2006年12月~2011年12月英语四级真题及答案

2006年12月~2011年12月英语四级真题及答案

2011年12月英语四级答案　　PartIWriting　　Directions:You'reallowed30minutestowriteashortessayentitledNothingSucceedsWithoutaStrongWillbycommentingonthehumoroussaying,"Quittingsmokingistheeasiestthingintheworld.I'vedoneithundredsoftime."You'dwriteatleast120wordsbutnomorethan180words.　　Outlines:　　1.坚强的意志是成功的重要保证。　　2.意志坚定的人才能完成伟大的使命　　3.学生也是这样，不刻苦学习，终究不会成为有用之才高分版】NothingSucceedsWithoutaStrongWillAswehavereadfromabove,quitting-smokingseemseasy,butinrealityitisrarelyachieved.Thereissomethingprovokingandinterestinginthisparadox,justbecausesworddoesnotwearthestoneasdrippingwaterdoes.Theabilitytodosomethingoverandoveragaininashorttimemayimplyitseasiness,butinalongrun,alifetimemaybe,thingsturnouttobequitetheopposite.Also,asisoftenthecase,onemayhaveobtainedallthetoolsandopportunitiestoachievesomething,butintheendtheystillfailduetothewillshortage.Sohowcouldweavoidthedilemma?Hereistheprimeconditionofsuccess:willandperseverance.Concentrateyouenergy,thoughtandmindexclusivelyonthebusinessinwhichyouareengaged,hangoninthereandbepatient,for,asEmersonputit,noonecancheatyououtofyourultimatesuccessbutyourself.PassageOneQuestions57to61arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Boys'schoolsaretheperfectplacetoteachyoungmentoexpresstheiremotionsandinvolvetheminactivitiessuchasart,danceandmusic.Farfromthetraditionalimageofacultureofaggressivemasculinity(阳刚),theabsenceofgirlsgivesboysthechancetodevelopwithoutpressuretoconformtoastereotype.aUSstudysays.Boysatsingle-sexschoolsweresaidtobemorelikelytogetinvolvedinculturalandartisticactivitiesthathelpeddeveloptheiremotionalexpressiveness,ratherthanfeelingtheyhadtoconformtothe"boycode"ofhidingtheiremotionstobea"realman".Thefindingsofthestudysoagainstreceivedwisdomthatboysdobetterwhentaughtalongsidegirls.TonyLittle,headmasterofEton,warnedthatboyswerebeingfadedbytheBritisheducationsystembecauseithadbecometoofocusedongirls.Hecriticizedteachersforfailingtorecognizethatboysareactuallymoreemotionalthangirls.Theresearcharguedthatboysoftenperformbadlyinmixedschoolsbecausetheybecomediscouragedwhentheirfemalepeersdobetterearlierinspeakingandreadingskills.Butinsingle-sexschoolsteacherscantailorlessonstoboys'learningstyle,lettingthemmovearoundtheclassroomandgettingthemtocompeteinteamstopreventboredom,wrotethestudy'sauthor,AbigailJames,oftheUniversityofVirginia.Teacherscouldencourageboystoenjoyreadingandwritingwith"boy-focused"approachessuchasthemesandcharactersthatappealtothem.Becauseboysgenerallyhavemoreacutevisionlearnbestthroughtouch,andarephysicallymoreactive,theyneedtobegiven"hands-on"lessonswheretheyareallowedtowalkaround."Boysinmixedschoolsviewclassicalmusicasfeminine(女性的)andpreferthemodemgenre(类型)inwhichviolenceandsexismaremajorthemes,"Jameswrote.Single-sexeducationalsomadeitlesslikelythatboyswouldfeeltheyhadtoconformtoastereotypethatmenshouldbe"masterfulandincharge"inrelationships."Inmixedschoolsboysfeelcompelledtoactlikemenbeforetheyunderstandthemselveswellenoughtoknowwhatthatmeans,"thestudyreported.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。57.Theauthorbelievesthatasingle-sexschoolwould__________.A)forceboystohidetheiremotionstobe"realmen"B)helptocultivatemasculineaggressivenessinboysC)encourageboystoexpresstheiremotionsmorefreelyD)naturallyreinforceinboysthetraditionalimageofaman58.Itiscommonlybelievedthatinamixedschoolboys__________.A)PerformrelativelybetterC)behavemoreresponsiblyB)growupmorehealthilyD)receiveabettereducation59.WhatdoesTonyLittlesayabouttheBritisheducationsystem?A)Itfailsmoreboysthangirlsacademically.B)Itfocusesmoreonmixedschooleducation.30nC)Itfailstogiveboystheattentiontheyneed.D)Itplacesmorepressureonboysthanongirls.60.AccordingtoAbigailJames,oneoftheadvantagesofsingle-sexschoolsis__________.A)teachingcanbetailoredtosuitthecharacteristicsofboysB)boyscanfocusontheirlessonswithoutbeingdistractedC)boyscanchoosetolearnwhatevertheyareinterestedinD)teachingcanbedesignedtopromoteboys'teamspirit61.WhichofthefollowingischaracteristicofboysaccordingtoAbigailJames'report?A)Theyenjoybeingincharge.C)Theyhavesharpervision.B)Theyconformtostereotypes.D)Theyareviolentandsexist.PassageTwoQuestions62to66arebasedonthefollowingpassage.It'sanannualargument.Doweordowenotgoonholiday?Mypartnersaysnobecausetheboilercouldgo,ortherooffalloffandwehavenosavingstosaveus.Isayyouonlyliveonceandweworkhardandwhat'sthepointifyoucan'tgoonholiday.Thejoyofarecessionmeansnoargumentnextyear-wejustwon'tgo.Sincemoneyisknowntobeoneofthethingsmostlikelytobringarelationshiptoitsknees,weshouldbegrateful.FormanyfamiliestherecessionmeansmorethannotbookingaholidayAYouGovpollof2,000peoplefound22%saidtheywerearguingmorewiththeirpartnersbecauseofconcernsaboutmoney.What'slesscleariswhetherdivorceandseparationratesriseinarecession–financialpressuresmeancouplesarguemorebutmakesplittinguplessaffordable.Arecentresearchshowsargumentsaboutmoneywereespeciallydamagingtocouples.Disputeswerecharacterizedbyintenseverbal(言语上的)aggression,tendedtoberepeatedandnotresolvedandmademen,morethanwomen,extremelyangry.KimStephenson,anoccupationalpsychologist,believesmoneyissuchabigdealbecauseofwhatitsymbolizes,whichmaybedifferentthingstomenandwomen."Peoplecansaythesamethingsaboutmoneybuthavedifferentideasofwhatit'sfor."heexplains."They'llsayit'stosavetospend,forsecurity,forfreedom,toshowsomeoneyoulovethem."Hesaysmenaremorelikelytoseemoneyasawayofbuyingstatusandofshowingtheirparentsthatthey'veachievedsomething."Thebiggestproblemisthatcouplesassumeeachotherknowwhat'sgoingonwiththeirfinances,buttheydon't.Thereseemstobemoreofataboo(禁忌)abouttalkingaboutmoneythanaboutdeath.Butyoubothneedtoknowwhatyou'redoing,who'spayingwhatintothejointaccountandhowmuchyoukeepseparately.Inahealthyrelationship,youdon'thavetoagreeaboutmoney,butyouhavetotalkaboutit."注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答：62.Whatdoestheauthorsayaboutvacationing?A)Peopleenjoyitallthemoreduringarecession.B)Fewpeoplecanafforditwithoutworkinghard.C)Itmakesallthehardworkworthwhile.D)Itisthechiefcauseoffamilydisputes.63.Whatdoestheauthormeanbysaying"moneyisknown...tobringarelationshiptoitsknees"(Line1,Para.2)?A)Moneyisconsideredtobetherootofallevils.B)Somepeoplesacrificetheirdignityformoney.C)Fewpeoplecanresistthetemptationofmoney.D)Disputesovermoneymayrainarelationship.64.TheYouGovpollof2,000peopleindicatesthatinarecession__________.A)conflictsbetweencouplestendtoriseB)itismoreexpensiveforcouplestosplitupC)couplesshowmoreconcernforeachotherD)divorceandseparationratesincrease65.WhatdoesKimStephensonbelieve?A)Moneyisoftenasymbolofaperson'sstatus.B)Moneymeansagreatdealtobothandwomen.C)Menandwomenspendmoneyondifferentthings.D)Menandwomenviewmoneyindifferentways.66.Theauthorsuggestsattheendofthepassagethatcouplesshould__________.A)puttheirmoneytogetherinsteadofkeepingitseparatelyB)makeeffortstoreachagreementontheirfamilybudgetsC)discussmoneymatterstomaintainahealthyrelationshipD)avoidarguingaboutmoneymatterstoremainromantic57-61CACAB62-66CDADC30n　　57、选择encourageboystoexpresstheiremotionsmorefreely　　题目问男生学校可以怎样，原文前三段基本都在叙述男校对男生艺术情操方面的发展有着更好的促进作用。　　58、选择performrelativelybetter　　本题较难，题干问通常大家都认为在男女同校的学校中男生都怎样。　　原文四段末句中receivedwisdom表示常识或者被多数人所接受的观点，于是后面的部分是本题的出题点。　　59、选择itfailstogiveboystheattentiontheyneed　　原文红字处说这些体制都更关心女生，取反之后意为这些体制都没那么关心男生，于是与此选项对应。　　60、选择teachingcanbetailoredtosuitthecharacteristicsofboys　　原文红字说在男校里，老师可以"根据男生的学习风格量身定制(tailor)课程"　　61、选择theyconformtostereotype　　文章最后两段都是在总结人们对男生的一般印象以及男校如何避免一些问题的出现，James的实验提及许多男生都正遵循着老套的路线发展，即本选项的同义改写;其余选项均是例举中的具体内容，包含于此答案。　　PassageTwo　　62.C.Itmakesallthehardworkworthwhile。　　63.D.Disputesovermoneymayruinarelationship。　　64.A.conflictsbetweencouplestendtorise　　65.D.menandwomenviewmoneyindifferentways。　　66.C.discussmoneymatterstomaintainahealthyrelationship。2011年6月大学英语四级真题1．现在网上购物已成为一种时尚2．网上购物有很多好处，但也有不少问题3．我的建议PassageOneQuestions57to61arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Severalrecentstudieshavefoundthatbeingrandomly(随机地)assignedtoaroommateofanotherracecanleadtoincreasedtolerancebutalsotoagreaterlikelihood(可能性)ofconflict.Recentreportsfoundthatlodgingwithastudentofadifferentracemaydecreaseprejudiceandcompelstudentstoengageinmoreethnicallydiversefriendships.AnOhioStateUniversitystudyalsofoundthatblackstudentslivingwithawhiteroommatesawhigheracademicsuccessthroughouttheircollegecareers.Researchersbelievethismaybecausedbysocialpressure.InaNewYorkTimesarticle,SamBoakye–theonlyblackstudentonhisfreshmanyearfloor-saidthat"ifyou'resurroundedbywhites,youhavesomethingtoprove."Researchersalsoobservedproblemsresultingfrompairinginterracialstudentsinresidences.Accordingtotworecentstudies,randomlyassignedroommatesofdifferentracesaremorelikelytoexperienceconflictssostrainedthatoneroommatewillmoveout.AnIndianaUniversitystudyfoundthatinterracialroommateswerethreetimesaslikelyastwowhiteroommatestonolongerlivetogetherbytheendofthesemester.GraceKao,aprofessoratPennsaidshewasnotsurprisedbythefindings."Thismaybethefirsttimethatsomeofthesestudentshaveinteracted,andlived,withsomeoneofadifferentrace,"shesaid.AtPenn,studentsarenotaskedtoindicateracewhenapplyingforhousing."Oneofthegreatthingsaboutfreshmanhousingisthat,withsomeexceptions,theprocessthrowsyoutogetherrandomly,"saidUndergraduateAssemblychairmanAlecWebley."Thisisthedefinitionofintegration.""I'veexperiencedroommateconflictsbetweeninterracialstudentsthathavebothbrokendownstereotypesandreinforcedstereotypes,"saidonePennresidentadvisor(RA).TheRAoftwoyearsaddedthatwhilesomeconflicts"providedmoremulticulturalacceptanceandmelding(融合),"therewerealso"jarringculturalconfrontations."TheRAsaidthattheseconflictshavealsooccurredamongroommatesofthesamerace.Kaosaidshecautionsagainstforminganygeneralizationsbasedonanyoneofthestudies,notingthatmorebackgroundcharacteristicsofthestudentsneedtobestudiedandexplained.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。57.Whatcanwelearnfromsomerecentstudies?A)Conflictsbetweenstudentsofdifferentracesareunavoidable.B)Studentsofdifferentracesareprejudicedagainsteachother.C)Interraciallodgingdoesmoreharmthangood.D)Interraciallodgingmayhavediverseoutcomes.58.WhatdoesSamBoakye'sremarkmean?A)Whitestudentstendtolookdownupontheirblackpeers.30nB)Blackstudentscancompetewiththeirwhitepeersacademically.C)Blackstudentsfeelsomewhatembarrassedamongwhitepeersduringthefreshmanyear.D)Beingsurroundedbywhitepeersmotivatesablackstudenttoworkhardertosucceed.59.WhatdoestheIndianaUniversitystudyshow?A)Interracialroommatesaremorelikelytofallout.B)Fewwhitestudentslikesharingaroomwithablackpeer.C)Roommatesofdifferentracesjustdon'tgetalong.D)Assigningstudents'lodgingrandomlyisnotagoodpolicy.60.WhatdoesAlecWebleyconsidertobethe"definitionofintegration"?A)Studentsofdifferentracesarerequiredtosharearoom.B)Interraciallodgingisarrangedbytheschoolforfreshmen.C)Lodgingisassignedtostudentsofdifferentraceswithoutexception.D)Theschoolrandomlyassignsroommateswithoutregardtorace.61.WhatdoesGraceKaosayaboutinterraciallodging?34.Itisunscientifictomakegeneralizationsaboutitwithoutfurtherstudy.35.Schoolsshouldbecautiouswhenmakingdecisionsaboutstudentlodging.36.Students'racialbackgroundshouldbeconsideredbeforelodgingisassigned.37.Experiencedresidentadvisorsshouldbeassignedtohandletheproblems.PassageTwoQuestions62to66arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Globalwarmingiscausingmorethan300,000deathsandabout$125billionineconomiclosseseachyear,accordingtoareportbytheGlobalHumanitarianForum,anorganizationledbyAnnan,theformerUnitedNationssecretarygeneral.Thereport,tobereleasedFriday,analyzeddataandexistingstudiesofhealth,disaster,populationandeconomictrends.Itfoundthathuman-influencedclimatechangewasraisingtheglobaldeathratesfromillnessesincludingmalnutrition(营养不良)andheat-relatedhealthproblems.Butevenbeforeitsrelease,thereportdrewcriticismfromsomeexpertsonclimateandrisk,whoquestioneditsmethodsandconclusions.Alongwiththedeaths,thereportsaidthatthelivesof325millionpeople,primarilyinpoorcountries,werebeingseriouslyaffectedbyclimatechange.Itprojectedthatthenumberwoulddoubleby2030.RogerPielkeJr.,apoliticalscientistattheUniversityofColorado,Boulder,whostudiesdisastertrends,saidtheForum'sreportwas"amethodologicalembarrassment"becausetherewasnowaytodistinguishdeathsoreconomiclossesrelatedtohuman-drivenglobalwarmingamidthemuchlargerlossesresultingfromthegrowthinpopulationsandeconomicdevelopmentinvulnerable(易受伤害的)regions.Dr.Pielkesaidthat“climatechangeisanimportantproblemrequiringourutmostattention.”Butthereport,hesaid,"willharmthecauseforactiononbothclimatechangeanddisastersbecauseitissodeeplyflawed(有瑕疵的)."However,SorenAndreasen,asocialscientistatDalbergGlobalDevelopmentPartnerswhosupervisedthewritingofthereport,defendedit,sayingthatitwasclearthatthenumberswereroughestimates.Hesaidthereportwasaimedatworldleaders,whowillmeetinCopenhageninDecembertonegotiateanewinternationalclimatetreaty.Inapressreleasedescribingthereport,Mr.Annanstressedtheneedforthenegotiationstofocusonincreasingtheflowofmoneyfromrichtopoorregionstohelpreducetheirvulnerabilitytoclimatehazardswhilestillcurbingtheemissionsoftheheat-trappinggases.Morethan90%ofthehumanandeconomiclossesfromclimatechangeareoccurringinpoorcountries,accordingtothereport.62.WhatisthefindingoftheGlobalHumanitarianForum?A)Globaltemperaturesaffecttherateofeconomicdevelopment.B)Ratesofdeathfromillnesseshaverisenduetoglobalwarming.C)Malnutritionhascausedserioushealthproblemsinpoorcountries.D)Economictrendshavetodowithpopulationandnaturaldisasters.63.WhatdowelearnabouttheForum'sreportfromthepassage?A)Itwaschallengedbysomeclimateandriskexperts.B)Itarousedalotofinterestinthescientificcircles.C)Itwaswarmlyreceivedbyenvironmentalists.D)Itcausedabigstirindevelopingcountries.64.WhatdoesDr.PielkesayabouttheForum'sreport?A)Itsstatisticslookembarrassing.C)Itdeservesourclosestattention.B)Itisinvalidintermsofmethodology.D)Itsconclusionispurposelyexaggerated.65.WhatisSorenAndreasen'sviewofthereport?A)Itsconclusionsarebasedoncarefullycollecteddata.30nB)Itisvulnerabletocriticismifthestatisticsarecloselyexamined.C)ItwillgiverisetoheateddiscussionsattheCopenhagenconference.D)Itsroughestimatesaremeanttodrawtheattentionofworldleaders.66.WhatdoesKofiAnnansayshouldbethefocusoftheCopenhagenconference?A)Howrichandpoorregionscanshareresponsibilityincurbingglobalwarming.B)Howhumanandeconomiclossesfromclimatechangecanbereduced.C)Howemissionsofheat-trappinggasescanbereducedonaglobalscale.D)Howrichcountriescanbetterhelppoorregionsreduceclimatehazards.Withthehelpoftheeverrapiddevelopmentofinternettechnology,onlineshoppingiscomingintofashioninmostofcities.Onlineshoppingiswelcomedbymostpeopleduetovariousreasons.Fromtheperspectiveofconsumer,itcansavesometimeforpeoplewhodon'thavemuchsparetime.Justclickthemouse,theycangetwhatevertheywantwhilestayingathome.Fortheretailers,itcancutsomecostsforthosewhodon'thavemuchcirculatingfunds.Theydon'thavetorentahouseandspendmoneyonemployeescomparedwiththetraditionaltrademode.However,therearestillsomedefectsinonlineshopping.First,laceoffacetofacedealmakesonlineshoppinglessreliableandtrustworthy.Second,peoplewilllosethefunofbargain.Itisundeniablethatshoppingontheinternethasbecomeanirresistibletrendinmodernsociety.It'sofgreaturgencythatweneedtoregulatetherelativelawsaccordancewiththerapidgrowthofonlineshopping.Onlyinthiswaycanweenjoythepleasureandconvenienceofonlineshoppingwithouttheconcernofbeingtreated.PassageOne57.Whatcanwelearnfromsomerecentstudies?答案：D.Interraciallodgingmayhavediverseoutcomes.关键词：recentstudies,butalso定位：题干中somerecentstudies提示答案定位在第一段第一句话。解析：问题提问从最近的研究中我们可以了解到什么？第一段第一句中Severalrecentstudiesfoundthat…与题干对应，由此可知that后的就是recentstudies的内容，即beingrandomlyassignedtoaroommateofanotherracecanleadtoincreasedtolerancebutalsotoagreaterlikelihoodofconflict。其中“beingrandomlyassignedtoaroommateofanotherrace”对应了选项D中的“interraciallodging”，“can…butalso…”说明了interraciallodging是有利有弊的。因此D选项符合文意。而C选项“弊大于利”不符合文意,A“不同种族学生之间的争执是不可避免的”选项与B“不同种族的学生相互存在偏见”原文中没有明确提及58.WhatdoesSamBoakye'sremarkmean?答案：D.Beingsurroundedbywhitepeersmotivatesablackstudenttoworkhardertosucceed.关键词：surrounded,somethingtoprove定位：题干中出现的人名SamBoakye提示答案定位在第四段第一句话。解析：问题提问SamBoakye的话是什么意思？通过定位可以找到SamBoakye的那段话，即ifyou'resurroundedbywhites,youhavesomethingtoprove.这句话前面的插入语-theonlyblackstudentonhisfreshmanyearfloor-介绍了SamBoakye作为黑人学生的背景，帮助我们理解之前那句话：如果你的周围都是白人，那么一定会去证明些什么，言下之意就是选项D“白人同伴的存在会激励黑人学生更加努力地去取得成功”。而选项A,B,C在文中没有明确提及。本题选项C有个干扰信息“thefreshmanyear”，在原文中出现。某些考生看到这个词，不假思索就选择了这个选项，但没有搞懂原文的意思，导致错误选择。请考生留意。59.WhatdoestheIndianUniversitystudyshow?答案：A.Interracialroommatesaremorelikelytofallout.关键词：IndianUniversity,morelikely,定位：题干中出现的机构名称IndianUniversity提示答案定位在第七段第一句话。解析：问题提问IndianUniversity的研究显示了什么？通过定位可以发现研究结果显示Interracialroommatewerethreetimesaslikelyastwowhiteroommatestonolongerlivetogether，与选项A中的morelikelytofallout对应，因此选择D。此处，fallout应该理解为“散伙，分开”有些考生可能因为不理解意思而产生歧义，请考生留意。60.WhatdoesAlecWebleyconsidertobethe“definitionofintegration”?答案：D.Theschoolrandomlyassignsroommateswithoutregardtorace.关键词：AlecWebley,definitionofintegration定位：题干出现的人名AlecWebley提示答案定位在第十段第一句。解析：通过定位找到人名，人名后出现“Thisisthedefinitionofintegration”，由“this”可知人名前就是我们要找的答案，即theprocessthrowsyoutogetherrandomly，“throwyoutogetherrandomly”与“randomlyassign”对应。意思与选项D符合。因此，此处选择D。61.WhatdoesGraceKaosayaboutinterraciallodging?答案：A.Itisunscientifictomakegeneralizationsaboutitwithoutfurtherstudy.30n关键词：GraceKao,generalizations定位：题干中出现的人名GraceKao以及generalizations提示答案定位在文章最后一段。根据最后一段意思：要得出Interraciallodging的一般规律，需要对学生的背景特征有更多的研究，与选项D的意思相同。而选项ABC在文中没有明确提及。PassageTwo本篇文章主要是围绕一份来自GlobalHumanitarianForum的报告展开的，在解题之前，通过对5个题干的浏览，以及在原文中的定位，可以发现，这篇文章是严格按照顺序原则来出题的。每一个题干中都有大写的字母，这些首字母大写的单词既是关键词，也是定位词，可以有效地帮助我们到原文中准确定位，节省答题时间。62.WhatisthefindingoftheGlobalHumanitarianForum?答案：B.Ratesofdeathfromillnesseshaverisenduetoglobalwarming.关键词：GlobalHumanitarianForum定位：第一段、第二段解析：一般而言，四级的阅读题目大致遵循顺序原则，此篇文章正好是遵循此规律的。在文章的第一段，第一行，我们看到“…300,000deathsandabout$125billion…”,根据这里，我们可以把答案锁定在选项A（economic）和选项B(Ratesofdeath)，然后我们接着往下看，可以发现，第二段就没有再提到金钱方面了，而都是在讲死亡和疾病的话题，如第二段的第三行“…deathratesfromillnesses…”。所以，最后正确的选项是B。63.WhatdowelearnabouttheForum'sreportfromthepassage?答案：A.Itwaschallengedbysomeclimateandriskexperts.关键词：learn、Forum'sreport定位：第三段解析：根据顺序原则，我们在接下来的第三段里就找到了63题的答案。第三段的第一行就讲到“thereportdrewcriticismfromsomeexpertsonclimateandrisk”，这和A选项是完全相一致的，challenged是criticism的同义替换。B选项中的“interest”表示“兴趣”，主要用于好的事物，这里讲的都是对theForum'srepor的批评，显然就不合适了。C选项表达的意思跟原文正好相反，这个是肯定要排除的。然后，有的同学可能会选到D选项，可能是受到文中第四段“…primarilyinpoorcountries,werebeingseriouslyeffected…”这句话的影响。但是D选项中“abigstir”“一阵巨大的骚乱”文中是完全没有提到的。64.WhatdoesDr.PielkesayabouttheForum'sreport?答案：B.Itisinvalidintermsofmethodology.关键词：Dr.Pielke、say定位：第五段解析：在第五段，我们可以很快找到Pielke，然后找到他说的话，第二行“theForum'sreportwas‘amethodologicalembarrassment'”,然后在第六行“butthereport,hesaid‘willharmthe…itissodeeplyflawed'”。根据这两句话，选项中invalid是flawed的同义替换，我们可以很容易地选到B。65.WhatisSorenAndreasen'sviewofthereport?答案：D.Itsroughestimatesaremeanttodrawtheattentionofworldleaders.关键词：SorenAndreasen定位：第六段解析：在第六段的第二行和第三行，可以看到“thenumberwereroughestimates.Hesaidthereportwasaimedatworldleaders…”,根据这两句话，我们就能较轻松地将正确答案锁定在D选项。66.WhatdoesKofiAnnansayshouldbethefocusoftheCopenhagenconference?答案：D.Howrichcountriescanbetterhelppoorregionsreduceclimatehazards.关键词：KofiAnnan、focusoftheCopenhagenconference定位：第七段（即文中的最后一段）解析：最后一段是KofiAnnan说的一段话。我们在最后一段的第二行，focuson后面“…fromrichtopoorregionstohelpreduce…”后面的内容就无需再花时间去看了，因为他focus（关注）的地方，在此就已经陈述清楚了，正确答案就是D。2010年12月英语四级考试真题1.目前不少父母为孩子包办一切2.为了让孩子独立,父母应该……HowShouldParentsHelpChildrentoBeIndependent?PassageOneQuestions57to61arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Itisprettymuchaone-waystreet.Whileitmaybecommonforuniversityresearcherstotrytheirluckinthecommercialworld,thereisverylittletrafficintheoppositedirection.Payhasalwaysbeenthebiggestdeterrent,aspeoplewithfamiliesoftenfeeltheycannotaffordthedropinsalarywhenmovingtoauniversityjob.Forsomeindustrialscientists,however,theattractionsofacademia(学术界)outweighanyfinancialconsiderations.30nHelenLeetooka70%cutinsalarywhenshemovedfromaseniorpostinAbbottLaboratoriestoamedicaldepartmentattheUniversityofCambridge.Hermainreasonforreturningtoacademiamid-careerwastotakeadvantageofthegreaterfreedomtochooseresearchquestions.Someareasofinquiryhavefewprospectsofacommercialreturn,andLee’sisoneofthem.Theimpactofasalarycutisprobablylesssevereforascientistintheearlystagesofacareer.GuyGrant,nowaresearchassociateattheUnileverCentreforMolecularInformaticsattheUniversityofCambridge,spenttwoyearsworkingforapharmaceutical(制药的)companybeforereturningtouniversityasapost-doctoralresearcher.Hetooka30%salarycutbutfeltitworthwhileforthegreaterintellectualopportunities.Higheruptheladder,whereapaycutisusuallymoresignificant,thedemandforscientistswithawealthofexperienceinindustryisforcinguniversitiestomakethetransition(转换)toacademiamoreattractive,accordingtoLee.Industrialscientiststendtoreceivetrainingthatacademicsdonot,suchashowtobuildamultidisciplinaryteam,managebudgetsandnegotiatecontracts.Theyarealsowellplacedtobringsomethingextratotheteachingsideofanacademicrolethatwillhelpstudentsgetajobwhentheygraduate,saysLee,perhapsexperienceinmanufacturingpracticeorproductdevelopment.“Onlyasmallnumberofundergraduateswillcontinueinanacademiccareer.Sosomeoneleavinguniversitywhoalreadyhastheskillsneededtoworkinanindustriallabhasfarmorepotentialinthejobmarketthansomeonewhohasspentalltheirtimeonanarrowresearchproject.”注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。57.By“aone-waystreet”(Line1,Para.1),theauthormeans________.［A］universityresearchersknowlittleaboutthecommercialworld［B］thereislittleexchangebetweenindustryandacademia［C］fewindustrialscientistswouldquittoworkinauniversity［D］fewuniversityprofessorsarewillingtodoindustrialresearch58.Theword“deterrent”(Line2,Para.1)mostprobablyreferstosomethingthat________.［A］keepssomeonefromtakingaction［C］attractspeople’sattention［B］helpstomovethetraffic［D］bringssomeoneafinancialburden59.WhatwasHelenLee’smajorconsiderationwhenshechangedherjobinthemiddleofhercareer?［A］Flexibleworkhours.［C］Herpreferenceforthelifestyleoncampus.［B］Herresearchinterests.［D］Prospectsofacademicaccomplishments.60.GuyGrantchosetoworkasaresearcheratCambridgeinorderto________.［A］dofinanciallymorerewardingwork［B］raisehisstatusintheacademicworld［C］enrichhisexperienceinmedicalresearch［D］exploitbetterintellectualopportunities61.Whatcontributioncanindustrialscientistsmakewhentheycometoteachinauniversity?［A］Increaseitsgraduates’competitivenessinthejobmarket［B］Developitsstudents’potentialinresearch.［C］Helpittoobtainfinancialsupportfromindustry.