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2012考研英语(一)真题及答案(海天完整版)
2012考研英语(一)真题及答案(海天完整版)百思社区整理SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)TheethicaljudgmentsoftheSupremeCourtjusticeshavebecomeanimportantissuerecently.Thecourtcannot_1_itslegitimacyasguardianoftheruleoflaw_2_justicesbehavelikepoliticians.Yet,inseveralinstances,justicesactedinwaysthat_3_thecourt’sreputationforbeingindependentandimpartial.JusticeAntoninScalia,forexample,appearedatpoliticalevents.Thatkindofactivitymakesitlesslikelythatthecourt’sdecisionswillbe_4_asimpartialjudgments.Partoftheproblemisthatthejusticesarenot_5_byanethicscode.Attheveryleast,thecourtshouldmakeitself_6_tothecodeofconductthat_7_totherestofthefederaljudiciary.Thisandothersimilarcases_8_thequestionofwhetherthereisstilla_9_betweenthecourtandpolitics.TheframersoftheConstitutionenvisionedlaw_10_havingauthorityapartfrompolitics.Theygavejusticespermanentpositions_11_theywouldbefreeto_12_thoseinpowerandhavenoneedto_13_politicalsupport.Ourlegalsystemwasdesignedtosetlawapartfrompoliticspreciselybecausetheyaresoclosely_14_.Constitutionallawispoliticalbecauseitresultsfromchoicesrootedinfundamentalsocial_15_likelibertyandproperty.Whenthecourtdealswithsocialpolicydecisions,thelawit_16_isinescapablypolitical-whichiswhydecisionssplitalongideologicallinesaresoeasily_17_asunjust.Thejusticesmust_18_doubtsaboutthecourt’slegitimacybymakingthemselves_19_tothecodeofconduct.Thatwouldmakerulingsmorelikelytobeseenasseparatefrompoliticsand,_20_,convincingaslaw.1.[A]emphasize[B]maintain[C]modify[D]recognize2.[A]when[B]lest[C]before[D]unless3.[A]restored[B]weakened[C]established[D]eliminated4.[A]challenged[B]compromised[C]suspected[D]accepted5.[A]advanced[B]caught[C]bound[D]founded6.[A]resistant[B]subject[C]immune[D]prone7.[A]resorts[B]sticks[C]loads[D]applies8.[A]evade[B]raise[C]deny[D]settle9.[A]line[B]barrier[C]similarity[D]conflict10.[A]by[B]as[C]though[D]towardsn1.[A]so[B]since[C]provided[D]though2.[A]serve[B]satisfy[C]upset[D]replace3.[A]confirm[B]express[C]cultivate[D]offer4.[A]guarded[B]followed[C]studied[D]tied5.[A]concepts[B]theories[C]divisions[D]conceptions6.[A]excludes[B]questions[C]shapes[D]controls7.[A]dismissed[B]released[C]ranked[D]distorted8.[A]suppress[B]exploit[C]address[D]ignore9.[A]accessible[B]amiable[C]agreeable[D]accountable10.[A]byallmesns[B]atallcosts[C]inaword[D]asaresultSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1Comeon–Everybody’sdoingit.Thatwhisperedmessage,halfinvitationandhalfforcing,iswhatmostofusthinkofwhenwehearthewordspeerpressure.Itusuallyleadstonogood-drinking,drugsandcasualsex.ButinhernewbookJointheClub,TinaRosenbergcontendsthatpeerpressurecanalsobeapositiveforcethroughwhatshecallsthesocialcure,inwhichorganizationsandofficialsusethepowerofgroupdynamicstohelpindividualsimprovetheirlivesandpossiblytheword.Rosenberg,therecipientofaPulitzerPrize,offersahostofexampleofthesocialcureinaction:InSouthCarolina,astate-sponsoredantismokingprogramcalledRageAgainsttheHazesetsouttomakecigarettesuncool.InSouthAfrica,anHIV-preventioninitiativeknownasLoveLiferecruitsyoungpeopletopromotesafesexamongtheirpeers.Theideaseemspromising,andRosenbergisaperceptiveobserver.Hercritiqueofthelamenessofmanypubic-healthcampaignsisspot-on:theyfailtomobilizepeerpressureforhealthyhabits,andtheydemonstrateaseriouslyflawedunderstandingofpsychology.”Daretobedifferent,pleasedon’tsmoke!”pleadsonebillboardcampaignaimedatreducingsmokingamongteenagers-teenagers,whodesirenothingmorethanfittingin.Rosenbergarguesconvincinglythatpublic-healthadvocatesoughttotakeapagefromadvertisers,soskilledatapplyingpeerpressure.Butonthegeneraleffectivenessofthesocialcure,Rosenbergislesspersuasive.JointheClubisfilledwithtoomuchirrelevantdetailandnotenoughexplorationofthesocialandbiologicalfactorsthatmakepeerpressuresopowerful.Themostglaringflawnofthesocialcureasit’spresentedhereisthatitdoesn’tworkverywellforverylong.RageAgainsttheHazefailedoncestatefundingwascut.EvidencethattheLoveLifeprogramproduceslastingchangesislimitedandmixed.There’snodoubtthatourpeergroupsexertenormousinfluenceonourbehavior.Anemergingbodyofresearchshowsthatpositivehealthhabits-aswellasnegativeones-spreadthroughnetworksoffriendsviasocialcommunication.Thisisasubtleformofpeerpressure:weunconsciouslyimitatethebehaviorweseeeveryday.Farlesscertain,however,ishowsuccessfullyexpertsandbureaucratscanselectourpeergroupsandsteertheiractivitiesinvirtuousdirections.It’sliketheteacherwhobreaksupthetroublemakersinthebackrowbypairingthemwithbetter-behavedclassmates.Thetacticneverreallyworks.Andthat’stheproblemwithasocialcureengineeredfromtheoutside:intherealworld,asinschool,weinsistonchoosingourownfriends.1.