二篇　　ArecurringcriticismoftheUK’suniversitysectorisitsperceivedweaknessintranslatingnewknowledgeintonewproductsandservices.　　Recently,theUKNationalStemCellNetworkwarnedtheUKcouldloseitsplaceamongtheworldleadersinstemcellresearchunlessadequatefundingandlegislationcouldbeassured,despiteanannual£40mspendbytheDepartmentofHealthonallkindsofresearch.　　Weshouldtakethisconcernseriouslyasuniversitiesarekeyinthenationalinnovationsystemand,inthefaceofthecurrenteconomicturmoil,oneofthefew’getoutofjail’cardsstillheldbythenation.　　However,wedohavetochallengetheunthinkingcomplaintthatthesectordoesnotdoenoughintakingideastomarket.ThemostrecentcomparativedataontheperformanceofuniversitiesandresearchinstitutionsinAustralia,Canada,USAandUKshowsthat,fromanrelativelyweakstartingposition,theUKnowleadsonmanyindicatorsofcommercialisationactivity.　　OurweaknessesshowupintheratesofUSpatentingandlicenseincomearisingfromourefforts,butthesehaveimprovedandthereisnoreasontobelievethatthistrendwillnotbecontinued.　　Whenviewedatthenationallevel,thepolicyinterventionsofthepastdecade,suchasthesharpincreaseinresearchfunding,theevolutionoftheHigherEducationInnovationFundandthecontinuationoftheResearchAssessmentExercisehavehelpedtransformtheperformanceofUKuniversities.TheevidencesuggeststheUK’spositionismuchstrongerthanintherecentpastandisstillshowingimprovement.　　Nowforthehealthwarning.Nationaldatamaskstheverylargevariationintheperformanceofindividualuniversities.Theevidenceshowsthatalargenumberofuniversitieshavefallenoffthebackofthepack,afewperformstronglyandtherestchasetheleaders.　　ThistypeofskeweddistributionisnotpeculiartotheUKandismirroredacrossothereconomies.IntheUK,researchisconcentrated:lessthan25%ofuniversitiesareinreceiptof75%oftheresearchfunding.ThesesameuniversitiesarealsotheinstitutionsproducingthegreatestshareofPhDgraduates,sciencecitations,patentsandlicenseincome.Theeffectofpoliciesgeneratinglong-termresourceconcentrationhasalsocreatedadistinctivesetofuniversitieswhichareresearch-ledandcommerciallyactive.　　Aspartofthedebateonthefutureofhighereducation,JohnDenham,theinnovation,universitiesandskillssecretary,challengedauthorstotakea10-15yearoutlookonthedirectionofthesector.　　Myreport,IntellectualPropertyandResearchBenefits,highlightstheinterrelationshipswhichhaveevolvedaroundresearchfunding,graduateschoolsandtheeffectivecreation,managementandexploitationofintellectualproperty.Itseemsclearthattheconcentrationofresearchandcommercialisationworkcreatesdifferencesbetweenuniversities.　　Aconsequenceofmorethantwodecadesofpolicyrecognisingandrewardingresearchexcellenceisfurtherdifferentiationinthesector.Atthesametime,weneedtoincreasethenumberofPhDstudentsacrossabroadrangeofdisciplines.ThiswillgenerateanopportunitytodevelopthegraduateschoolsatthoseuniversitieswithhighernumbersofPhDregistrations,toinvestinmorescholarshipsandtoexpandthetrainingopportunitiesforPhDstudentsbypromotingcourseslinkedtocommercialisationskillsandbusinessdevelopmentpractices.　　