［D］Gearitsresearchtowardspracticalapplications.PassageTwoQuestions62to66arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Beingsociablelookslikeagoodwaytoaddyearstoyourlife.Relationshipswithfamily,friends,neighbours,evenpets,willalldothetrick,butthebiggestlongevity(长寿)boostseemstocomefrommarriageoranequivalentrelationship.Theeffectwasfirstnotedin1858byWilliamFarr,whowrotethatwidowsandwidowers(鳏夫)wereatamuchhigherriskofdyingthantheirmarriedpeers.Studiessincethensuggestthatmarriagecouldaddasmuchassevenyearstoaman’slifeandtwotoawoman’s.Theeffectholdsforallcausesofdeath,whetherillness,accidentorself-harm.Eveniftheoddsarestackedagainstyou,marriagecanmorethancompensate.LindaWaiteoftheUniversityofChicagohasfoundthatamarriedoldermanwithheartdiseasecanexpecttolivenearlyfouryearslongerthananunmarriedmanwithahealthyheart.Likewise,amarriedmanwhosmokesmorethanapackadayislikelytoliveaslongasadivorcedmanwhodoesn’tsmoke.There’saflipside,however,aspartnersaremorelikelytobecomeillordieinthecoupleofyearsfollowingtheirspouse’sdeath,andcaringforaspousewithmentaldisordercanleaveyouwithsomeofthesamesevereproblems.Evenso,theoddsfavourmarriage.Ina30-yearstudyofmorethan10,000people,NicholasChristakisofHarvardMedicalSchooldescribeshowallkindsofsocialnetworkshavesimilareffects.Sohowdoesitwork?Theeffectsarecomplex,affectedbysocio-economicfactors,health-serviceprovision,emotionalsupportandothermorephysiological(生理的)mechanisms.Forexample,socialcontactcanboostdevelopmentofthebrainandimmunesystem,leadingtobetterhealthandlesschanceofdepressionlaterinlife.Peopleinsupportiverelationshipsmayhandlestressbetter.Thentherearethepsychologicalbenefits30nofasupportivepartner.Alifepartner,childrenandgoodfriendsareallrecommendedifyouaimtoliveto100.Theultimatesocialnetworkisstillbeingmappedout,butChristakissays:“Peopleareinterconnected,sotheirhealthisinterconnected.”注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。62.WilliamFarr’sstudyandotherstudiesshowthat_________.［A］sociallifeprovidesaneffectivecureforillness［B］beingsociablehelpsimproveone’squalityoflife［C］womenbenefitmorethanmenfrommarriage［D］marriagecontributesagreatdealtolongevity63.LindaWaite’sstudiessupporttheideathat_________.［A］oldermenshouldquitsmokingtostayhealthy［B］marriagecanhelpmakeupforillhealth［C］themarriedarehappierthantheunmarried［D］unmarriedpeoplearelikelytosufferinlaterlife64.Itcanbeinferredfromthecontextthatthe“flipside”(Line4,Para.2)refersto_________.［A］thedisadvantagesofbeingmarried［B］theemotionalproblemsarisingfrommarriage［C］theresponsibilityoftakingcareofone’sfamily［D］theconsequenceofabrokenmarriage65.Whatdoestheauthorsayaboutsocialnetworks?［A］Theyhaveeffectssimilartothoseofamarriage.［B］Theyhelpdeveloppeople’scommunityspirit.［C］Theyprovidetimelysupportforthoseinneed.［D］Theyhelprelievepeopleoftheirlife’sburdens.66.Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?［A］It’simportantthatwedevelopasocialnetworkwhenyoung.［B］Tostayhealthy,oneshouldhaveapropersocialnetwork.［C］Gettingadivorcemeansriskingareducedlifespan.［D］Weshouldshareoursocialnetworkswitheachother.TodayinChina,manyfamilieshaveonlyonechild.Sothechildrenusuallydoteduponbyallfamilymembers.Graduallysomeofthemgetusedtodependingontheirparentsandfamilymembers,asaresulttheylacktheabilitytofacetheirlivesbythemselves.Therearesomewaystohelpchildrentobeindependent.First,thechildshouldhaveachancetoseetheworldaroundhimindividuallytounderstandthattherearevariouspeopleandcompetitionsintheirlives,andlearntofindhisrightpositioninthesocietyonlybyindividualefforts.Second,itisimpossibletoaskachildnottodependonparentsatonce.Theparentsmaygivethechildenoughhelpandspacetomakehimfeelcomfortable.Achildneedshelpfromtheirfamilies.Becausewithoutanyhelp,thechildmaylosehisfaith.Thirdly,parentscanhelptheirchildrenmaketheirowndecisions,whichcanchallengehisabilitytodealwithproblems.Achildshouldbepraisedwhenheissuccessfulorencouragedwhenhefails.Tobeindependentisvitalforthechildren,becausenoparentscangowiththeirchildrenforthewholelife.Onlyanindependentpersoncanliveandenjoyafullandmeaningfullife.PASSAGE157.By“aone-waystreet”(Line1,Para1),theauthormeans_______.A)universityresearchersknowlittleaboutthecommercialworld.B)thereislittleexchangebetweenindustryandacademia.C)fewindustrialscientistswouldquittoworkinauniversity.D)fewuniversityprofessorsarewillingtodoindustrialresearch.58.Theword“deterrent”(Line3,Para1)mostprobablyreferstosomethingthat_______.A)keepssomeonefromtakingaction.B)helpstomovethetraffic.C)attractspeople’sattention.D)bringssomeoneafinancialburden.59.WhatwasHelenLee’smajorconsiderationwhenshechangedherjobinthemiddleofhercareer?A)Flexibleworkhours.B)Herresearchinterests.C)Herpreferenceforthelifestyleoncampus.D)Prospectsofacademicaccomplishments.60.GuyGrantchosetoworkasaresearcheratCambridgeinorderto_______.30nA)dofinanciallymorerewardingwork.B)raisehisstatusintheacademicworld.C)enrichhisexperienceinmedicalresearch.D)exploitbetterintellectualopportunities.61.Whatcontributioncanindustrialscientistsmakewhentheycometoteachinauniversity?A)Increaseitsgraduates’competitivenessinthejobmarket.B)Developitsstudents’potentialinresearch.C)Helpittoobtainfinancialsupportfromindustry.D)Gearitsresearchtowardspracticalapplications.文章关于学术界和商界之间的一些关系。很少有商界人士愿意改行做纯学术研究，但是也有例外的。这些人对高校学生的就业意义比较大。57题，问单行道的意思是什么。文章第一段就说“Itisprettymuchaone-waystreet.Whileitmaybecommonforuniversityresearcherstotrytheirluckinthecommercialworld,thereisverylittletrafficintheoppositedirection.”高校研究者到商界去碰运气可能很常见，但是相反的方向却人很少。也就是说很少有商界的人愿意回归学校做纯学术研究。所以选C，很少有工业科学家愿意放弃去一个高校工作。industrialscientists在文中指的就是商界人士。58题，问deterrent这个词的意思。这题有一定迷惑性，要根据上下文来判断。上文说的是很少有商界的人愿意回高校的。原因就在于薪酬（pay),后面接着具体解释：没人能接受换个高校的工作后工资下降。所以deterrent这个词是表明原因的，要么是A选项阻碍因素，要么是C选项促进因素。而从上下文看薪酬是阻碍商界人士去高校工作的，也就是阻碍因素，所以选A。另外，如果知道deterrent这个词的意思话可以迅速作答：威慑因素。59题，问HelenLee在职业生涯中期换工作的首要考虑是什么。第二段是这么说的：Hermainreasonforreturningtoacademiamid-careerwastotakeadvantageofthegreaterfreedomtochooseresearchquestions。利用更大的自由来选择研究的问题。也就是说之前不在academia的时候，没有那么多的选择空间：什么赚钱做什么，现在可以自己根据自己的喜好来choose了。所以选B。60题，问GuyGrant问什么选择做剑桥研究者。第三段的最后一句话是这么说的：Hetooka30%salarycutbutfeltitworthwhileforthegreaterintellectualopportunities.所以这题选D。61题，问当工业科学家去高校教书时能做什么样的贡献。答案在最后一段：Theyarealsowellplacedtobringsomethingextratotheteachingsideofanacademicrolethatwillhelpstudentsgetajobwhentheygraduate。他们给学术角色的教书面带来了一些额外的东西，这些东西在学生毕业时可以帮助他们找工作。所以选A：提高毕业生在就业市场上的竞争力。PASSAGE262.WillianFarr'sstudyandotherstudiesshowthat.A)sociallifeprovidesaneffectivecureforillnessB)beingsociablehelpsimproveone'squalityoflifeC)womenbenefitmorethanmenfrommarriageD)marriagecontributesagreatdealtolongevity选择D项。根据题目中的关键词WillianFarr找到对应的出题段落——文章第一段。根据文章第一段中thebiggestlongevity(长寿)boostseemstocomefrommarriage…直接可以得知D项正确。A项“交际活动能有效治疗疾病”和B项“好交际能提高一个人的生活质量”在文中找不到依据，文章的重点是讲述交际活动（主要是夫妻间）对于寿命的积极作用；由文中marriagecouldaddasmuchassevenyearstoaman'slifeandtwotoawoman's可知C项错误。30n63.LindaWaite'sstudiessupporttheideathat.A)oldermenshouldquitsmokingtostayhealthyB)marriagecanhelpmakeforillhealthC)themarriedarehappierthantheunmarriedD)unmarriedpeoplearelikelytosufferinlaterlife选择B项。由关键词LindaWaite锁定本题的出题源应该在第二段。由第二段中的两个例子：一是患有心脏疾病的已婚老人要比没有相关疾病的未婚老人寿命长约4年；二是一个每天要抽一包多香烟的已婚老人和一个从不吸烟的离过婚的老人寿命几乎一样长。可以推断出B项“婚姻有助于人的身体健康。”A项“为了身体健康老人应戒烟”并不是LindaWaite的研究发现；C、D两项在文中找不到依据。64.Itcanbeinferredfromthecontextthatthe"flipside"(Line5,Para.2)refersto.A)thedisadvantagesofbeingmarriedB)theemotionalproblemsarisingfrommarriageC)theresponsibilityoftakingcareofone'sfamilyD)theconsequenceofabrokenmarriage选择A项。由问题中的关键词flipside找到此题的出题源——文章第二段。flipside的字面意思是“反面，对立面”，第二段短语flipside前面讲了两个例子来说明婚姻对老年人身体健康的积极意义（见63题解析），后面用however一转，又给了两个研究发现：一、夫妻双方当其中一个去世了，另一个在随后的几年内很可能生病或是离世；二、一人在照顾其换有精神错乱疾病的配偶时可能后来也患有相同的疾病。这两个发现显然都是夫妻生活的负面影响，因此选择A项。65.Whatdoestheauthorsayaboutsocialnetworks?A)Theyhaveeffectssimilartothoseofamarriage.B)Theyhelpdeveloppeople'scommunityspirit.C)Theyprovidetimelysupportforthoseinneed.D)Theyhelprelievepeopleoftheirlife'sburdens.选择A项。由问题中的关键词socialnetworks找到出题源——文章第二段最后一句。由allkindsofsocialnetworkshavesimilareffects可推断选择A项。很显然这里的similareffects指的是marriage’seffects。文章的第三段提到了社交网络对一个人的种种益处，但并未谈及B、C、D三项所陈述的内容。66.Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?A)It'simportantthatwedevelopasocialnetworkwhenyoung.B)Tostayhealthy,oneshouldhaveapropersocialnetwork.C)Gettingadivorcemeansriskingareducedlifespan.30nD)Weshouldshareoursocialnetworkswitheachother.选择B项。题目问的是“由最后一段能推断出什么？”最后一段主要讲的是“要想寿命长就要建立社交网络”。有意思的是Christakis的这句话"Peopleareinterconnected,sotheirhealthisinterconnected."（人类是相互联系的群体，他们的健康也是如此）仔细品味它的弦外之音，假如你的朋友个个身体欠佳，那么你身体也不会好到哪里去。由此可推断出本题选B项。2010年6月英语四级考试真题PartIWriting(30minutes)　　注意：此部分试题在答题卡1上。　　Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayonthetopicofDueAttentionShouldBeGivenToSpelling.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelow:　　1.如今不少学生在英语学习中不重视拼写　　2.出现这种情况的原因　　3.为了改变这种状况，我认为…　　DueAttentionShouldBeGivenToSpelling　　oughthecentre.　　PassageOne　　Questions57to61arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　Youneverseehim,butthey'rewithyoueverytimeyoufly.Theyrecordwhereyouaregoing,howfastyou'retravelingandwhethereverythingonyourairplaneisfunctioningnormally.Theirabilitytowithstandalmostanydisastermakesthemseemlikesomethingoutofacomicbook.They'reknownastheblackbox.　　Whenplanesfallfromthesky,asaYemeniairlinerdidonitswaytoComorosIslandsintheIndiaoceanJune30,2009,theblackboxisthebestbetforidentifyingwhatwentwrong.SowhenaFrenchsubmarine(潜水艇)detectedthedevice'shomingsignalfivedayslater,thediscoverymarkedahugesteptowarddeterminingthecauseofatragedyinwhich152passengerswerekilled.　　In1958,AustralianscientistDavidWarrendevelopedaflight-memoryrecorderthatwouldtrackbasicinformationlikealtitudeanddirection.Thatwasthefirstmodeforablackbox,whichbecamearequirementonallU.S.commercialflightsby1960.Earlymodelsoftenfailedtowithstandcrashes,however,soin1965thedevicewascompletelyredesignedandmovedtotherearoftheplane–thearealeastsubjecttoimpact–fromitsoriginalpositioninthelandingwells(起落架舱).Thesameyear,theFederalAviationAuthorityrequiredthattheboxes,whichwereneveractuallyblack,bepaintedorangeoryellowtoaidvisibility.　　Modernairplaneshavetwoblackboxes:avoicerecorder,whichtrackspilots'conversations,andaflight-datarecorder,whichmonitorsfuellevels,enginenoisesandotheroperatingfunctionsthathelpinvestigatorsreconstructtheaircraft'sfinalmoments.Placedinaninsulated(隔绝的)caseandsurroundedbyaquarter-inch-thickpanelsofstainlesssteel,theboxescanwithstandmassiveforceandtemperaturesupto2,000℉.Whensubmerged,they'realsoabletoemitsignalsfromdepthsof20,000ft.ExpertsbelievetheboxesfromAirFranceFlight447,whichcrashednearBrazilonJune1,2009,areinwaternearlythatdeep,butstatisticssaythey'restilllikelytoturnup.Intheapproximately20deep-seacrashesoverthepast30years,onlyoneplane'sblackboxeswereneverrecovered.　　注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。　　57.Whatdoestheauthorsayabouttheblackbox?　　A)Itensuresthenormalfunctioningofanairplane.　　B)Theideaforitsdesigncomesfromacomicbook.　　C)Itsabilitytowardoffdisastersisincredible.　　D)Itisanindispensabledeviceonanairplane.　　58.WhatinformationcouldbefoundfromtheblackboxontheYemeniairliner?　　A)Dataforanalyzingthecauseofthecrash.　　B)Thetotalnumberofpassengersonboard.　　C)Thesceneofthecrashandextentofthedamage.　　D)Homingsignalssentbythepilotbeforethecrash.　　59.Whywastheblackboxredesignedin1965?　　A)Newmaterialsbecameavailablebythattime.　　B)Toomuchspacewasneededforitsinstallation.　　C)Theearlymodelsoftengotdamagedinthecrash.　　D)Theearlymodelsdidn'tprovidetheneededdata.　　60.WhydidtheFederalAviationAuthorityrequiretheblackboxesbepaintedorange30noryellow?　　A)Todistinguishthemfromthecolouroftheplane.　　B)Tocautionpeopletohandlethemwithcare.　　C)Tomakethemeasilyidentifiable.　　D)Toconformtointernationalstandards.　　61.WhatdoweknowabouttheblackboxesfromAirFranceFlight447?　　A)Thereisstillagoodchanceoftheirbeingrecovered.　　B)Thereisanurgentneedforthemtobereconstructed.　　C)Theyhavestoppedsendinghomingsignals.　　D)TheyweredestroyedsomewherenearBrazil.PassageTwo　　Questions62to66arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　The$11billionself-helpindustryisbuiltontheideathatyoushouldturnnegativethoughtslike"Ineverdoanythingright"intopositiveoneslike"Icansucceed."ButwaspositivethinkingadvocateNormanVincentPealeright?Istherepowerinpositivethinking?　　ResearchersinCanadajustpublishedastudyinthejournalPsychologicalSciencethatsaystryingtogetpeopletothinkmorepositivelycanactuallyhavetheoppositeeffect:itcansimplyhighlighthowunhappytheyare.　　