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,peerpressureoftenemergesas[A]asupplementtothesocialcure[B]astimulustogroupdynamics[C]anobstacletoschoolprogress[D]acauseofundesirablebehaviors2.Rosenbergholdsthatpublicadvocatesshould[A]recruitprofessionaladvertisers[B]learnfromadvertisers’experience[C]stayawayfromcommercialadvertisers[D]recognizethelimitationsofadvertisements3.Intheauthor’sview,Rosenberg’sbookfailsto[A]adequatelyprobesocialandbiologicalfactors[B]effectivelyevadetheflawsofthesocialcure[C]illustratethefunctionsofstatefunding[D]producealong-lastingsocialeffect4.Paragraph5showsthatourimitationofbehaviors[A]isharmfultoournetworksoffriends[B]willmisleadbehavioralstudies[C]occurswithoutourrealizingit[D]canproducenegativehealthhabits5.Theauthorsuggestsinthelastparagraphthattheeffectofpeerpressureis[A]harmful[B]desirable[C]profound[D]questionableText2Adealisadeal-except,apparently,whenEntergyisinvolved.Thecompany,amajorenergysupplierinNewEngland,provokedjustifiedoutrageinVermontlastweekwhenitannounceditwasrenegingonalongstandingcommitmenttoabidebythestrictnuclearregulations.Instead,thecompanyhasdonepreciselywhatithadlongpromiseditwouldnotchallengetheconstitutionalityofVermont’srulesinthefederalcourt,aspartofadesperateefforttokeepitsVermontYankeenuclearpowerplantrunning.It’sastunningmove.Theconflicthasbeensurfacingsince2002,whenthecorporationboughtVermont’sonlynuclearpowerplant,anagingreactorinnVernon.Asaconditionofreceivingstateapprovalforthesale,thecompanyagreedtoseekpermissionfromstateregulatorstooperatepast2012.In2006,thestatewentastepfurther,requiringthatanyextensionoftheplant’slicensebesubjecttoVermontlegislature’sapproval.Then,too,thecompanywentalong.EitherEntergyneverreallyintendedtolivebythosecommitments,oritsimplydidn’tforeseewhatwouldhappennext.Astringofaccidents,includingthepartialcollapseofacoolingtowerin207andthediscoveryofanundergroundpipesystemleakage,raisedseriousquestionsaboutbothVermontYankee’ssafetyandEntergy’smanagement–especiallyafterthecompanymademisleadingstatementsaboutthepipe.EnragedbyEntergy’sbehavior,theVermontSenatevoted26to4lastyearagainstallowinganextension.Nowthecompanyissuddenlyclaimingthatthe2002agreementisinvalidbecauseofthe2006legislation,andthatonlythefederalgovernmenthasregulatorypowerovernuclearissues.Thelegalissuesinthecaseareobscure:whereastheSupremeCourthasruledthatstatesdohavesomeregulatoryauthorityovernuclearpower,legalscholarssaythatVermontcasewillofferaprecedent-settingtestofhowfarthosepowersextend.Certainly,therearevalidconcernsaboutthepatchworkregulationsthatcouldresultifeverystatesetsitsownrules.ButhadEntergykeptitsword,thatdebatewouldbebesidethepoint.ThecompanyseemstohaveconcludedthatitsreputationinVermontisalreadysodamagedthatithasnotinglefttolosebygoingtowarwiththestate.Butthereshouldbeconsequences.Permissiontorunanuclearplantisapoblictrust.Entergyruns11otherreactorsintheUnitedStates,includingPilgrimNuclearstationinPlymouth.PledgingtorunPilgrimsafely,thecompanyhasappliedforfederalpermissiontokeepitopenforanother20years.ButastheNuclearRegulatoryCommission(NRC)reviewsthecompany’sapplication,itshouldkeepitmindwhatpromisesfromEntergyareworth.1.Thephrase“renegingon”(Line3.para.1)isclosestinmeaningto[A]condemning.[B]reaffirming.[C]dishonoring.[D]securing.2.Byenteringintothe2002agreement,Entergyintendedto[A]obtainprotectionfromVermontregulators.[B]seekfavorfromthefederallegislature.[C]acquireanextensionofitsbusinesslicense.[D]getpermissiontopurchaseapowerplant.3.AccordingtoParagraph4,Entergyseemstohaveproblemswithits[A]managerialpractices.[B]technicalinnovativeness.[C]financialgoals.[D]businessvision4.Intheauthor’sview,theVermontcasewilltest[A]Entergy’scapacitytofulfillallitspromises.[B]thematureofstates’patchworkregulations.[C]thefederalauthorityovernuclearissues.n[D]thelimitsofstates’powerovernuclearissues.1.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat[A]Entergy’sbusinesselsewheremightbeaffected.[B]theauthorityoftheNRCwillbedefied.[C]EntergywillwithdrawitsPlymouthapplication.[D]Vermont’sreputationmightbedamaged.Text3Intheidealizedversionofhowscienceisdone,factsabouttheworldarewaitingtobeobservedandcollectedbyobjectiveresearcherswhousethescientificmethodtocarryouttheirwork.Butintheeverydaypracticeofscience,discoveryfrequentlyfollowsanambiguousandcomplicatedroute.Weaimtobeobjective,butwecannotescapethecontextofouruniquelifeexperience.Priorknowledgeandinterestinfluencewhatweexperience,whatwethinkourexperiencesmean,andthesubsequentactionswetake.Opportunitiesformisinterpretation,error,andself-deceptionabound.Consequently,discoveryclaimsshouldbethoughtofasprotoscience.Similartonewlystakedminingclaims,theyarefullofpotential.Butittakescollectivescrutinyandacceptancetotransformadiscoveryclaimintoamaturediscovery.Thisisthecredibilityprocess,throughwhichtheindividualresearcher’sme,here,nowbecomesthecommunity’sanyone,anywhere,anytime.Objectiveknowledgeisthegoal,notthestartingpoint.Onceadiscoveryclaimbecomespublic,thediscovererreceivesintellectualcredit.But,unlikewithminingclaims,thecommunitytakescontrolofwhathappensnext.Withinthecomplexsocialstructureofthescientificcommunity,researchersmakediscoveries;editorsandreviewersactasgatekeepersbycontrollingthepublicationprocess;otherscientistsusethenewfindingtosuittheirownpurposes;andfinally,thepublic(includingotherscientists)receivesthenewdiscoveryandpossiblyaccompanyingtechnology.Asadiscoveryclaimworksitthroughthecommunity,theinteractionandconfrontationbetweensharedandcompetingbeliefsaboutthescienceandthetechnologyinvolvedtransformsanindividual’sdiscoveryclaimintothecommunity’scrediblediscovery.Twoparadoxesexistthroughoutthiscredibilityprocess.First,scientificworktendstofocusonsomeaspectofprevailingKnowledgethatisviewedasincompleteorincorrect.Littlerewardaccompaniesduplicationandconfirmationofwhatisalreadyknownandbelieved.Thegoalisnew-search,notre-search.Notsurprisingly,newlypublisheddiscoveryclaimsandcrediblediscoveriesthatappeartobeimportantandconvincingwillalwaysbeopentochallengeandpotentialmodificationorrefutationbyfutureresearchers.Second,noveltyitselffrequentlyprovokesdisbelief.NobelLaureateandphysiologistAlbertAzent-Gyorgyioncedescribeddiscoveryas“seeingwhateverybodyhasseenandthinkingwhatnobodyhasthought.”Butthinkingwhatnobodyelsehasthoughtandtellingotherswhattheyhavemissedmaynotchangetheirviews.Sometimesyearsarerequiredfortrulynoveldiscoveryclaimstobeacceptedandappreciated.nIntheend,credibility“happens”toadiscoveryclaim–aprocessthatcorrespondstowhatphilosopherAnnetteBaierhasdescribedasthecommonsofthemind.“Wereasontogether,challenge,revise,andcompleteeachother’sreasoningandeachother’sconceptionsofreason.”1.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,theprocessofdiscoveryischaracterizedbyits[A]uncertaintyandcomplexity.[B]misconceptionanddeceptiveness.[C]logicalityandobjectivity.[D]systematicnessandregularity.2.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph2thatcredibilityprocessrequires[A]strictinspection.[B]sharedefforts.[C]individualwisdom.[D]persistentinnovation.3.Paragraph3showsthatadiscoveryclaimbecomescredibleafterit[A]hasattractedtheattentionofthegeneralpublic.[B]hasbeenexaminedbythescientificcommunity.[C]hasreceivedrecognitionfromeditorsandreviewers.[D]hasbeenfrequentlyquotedbypeerscientists.4.AlbertSzent-Gy?rgyiwouldmostlikelyagreethat[A]scientificclaimswillsurvivechallenges.[B]discoveriestodayinspirefutureresearch.[C]effortstomakediscoveriesarejustified.[D]scientificworkcallsforacriticalmind.5.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleofthetest?[A]NoveltyasanEngineofScientificDevelopment.[B]CollectiveScrutinyinScientificDiscovery.[C]EvolutionofCredibilityinDoingScience.[D]ChallengetoCredibilityattheGatetoScience.Text4IfthetradeunionistJimmyHoffawerealivetoday,hewouldprobablyrepresentcivilservant.WhenHoffa’sTeamsterswereintheirprimein1960,onlyoneintenAmericangovernmentworkersbelongedtoaunion;now36%do.In2009thenumberofunionistsinAmerica’spublicsectorpassedthatoftheirfellowmembersintheprivatesector.InBritain,morethanhalfofpublic-sectorworkersbutonlyabout15%ofprivate-sectoronesareunionized.Therearethreereasonsforthepublic-sectorunions’thriving.First,theycanshutthingsdownwithoutsufferingmuchinthewayofconsequences.Second,theyaremostlybrightandwell-educated.AquarterofAmerica’spublic-sectorworkershaveauniversitydegree.Third,theynowdominateleft-of-centrepolitics.Someoftheirtiesgobackalongway.Britain’sLaborParty,asitsnameimplies,haslongbeenassociatedwithtradeunionism.Itscurrentleader,EdMiliband,oweshispositiontovotesfrompublic-sectorunions.Atthestateleveltheirinfluencecanbeevenmorefearsome.MarkBaldassareofthePublicPolicyInstituteofCaliforniapointsoutthatmuchofthestate’sbudgetispatrolledbyunions.Theteachers’unionskeepaneyeonschools,theCCPOAonprisonsandavarietyoflaborgroupsonhealthcare.nInmanyrichcountriesaveragewagesinthestatesectorarehigherthanintheprivateone.Buttherealgainscomeinbenefitsandworkpractices.Politicianshaverepeatedly“backloaded”public-sectorpaydeals,keepingthepayincreasesmodestbutaddingtoholidaysandespeciallypensionsthatarealreadygenerous.Reformhasbeenvigorouslyopposed,perhapsmostegregiouslyineducation,wherecharterschools,academiesandmeritpayallfaceddrawn-outbattles.Eventhoughthereisplentyofevidencethatthequalityoftheteachersisthemostimportantvariable,teachers’unionshavefoughtagainstgettingridofbadonesandpromotinggoodones.Asthecosttoeveryoneelsehasbecomeclearer,politicianshavebeguntoclampdown.InWisconsintheunionshaveralliedthousandsofsupportersagainstScottWalker,thehardlineRepublicangovernor.Butmanywithinthepublicsectorsufferunderthecurrentsystem,too.JohnDonahueatHarvard’sKennedySchoolpointsoutthatthenormsofcultureinWesterncivilservicessuitthosewhowanttostayputbutisbadforhighachievers.TheonlyAmericanpublic-sectorworkerswhoearnwellabove$250,000ayearareuniversitysportscoachesandthepresidentoftheUnitedStates.Bankers’fatpaypacketshaveattractedmuchcriticism,butapublic-sectorsystemthatdoesnotrewardhighachieversmaybeamuchbiggerproblemforAmerica.1.Itcanbelearnedfromthefirstparagraphthat[A]Teamstersstillhavealargebodyofmembers.