Thecoreobjectiveforuniversitieswhichareresearch-ledmustbetomaximisetheimpactoftheirresearchefforts.Theirpurposeisnottogeneratefundstoaddtothebottomlineoftheuniversityortosubstituteotherincomestreams.Rather,theseuniversitiesshouldbegeneratingthewidestrangeofsocial,economicandenvironmentalbenefits.Inreturnforthescaleofinvestment,theyshouldsharetheirexpertiseinordertobuildgreaterconfidenceinthesector.　　PartoftheeconomicrecoveryoftheUKwillbedrivenbythenextgenerationofresearchcommercialisationspillingoutofouruniversities.Ontheevidencepresentedinmyreport,therearethreedozenuniversitiesintheUKwhichareactivelyengagedinadvancedresearchtrainingandcommercialisationwork.　　Iftherewasagreatercoordinationoftechnologytransferofficeswithinregionsandasimultaneousinvestmentinthescaleandfunctionsofourgraduateschools,universitiescould,andshould,playakeyroleinpositioningtheUKforthenextgrowthcycle.nPartVCloze　　TheTruthAboutPlastic　　ByBRYANWALSHThursday,July10,2008（Timemagazine）　　Ifyouknowwheretofindagoodplastic-freeshampoo,canyoutellJeanneHaegele?LastSeptember,the28-year-oldChicagoresident62.resolvedtocutplasticsoutofherlife.Themarketingcoordinatorwasconcernedabout63.whatthechemicalscomingoutofsomecommontypesofplasticmightbedoingtoherbody.Shewasalsoworriedaboutthedamagealltheplastic64.rubbishwasdoingtotheenvironment.Soshe65.hoppedonherbikeandrodetothenearestgrocerystoretoseewhatshecouldfindthatdidn’t66.includeplastic."Iwentinand67.barelyboughtanything,"Haegelesays.Shedid68.purchasesomecannedfoodandacarton(纸盒)ofmilk---69.onlytodiscoverlaterthatbothcontainerswere70.linedwithplasticresin(树脂)."Plastic,"shesays,"justseemedlikeitwasineverything."　　She’sright.Backinthe1960s,plasticwaswell71.onitswaytobecomingastapleofAmericanlife.TheU.S.produced28milliontonsofplasticwastein2005--27milliontonsofwhich72.endedupinlandfills.Ourfoodandwatercome73.wrappedinplastic.It’susedinourphonesandourcomputers,thecarswedriveandtheplanesweridein.Butthe74.infinitelyadaptablesubstancehasitsdarkside.Environmentalistsfretaboutthepetroleumneededtomakeit.Parentsworryaboutthepossibilityof75.toxicchemicalsmakingtheirwayfrom76.householdplasticintochildren’sbloodstreams.WhichmeansHaegeleisn’ttheonlypersontryingtocutplasticoutofherlife--sheisn’t77.eventheonlyonebloggingaboutthiskindof78.endeavor.Butthosewho’vetriedknowit’s79.farfromeasytogoplastic-free."Thesethingsseemtobesocommon80.thatitispracticallyimpossibletoavoidcominginto81.contactwiththem,"saysFrederickvomSaal,abiologistattheUniversityofMissouri.完型62:resolved　　63:what　　64:essence　　65:hopped　　66:include　　67:barely　　68:purchase　　69:merely　　70:combined　　71:on　　72:pulledup　　73:adopted　　74:interactively　　75:toxic　　76:household　　77:still　　78:endeavor　　79:far　　80:whilen　　81:fashionPartVITranslation　　1.Youshouldn’thaverunacrosstheroadwithoutlooking,youwouldhavebeenknockeddownbyacar.(也许会被车撞到)　　2Bynomeansdoesheregardhimselfasanexpert,(他把自己当成专家)althoughheknowsalotaboutthefield.　　3Hedoesn’tappreciatethesacrificehisfriendshavemadeforhim,however,hetakesitforgranted.(把他们所做的视作理所应当)　　4Janettoldmethatshewouldratherhermothernothaveinterferedwithhermarriage.(不干涉她的婚姻)　　5Tokeepupwiththeexpandingfrontiersofscholarship.EdwardWilsonfoundhimselfalwayssearchingforinformationontheinternet.（经常上网查信息）