Thestudy'sauthors,JoanneWoodandJohnLeeoftheUniversityofWaterlooandElainePerunovicoftheUniversityofNewBrunswick,beginbycitingolderresearchshowingthatwhenpeoplegetfeedbackwhichtheybelieveisoverlypositive,theyactuallyfeelworse,notbetter.IfyoutellyourdimfriendthathehasthepotentialofanEinstein,you'rejustunderlininghisfaults.Inone1990sexperiment,ateamincludingpsychologistJoelCooperofPrincetonaskedparticipantstowriteessaysopposingfundingforthedisabled.Whentheessayistswerelaterpraisedfortheirsympathy,theyfeltevenworseaboutwhattheyhadwritten.　　Inthisexperiment,Wood,LeeandPerunovicmeasured68students'self-esteem.Theparticipantswerethenaskedtowritedowntheirthoughtsandfeelingsforfourminutes.Every15seconds,onegroupofstudentsheardabell.Whenitrang,theyweresupposedtotellthemselves,"Iamlovable."　　Thosewithlowself-esteemdidn'tfeelbetteraftertheforcedself-affirmation.Infact,theirmoodsturnedsignificantlydarkerthanthoseofmembersofthecontrolgroup,whoweren'turgedtothinkpositivethoughts.　　Thepaperprovidessupportfornewerformsofpsychotherapy(心理治疗)thaturgepeopletoaccepttheirnegativethoughtsandfeelingsratherthanfightthem.Inthefighting,wenotonlyoftenfailbutcanmakethingsworse.Meditation(静思)techniques,incontrast,canteachpeopletoputtheirshortcomingsintoalarger,morerealisticperspective.Callitthepowerofnegativethinking.　　注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。　　62.Whatdowelearnfromthefirstparagraphabouttheself-helpindustry?　　A)Itisahighlyprofitableindustry.　　B)Itisbasedontheconceptofpositivethinking.　　C)ItwasestablishedbyNormanVincentPeale.　　D)Ithasyieldedpositiveresults.　　63.WhatisthefindingoftheCanadianresearchers?　　A)Encouragingpositivethinkingmanydomoreharmthangood.　　B)Therecanbenosimpletherapyforpsychologicalproblems.　　C)Unhappypeoplecannotthinkpositively.　　D)Thepowerofpositivethinkingislimited.　　64.Whatdoestheauthormeanby"…you'rejustunderlininghisfaults"(Line4,Para.3)?　　A)Youarenottakinghismistakesseriouslyenough.　　B)Youarepointingouttheerrorshehascommitted.　　C)Youareemphasizingthefactthatheisnotintelligent.　　D)Youaretryingtomakehimfeelbetterabouthisfaults.　　65.WhatdowelearnfromtheexperimentofWood,LeeandPerunovic?　　A)Itisimportantforpeopletocontinuallyboosttheirself-esteem.　　B)Self-affirmationcanbringapositivechangetoone'smood.　　C)Forcingapersontothinkpositivethoughtsmaylowertheirself-esteem.　　D)Peoplewithlowself-esteemseldomwritedowntheirtruefeelings.　　66.Whatdowelearnfromthelastparagraph?　　A)Theeffectsofpositivethinkingvaryfrompersontoperson.　　B)Meditationmayprovetobeagoodformofpsychotherapy.　　C)Differentpeopletendtohavedifferentwaysofthinking.　　D)Peoplecanavoidmakingmistakesthroughmeditation.　作文范文：30n　　DueAttentionShouldBeGivenToSpelling　　CorrectspellingisabasicskillinEnglishstudy.However,nowadaysmanystudentsdonotpaymuchattentiontoit.　　Theyhavetheirownreasonsformisspelling.Firstofall,theylikeaneasywayofstudying,whichcausessomeomissionsandchangesinspelling.Second,theteachersmightnotbeverystrictinstudents’spelling.InChina,teachersseemtobemoreconcernedwithgrammarandvocabularybutnotspelling.　　Tochangethissituation,inmyopinion,theteachersandthestudentsshouldworktogether.Ononeand,theteachersshouldgivemoreattentiontostudents’spelling,askingthestudentstobeconsciousoftheimportanceofcorrectspellingfromtheverybeginningoftheirEnglishstudy.Ontheotherhand,thestudentsthemselvesaresupposedtobeawarethatcorrectspellingisamustinEnglishstudy.　　Tosumup,correctspellingissoimportantthatbothstudentsandtheteachersshouldsparenoeffortstoachievecorrectspelling.　Passage1　　57.C)Itsabilitytowardoffdisastersisincredible.　　58.A)Dataforanalyzingthecauseofthecrash.　　59.C)Theearlymodelsoftengotdamagedinthecrash.　　60.C)Tomakethemeasilyidentifiable.　　61.A)Thereisstillagoodchancefortheirbeingrecovered.　　Passage2　　62.B)Itisbasedontheconceptofpositivethinking　　63.A)Encouragingpositivethinkingmaydomoreharmthangood　　64.B)Youarepointingouttheerrorshehascommitted　　65.C)Forcingapersontothinkpositivethoughtsmaylowertheirself-esteem　　66.B)Meditationmayprovetobeagoodformofpsychotherapy2009年12月大学英语四级考试真题及答案　　PartⅠWriting(30minutes)　　注意：此部分试题在答题卡1上。　　Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayonthetopicofCreatingaGreenCampus.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelow:　　1.建设绿色校园很重要　　2.绿色校园不仅指绿色的环境……　　3.为了建设绿色校园，我们应该……　　CreatingaGreenCampus　　　PassageOne　　Questions57to61arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　Throughoutthislong,tenseelection,everyonehasfocusedonthepresidentialcandidatesandhowthey’llchangeAmerica.Rightlyso,butselfishly,I’mmorefascinatedbyMichelleObamaandwhatshemightbeabletodo,notjustforthiscountry,butformeasanAfrican-Americanwoman.AsthepotentialFirstLady,shewouldhavetheworld’sattention.AndthatmeansthatforthefirsttimepeoplewillhaveachancetogetupcloseandpersonalwiththetypeofAfrican-Americanwomantheysorarelysee. 　　Usually,thelivesofblackwomengolargelyunexamined.Theprevailingtheoryseemstobethatwe’reallhot-temperedsinglemotherswhocan’tkeepaman.Evenintheworldofmake-believe,blackwomenstillcan’tescapethestereotypeofbeingeye-rolling,oversexedfemalesraisedbyournever-married,alcoholic(酗酒的)mothers.　　Theseimageshavehelpeddefinethewayallwomenareviewed,includingMichelleObama.Beforesheevergetsthechancetocommittoacause,charityorfoundationasFirstLady,hermosturgentandperhapsmostcomplicateddutymaybesimpletobeherself.　　Itwon’tbeeasy.Becausefewmainstreampublicationshavedonein-depthfeaturesonregularAfrican-Americanwomen,littleisknownaboutwhoweare,whatwethinkandwhatwefaceonaregularbasis.Forbetterorworse,Michellewillrepresentusall.　　Justasshewillhavehercritics,shewillalsohavemillionsoffanswhousuallyhavelittleinterestintheFirstLady.ManyAfrican-Americanblogshavewrittenaboutwhatthey’dliketoseeMichellebringtotheWhiteHouse—mainlyshowingtheworldthatablackwomancansupporthermanandraiseastrongblackfamily.Michellewillhavetoworktopleaseeveryone—animpossibletask.ButformanyAfrican-Americanwomenlikeme,justalittleofherpoise(沉着),confidenceandintelligencewillgoalongwayinchanginganimagethat’sbeenaroundforfartoolong.　　57.WhydoesMichelleObamaholdastrongfascinationfortheauthor?30n　　A)SheservesasarolemodelforAfricanwomen.　　B)ShepossessesmanyadmirablequalitiesbecomingaFirstLady.　　C)ShewillpresenttotheworldanewimageofAfrican-Americanwomen.　　D)ShewillpaycloserattentiontotheinterestsofAfrican-Americanwomen.　　58.WhatisthecommonstereotypeofAfrican-Americanwomenaccordingtotheauthor?　　A)Theyarevictimsofviolence.B)Theyareofaninferiorviolence.　　C)Theyusequitealotofbodylanguage.D)Theyliveoncharityandsocialwelfare.　　59.WhatdomanyAfrican-Americanswriteaboutintheirblogs?　　A)WhetherMichellecanliveuptothehighexpectationsofherfans.　　B)HowMichelleshouldbehaveasapublicfigure.　　C)HowproudtheyaretohaveablackwomanintheWhiteHouse.　　D)WhatMichelleshoulddoaswifeandmotherintheWhiteHouse.　　60.WhatdoestheauthorsayaboutMichelleObamaasaFirstLady?　　A)Howevermanyfansshehas,sheshouldremainmodest,　　B)Sheshouldn’tdisappointtheAfrican-Americancommunity.　　C)Howeverhardshetries,shecan’texpecttopleaseeverybody.　　D)ShewillgiveprioritytoAfrican-Americanwomen’sconcerns.　　61.WhatdomanyAfrican-AmericanwomenhopeMichelleObamawilldo?　　A)Helpchangetheprevailingviewaboutblackwomen.　　B)HelpherhusbandinthetaskofchangingAmerica.　　C)OutshinepreviousFirstLady.　　D)Fullydisplayherfinequalities.　　PassageTwo　　Questions62to66arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　Whennextyear’scropofhigh-schoolgraduatesarriveatOxfordUniversityinthefallof2009,they’llbejoinedbyanewface;AndrewHamilton,the55-year-oldprovost(教务长)ofYale,who’llbecomeOxford’svice-chancellor—apositionequivalenttouniversitypresidentinAmerica.　　Hamiltonisn’ttheonlyeducatorcrossingtheAtlantic.SchoolsinFrance,Egypt,Singapore,etc,havealsorecentlymadetop-levelhiresfromabroad.Highereducationhasbecomeabigandcompetitivebusinessnowadays,andlikesomanybusinesses,it’sgoneglobal.Yetthetalentflowisn’tuniversal.High-levelpersonneltendtoheadinonlyonedirection:outwardfromAmerica.　　ThechiefreasonisthatAmericanschoolsdon’ttendtoseriouslyconsiderlookingabroad.Forexample,whentheboardoftheUniversityofColoradosearchedforanewpresident,itwantedaleaderfamiliarwiththestategovernment,amajorsourceoftheuniversity’sbudget.“Wedidn’tdoanyglobalconsideration,”saysPatriciaHayes,theboard’schair.TheboardultimatelypickedBruceBenson,a69-year-oldColoradobusinessmanandpoliticalactivist(活动家)whoislikelytodowellinthemaintaskofmodernuniversitypresidents:fund-raising.Fund-raisingisadistinctivelyAmericanthing,sinceU.S.schoolsrelyheavilyondonations.Thefund-raisingabilityislargelyaproductofexperienceandnecessity.　　ManyEuropeanuniversities,meanwhile,arestillmostlydependentongovernmentfunding.Butgovernmentsupporthasfailedtokeeppacewithrisingstudentnumber.Thedeclineingovernmentsupporthasmadefunding-raisinganincreasingnecessaryabilityamongadministratorsandhashiringcommitteeshungryforAmericans.　　Inthepastfewyears,prominentschoolsaroundtheworldhavejoinedthetrend.In2003,whenCambridgeUniversityappointedAlisonRichard,anotherformerYaleprovost,asitsvice-chancellor,theuniversitypubliclystressedthatinherpreviousjobshehadoverseen“amajorstrengtheningofYale’sfinancialposition.”　　Ofcourse,fund-raisingisn’ttheonlyskilloutsidersoffer.Theglobalizationofeducationmeansmoreuniversitieswillbeseekingheadswithinternationalexperienceofsomekindofpromoteinternationalprogramsandattractaglobalstudentbody.Foreignerscanofferafreshperspectiveonestablishedpractices.　　62.Whatisthecurrenttrendinhighereducationdiscussedinthepassage?　　A)InstitutionsworldwidearehiringadministratorsfromtheU.S.　　B)Alotofpoliticalactivistsarebeingrecruitedasadministrators.　　C)Americanuniversitiesareenrollingmoreinternationalstudents.　　D)Universitypresidentsarepayingmoreattentiontofunding-raising.　　63.WhatisthechiefconsiderationofAmericanuniversitieswhenhiringtop-leveladministrators?　　A)Thepoliticalcorrectness.B)Theirabilitytoraisefunds.　　C)Theirfameinacademiccircles.D)Theiradministrativeexperience.　　64.WhatdowelearnaboutEuropeanuniversitiesfromthepassage?　　A)Thetuitionstheychargehavebeenrisingconsiderably.30n　　B)Theiroperationisunderstrictgovernmentsupervision.　　C)Theyarestrengtheningtheirpositionbyglobalization.　　D)Mostoftheirrevenuescomefromthegovernment.　　65.CambridgeUniversityappointedAlisonRichardasitsvice-chancellorchieflybecause_____.　　A)shewasknowntobegoodatraisingmoney　　B)shecouldhelpstrengthenitstieswithYale　　C)sheknewhowtoattractstudentsoverseas　　D)shehadboostedYale’sacademicstatus　　66.Inwhatwaydotop-leveladministratorsfromabroadcontributetouniversitydevelopment?　　A)Theycanenhancetheuniversity’simage.　　B)Theywillbringwiththemmoreinternationalfaculty.　　C)Theywillviewalotofthingsfromanewperspective.　　D)Theycansetupnewacademicdisciplines.　　CreatingaGreenCampus　　Recently,withtheideaofmakingandmaintaining“agreenearth”beingthefocusofthesociety,“greencampus”hasbecomeamoreandmorepopularconceptinuniversitiesorcolleges,which,undoubtedly,willbringusanever-lastingbenefittobothourcampusandoursociety.　　Theconceptof“greencampus”doesnotonlymeanagreenenvironmentbutalsoreferstoanenvironmentalsenseinpeople’smind.Campusplaysacrucialroleineducatingtheyounggenerationandtheconsciousnessof“greencampus”willdefinitelyproduceaprofoundeffectonstudents’variousenvironmentalprotectionactivitiesaftertheirgraduation.What’smore,theyounggenerationisundertheburdenofsevereenvironmentalpollutionandtherearemanyproblemswaitingforthemtosolve.　　Tomake“greencampus”cometrue,firstly,itisnecessarytoworkouteffectiveprinciplesforthedevelopmentofsustainableandrecyclablecampus.Secondly,itcallsforpeople’sawarenessoftheseriouspollutionaroundusandactualactiontoreducethewaste.Lastbutnotleast,itisnecessarytostrengthenthetiesbetweencampusandsociety,soastoensurethat“greencampus”canworksmoothlywiththeco-effortofthewholesociety.　　　　PassageOne　　篇章结构　　本文是一篇议论文，选自《新闻周刊》2008年11月刊，题目为MICHELLEOBAMAISABLACKSKINNEDBEAUTY!。