[B]JimmyHoffausedtoworkasacivilservant.[C]unionshaveenlargedtheirpublic-sectormembership.[D]thegovernmenthasimproveditsrelationshipwithunionists.2.WhichofthefollowingistrueofParagraph2?[A]Public-sectorunionsareprudentintakingactions.[B]Educationisrequiredforpublic-sectorunionmembership.[C]LaborPartyhaslongbeenfightingagainstpublic-sectorunions.[D]Public-sectorunionsseldomgetintroublefortheiractions.3.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph4thattheincomeinthestatesectoris[A]illegallysecured.[B]indirectlyaugmented.[C]excessivelyincreased.[D]fairlyadjusted.4.TheexampleoftheunionsinWisconsinshowsthatunions[A]oftenrunagainstthecurrentpoliticalsystem.[B]canchangepeople’spoliticalattitudes.[C]maybeabarriertopublic-sectorreforms.[D]aredominantinthegovernment.5.JohnDonahue’sattitudetowardsthepublic-sectorsystemisoneof[A]disapproval.[B]appreciation.[C]tolerance.[D]indifference.PartBnDirections:Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Thinkofthosefleetingmomentswhenyoulookoutofanaeroplanewindowandrealisethatyouareflying,higherthanabird.Nowthinkofyourlaptop,thinnerthanabrown-paperenvelope,oryourcellphoneinthepalmofyourhand.Takeamomentortwotowonderatthosemarvels.Youaretheluckyinheritorofadreamcometrue.Thesecondhalfofthe20thcenturysawacollectionofgeniuses,warriors,entrepreneursandvisionarieslabourtocreateafabulousmachinethatcouldfunctionasatypewriterandprintingpress,studioandtheatre,paintbrushandgallery,pianoandradio,themailaswellasthemailcarrier.(41)Thenetworkedcomputerisanamazingdevice,thefirstmediamachinethatservesasthemodeofproduction,meansofdistribution,siteofreception,andplaceofpraiseandcritique.Thecomputeristhe21stcentury'sculturemachine.Butforallthereasonstherearetocelebratethecomputer,wemustalsotreadwithcaution.(42)Icallitasecretwarfortworeasons.First,mostpeopledonotrealisethattherearestrongcommercialagendasatworktokeeptheminpassiveconsumptionmode.Second,themajorityofpeoplewhousenetworkedcomputerstouploadarenotevenawareofthesignificanceofwhattheyaredoing.Allanimalsdownload,butonlyafewupload.Beaversbuilddamsandbirdsmakenests.Yetforthemostpart,theanimalkingdommovesthroughtheworlddownloading.Humansareuniqueintheircapacitytonotonlymaketoolsbutthenturnaroundandusethemtocreatesuperfluousmaterialgoods-paintings,sculptureandarchitecture-andsuperfluousexperiences-music,literature,religionandphilosophy.(43)Forallthepossibilitiesofournewculturemachines,mostpeoplearestillstuckindownloadmode.Evenaftertheadventofwidespreadsocialmedia,apyramidofproductionremains,withasmallnumberofpeopleuploadingmaterial,aslightlylargergroupcommentingonormodifyingthatcontent,andahugepercentageremainingcontenttojustconsume.(44)Televisionisaone-waytapflowingintoourhomes.Thehardesttaskthattelevisionasksofanyoneistoturnthepoweroffafterhehasturnediton.(45)Whatcountsasmeaningfuluploading?Mydefinitionrevolvesaroundtheconceptof"stickiness"-creationsandexperiencestowhichothersadhere.[A]Ofcourse,itispreciselythesesuperfluousthingsthatdefinehumancultureandultimatelywhatitistobehuman.Downloadingandconsumingculturerequiresgreatskills,butfailingtomovebeyonddownloadingistostriponeselfofadefiningconstituentofhumanity.[B]Applicationsliketumblr.com,whichallowuserstocombinepictures,wordsandothermediaincreativewaysandthensharenthem,havethepotentialtoaddstickinessbyamusing,entertainingandenlighteningothers.[C]Notonlydidtheydevelopsuchadevicebutbytheturnofthemillenniumtheyhadalsomanagedtoembeditinaworldwidesystemaccessedbybillionsofpeopleeveryday.[D]Thisisbecausethenetworkedcomputerhassparkedasecretwarbetweendownloadinganduploading-betweenpassiveconsumptionandactivecreation-whoseoutcomewillshapeourcollectivefutureinwayswecanonlybegintoimagine.[E]ThechallengethecomputermountstotelevisionthusbearslittlesimilaritytooneformatbeingreplacedbyanotherinthemannerofrecordplayersbeingreplacedbyCDplayers.[F]Onereasonforthepersistenceofthispyramidofproductionisthatforthepasthalf-century,muchoftheworld'smediaculturehasbeendefinedbyasinglemedium-television-andtelevisionisdefinedbydownloading.