全文共五段。第一段作者介绍作为黑人女性，她更关注米歇尔•奥巴马，因为作为准第一夫人，米歇尔代表的正是人们平时极少接触的非洲裔女性美国公民。第二至四段介绍过去人们对黑人女性带有成见的看法，因此米歇尔将代表所有黑人女性来改变世人对她们的看法。最后一段介绍米歇尔作为第一夫人，美国黑人对她的期望，以及她身上所具有的、黑人女性应该学习的品质。　　核心词汇　　9.candidaten.候选人，申请求职者　　【文中实例】Throughoutthislong,tenseelection,everyonehasfocusedonthepresidentialcandidatesandhowthey’llchangeAmerica.在这个持久而紧张的选举中，每个候选人都成为了众人的焦点，人们关注着他们如何来改变整个美国。　　【实例拓展】HeisrunningasacandidateforLiberalparty。他作为民主党候选人参选。　　【举一反三】同义词applicant，seeker，nomineen.申请者，候选人　　10.fascinatev.使着迷，使极感兴趣　　【文中实例】I’mmorefascinatedbyMichelleObamaandwhatshemightbeabletodo,….我更期待米歇尔•奥巴马，不止期待着她能够为这个国家做些什么，……。　　【实例拓展】Herbeautyfascinatedeveryboy.她的美貌使所有的男孩子都着了迷。　　【举一反三】派生词fascinateda.着迷的;fascinatinga.令人着迷的;fascinationn.魅力　　11.prevailinga.普遍的，盛行的，流行的　　【文中实例】Theprevailingtheoryseemstobethatwe’reallhot-temperedsinglemotherswhocan’tkeepaman.时下流行的看法是大多黑人女性都是脾气暴躁的单身妈妈，吸引不住男人。　　【实例拓展】aprevailingsetofculturalvalues一套盛行的文化价值观　　【举一反三】派生词prevail(over)v.胜过，压倒，占优势　　12.stereotypen.陈规，固定的看法　　【文中实例】Evenintheworldofmake-believe,blackwomenstillcan’tescapethestereotypeofbeingeye-rolling,oversexedfemalesraisedbyournever-married,alcoholic(酗酒的)mothers.在人们的想象中，黑人女性给人留下的刻板印象往往是：受人歧视，性交过度，通常被未婚的酒鬼老妈养大。30n　　【实例拓展】It’swrongtostereotypepeople,asiftheywereallalike.把人们看作都是一样的，这是错误的。　　【举一反三】派生词stereotypev.使模式化stereotypeda.固定化的，老一套的　　13.commitv.承诺，使受约束　　【文中实例】Beforesheevergetsthechancetocommittoacause,charityorfoundationasFirstLady,…在有机会作为第一夫人去成就一番事业，去做慈善或办基金会之前，……。　　【实例拓展】Hehascommittedhimselftosupportthem.他答应负担他们的生活。　　【举一反三】派生词committeda.坚定的，忠诚的;commitmentn.承诺，诺言　　6.featuren.特写，专题报道　　【文中实例】Becausefewmainstreampublicationshavedonein-depthfeaturesonregularAfrican-Americanwomen,….因为主流的媒体们都未曾深入地报道过普通非洲裔美国女性，……。　　【实例拓展】afrontpagefeatureoncoalmining头版上关于采煤的特写　　【举一反三】词义扩展featuren.特征，容貌;v.以……为特征，特写难句解析　　1.Forexample,whentheboardoftheUniversityofColoradosearchedforanewpresident,itwantedaleaderfamiliarwiththestategovernment,amajorsourceoftheuniversity’sbudget.　　【解析】when引导时间状语从句，其后是主句，该主句中的familiarwiththestategovernment是形容词短语作定语，修饰leader;而句末amajorsourceoftheuniversity’sbudget是同位语来说明thestategovernment。　　【译文】例如，科罗拉多大学董事会在遴选新校长时，他们想聘用一个与州政府熟悉的领导人，因为州政府是学校的主要资金来源。　　2.In2003，whenCambridgeUniversityappointedAlisonRichard,anotherformerYaleprovost,asitsvice-chancellor,theuniversitypubliclystressedthatinherpreviousjobshehadoverseen“amajorstrengtheningofYale’sfinancialposition.”　　【解析】句首的when从句是非限制性定语从句，补充说明2003。句子的主句是theuniversity…stressedthat…，其中that引出宾语从句。宾语从句中的主句为shehadoverseenamajorstrengthening。　　【译文】2003年，剑桥大学任命前耶鲁大学教务长艾莉森•理查德为副校长。学校公开强调艾莉森之前的工作确保了“耶鲁大学财政状况良好”。　　3.Theglobalizationofeducationmeansmoreuniversitieswillbeseekingheadswithinternationalexperienceofsomekindtopromoteinternationalprogramsandattractaglobalstudentbody.　　【解析】本句的主干简单易懂，是Theglobalizationofeducationmeans…。但其后的宾语从句的结构复杂，该从句的主干是moreuniversitieswillbeseekingheads，heads之后的withinternationalexperienceofsomekind是介词短语做定语。句末的topromoteinternationalprogramsandattractaglobalstudentbody是目的状语。　　【译文】教育全球化意味着更多的大学将要聘用那些具有国际经验的校长，以促进国际间项目的合作，招收留学生。　　试题详解　　62.Whatisthecurrenttrendinhighereducationdiscussedinthepassage?62.文章中讨论的目前高等教育的趋势是什么?　　A)InstitutionsworldwidearehiringadministratorsfromtheU.S.A)世界范围的高校正在从美国聘请管理人员。　　B)Alotofpoliticalactivistsarebeingrecruitedasadministrators.B)大量政治活动家被聘为管理人员。　　C)Americanuniversitiesareenrollingmoreinternationalstudents.C)美国大学扩招留学生.　　D)Universitypresidentsarepayingmoreattentiontofunding-raisingD)大学校长更加注重筹措资金。　　【快速解题】事实细节题。根据题干中thecurrenttrendinhighereducation，定位答案在第二段最后两句。　　【正确项分析】根据这两句话Yetthetalentflowisn’tuniversal.High-levelpersonneltendtoheadinonlyonedirection:outwardfromAmerica.如今，高等教育已成为极具竞争力的商业行为，并且日渐国际化。但是人才的流动并不是世界性的。高层的管理人员往往来自一个地方：美国。选项A意思与之相近，故选择A。　　【干扰项分析】根据第三段末“筹措资金的能力在很大程度上依靠经验，也是美国校长必须具备的能力”，D项表述与原文不符。B、C项文中均未提及。　　63.WhatisthechiefconsiderationofAmericanuniversitieswhenhiringtop-leveladministrators?62.在聘请高层管理人员时，美国大学主要考虑的问题是什么?　　A)Thepoliticalcorrectness.A)政治方向的准确性。　　B)Theirabilitytoraisefunds.B)筹措资金的能力。　　C)Theirfameinacademiccircles.C)学术界的声誉。　　D)Theiradministrativeexperience.D)管理经验。30n　　【快速解题】语义理解题。根据题干中thechiefconsideration，定位答案在第三段第三段。　　【正确项分析】在第三段TheboardultimatelypickedBruceBenson,a69-year-oldColoradobusinessmanandpoliticalactivistwhoislikelytoexcelatthemaintaskofmodernuniversitypresidents:fund-raising。选项B中的raisefunds表示“筹款”。答案为B选项。　　64.WhatdowelearnaboutEuropeanuniversitiesfromthepassage?64.从文章中可以了解关于欧洲大学的哪些信息?　　A)Thetuitionstheychargehavebeenrisingconsiderably.A)学费迅速上涨。　　B)Theiroperationisunderstrictgovernmentsupervision.B)学校运转受到政府严格监督。　　C)Theyarestrengtheningtheirpositionbyglobalization.C)他们通过全球化强化自己的位置。　　D)Mostoftheirrevenuescomefromthegovernment.D)大部分资金来源于政府。　　【快速解题】语义理解题。根据题干Europeanuniversities，答案可定位在第四段第一、二句。　　【正确项分析】根据第四段第一、二句ManyEuropeanuniversitiesarestillmostlydependentongovernmentfunding.Butgovernmentsupporthasfailedtokeeppacewithrisingstudentnumber。即很多欧洲大学仍然依靠政府投入。而政府的投入却没能跟上不断扩大的学生规模。因此可知学校的大部分资金来源于政府，故选择D选项。　　【干扰项分析】B项是强干扰项，根据第四段第一、二句可知很多欧洲大学仍然依靠政府投入，但却没有提及学校运转受到政府的严格监督。A、C项文中均未提及。　　65.CambridgeUniversityappointedAlisonRichardasitsvice-chancellorchieflybecause_______?65.牛津大学为什么任命艾莉森•理查德为副校长?　　A)Shewasknowntobegoodatraisingmoney.A)她在筹措资金方面有名　　B)ShecouldhelpstrengthenitstieswithYale.B)她可以加强与耶鲁大学的联系　　C)SheknewhowtoattractstudentsoverseasC)她知道如何吸引海外学生。　　D)shehadboostedYale’sacademicstatus.D)她提升了耶鲁大学的学术地位　　【快速解题】事实细节题。根据题干中的AlisonRichardasitsvice-chancellor，答案可定位在第五段第二句。　　【正确项分析】根据theuniversitypubliclystressedthatinherpreviousjobshehadoverseen“amajorstrengtheningofYale’sfinancialposition.”，学校公开强调艾莉森之前的工作确保了“耶鲁大学财政状况良好”。由此可知她有很强的筹措资金的能力，故选A选项。　　66.Inwhatwaydotop-leveladministratorsfromabroadcontributetouniversitydevelopment?66.外国的高层领导从哪些方面促进了学校的发展?　　A)Theycanenhancetheuniversity’simage.A)他们可以提升学校的形象　　B)Theywillbringwiththemmoreinternationalfaculty.B)他们可以带来更多国际化人才　　C)Theywillviewalotofthingsfromanewperspective.C)他们将从新的角度审视问题。　　D)Theycansetupnewacademicdisciplines.D)他们能创立新的学科　　【快速解题】语义理解题。根据题干top-leveladministratorsfromabroadcontributetouniversitydevelopment答案定位在末段末句。　　【正确项分析】该句Foreignerscanofferafreshperspectiveonestablishedpractices，告诉读者外国人能够给学校业已成立的体系带来新的活力。此意与C选项的意思相近，故选C选项。　　全文精译　　2009年毕业的高中生进入牛津大学的同时，他们也会迎来一个新的面孔，安德鲁•汉密尔顿，55岁的耶鲁大学教务长。他将入主牛津，职位相当于美国大学的校长。　　汉密尔顿并不是第一位跨越大西洋到外国任职的教育家。法国、埃及、新家坡等一些国家的学校近年来纷纷从国外聘请学校的高层管理人员。像其他商业活动一样，如今，高等教育已成为极具竞争力的商业行为，并且日渐国际化。但是人才的流动并不是世界性的。高层的管理人员往往来自一个地方：美国。　　其主要原因是许多学校并不真地想从国外引进人才。例如，科罗拉多大学董事会在遴选新校长时，想聘用一个与州政府熟悉的领导人，因为州政府是学校的主要资金来源。“我们不会在全球范围内聘用校长”，帕特立夏•海说，该校最终聘用了布鲁斯•本森，69岁的科罗拉多州商人、政治活动家。他能够胜任现代大学校长的职务：筹措资金。筹措资金为美国大学所特有，因为美国大学的运转主要依赖捐款。筹措资金的能力在很大程度上依靠经验，也是美国校长必须具备的能力。　　与此同时，很多欧洲大学仍然依靠政府投入。而政府的投入却没能跟上不断扩大的学生规模。政府投入的减少，使得筹措资金成为学校管理部门的当务之急，于是对美国的人才求贤若渴。　　在过去几年里，世界各地的优秀学校都加入了这一行列。2003年，剑桥大学任命前耶鲁大学教务长艾莉森•理查德为副校长。学校公开强调艾莉森之前的工作确保了“耶鲁大学财政状况良好”。30n　　当然，这些外国管理者不仅只是筹措资金。教育全球化意味着更多的大学将要聘用那些具有国际经验的校长，以促进国际间项目的合作，招收留学生。外国人能够给学校业已成立的体系带来新的活力。2009年6月英语四级考试真题与答案真题：PartIWriting(30minutes)Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutetowriteashortessayonthetopicofstudentsselectingtheirlectures.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbellow:1.越来越多的博物馆免费对外开放的目的是什么？2.也会带来一些问题3.你的看法？FreeadmissiontomuseumsPassageOneQuestions57to61arebasedonthefollowingpassage.TheJanuaryfashionshow,calledFutureFashion,exemplifiedhowfargreendesignhascome.OrganizedbytheNewYork-basednonprofitEarthPledge,theshowinspiredmanytopdesignerstoworkwithsustainablefabricsforthefirsttime.Severalhavesincemadepledgestoincludeorganicfabricsintheirlines.Thedesignerswhoundertakegreenfashionstillfacemanychallenges.ScottHahn,cofounderwithGregoryofRoganandLoomstate,whichusesall-organiccotton,sayshigh-qualitysustainablematerialscanstillbetoughtofine.“Mostdesignerswithexistinglabelsarefindingtherearen’tcomparablefabricsthatcanjustreplacewhatyou’redoingandshatyourcustomersareusedto,”hesays.Forexample,organiccottonandnon-organiccottonarevirtuallyindistinguishableoncewovenintoadress.Butsomepopularsynthetics,likestretchnylon,stillhavefeweco-friendlyequivalents.Thosewhodomaketheswitcharefindingtheyhavemoresupport.LastyeartheinfluentialtradeshowDesigners&Agentsstoppedchargingitsparticipationfeeforyounggreenentrepreneurs(企业家)whoattenditstwospringtimeshowsinLosAngelesandNewYorkandgavespecialrecognitiontodesignerswhosecollectionsareatleast25%sustainable.Itnowcountsmorethan50greendesigners,upfromfewerthanadozentwoyearsago.ThisweekWal-Martissettoannounceamajorinitiativeaimedathelpingcottonfarmersgoorganic:itwillbuytransitional(过渡型的)cottonathigherprices,thushelpingtoexpandthesupplyofakeysustainablematerial.“Mainstreamisabouttooccur,”saysHahn.Someanalysts(分析师)arelesssure.Amongconsumers,only18%areevenawarethatecofashionexists,upfrom6%fouryearsago.NatalieHormilla,afashionwriter,isanexampleoftheunconvertedconsumer,whenaskedifsheownedanysustainableclothes,shereplied:“NotthatI’mawareof.”Likemostconsumers,shefindslittletimetoshop,andwhenshedoes,she’sonthehuntfor“cutestuffthatisn’ttooexpensive.”Byherownadmission,greenjustisn’tyetonhermind.But–thankstothecombinedeffortsofdesigners,retailersandsuppliers–onedayitwillbe.57.WhatissaidaboutFutureFashion?A)Itinspiredmanyleadingdesignerstostartgoinggreen.B)Itshowedthatdesignersusingorganicfabricswouldgofar.C)Itservedasanexampleofhowfashionshowsshouldbeorganized.D)Itconvincedthepublicthatfashionableclothesshouldbemadedurable.58.AccordingtoScottHahn,onebigchallengetodesignerswhowillgoorganicisthat.A)muchmoretimeisneededtofinishadressusingsustainablematerials.B)theyhavetocreatenewbrandsforclothesmadeoforganicmaterials.C)customershavedifficultytellingorganicfromnon-organicmaterials.D)qualityorganicreplacementsforsyntheticsarenotreadilyavailable.59.WelearnfromParagraph3thatdesignerswhoundertakegreenfashion.A)canattendvarioustradeshowsfree.B)arereadilyrecognizedbythefashionworldC)canbuyorganiccottonatfavorableprices.D)aregainingmoreandmoresupport.60.WhatisNatalieHormilla’sattitudetowardecofashion?A)Shedoesn’tseemtocareaboutit.C)Sheisdoubtfulofitspracticalvalue.B)Shedoesn’tthinkitissustainableD)Sheisverymuchopposedtotheidea61.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofgreenfashion?A)Greenproductswillsoongomainstream.B)Ithasaverypromisingfuture.C)Consumershavethefinalsay.30nD)Itwillappealmoretoyoungpeople.PassageTwoQuestions62to66arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Scientistshavedevisedawaytodetermineroughlywhereapersonhaslivedusingastrand(缕)ofhair,atechniquethatcouldhelptrackthemovementsofcriminalsuspectsorunidentifiedmurdervictims.Themethodreliesonmeasuringhowchemicalvariationsindrinkingwatershowupinpeople’shair.“You’rewhatyoueatanddrink,andthat’srecordedinyouhair,”saidThureCerling,ageologistattheUniversityofUtah.WhileU.Sdietisrelativelyidentical,watersuppliesvary.Thedifferencesresultfromweatherpatterns.Thechemicalcompositionofrainfallchangesslightlyasraidcloudsmove.Mosthydrogenandoxygenatomsinwaterarestable,buttracesofbothelementsarealsopresentasheavierisotopes(同位素).Theheaviestraidfallsfirst.Asaresult,stormsthatformoverthePacificdeliverheavierwatertoCaliforniathantoUtah.SimilarpatternsexistthroughouttheU.S.Bymeasuringtheproportionofheavierhydrogenandoxygenisotopesalongastrandofhair,scientistscanconstructageographictimeline.Eachinchofhaircorrespondstoabouttwomonths.Cerling’steamcollectedtapwatersamplesfrom600citiesandconstructedamopoftheregionaldifferences.Theycheckedtheaccuracyofthemapbytesting200hairsamplescollectedfrom65barbershops.Theywereabletoaccuratelyplacethehairsamplesinbroadregionsroughlycorrespondingtothemovementofraidsystems.“It’snotgoodforpinpointing(精确定位),”Cerlingsaid.“It’sgoodforeliminatingmanypossibilities.”ToddPark,alocaldetective,saidthemethodhashelpedhimlearnmoreaboutanunidentifiedwomanwhoseskeletonwasfoundnearGreatSaltLake.Thewomanwas5feettall.Policerecovered26bones,aT-shirtandseveralstrandsofhair.WhenParkheardabouttheresearch,hegavethehairsamplestotheresearchers.Chemicaltestingshowedthatoverthetwoyearsbeforeherdeath,shemovedabouteverytwomonths.ShestayedintheNorthwest,althoughthetestcouldnotbemorespecificthansomewherebetweeneasternOregonandwesternWyoming.“It’sstillasubstantialarea,”Parksaid“Butitnarrowsitwaydownforme.”62.Whatisthescientists’newdiscovery?A)One’shairgrowthhastodowiththeamountofwatertheydrink.B)Aperson’shairmayrevealwheretheyhavelived.C)Hairanalysisaccuratelyidentifiescriminalsuspects.D)Thechemicalcompositionofhairvariesfrompersontoperson.63.Whatdoestheauthormeanby“You’rewhatyoueatanddrink”(Line1,Para.3)?A)Foodanddrinkaffectone’spersonalitydevelopment.B)Foodanddrinkpreferencesvarywithindividuals.C)Foodanddrinkleavetracesinone’sbodytissues.D)Foodanddrinkareindispensabletoone’sexistence.64.WhatissaidabouttherainfallinAmerica’sWest?A)ThereismuchmorerainfallinCaliforniathaninUtah.B)Thewateritdeliversbecomeslighterwhenitmovesinland.C)Itschemicalcompositionislessstablethaninotherareas.D)Itgathersmorelightisotopesasitmoveseastward.65.WhatdidCerling’steamproduceintheirresearch?A)Amapshowingtheregionaldifferencesoftapwater.B)Acollectionofhairsamplesfromvariousbarbershops.C)Amethodtomeasuretheamountofwaterinhumanhair.D)Achartillustratingthemovementoftherainsystem.66.WhatisthepracticalvalueofCerling’sresearch?A)Ithelpsanalyzethequalityofwaterindifferentregions.B)Ithelpsthepolicedeterminewhereacrimeiscommitted.C)Ithelpsthepolicenarrowdownpossibilitiesindetectivework.D)Ithelpsidentifythedrinkinghabitsofthepersonunderinvestigation.FreeAdmissiontoMuseums（满分版）Nowadays,anincreasingnumberofmuseumsareadmission-freetovisitorshomeandabroad.Thehiddenreasonbehindthisisnothardtoanalyzeasthere’sagrowingawarenessfortheauthoritiesregardingtheurgencyofpopularizationofculture,knowledgeandhistorywitheveryaveragepersoninoursociety.Onlywithfreeaccesstothislive‘database’,canmostpeoplefullyenjoywhatmuseumscouldoffertothem.However,freeadmissiontomuseumsmightleadtosomesocialproblemsaswell.Themost30nobviousproblemisthatitmightgivemuseumsaveryheavyeconomicburdenwhichdirectlyimpedesthesustainabledevelopmentoftheseorganizations.Asaresult,ourgovernmenthastoworkoutotherwaystocollectfundsfromdifferentchannels,whichmightbedifficulttooperateorcontrol.Ontheotherhand,freeadmissionattractstoomanyvisitors,someofwhichmightnotbewell-purposedanddosomeconsciousorunconsciousdamagetothevaluabletreasureswhichusedtobewell-preservedinthemuseums.Asauniversitystudent,Iaminfavorofthefree-admissionconduct.Yetitisproposedthatsomemeasuresshouldbetakentosolvethepotentialproblemscausedbyit.Forexample,museumscanmakesomeregulationstoguidethebehaviorofvisitorsorsetsome‘closed’daysformuseumsforregularmaintenance.Onlyinthiswaycanfree-admissiontomuseumsbecomealong-lastingphenomenonandhavesustainabledevelopment.　　57Aitinspiredmanyleadingdesignerstostartgoinggree　　58Dqualityorganicreplacementsforsyntheticsarenotreadilyavailable　　59Daregainingmoreandmoresupport　　60Ashedoesn'tseemtocareaboutit　　61Bithasaverypromisingfuture　　62Baperson'shairmayrevealwheretheyhavelived。　　63Cfoodanddrinkleavetracesinone'sbodytissues　　64Bthewateritdeliversbecomeslighterwhenitmovesinland。　　65Dachartillustratingthemovementoftherainsystem。　　66Cithelpsthepolicenarrowdownpossibililitiesindetectivework。　　2008年12月大学英语四级考试真题1.一次性塑料袋的使用2.使用一次性塑料袋带来的问题3.限制一次性塑料袋的意义LimitingtheUseofDisposablePlasticBagPassageOneQuestions57to61arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Ifyouareamaleandyouarereadingthis,congratulations:youareasurvivor.Accordingtostatistics.youaremorethantwiceaslikelytodieofskincancerthanawoman,andninetimesmorelikelytodieofAIDS.Assumingyoumakeittotheendofyournaturalterm,about78yearsformeninAustralia,youwilldieonaveragefiveyearsbeforeawoman.Therearemanyreasonsforthis-typically,mentakemorerisksthanwomanandaremorelikelytodrinkandsmokebutperhapsmoreimportantly,mendon’tgotothedoctor.“Menaren’tseeingdoctorsasoftenastheyshould,”saysDr.Gullotta,“Thisisparticularlysofortheover-40s,whendiseasestendtostrike.”Gullottasaysahealthymanshouldvisitthedoctoreveryyearortwo.Forthoseover45,itshouldbeatleastonceayear.TwomonthsagoGullottasawa50-year-oldmawhohaddelayeddoinganythingabouthissmoker’scoughforayear.“WhenIfinallysawhimithadalreadyspreadandhehassincediedfromlungcancer”hesays,“Earlierdetectionandtreatmentmaynothavecuredhim,butitwouldhaveprolongedthislife”Accordingtoarecentsurvey,95%ofwomenagedbetween15andearly40sseeadoctoronceayear,comparedto70%ofmeninthesameagegroup.“Alotofmenthinktheyareinvincible（不可战胜的）”Gullottasays“Theyonlycomeinwhenafrienddropsdeadonthegolfcourseandtheythink”Geez,ifitcouldhappentohim.Thenthereistheostrichapproach,”somemenarescaredofwhatmightbethereandwouldrathernotknow,”saysDr.RossCartmill.“Mostmengettheircarsservicedmoreregularlythantheyservicetheirbodies,”Cartmillsays.Hebelievesmostdiseasesthatcommonlyaffectmencouldbeaddressedbypreventivecheck-ups.Regularcheck-upsformenwouldinevitablyplacestrainonthepublicpurse,Cartmillsays.”Butpreventionischeaperinthelongrunthanhavingtotreatthediseases.Besides,theultimatecostisfargreater:itiscalledprematuredeath.”57.Whydoestheauthorcongratulatehismalereadersatthebeginningofthepassage?A.Theyaremorelikelytosurviveseriousdiseasestoday.B.Theiraveragelifespanhasbeenconsiderablyextended.C.Theyhavelivedlongenoughtoreadthisarticle.D.Theyaresuretoenjoyalongerandhappierlive.58.Whatdoestheauthorstateisthemostimportantreasonmendiefiveyearsearlieronaveragethanwomen?A.mendrinkandsmokemuchmorethanwomenB.mendon’tseekmedicalcareasoftenaswomen30nC.menaren’tascautionsaswomeninfaceofdangerD.menaremorelikelytosufferfromfataldiseases59.Whichofthefollowingbestcompletesthesentence“Geez,ifitcouldhappentohim…’(line2,para,8)?A.itcouldhappentome,tooB.IshouldavoidplayinggolfC.IshouldconsidermyselfluckyD.itwouldbeabigmisfortune60whatdoesDr.RossCartmillmeanby“theostrichapproach”(lineqpara.9)A.acasualattitudetowardsone’shealthconditionsB.anewtherapyforcertainpsychologicalproblemsC.refusaltogetmedicaltreatmentforfearofthepaininvolvedD.unwillingnesstofindoutaboutone’sdiseasebecauseoffear61.WhatdoesCartmillsayaboutregularcheck-upsformen?A.TheymayincreasepublicexpensesB.TheywillsavemoneyinthelongrunC.TheymaycausepsychologicalstrainsonmenD.TheywillenablementoliveaslongaswomenPassageTwoQuestions62to66arebasedonthefollowingpassage.High-qualitycustomerserviceispreached(宣扬)bymany,butactuallykeepingcustomershappyiseasiersaidthandoneShoppersseldomcomplaintothemanagerorownerofaretailstore,butinsteadwillalerttheirfriends,relatives,co-workers,strangers-andanyonewhowilllisten.Storemanagersareoftenthelasttohearcomplaints,andoftenfindoutonlywhentheirregularcustomersdecidetfrequenttheircompetitors,accordingtoastudyjointlyconductedbyVerdegroupandWhartonschool“Storytellinghurtsretailersandentertainsconsumers,”saidPaulaCourtney,PresidentoftheVerdegroup.”thestorelosesthecustomer,buttheshoppermustalsofindareplacement.”Onaverage,everyunhappycustomerwillcomplaintoatleastfourother,andwillnolongervisitthespecificstoreforeverydissatisfiedcustomer,astorewillloseuptothreemoreduetonegativereviews.Theresulting“snowballeffect”canbedisastroustoretailers.Accordingtotheresearch,shopperswhopurchasedclothingencounteredthemostproblems.rankedsecondandthirdweregroceryandelectronicscustomers.Themostcommoncomplaintsincludefilledparkinglots,cluttered(塞满了的)shelves,overloadedracks,out-of-stockitems,longcheck-outlines,andrudesalespeople.Duringpeakshoppinghours,someretailerssolvedtheparkingproblemsbygettingmoonlighting（业余兼职的）localpolicetoworkasparkingattendants.Somehiredflagwaverstodirectcustomerstoemptyparkingspaces.Thisguidanceeliminatedtheneedforcustomerstocircletheparkinglotendlessly,andavoidedconfrontationbetweenthoseeyeingthesameparkingspace.Retailerscanrelievetheheadachesbyredesigningstorelayouts,pre-stockingsalesitems,hiringspeedyandexperiencedcashiers,andhavingsalesrepresentativesonhandtoanswerquestions.Mostimportantly,salespeopleshouldbediplomaticandpolitewithangrycustomers.“Retailerswho’reresponsiveandfriendlyaremorelikelytosmoothoverissuesthanthosewhoaren’tsofriendly.”saidProfessorStephenHoch.“Maybesomethingassimpleasagreeteratthestoreentrancewouldhelp.”Customerscanalsoimprovefutureshoppingexperiencesbyfilingcomplaintstotheretailer,insteadofcomplainingtotherestoftheworld.Retailersarehard-pressedtoimprovewhentheyhavenoideawhatiswrong.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答62.Whyarestoremanagersoftenthelasttohearcomplaints?AMostcustomerswon’tbothertocomplaineveniftheyhavehadunhappyexperiences.BCustomerswouldratherrelatetheirunhappyexperiencestopeoplearoundthem.CFewcustomersbelievetheservicewillbeimproved.DCustomershavenoeasyaccesstostoremanagers.63.WhatdoesPaulaCourtneyimplybysaying“…theshoppermustalsofindareplacement”(Line2,Para.4)?ANewcustomersareboundtoreplaceoldones.BItisnotlikelytheshoppercanfindthesameproductsinotherstores.CMoststoresprovidethesameDNotcomplainingtothemanagercausestheshoppersometroubletoo.64.Shopownersoftenhiremoonlightingpoliceasparkingattendantssothatshoppers_____Acanstaylongerbrowsinginthestore30nBwon’thavetroubleparkingtheircarsCwon’thaveanyworriesaboutsecurityDcanfindtheircarseasilyaftershopping65.Whatcontributesmosttosmoothingoverissueswithcustomers?AMannersofthesalespeopleBHiringofefficientemployeesCHugesupplyofgoodsforsaleDDesignofthestorelayout.66.Toachievebettershoppingexperiences,customersareadvisedto_________.AexertpressureonstorestoimprovetheirserviceBsettletheirdisputeswithstoresinadiplomaticwayCvoicetheirdissatisfactiontostoremanagersdirectlyDshoparoundandmakecomparisonsbetweenstores57Atheyaremorelikelytosurviveseriousdiseasestoday.58Bmendon'tseekmedicalcareasoftenaswomen,59Aitcouldhappentome,too60Dunwillingnesstofindoutaboutone'sdeceasebecauseoffear.61Btheywillsavemoneyinthelongrun.62Bcustomerwouldratherrelatetheirunhappyexperiencestopeoplearoundthem.63Cmoststoresprovidethesamekindofservice.64Bwon'thavetotroubleparkingtheircars.65Amannersofthesalespeople66Cvoicetheirdissatisfactiontostoremanagersdirectly.200806大学英语四级试卷PartIWriting(30minutes)RecreationalActivitiesDirections:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteALetterofApologyaccordingtotheoutlinegivenbelow.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelowinChinese.1.娱乐活动多种多样2.娱乐活动可能使人们受益，也可能有危害性3.作为大学生，我的看法。