[G]Thenetworkedcomputeroffersthefirstchancein50yearstoreversetheflow,toencouragethoughtfuldownloadingand,evenmoreimportantly,meaningfuluploading.PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)SincethedaysofAristotle,asearchforuniversalprincipleshascharacterizedthescientificenterprise.Insomeways,thisquestforcommonalitiesdefinesscience.Newton’slawsofmotionandDarwinianevolutioneachbindahostofdifferentphenomenaintoasingleexplicatoryframework.(46)Inphysics,oneapproachtakesthisimpulseforunificationtoitsextreme,andseeksatheoryofeverything—asinglegenerativeequationforallwesee.Itisbecominglessclear,however,thatsuchatheorywouldbeasimplification,giventhedimensionsanduniversesthatitmightentail,nonetheless,unificationofsortsremainsamajorgoal.Thistendencyinthenaturalscienceshaslongbeenevidentinthesocialsciencestoo.(47)Here,Darwinismseemstoofferjustificationforitallhumanssharecommonoriginsitseemsreasonabletosupposethatculturaldiversitycouldalsobetracedtomoreconstrainedbeginnings.Justasthebewilderingvarietyofhumancourtshipritualsmightallbeconsideredformsofsexualselection,perhapstheworld’slanguages,music,socialandreligiouscustomsandevenhistoryaregovernedbyuniversalfeatures.(48)Tofilteroutwhatisuniquefromwhatissharedmightenableustounderstandhowcomplexculturalbehavioraroseandwhatguidesitinevolutionaryorcognitiveterms.That,atleast,isthehope.Butacomparativestudyoflinguistictraitspublishedonlinetodaysuppliesarealitycheck.RussellGrayattheUniversityofAucklandandhiscolleaguesconsidertheevolutionofgrammarsinthelightoftwopreviousattemptstofinduniversalityinlanguage.ThemostfamousoftheseeffortswasinitiatedbyNoamChomsky,whosuggestedthathumansarebornwithaninnatelanguage—acquisitioncapacitythatdictatesauniversalgrammar.Afewgenerativerulesnarethensufficienttounfoldtheentirefundamentalstructureofalanguage,whichiswhychildrencanlearnitsoquickly.(49)Thesecond,byJoshuaGreenberg,takesamoreempiricalapproachtouniversalityidentifyingtraits(particularlyinwordorder)sharedbymanylanguagewhichareconsideredtorepresentbiasesthatresultfromcognitiveconstraintsGrayandhiscolleagueshaveputthemtothetestbyexaminingfourfamilytreesthatbetweenthemrepresentmorethan2,000languages.(50)Chomsky’sgrammarshouldshowpatternsoflanguagechangethatareindependentofthefamilytreeorthepathwaytrackedthroughit.WhereasGreenbergianuniversalitypredictsstrongco-dependenciesbetweenparticulartypesofword-orderrelations.Neitherofthesepatternsisborneoutbytheanalysis,suggestingthatthestructuresofthelanguagesarelireage-specificandnotgovernedbyuniversals.SectionIIIWritingPartA51.Directions:Someinternationalsstudentsarecomingtoyouruniversity.WritethemanemailinthenameoftheStudents’Unionto1)extendyourwelcomeand2)providesomesuggestionsfortheircampuslifehere.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyournameattheendoftheletter.Use“LiMing”instead.Donotwritetheaddress(10points)PartB52.Directions:writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressayyoushould1)describethedrawingbriefly2)explainitsintendedmeaning,and3)giveyourcommentsYoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)1.B2.A3.B4.D5.C6.B7.D8.B9.A10.B11.A12.C13.C14.D15.A16.C17.A18.C19.D20.D21.D22.D23.A24.C25.D26.C27.A28.A29.B30.B31.A32.D33.B34.D35.D36.C37.D38.B39.A40.A41.C42.D43.A44.F45.G46.在物理学上,一种方法是将这种冲动完美发挥到极点并且导找到一种万能的理论---一条我们都可以看的见,明白的普遍公式。47.在这里,达尔文主义似乎提供了一个准则,如果所有的人类都有共同的起源,那么文化差异能够追寻到更早的可控的起源也是合理的。n48.从我们的共同特征中过滤独特性能够使我们明白文化行为的复杂性起源以及是什么在进化方面和认知方面指导我们人类。49、其实,由约书亚格林伯说,将更多的经验主义用在了普遍性上,验证许多语言所共有的特点,这些特点被认为是代表了由认知限制造成的偏见。50.乔姆斯基的语法应该表现了语言更改的模式,是通过独立的家谱或由它所跟踪的路径,而通过性预测的特定类型间的合作关系。2012年的完型填空是有关美国司法官伦理和政治关系的一篇文章,出自NewYorkTimes,June,30th,2011的“Ethics,PoliticsandtheLaw”一文。选材回归了2000年完型曾出过的法律类文章,而且和当年一样,也是包含几个小段落,不像以往的文章,三段或者四段论,脉络比较清晰,结构容易把握。而且,较去年比较“平易近人”的文章,这篇法律类文章背后有一定的背景知识,比较关注时事或者对这一块儿有所了解的同学,会相应得心应手一些。另外,20道题目中,多达13题都是在考查动词,虽然选项中基本不存在干扰项,除了15题一道考查两词的辨析之外,其他的选项含义都差别甚远,按理说值得高兴。但是这些考查动词的题目中,许多都考查对于熟词僻义的掌握情况,往年就是08年出现了3处,今年也出现3处。仅有2道题考查逻辑词,而且这两道题是送分题,不需要考虑太多。一向是命题人偏爱的以“able”作后缀的形容词依然出现(19题)。下面就真题作一个详细解析。和以往一样,第一句话不设空,帮助同学们理解全文探讨的话题:美国高等法庭司法官的伦理道德问题。题1选B。maintain.此空有赖于对后文的理解。这直接体现了我们作完型的整体思路,也就是首先通读全文。尤其是看到最后一段直接给出提议:希望法官和政治划清界限从而保证自己的权威性,因此全文的导向和逻辑就非常清晰了。同时,题2答案(when)也顺势而出:如果法官们和政治家一样,法庭就不能捍卫自己作为法律卫道士的权威。题2选A。这里的when其实表示条件关系,即“如果……。”题3选择weakened。上下文语义题+词义辨析。选项含义差别较大,要求对上下文逻辑关系掌握清楚。Yet表示一个转折:“即使这样,还是有很多法官这样做,损害了法庭独立和公正的名声。”本题如果能把导向把握准,即可定位在B和D两项,D项eliminated过于绝对,排除。题4选D.accepted。上下文语义。依然是通过上下文逻辑关系,按段精度解题。这段用两个法官参与政治事件的例子说明他们的行为使得法院的裁决不偏不倚而被认可变得不太可能。A选项challenged和C项suspected意义相反,和主旨矛盾,即肯定了法官参与政治行为。B项compromised“调停”和主题无关。题5选C。上下文语义题。本段属于总分形式。首先提出法官参与政治导致的问题,然后分析问题的原因:“这种情况有一部分是由于法官们不受伦理道德准则的约束。”其他三项不合逻辑,均不具干扰性。n题6选B。完型填空在历史上对于subject这个词一向情有独钟。04年,05年,08年以及10年选项中都出现,只有05年落选。而且这3年考查的意思都一致,即“易遭受……”,考查形式有“issubjectedto”,“issubjectto”以及“subjectsb.tosth.(使得某人容易遭受)”。今年依然是“subject”入选,但是这次取了大家最熟悉的意思,即“使服从,受…管制”,“法院应该依行为准则办事”。