PassageOneGlobalwarmingmayormaynotbethegreatenvironmentalcrisisofthe21stcentury,butregardlessofwhetheritisorisn’t–wewon’tdomuchaboutit.Wewillargueoveritandmayeven,asanation,makesomefairlysolemn-soundingcommitmentstoavoidit.Butthemoredramaticandmeaningfulthesecommitmentsseem,thelesslikelytheyaretobeobserved.AlGorecallsglobalwarmingan“inconvenienttruth,”asifmerelyrecognizingitcouldputusonapathtoasolution.Buttherealtruthisthatwedon’tknowenoughtorelieveglobalwarming,and–withoutmajortechnologicalbreakthroughs—wecan’tdomuchaboutit.From2003to2050,theworld’spopulationisprojectedtogrowfrom6.4billionto9.1billion,a42%increase.Ifenergyuseperpersonandtechnologyremainthesame,totalenergyuseandgreenhousegasemissions(mainly,CO2)willbe42%higherin2050.butthat’stoolow,becausesocietiesthatgrowricherusemoreenergy.Weneedeconomicgrowthunlesswecondemntheworld’spoortotheirpresentpovertyandfreezeeveryoneelse’slivingstandards.Withmodestgrowth,energyuseandgreenhouseemissionsmorethandoubleby2050.Nogovernmentwilladoptrigidrestrictionsoneconomicgrowthandpersonalfreedom(limitsonelectricityusage,drivingandtravel)thatmightcutbackglobalwarming.Still,politicianswanttoshowthey’re“doingsomething.”ConsidertheKyotoProtocol(京都议定书).Itallowedcountriesthatjoinedtopunishthosethatdidn’t.Butithasn’treducedCO2emissions(upabout25%since1990),andmanysignatories(签字国)didn’tadopttoughenoughpoliciestohittheir2008-2012targets.Thepracticalconclusionisthatifglobalwarmingisapotentialdisaster,theonlysolutionisnewtechnology.Onlyanaggressiveresearchanddevelopmentprogrammightfindwaysofbreakingdependenceonfossilfuelsordealingwithit.Thetroublewiththeglobalwarmingdebateisthatithasbecomeamoralproblemwhenit’sreallyanengineeringone.Theinconvenienttruthisthatifwedon’tsolvetheengineeringproblem,we’rehelpless.57.Whatissaidaboutglobalwarminginthefirstparagraph?30nA)Itmaynotproveanenvironmentalcrisisatall.B)Itisanissuerequiringworldwidecommitments.C)Seriousstepshavebeentakentoavoidorstopit.D)Verylittlewillbedonetobringitundercontrol.58.Accordingtotheauthor’sunderstanding,whatisAlGore’sviewonglobalwarming?A)Itisarealitybothpeopleandpoliticiansareunawareof.B)Itisaphenomenonthatcausesusmanyinconveniences.C)Itisaproblemthatcanbesolvedonceitisrecognized.D)Itisanareaweactuallyhavelittleknowledgeabout.59.Greenhouseemissionswillmorethandoubleby2050becauseof_______.A)economicgrowthB)thewideninggapbetweentherichandpoorC)wastefuluseofenergyD)therapidadvancesofscienceandtechnology60.Theauthorbelievesthat,sincethesigningoftheKyotoProtocol,________.A)politicianshavestartedtodosomethingtobetterthesituationB)fewnationshaveadoptedrealtoughmeasurestolimitenergyuseC)reductionsinenergyconsumptionhavegreatlycutbackglobalwarmingD)internationalcooperationhascontributedtosolvingenvironmentalproblems61.Whatisthemessagetheauthorintendstoconvey?A)Globalwarmingismoreofamoralissuethanapracticalone.B)TheultimatesolutiontoglobalwarmingliesinnewtechnologyC)Thedebateoverglobalwarmingwillleadtotechnologicalbreakthroughs.D)Peoplehavetogiveupcertainmaterialcomfortstostopglobalwarming.PassageTwoSomedayastrangerwillreadyoure-mailwithoutyourpermissionorscantheWebsitesyou’vevisited.Orperhapssomeonewillcasuallyglancethroughyourcreditcardpurchaseorcellphonebillstofindoutyourshoppingpreferencesorcallinghabits.Infact,it’slikelysomeofthesethingshavealreadyhappenedtoyou.Whowouldwatchyouwithoutyourpermission?Itmightbeaspouse,agirlfriend,amarketingcompany,aboss,acoporacriminal.Whoeveritis,theywillseeyouinawayyouneverintendedtobeseen—the21stcenturyequivalentofbeingcaughtnaked.Psychologiststellusboundariesarehealthy,thatit’simportanttorevealyourselftofriends,familyandloversinstages,atappropriatetimes.Butfewboundariesremain.Thedigitalbreadcrumbs(碎屑)youleaveeverywheremakeiteasyforstrangerstoreconstructwhoyouare,whereyouareandwhatyoulike.Insomecases,asimpleGooglesearchcanrevealwhatyouthink.Likeitornot,increasinglyweliveinaworldwhereyousimplecannotkeepasecret.Thekeyquestionis:Doesthatmatter?WhenopinionpollsaskAmericansaboutprivacy,mostsaytheyareconcernedaboutlosingit.Asurveyfoundanoverwhelmingpessimismaboutprivacy,with60percentofrespondentssayingtheyfeeltheirprivacyis“slippingaway,andthatbothersme.”Butpeoplesayonethinganddoanother.OnlyatinyfractionofAmericanschangeanybehaviorsinanefforttopreservetheirprivacy.Fewpeopleturndownadiscountattollbooths(收费站)toavoidusingtheEZ-Passsystemthatcantrackautomobilemovements.Andfewturndownsupermarketloyaltycards.PrivacyeconomistAlessandroAcquistihasrunaseriesofteststhatrevealpeoplewillsurrenderpersonalinformationlikeSocialSecuritynumbersjusttogettheirhandsonapitiful50-cents-offcoupon(优惠券).Butprivacydoesmatter–atleastsometimes.It’slikehealth:Whenyouhaveit,youdon’tnoticeit.Onlywhenit’sgonedoyouwishyou’ddonemoretoprotectit.62.Whatdoestheauthormeanbysaying“the21stcenturyequivalentofbeingcaughtnaked”(Lines3-4,Para.2)?A)People’spersonalinformationiseasilyaccessedwithouttheirknowledge.B)Inthe21stcenturypeopletryeverymeanstolookintoothers’secrets.C)Peopletendtobemorefrankwitheachotherintheinformationage.D)Criminalsareeasilycaughtonthespotwithadvancedtechnology.63.Whatwouldpsychologistsadviseontherelationshipsbetweenfriends?A)Friendsshouldopentheirheartstoeachother.B)Friendsshouldalwaysbefaithfultoeachother.C)Thereshouldbeadistanceevenbetweenfriends.D)Thereshouldbefewerdisputesbetweenfriends.30n64.Whydoestheauthorsay“weliveinaworldwhereyousimplecannotkeepasecret”(Line5,Para.3)?A)Modernsocietyhasfinallyevolvedintoanopensociety.B)Peopleleavetracesaroundwhenusingmoderntechnology.C)Therearealwayspeoplewhoarecuriousaboutothers’affairs.D)Manysearchenginesprofitbyrevealingpeople’sidentities.65.WhatdomostAmericansdowithregardtoprivacyprotection?A)Theychangebehaviorsthatmightdisclosetheiridentity.B)Theyusevariousloyaltycardsforbusinesstransactions.C)Theyrelymoreandmoreonelectronicdevices.D)Theytalkalotbuthardlydoanythingaboutit.66.Accordingtothepassage,privacyislikehealthinthat________.A)peoplewillmakeeveryefforttokeepitB)itsimportanceisrarelyunderstoodC)itissomethingthatcaneasilybelostD)peopledon’tcherishituntiltheyloseit2007年12月四级考试真题PassageOneQuestions57to61arebasedonfollowingpassage.Byalmostanymeasure,thereisaboominInternet-basedinstruction.Injustafewyears,34percentofAmericanuniversitieshavebegunofferingsomeformofdistancelearning(DL),andamongthelargerschools,it’scloserto90percent.Ifyoudoubtthepopularityofthetrend,youprobablyhaven’t.Itenrolls90,000student,astatisticusedtosupportitsclaimtobethelargestprivateuniversityinthecountry.Whilethekindsofinstructionofferedintheseprogramswilldiffer,DLusuallysignifiesacourseinwhichtheinstructionspostsyllabi(课程大纲),readingassignments,andschedulesonWebsites,andstudentssendintheirassignmentsbye-mail.Generallyspeaking,face-to-facecommunicationwithaninstructorisminimizedoreliminatedaltogether.Theattractionforstudentsmightatfirstseemobvious.Primarily,there’stheconveniencepromisedbycoursesontheNet:youcandothework,astheysay,inyourpajamas(睡衣).Butfiguresindicatethatthereducedeffortresultsinareducedcommitmenttothecourse.WhiledropoutratesforallfreshmenatAmericanuniversitiesisaround20percent,therateforonlinestudentsis35percent.Studentsthemselvesseemtounderstandtheweaknessesinherentinthesetup.InasurveyconductedforeCornell,theDLdivisionofCornellUniversity,lessthanathirdoftherespondentsexpectedthequalityoftheonlinecoursetobeasgoodastheclassroomcourse.Clearyformtheschoolsperspective,there’salotofmoneytobesaved.Althoughsomeofthemoreambitiousprogramsrequirenewinvestmentsinserversandnetworkstosupportcollaborativesoftware,mostDLcoursescanrunonexistingorminimallyupgraded(升级)systems.Themorestudentswhoenrollinacoursebutdon’tcometocampus,themoretheschoolsavesonkeepingthelightsonintheclassrooms,payingdoorkeepers,andmaintainingparkinglots,Andthere’sevindencethatinstructorsmustworkhardertorunaDLcourseforavarietyofreasons,won’tbepaidanymore,andmightwellbepaidless.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。57.WhatisthemoststrikingfeatureoftheUniversityofPhoenix?A)Allitscoursesareofferedonline.B)Itsonlinecoursesareofthebestquality.C)ItboaststhelargestnumberofstudentsoncampusD)Anyonetakingitsonlinecoursesissuretogetadegree.58．Accordingtothepassage,distancelearningisbasicallycharacterizedby_____A)AconsiderableflexibilityinitsacademicrequirementsB)Thegreatdiversityofstudents’academicbackgroundsC)Aminimumortotalabsenceofface-to-faceinstructionD)tthecasualrelationshipbetweenstudentsandprofessors59.ManystudentstakeInternet-basedcoursesmainlybecausetheycan_____A)Earntheiracademicdegreeswithmuchlesseffort30nB)SaveagreatdealontravelingandboardingexpensesC)SelectcoursesfromvariouscollegesanduniversitiesD)Workontherequiredcourseswheneverandwherever60.Whataccountsforthehighdrop-outratesforonlinestudents?A)Thereisnostrictcontrolovertheacademicstandardsofthecourses.B)Theevaluationsystemusedbyonlineuniversitiesisinherentlyweak.C)Thereisnomechanismtoensurethattheymaketherequiredeffort.D)Lackofclassroominteractionreducestheeffectivenessofinstruction.61.Accordingtothepassage,universitiesshowgreatenthusiasmforDLprogramsforthepurposeof_____A)buildinguptheirreputationC)upgradingtheirteachingfacilitiesB)cuttingdownontheirexpensesD)providingconvenienceforstudentsPassageTwoQuestions62to66arebasedonthefollowingpassage.InthisageofInternetchat,videogamesandrealitytelevision,thereisnoshortageofmindlessactivitiestokeepachildoccupied.Yet,despitethecompetition,my8-year-olddaughterRebeccawantstospendherleisuretimewritingshortstories.Shewantstoenteroneofherstoriesintoawritingcontest,acompetitionshewonlastyes.AsawriterIknowaboutwinningcontest,andaboutlosingthem.Iknowwhatitisliketoworkhardonastoryonlytoreceivearejectionslipfromthepublisher.Ialsoknowthepressuresoftryingtoliveuptoareputationcreatedbypreviousvictories.Whatifshedoesn’twinthecontestagain?That’sthestrangethingaboutbeingaparent.Somanyofourownpastscarsanddashedhopescansurface.Arevelation（启示）camelastweekwhenIaskedher,“Don’tyouwanttowinagain?”“No,”shereplied,“Ijustwanttotellthestoryofanangelgoingtofirstgrade.”Ihadjustspentweekscorrectingherstoriesasshespontaneously（自由地）toldthem.TellingmyselfthatIwasmerelyanexperiencedwriterguidingtheyoungwriteracrossthehall,Iofferedsuggestionsforcharacters,conflictsandendingsforhertales.Thestoryaboutafearfulangelstartingfirsttradewasquickly“guided”bymeintothetaleofalittlegirlwithawildimaginationtakingherfistmusiclesson.Ihadturnedhercontestintomycontestwithoutevenrealizingit.Stayingbackandgivingkidsspacetogrowisnotaseasyasitlooks.BecauseIkonwverylittleaboutfarmanimalswhousetoolsorangelswhogotofirstgrade,IhadtoacceptthefactthatIwasco-opting（借用）mydaughter’sexperence.Whilesteppingbackwasdifficultforme,itwascertainlyagoodfirststepthatIwillquicklyfollowwithmoresteps,puttingmyselffarenoughawaytogiveherroombutcloseenoughtohelpifasked.AllthewhileIwillberemindingmyselfthatchildrenneedroomtoexperiment,growandfindtheirownvoices.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。62.Whatdowelearnfromthefirstparagraph?A)Childrendofindlotsoffuninmanymindlessactivites.B)Rebeccaismuchtoooccupiedtoenjoyherleisuretime.C)Rebeccadrawsonalotofonlinematerialsforherwriting.D)Alotofdistractionscompeteforchildren’stimenowadays.63.Whatdidtheauthorsayaboutherownwritingexperience?A)Shedidnotquiteliveuptoherreputationasawriter.B)Herwaytosuccesswasfullofpainsandfrustrations.C)Shewasconstantlyunderpressureofwritingmore.D)Mostofherstorieshadbeenrejectedbypublishers.64.WhydidRebeccawanttoenterthisyear’swritingcontest?A)Shebelievedshepossessedrealtalentforwriting.B)Shewassureofwinningwithhermother’shelp.C)Shewantedtoshareherstorieswithreaders.D)Shehadwonaprizeinthepreviouscontest.65.What’stheauthor’sadviceforparents?A)Awritingcareer,thoughattractive,isnotforeverychildtopursue.B)Childrenshouldbeallowedfreedomtogrowthroughexperience.C)Parentsshouldkeepaneyeontheactivitiestheiropinions.2007年6月23日大学英语四级(CET-4)真题试卷及答案欢迎辞，欢迎加入俱乐部。标题：Welcometoourclub书写提纲：30n1.表达你的欢迎；2.对你们俱乐部作一个简要介绍。SectionBDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions57to61arebasedonthefollowingpassage.I’vebeenwritingformostofmylife.ThebookWritingWithoutTeachersintroducedmetoonedistinctionandonepracticethathashelpedmywritingprocessestremendously.Thedistinctionisbetweenthecreativemindandthecriticalmind.Whileyouneedtoemploybothtogettoafinishedresult,theycannotworkinparallelnomatterhowmuchwemightliketothinkso.Tryingtocriticizewritingontheflyispossiblythesinglegreatestbarriertowritingthatmostofusencounter.Ifyouarelisteningtothat5thgradeEnglishteachercorrectyourgrammarwhileyouaretryingtocaptureafleeting(稍纵即逝的)thought,thethoughtwilldie.Ifyoucapturethefleetingthoughtandsimplyshareitwiththeworldinrawform,nooneislikelytounderstand.Youmustlearntocreatefirstandthencriticizeifyouwanttomakewritingthetoolforthinkingthatitis.ThepracticethatcanhelpyoupastyourlearnedbadhabitsoftryingtoeditasyouwriteiswhatElbowcalls“freewriting.”Infreewriting,theobjectiveistogetwordsdownonpapernon-stop,usuallyfor15-20minutes.Nostopping,nogoingback,nocriticizing.Thegoalistogetthewordsflowing.Asthewordsbegintoflow,theideaswillcomefromtheshadowsandletthemselvesbecapturedonyournotepadoryourscreen.Nowyouhaverawmaterialsthatyoucanbegintoworkwithusingthecriticalmindthatyou’vepersuadedtositonthesideandwatchquietly.Mostlikely,youwillbelievethatthiswilltakemoretimethanyouactuallyhaveandyouwillendupstaringblanklyatthepagesasthedeadlinedrawsnear.Insteadofstaringatablankstartfillingitwithwordsnomatterhowbad.Halfwaythroughyouavailabletime,stopandreworkyourrawwritingintosomethingclosertofinishedproduct.Movebackandforthuntilyourunoutoftimeandthefinalresultwillmostlikelybefarbetterthanyourcurrentpractices.