至于选项Aresistant和Cimmune两个选项和subject这三个词在04年的第8道题也同时出现。“Beimmuneto”指“对…免疫,不起作用”。可见很多时候命题人不总以内容为基础来设置干扰选项,也提醒大家要重视对于历年真题的复习。题7选D.applied。上下文语义题。选项所在的句子是定语从句,修饰前面的“codeofconduct”,即“法院应该让自己服从于那些也同样应用于其他联邦法院的行为准则”。A项resortto:诉诸于,求助于;B项sticksto:坚持;这两项的主语都不能是“code”,属搭配不当。C项leadto,导致。意义不符,直接排除。题8选B.raise。上下文语义+固定搭配。“raisethequestionof”提出了……的问题。这一句是承上启下段。全文的导向是“法官法庭应该和政治分离开来”,然后引出负面例子,紧接着就引出了这句话:“这些案件提出了问题:究竟法庭和政治之间是否还存在界限。”言下之意,法官和法庭和政治总是撇不清关系,符合全文导向。A.evade“规避,逃避”和D项“处理,解决”,不符合上下文逻辑。C项“否决”和后面的“questionwhether…”构不成搭配。题9选A.line。上下文语义+固定搭配。“alinebetween…”:“在…存在或划清界限”。题10选B.as。介词用法。envision…as…把……预想成为…题11选A.so。逻辑关系词。前后句明显是因果关系,so引导一个结果状语从句。题12选C.upset.上下文语义题。“法官被赋予永恒地位,因而可以不用顾忌惩戒那些有权力的人。”其他三个选项均不符合上下文逻辑。题13选C.cultivate.上下文语义题。“有了这种地位做保障,也就不需要再去花心思培养发展政治支持。”题14选D.tied。上下文语义题。“法制系统旨在将政治与法律相分隔,因为它们彼此联系太紧。”其他三项完全构不成干扰。题15选A.concepts。词义辨析题。“liberty”和“property”同属社会基本理念,而不是theories(理论)或divisions(分支)。D项conception常指具体的或个人的理念而非笼统意义的理念。题16选C.shapes。考查熟词僻义。“Shapeaplan”,作出计划。本词所在的句子为省略了that的定语从句。“当法院处理社会政策决议的问题时,它们制定出来的法律将不可避免的政治化。”n题17选A.dismissed。考查熟词僻义。Dismiss在这里意为“拒绝考虑,遭拒”。“这就解释了为什么不同意识形态导致的决议分歧总是被认为不公正因而不予考虑。题18选C.address。依然考查熟词僻义。最后一段提出建议。希望法官们必须处理人们对于法庭合法性的质疑。“address”一词作为“处理,解决”的意思在完型中不是第一次出现。06年的完型中最后一段“addresstheneedsofthehomeless”,解决无家可归者的需求。只不过当年这里并没有设空。其他三项均不符合逻辑。题19.选D.accountable.考查点:同义复现+熟词僻义。此题和第二段的题6构成同义复现。“beaccountableto…”不是“可解释的”,而是指“有义务,对…负责”。“beagreeableto”是“愉快的;同意的”;虽然也有“适合的,符合品位的”的意思,但题中to后面接的是code,不合逻辑。“agreeabletoeverybody:适合于所有人”。A项“beaccessibleto…,可接近…,能得到的”和B项“amiable”和蔼可亲的,与主题无关。题20.选D.asaresult。考查逻辑关系词。A项byallmeans和B项atallcosts用法一致,切含义相近,首先排除。C项inaword是“总之”,总结全文下结论时用,而且多用在句首。这里and连接词前面的内容是“让法律法规和政治分离开来”,后面的内容是“更能服人”,显然两者是因果关系。SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartAText121.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,peerpressureoftenemergesas根据第一段,同龄人的压力通常以什么样的状态出现:[A]asupplementtothesocialcure对于社会治疗的补充[B]astimulustogroupdynamics对团队活力的刺激[C]anobstacletoschoolprogress学校进步的阻碍[D]acauseofundesirablebehaviors一些不良行为的原因解析:答案为D。细节题:选项:acauseofundesirablebehaviors对应文中Itusuallyleadstonogood-drinking,drugsandcasualsex.题干中的often对应原文中的usually;选项中undesirablebehaviors对应nogood-drinking,drugsandcasualsex.lead与cause.同义替换,难度不大。22.Rosenbergholdsthatpublicadvocatesshould 罗森博格认为公共支持者应该:[A]recruitprofessionaladvertisers 招募职业的广告人[B]learnfromadvertisers’experience从广告人那里学习经验[C]stayawayfromcommercialadvertisers 远离商业广告人[D]recognizethelimitationsofadvertisements认识到广告的局限性解析:答案为B.细节题,首先根据题干中的关键词publicadvocates和should定位到:三段最后一句:Rosenbergarguesconvincinglythatpublic-healthnadvocatesoughttotakeapagefromadvertisers,soskilledatapplyingpeerpressure.分别对应句中的public-healthadvocates和oughtto,从四个选项中课看出来正确选项可能和advertiser或者advertisement有关,从而把目光锁定在takeapagefromadvertisers,但是很多同学都不知道它是什么意思,但是这可从后文的,soskilledatapplying,(也能熟练的运用),再对照四个选项不难选出正确答案B,学习才能运用啊。 23.Intheauthor’sview,Rosenberg’sbookfailsto作者认为Rosenberg的书未能:[A]adequatelyprobesocialandbiologicalfactors足够的探究社会和生物因素[B]effectivelyevadetheflawsofthesocialcure有效地逃避社会治疗的缺[C]illustratethefunctionsofstatefunding 例证出国家基金的功能[D]producealong-lastingsocialeffect产生长期的社会影响解析:答案为A.考查作者的观点;从题干中可看出,题目问的是Rosenberg’sbook不能(怎么样)也就是问他的不足,通过book对应第四段第二句的斜体为书名,对应题干中的book,指出不足;后面一句中的主语JointheClub为此人所写,所以后面的表述就是他的观点:notenoughexplorationofthesocialandbiologicalfactorsthatmakepeerpressuresopowerful.:exploration对probe,同义替换,notenoughexploration也和failstoadequately对应。这个题难度也不大,能明确定位,找到对应的句子,答案中的probe可能是引起考试不敢选择A答案的关键,在09年第三篇的的第四题中,当时很多同学选择错误答案B答案是因为B选项中除了prior这个单词不认识外,其他的刚好的文中定位处的同义替换,而很多同学都达成这样一个共识:和文章中某句话相似度很高的选项不会是正确选项,选项A与第四段第二句话相似度很高。基于这两方面的原因,不认识probe这个词的考生就不敢选择A答案了。24.Paragraph5showsthatourimitationofbehaviors 第五段表明对于行为的模仿:[A]isharmfultoournetworksoffriends 对于朋友的网络是有害的[B]willmisleadbehavioralstudies会误导对于行为的研究[C]occurswithoutourrealizingit在没有意识到的时候就出现了[D]canproducenegativehealthhabits会产生不良的健康习惯解析:答案为C.细节题;通过题干中imitation和behaviors可定位于第五段最后一句。Thisisasubtleformofpeerpressure:weunconsciouslyimitatethebehaviorweseeeveryday.对unconsciously,subtle这个词在我们04年第二篇文章的第二题的答案中出现过,04年第二篇文章关于社会中按字母排序现象的这篇文章时应该有印象,我们的27题的答案选择的是D答案:Someformofdiscriminationistosubtletorecognize,大家可以看一下这道题和以前考过的题出现的相似性。n25.Theauthorsuggestsinthelastparagraphthattheeffectofpeerpressureis作者在最后一段中认为同龄人压力的效果是:[A]harmful有害的[B]desirable令人满意的[C]profound意义深远的[D]questionable值得怀疑的 解析:答案为D.态度题考查作者对同龄人压力效果的态度,对应Farlesscertain,however,is…,第一句中invirtuous(正直的,有效的)directions。但是大家不认识也不会影响句子的理解,因为紧接着第二句在举例,就像那些老师为了将后排捣乱的学生分开而将他们和他们与表现好的学生安排在一块,Thetacticneverreallyworks…(这些策略(方法)不是真正起作用的)表明作者认为同龄人压力效果是不确定的。Text22012年考研英语阅读Text2的文章来源于Boston.com上的一篇评论性文章,题为VermontYankeeplant’sownermusthonoritsownpromises.文章的题材属于信息科技类文章。讲述的是有关NewEngland一家公司购买了核电站后,不遵守核能源的一些相关规定后所引起的一些争议。就文章本身而言,放置在Reading的第二篇,难度不能算大。因为行文中,专业性术语和词汇不多,基本不影响考生对文章总体的理解。但是本篇文章中出现了一些相对比较生僻的词汇,如:renegeon,agingreaction等,但是通过上下文的揣摩和推测,要判断出这些生词的意思应该比较容易。所以整体而言,Text2的难度系数中等。题材合理。依旧是开篇直接引出问题所在。所以第一段应该是大家应该多加留心和关注的焦点。也有助于大家理解全文,把握文章的中心大意。26.C语义题。考的是一个词汇在文章中的特定含义。Renegingon出现在文章中的第一段。我们先从选项入手。A.condemning谴责B.reaffirming重申,再肯定C.dishonoring拒付,丢脸,不光彩D.securing保卫,保护从文中我们可以看到,公司的这种行为激起了公愤,是在当它…一个长期以来坚持遵守的承诺,有关遵守严格的核能源惯例。根据常识可以判断:此处一定是一个贬义词,所以才导致引起了群众的愤怒,并且需要和commitment构成动宾关系,所以综合考虑,可以先排除A和D选项。而B选项“重申”,是一个中性词,所以本句话的意思是:这个公司违反了惯例。正确选项为:C27.A事实细节题。“加入2002年的协议,Entergy本打算,,”需要把信息定位到文章第3段,第四行,“…thecompanyagreedtoseekpermissionfromstateregulatorstooperatepast2012.”公司同意2012年以后的运营需要在征得州相关管理规定的允许为前提条件。可以判断出:正确选项为A。即:打算得到来自Vermont的管理规定的保护。应该是与原文属于同义替换。B选项错在“Federal”一词上,扩大了范围。Cn选项的意思是:延长商业执照的有效期,误解了原文意思。D选项提到获得购买一个电厂的许可与原文中“已经购买了唯一的一个核电站”的描述不符,所以排除。28.A推断性实施细节题。文章第四段在讲:公司出现的另外一些如管道泄露等等问题也给公司造成了一定的影响。所以可以判断出,不仅仅是它违背核能源惯例这一项使得它进入了当下的困境中。而是公司本身内部也存在一系列的问题。纵观选项:A.管理实践B.技术创新C.财务目标D.商业前景那么属于公司的问题,并且是内部的,最终选项为A管理实践方面出现的问题。和财务,前景以及技术方面都没有直接的关联。29.B事实细节题。作者认为Vermont案例能检验出,,,我们可以把信息定位到文章第5段第4-5行:”…legalscholarssaythatVermontcasewillofferaprecedent-settingtestofhowfarthesepowersextend…”我们可以得到是一种对权力的检测,检测各个州所拥有的这种权利到底能延伸多远。所以对象应该是针对州,而不是公司。首先排除A和C.余下的B选项和D选项当中,B的意思是各州这些比较杂乱的制度的成熟程度,而D选项指的是在核问题上,各州权力的局限性。结合文章,我们最终选择B选项,因为文章更多的是在指各州如何来运用自己的权利,而非强调局限性。30.B推断题。提到一个关键词:NRC需要定位到文章最后一个段落。文章最后一句提到:ButastheNRCreviewsthecompany’sapplication,itshouldkeepitmindwhatfromEntergyareworth.”用排除法,可以先排除选项D名誉可能会损坏与原文不符,因为原文说道isalreadydamaged.接下来,从文章中可以看到公司提出的申请是有关年限延长的申请而非能不能在Plymouth的申请,所以可以排除选项C.而A选项中提到公司在其他地方的生意会受到影响恰恰与文章描述相反。所以,综上所述,正确选项为B也就是说这一系列的事件已经对NRC的权威构成了一种挑战。Text3文章解析:本文摘自TheScientist(《科学家》)2011年2月1日刊出的题为“TheEvolutionofCredibility”的文章。文章围绕“信度的演变”这一话题展开论述。科学是如何打造而成?在理想化的版本中,关于世界的事实有待客观的科研人员展开收集工作。但在实际的科研工作中,科学探索通常是不确定的复杂过程。每个人所固有的生活经验,知识和兴趣偏向影响科研的过程和结果。因此通常所说的研究成果,我们只能称之为前科学,即,处于假说或不完善阶段,有待验证的理论。如何才能让其完善成熟成为科学呢?首先需要接受来自相关领域知识界的验证。如,研究成果要发表,需过编辑和评论家那关;然后其他科研者可能会引用你的文章,可能会将其应用到科技上,也可能会出现新的研究成果。这个互动、共享、竞争的过程将单个的研究成果演变为公众的信度检测。第四段描述信度演变过程存在的两个悖论。首先,科研工作者致力于研究不完善或错误的领域,他们极少对已经验证过的东西有兴趣。因此,新的研究成果会成为他们的聚焦目标,n接受来自未来科研工作的不断挑战或否定。再者,新的研究成果本身就会引起质疑,你的研究成果即使是对的,也不一定能说服他人。有时候,一项正确的新的研究成果需要经过几年,几十年才能为大家所接受。最后,这项研究成果终于具备了信度。31.A,答案在文章第一段第四行,ambiguousandcomplicated与选项A.uncertaintyandcomplexity同义词转换,为正确选项。32.B第二段第三句ittakescollectivescrutinyandacceptanceto…选项B表达了相同意思,为同义句。再者,第二段为承上启下段,后面的第三段对这个观点进行了详细论述。33.B,此为段落概括的考察,A是无关选项,文中没有提到;选项C,D为干扰项,只是文中所说的一个方面,以小概念偷换大概念,此为考研英语干扰项常见模式。34.D,此题较难,很容易选错。首先,选项A,B可以排除,因为A,B是第一个悖论的观点,Albert的话属于第二个悖论。英语文章具有很强的逻辑性,且非常清晰,标点符号是最好的识别标志。另外,根据句子意思,选项C与段落关联不大,因此D为最佳答案。35.C,此题为全文主旨题,较为容易。 Text4这是出自经济学人杂志2011年3月11号的一篇文章,题为:Enemiesofprogress:Thebiggestbarriertopublic-sectorreformaretheunions36.Itcanbelearnedfromthefirstparagraphthat从第一段能推出什么[A]Teamstersstillhavealargebodyofmembers.Teamsters依然有大量的会员[B]JimmyHoffausedtoworkasacivilservant.JimmyHoffa曾经是一名公务员[C]unionshaveenlargedtheirpublic-sectormembership.工会已经增加了其公共行业的会员[D]thegovernmenthasimproveditsrelationshipwithunionists.政府已经提升了其同工会会员之间的关系。解析:段落推理题优先对应主题和转折;但是都没有,只能逐个排除:[A]Teamstersstillhavealargebodyofmembers.Teamsters依然有大量的会员文中没有提及[B]JimmyHoffausedtoworkasacivilservant.JimmyHoffa曾经是一名公务员hewouldprobablyrepresentcivilservant他可能会代表公务员,并不意味着他是公务员。[C]unionshaveenlargedtheirpublic-sectormembership.工会已经增加了其公共行业的会员onlyoneintenAmericangovernmentworkersbelongedtoaunion;now36%do.现在有36%确实增加了。正解![D]thegovernmenthasimproveditsrelationshipwithunionists.政府已经提升了其同工会会员之间的关系。没有提及政府和工会会员之间的关系排除。37.WhichofthefollowingistrueofParagraph2?根据第二段,下面那个答案是正确的[A]Public-sectorunionsareprudentintakingactions.n公共行业的工会在采取行动是会更加谨慎[B]Educationisrequiredforpublic-sectorunionmembership.公共行业的工会会员需要教育[C]LaborPartyhaslongbeenfightingagainstpublic-sectorunions.工党同公共行业的工会长期斗争[D]Public-sectorunionsseldomgetintroublefortheiractions.公共行业的工会很少由于他们的行为而惹麻烦。解析:细节题中的which题,只能一个个排除:先看[B]Educationisrequiredforpublic-sectorunionmembership.公共行业的工会会员需要教育文中说到了Second,theyaremostlybrightandwell-educated.AquarterofAmerica’spublic-sectorworkershaveauniversitydegree.但是并没有说需要教育。再看[C]LaborPartyhaslongbeenfightingagainstpublic-sectorunions.工党同公共行业的工会长期斗争Britain’sLaborParty,asitsnameimplies,haslongbeenassociatedwithtradeunionism.选项和原文间的表述是相反的。再看[D]Public-sectorunionsseldomgetintroublefortheiractions.公共行业的工会很少由于他们的行为而惹麻烦。First,theycanshutthingsdownwithoutsufferingmuchinthewayofconsequences.首先他们可以罢工而不遭受后果。同义替换成功。最后看[A]Public-sectorunionsareprudentintakingactions.公共行业的工会在采取行动是会更加谨慎这是一个很强烈的干扰项,但是文中并没有提到工会很谨慎,原文----选项A----选项B最后答案只能选A而不能选B;B为未提及选项。38.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph4thattheincomeinthestatesectoris从第四段可以推知公共行业的收入[A]illegallysecured.非法的安全[B]indirectlyaugmented.间接的增加了[C]excessivelyincreased.过度的增加了[D]fairlyadjusted.公平的调整了解析:细节题对应keepingthepayincreasesmodestbutaddingtoholidaysandespeciallypensionsthatarealreadygenerous.