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。57.Whentheauthorsaysthecreativemindandthecriticalmind“cannotworkinparallel”(Line4,Para.1)inthewritingprocess,hemeans________.A)noonecanbebothcreativeandcriticalB)theycannotberegardedasequallyimportantC)theyareinconstantconflictwitheachotherD)onecannotusethematthesametime（D）58.Whatpreventspeoplefromwritingonis________.A)puttingtheirideasinrawformB)attemptingtoeditastheywriteC)ignoringgrammaticalsoundnessD)tryingtocapturefleetingthoughts（B）59.Whatisthechiefobjectiveofthefirststageofwriting?30nA)Toorganizeone’sthoughtslogically.B)Tochooseanappropriatetopic.C)Togetone’sideasdown.D)Tocollectrawmaterials.（C）60.Onecommonconcernofwritersabout“freewriting”isthat________.A)itoverstressestheroleofthecreativemindB)ittakestoomuchtimetoeditafterwardsC)itmaybringabouttoomuchcriticismD)itdoesnothelpthemtothinkclearly（B）61.Inwhatwaydoesthecriticalmindhelpthewriterinthewritingprocess?A)Itrefineshiswritingintobettershape.B)Ithelpshimtocomeupwithnewideas.C)Itsavesthewritingtimeavailabletohim.D)Itallowshimtositonthesideandobserve.（A）PassageTwoIdon’teverwanttotalkaboutbeingawomanscientistagain.Therewasatimeinmylifewhenpeopleaskedconstantlyforstoriesaboutwhatit’sliketoworkinafielddominatedbymen.IwasneververygoodattellingthosestoriesbecausetruthfullyIneverfoundtheminteresting.WhatIdofindinterestingistheoriginoftheuniverse,theshapeofspace-timeandthenatureofblackholes.At19,whenIbeganstudyingastrophysics,itdidnotbothermeintheleasttobetheonlywomanintheclassroom.ButwhileearningmyPh.D.atMITandthenasapost-doctordoingspaceresearch,theissuestartedtobotherme.Myeveryachievement—jobs,researchpapers,awards—wasviewedthroughthelensofgender(性别)politics.Soweremyfailures.Sometimes,whenIwaspushedintoanargumentonleftbrainversus(相对于)rightbrain,ornatureversusnurture(培育),Iwouldinstantlyfightfiercelyonmybehalfandallwomankind.Thenonedayafewyearsago,outofmymouthcameasentencethatwouldeventuallybecomemyreplytoanyandallprovocations:Idon’ttalkaboutthatanymore.Ittookme10yearstogetbacktheconfidenceIhadat19andtorealizethatIdidn’twanttodealwithgenderissues.Whyshouldcuringsexismbeyetanotherterribleburdenoneveryfemalescientist?Afterall,Idon’tstudysociologyorpoliticaltheory.TodayIresearchandteachatBarnard,awomen’scollegeinNewYorkCity.Recently,someoneaskedmehowmayofthe45studentsinmyclasswerewomen.Youcannotimaginemysatisfactionatbeingabletoanswer,45.Iknowsomeofmystudentsworryhowtheywillmanagetheirscientificresearchandadesireforchildren.AndIdon’tdismissthoseconcerns.Still,Idon’ttellthem“war”stories.Instead,Ihavegiventhemthis:thevisualoftheirphysicsprofessorheavilypregnantdoingphysicsexperiments.Andinturntheyhavegivenmetheimageof45womendrivenbyaloveofscience.Andthat’sasightworthtalkingabout.62.Whydoesn’ttheauthorwanttotalkaboutbeingawomanscientistagain?A)Shefeelsunhappyworkinginmale-dominatedfields.B)Sheisfedupwiththeissueofgenderdiscrimination.C)Sheisnotgoodattellingstoriesofthekind.30nD)Shefindsspaceresearchmoreimportant.（B）63.FromParagraph2,wecaninferthatpeoplewouldattributetheauthor’sfailuresto________.A)theveryfactthatsheisawomanB)herinvolvementingenderpoliticsC)herover-confidenceasafemaleastrophysicistD)theburdenshebearsinamale-dominatedsociety（A）64.WhatdidtheauthorconstantlyfightagainstwhiledoingherPh.D.andpost-doctoralresearch?A)Lackofconfidenceinsucceedinginspacescience.B)Unfairaccusationsfrombothinsideandoutsidehercircle.C)People’sstereotypedattitudetowardfemalescientists.D)Widespreadmisconceptionsaboutnatureandnurtured.（C）65.Whydoestheauthorfeelgreatsatisfactionwhentalkingaboutherclass?A)Femalestudentsnolongerhavetobotheraboutgenderissues.B)Herstudents’performancehasbroughtbackherconfidence.C)Herfemalestudentscandojustaswellasmalestudents.D)Morefemalestudentsarepursuingsciencethanbefore.（D）66.Whatdoestheimagetheauthorpresentstoherstudentssuggest?A)Womenstudentsneedn’thavetheconcernsofhergeneration.B)Womenhavemorebarriersontheirwaytoacademicsuccess.C)Womencanbalanceacareerinscienceandhavingafamily.D)Womennowhavefewerproblemspursuingasciencecareer.（C）2006年12月23日四级考试真题（最新整理版）PartⅠWriting（30minutes）Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayentitled.TheImportanceofReadingclassics.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelow.1、许多人喜欢在除夕夜观看春节晚会2、但有些人提出取消春节晚会3、我的看法sheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestion57to61arebasedonthefollowingpassage.ReadingnewpeaksofpopularityinNorthAmericaisIcebergWaterwhichisharvestedfromicebergsoffthecoastofNewfoundland,Canada.ArthurvonWiesenberger,whocarriesthetitleWaterMaster,isoneofthefewwatercriticsinNorthAmerica.Asaboy,hespenttimeinthelargercitiesofItaly,FranceandSwitzerland,Wherebottledwaterisconsumeddaily.Eventhen,hekeptawaterjournal,notingthebrandshelikedbest.“Mydogcouldtellthedifferencebetweenbottledandtapwater.”Hesays.Butisplaintapwaterallthatbad?Notatall.Infact,NewYork’smunicipalwaterformorethanacenturywascalledthechampagneoftapwateranduntilrecentlyconsideredamongthebestintheworldintermsofbothtasteandpurity.Similarly,amagazineinEngland30nfoundthattapwaterfromtheThamesRivertastedbetterthanseveralleadingbrandsofbottledwaterthatwere400timesmoreexpensive.Nevertheless,soft-drinkcompaniesviewbottledwaterasthenextbattle-groundformarketshare-thisdespitethefactthatover25percentofbottledwatercomesfromtapwater:PepsiCo’sAquafinaandCoca-Cola’sDasaniarebothpurifiedtapwaterratherthanspringwater.Asdinersthirstforleadingbrands,bottlersandrestaurateurssalivate(垂涎)overtheprofits.Arestaurant’stypicalmark-uponwineis100to150percent,whereasonbottledwaterit’soften300to500percent.Butsincewaterismuchcheaperthanwine,andmanyofthefancierbrandsaren’tavailableinstores,mostdinesdon’tnoticeorcare.Asaresult,somerestaurantsareturningupthepressuretosellbottledwater.AccordingtoanarticleinTheStreetJournal,someofthemoreshamelesstacticsincludeplacingattractivebottlesonthetableforavisualsell,listingbrandsonthemenuwithoutprices,andpouringbottledwaterwithoutevenaskingthedinnersiftheywantit.Regardlessofhowit’ssold,thepopularityofbottledwatertapsintoourdesireforbetterhealth,ourwishtoappearcultivated,andevenalongingforlostpurity.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。57.WhatdoweknowaboutIcebergWaterfromthepassage?A.Itisakindoficedwater.B.Itisjustplaintapwater.C.Itisakindofbottledwater.D.Itisakindofmineralwater.58.Bysaying“Mydogcouldtellthedifferencebetweenbottledandtapwater”(Line4,Para2),vonWiesenbergwantstoconveythemessagethat________.A.plaintapwateriscertainlyunfitfordrinkingB.bottledwaterisclearlysuperiortotapwaterC.bottledwateroftenappealsmoretodogstasteD.dogscanusuallydetectafinedifferenceintaste59.The“fancierbrands”(Line3Para5)refersto________.A.tapwaterfromtheThamesRiverB.famouswinesnotsoldinordinarystoresC.PepsiCo’sAquafinaandCoca-Cola’sDasaniD.expensivebottledwaterwithimpressivenames60.Whyaresomerestaurantsturningupthepressuretosellbottledwater?A.Bottledwaterbringsinhugeprofits.B.Competitionfromthewineindustryisintense.C.Mostdinersfindbottledwateraffordable.D.Bottledwatersatisfieddiners’desiretofashionable.61.Accordingtopassage,whyisbottledwatersopopular?A.Itismuchcheaperthanwine.B.Itisconsideredhealthier.C.Itappealstomorecultivatedpeople.D.Itismorewidelypromotedinthemarket.PassageTwoAswehaveseen,thefocusofmedicalcareinoursocietyhasbeenshiftingfromcuringdiseasetopreventingdisease–especiallyintermsofchangingourmanyunhealthybehaviors,suchaspooreatinghabits,smoking,andfailuretoexercise.Thelineofthoughtinvolvedinthisshiftcanbepursuedfurther.Imagineapersonwhoisabouttherightweight,butdoesnoteatverynutritious(有营养的)foods,whofeelsOKbutexercisesonlyoccasionally,whogoestoworkeveryday,butisnotanoutstandingworker,whodrinksafewbeersathomemostnightsbutdoesnotdrivewhiledrunk,andwhohasnochestpainsorabnormalbloodcounts,butsleepsalotandoftenfeelstired.Thispersonisnotill.Hemaynotevenbeatriskforanyparticulardisease.Butwecanimaginethatthispersoncouldbealothealthier.Thefieldofmedicinehasnottraditionallydistinguishedbetweensomeonewhoismerely“notill”andsomeonewhoisinexcellenthealthandpaysattentiontothebody’sspecialneeds.Bothtypeshavesimplybeencalled“well”.Inrecentyears,however,somehealthspecialistshavebeguntoapplytheterms“well”and“wellness”onlytothosewhoareactivelystrivingtomaintainandimprovetheirhealth.Peoplewhoarewellareconcernedwithnutritionandexerciseandtheymakeapointofmonitoringtheirbody’scondition.Mostimportant,perhaps,peoplewhoarewelltakeactiveresponsibilityforallmattersrelatedtotheirhealth.Evenpeoplewhohaveaphysicaldiseaseorhandicap(缺陷)maybe"well,"inthisnewsense,iftheymakeanefforttomaintainthebestpossiblehealththeycaninthefaceoftheirphysicallimitations."Wellness"mayperhapsbestbeviewednotasastatethatpeoplecanachieve,butasanidealthatpeoplecanstrivefor.Peoplewhoarewellarelikelytobebetterabletoresistdiseaseandtofightdiseasewhenitstrikes.Andbyfocusing30nattentiononhealthywaysofliving,theconceptofwellnesscanhaveabeneficialimpactonthewaysinwhichpeoplefacethechallengesofdailylife.62.Todaymedicalcareisplacingmorestresson________.A.keepingpeopleinahealthyphysicalconditionB.monitoringpatients’bodyfunctionsC.removingpeople’sbadlivinghabitsD.ensuringpeople’spsychologicalwell-being63.Inthefirstparagraph,peopleareremindedthat________.A.goodhealthismorethannotbeingillB.drinking,evenifnottoexcess,couldbeharmfulC.regularhealthchecksareessentialtokeepingfitD.preventionismoredifficultthancure64.Traditionally,apersonisconsidered"well"ifhe________.A.doesnothaveanyunhealthylivinghabitsB.doesnothaveanyphysicalhandicapsC.isabletohandlehisdailyroutinesD.isfreefromanykindofdisease65.Accordingtotheauthor,thetruemeaningof"wellness"isforpeople________.A.tobestsatisfytheirbody’sspecialneedsB.tostrivetomaintainthebestpossiblehealthC.tomeetthestricteststandardsofbodilyhealthD.tokeepaproperbalancebetweenworkandleisure66.Accordingtowhattheauthoradvocates,whichofthefollowinggroupsofpeoplewouldbeconsideredhealthy?A.Peoplewhohavestrongmusclesaswellasslimfigures.B.Peoplewhoarenotpresentlyexperiencinganysymptomsofdisease.C.Peoplewhotrytobeaspossible,regardlessoftheirlimitations.D.Peoplewhocanrecoverfromillnessevenwithoutseekingmedicalcare.参考范文：TheapproachoftheChineseLunarNewYearposesanationalissueconcerningthenecessityofholdingtheCCTVSpringFestivalGala.Itsestablishedstatusisbeingchallengedbyagrowingnumberofpeople,especiallybyyoungergenerations.Itisincreasinglydifficulttocaterforalltastes.Someindividualsdeemthatitshouldbecanceledorreplacedbyotherprograms.TheseyoungpeoplefocustheirattentiononotherformsofcelebrationinsteadofimmersingthemselvesinTV.Despitethat,themajorityofmid-agedpeopleandseniorcitizensupholdtheimportanceofthetraditionalperformance.Themoststrikingfeatureofthisgalaisitstraditionallycloselinkwithordinarypeople’slives.MostofpeopleviewthisgalaasanannualstapleonthetraditionalChineseSpringFestivalEve.Theyallhavearestlessnightandgluetheireyesonthetelevision.Iamnotsupportiveoftheviewthatthegrandgalashouldbeabandoned.Undoubtedly,itplaysavitalroleinthecelebrationofChineseNewYear.Toincreaseitsappealandmeetyoungadults’need,theupcomingperformanceshouldinvitesomebignamesincludingsuperstarsfromHongKongandTaiwan.Wearealleagerlyanticipatingthisunforgettableeveningshow.　30