保持收入小幅上涨,但是增加假期特别是已经很慷慨的补助了。主要是一个单词大家不认识augmented出题人开始耍无赖了,考研词汇大纲中并无此单词,不过根据另外一个副词是可以推出答案的。39.TheexampleoftheunionsinWisconsinshowsthatunions威斯康辛州的工会的例子表明工会[A]oftenrunagainstthecurrentpoliticalsystem.通常和现行的政治系统相违背[B]canchangepeople’spoliticalattitudes.能够改变人们的政治态度[C]maybeabarriertopublic-sectorreforms.可能是公共领域改革的障碍[D]aredominantinthegovernment.受到政府的主导解析:例证题找观点Reformhasbeenvigorouslyopposed;之后的例子就应该围绕改革来讲。n40.JohnDonahue’sattitudetowardsthepublic-sectorsystemisoneofJohnDonahue对于公共行业系统的他的态度是:[A]disapproval.不赞同[B]appreciation.欣赏[C]tolerance.容忍[D]indifference.漠不关心解析:局部态度题,在转折的地方butapublic-sectorsystemthatdoesnotrewardhighachieversmaybeamuchbiggerproblemforAmerica出现biggerproblem表明了态度为disapproval.PartB41.C复现结构定位法+代词指代定位法41题出现在段尾。复现结构“Thesecondhalfofthe20thcentury”20世纪后半期,与“theturnofthemillennium”千年之交。代词“suchadevice”指代“fabulousmachine、typewriterandprintingpress”等设备。因此,正确答案为C。42.D复现结构定位法42题出现在段中,根据就近原则,线索为“asecretwar”一场秘密的战争。正确答案为D。43.A逻辑关系定位法+复现结构定位法+代词指代定位法43题出现在文章段尾,前一句中提到superfluousmaterialgoods多余的材料,选项A中宾语thesesuperfluousthings这些多余的东西,可以在43题前一句中找到所指。前后两句话形成一个因果的逻辑关系,用连接词Ofcourse,因此正确答案为A。44.F代词指代定位法+复现结构定位法44题出现在段尾,起到承上启下的作用。第一个复现点在44题前一句主语apyramidofproduction在选项F中宾语thispyramidofproduction复现。第二个复现点在television是下一段落的主语,所以F选项为正确答案。45.G复现结构定位法45题出现在段尾,起承上启下的作用。前文提到电视是one-waytapflowing单向流动,而互联网可以reversetheflow逆转这个流动。theflow的所指one-waytapflowing单向流动。第二个复现结构在于启下,45题下一段为特殊疑问句,中心词为meaningfuluploading有意义的上传,选项G提及meaningfuluploading这一信息,所以,选项G为正确答案。PartC本文选自2011年4月14日出版的《自然》杂志,为一篇人文社科类文章,涉及语言学方面。从词汇角度,涉及到一些考生难以把握的较具专业性的词语;从语法角度,题目主从句之间的关系也不是很复杂。主要考查了定语从句,宾语从句,形式主语,非谓语动词等。46.【解析】本题语法结构并不复杂,关键在于对于概念陌生的unification的正确把握。unification是动词unify的名词形式,意为“统一、一元化”。然而,结合上段最后一句:Newton'slawsofmotionandDarwinianevolutioneachbindahostnofdifferentphenomenaintoasingleexplicatoryframework.以及本句并列结构后半部分,可以把握在本文中,意为:一致的解释理论。另外,本句最后还到对定语从句的考查:wesee为all的定语从句。【参考译文】在物理学上,有一种方法把这种追求一致解释理论的愿望发挥到了极致,它试图找到一种万物的理论——用唯一的生成等式解释我们能看到的所有事物。47.【解析】本句语法结构并不复杂,for为连词,意为“因为”。后半句涉及到对于形式主语的考查。【参考译文】在此,达尔文主义似乎提供了一种合理解释,因为如果整个人类都有着相同的起源,那么认为,文化多样性也可能追溯到人类更有局限性的开端,似乎是有理由的。48.【解析】本句主语为不定式短语tofilteroutwhatisuniquefromwhatisshared,谓语部分为enablesbtodosth。其中考查了4个宾语从句,语法结构方面较上两句复杂。句中代词it指代complexculturalbehavior;term一词,考生可联想短语intermsof(就…而言,在…方面)来选择恰当词义;filterout意为:“过滤掉、筛除、淘汰”。【参考译文】如果我们从共性之中去除个性,那么或许我们能够理解复杂的文化行为如何产生,以及何种因素在进化或认识的角度,引导了这种复杂的文化行为。49.【解析】本题考点涉及代词的还原,现在分词做状语,过去分词做后置定语,非限制性定语从句以及被动。句首thesecond,回上文寻找,可在上段第一句找到ThemostfamousoftheseeffortswasinitiatedbyNoamChomsky,其中initiate为“发起、创始”,可推知此处为thesecondeffort,即上文的twopreviousattempts;sharedbymanylanguage修饰traits;which引导的定语从句,同样修饰traits;定语从句的中的被动语态可采用主动的译法,添加主语“人们”。【参考译文】做出第二次努力的是乔舒亚·格林伯雷。他采用更加经验的方法来研究这种普遍性,他发现了多种语言的共同特征(特别是词序上的特征),而人们认为这种共同特征体现了认识由于认知局限所产生的偏见。50.【解析】语法结构方面,本句考查了定语从句,过去分词做后置定语,并列结构等。词汇方面,familytree词义的选择,可借助上文byexaminingfourfamilytreesthatbetweenthemrepresentmorethan2,000languages,可判断为语言的谱系,后文代词it指代familytree。【参考译文】乔姆斯基的语法应该表明语言变化的模式,这种模式独立于语言谱系,或者独立于由该谱系所产生的路径,而格林伯格的普遍性理论则认为在特定种类的词序关系之间,有着紧密的相互依赖关系。SectionⅢWritingPartA 【详解】:今年英语一的应用文于2007年和2009年两次考察建议信以来第三次考察建议信。传达给我们的信息是考察过的类型还是会反复考察。另外关于给外国来华留学生写信,n也从某一种程度上反映最近2年汉语热这一社会热点。具体集体思路是:表达欢迎。第二点要提出具体的建议。第三点再次表达欢迎之后,要对留学生将要展开的跨过求学之旅进行美好的祝愿。【范文】:DearAll,IamwritingonbehalfofourStudent’sAssociationtosendourwarmwelcome.AndinordertomakeyouadjustlifeinChina,Iammakingsomeconstructiveadviceswithregardtothelifeinouruniversity,Tobeginwith,you’dbettergraspthebasiccommunicatingvocabularyasmuchaspossiblesoastofreelyexpressyourself.Inaddition,youcanreadsomebooksonChinesecustomsanddailylifestyleincaseyoufeeluneasyoncejoinacompletelystrangecontext.Finally,relaxyourselfandfeelconfidenttowardyourfuturelife.Ihopeyouwillfindtheseproposalsuseful,andIwouldbereadytodiscussthismatterwithyoutofurtherdetails.Sincerelyyours,LiMingPartB【详解】:认真分析图画,两个人针对同一个掉在地上的酒瓶,作出完全了不同的反应。一个人看到的是那些洒在地上的酒,因此唉声叹气。另一个人看到的时候剩在酒瓶里的酒,因此觉得情况尚没有那么糟糕。从图中信息不难看出,出题者意图是反映面对困境时两类不同的人的不同态度。前者悲观因此眼中尽是悲剧,而后者乐观却总能看喜剧。因此可知,本文写作中心应该围绕不同的态度导致不同人生。写作过程中由于本文中心比较抽象,因此可以佐以例证。【范文】:Inrecentyears,therehavebeengreatconcernsoverthelifeattitudeoftheyoungsters.Asisdepictedinthepictureabove,facingabottlewithmostthewinespilledoutontheground,onemanissighingthetragedy,whereastheotherrejoicesovertheremainedwineinthebottle.Therealimplicationsofthepictureliesinthatdifferentattitudeleadstocompletelydiverseresults.Foroptimisticpeople,theycouldfindthehappinessevenfacingthemostdifficultsituation.Andlifeisacomedy.Conversely,forpeoplewithpessimisticattitude,troublesareeverywhereandalwaysexist.Theirlivesisfilledwithoneafteranothertragedies.Tomybestunderstanding,thestoryofDenYapingcouldbethebestillustrationofthispoint.Ifshekeptupsetbyherstature,shecouldnothaveachievedsomuchintabletennis.Allinall,youngpeopleshouldbearinmindthat"bettertolightacandlethantocursethedarkness".查看更多